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Wales Remembers Programme 2018 1914 - 1918

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CYMRU’N COFIO WALES REMEMBERS PROGRAMME 2018 1914 - 1918 i Foreword First Minister Carwyn Jones Sir Deian Hopkin, 2017 was a particularly significant year for Wales First Minister’s Expert Adviser in the First World War centenary commemoration on the First World War as we remembered the Third Battle of Ypres 2017 saw momentous and moving occasions such (Passchendaele), which saw the loss of so many as the ceremonies at the newly expanded Welsh Welshmen, including the poet Hedd Wyn. Memorial Park at Langemark and at Tyne Cot, as On 31 July, I attended the Welsh National Service part of the commemoration of Passchendaele. of Remembrance in Langemark, Flanders to While there were no similar epic confrontations honour the 3000 Welsh casualties suffered during during 1918, it was a year of rapidly changing the horrific battle of Passchendaele, and where the fortunes and we will continue to remember and 38th (Welsh) Division played a key role. Some of reflect on the unabated sacrifice and suffering. those who lost their lives are remembered for their It also saw the momentous Representation of the contribution to Welsh culture – such as poetry and People Act which extended the vote to all men sport – but it is important we remember all those over 21 and, for the first time, to women, albeit Welsh men who died during battle. over 30, which not only trebled the electorate but In September it was my honour and privilege to changed the political landscape. Elsewhere in the officially reopen Yr Ysgwrn with Gerald Williams, world, important events were taking place with nephew of Hedd Wyn. Yr Ysgwrn has been long-lasting consequences; in the Middle East, beautifully renovated and I’m pleased the where Welsh-born Lawrence of Arabia played a key role, and in Russia where soldiers from Britain Welsh Government was able to support this work. became embroiled with others in the attempts to I would encourage all to visit. overturn the new Bolshevik government. We continue to work closely with the The centenary of the Armistice in November Government of Flanders and a number of events will be an opportunity to take stock of the war have taken place through the year, culminating and consider what lessons should be learnt, not in a commemorative event at the Senedd in least why “the war to end all wars” proved to be November. anything but. The digital legacy will be vital because As we look forward to 2018, our focus will so much work has been done across Wales to be on the end of the War and the role of examine the personal histories of those involved David Lloyd George as Prime Minister, for and the experience of families and communities example in the formation of the RAF. and to continue enriching our understanding. I am grateful to communities and organisations Ensuring that this material is made available to for all their hard work in supporting the Cymru’n generations to come will be a priority. CofioWales Remembers 1914–1918 Programme. In closing, I would like to thank all those It is heartening that excellent projects and events individuals, groups and organisations across Wales, continue to mark this important period in the including members of the Wales Remembers history of our nation. Board, who have made such important contributions to the success of the programme. © Crown copyright 2018 WG33171 Contents The Royal Air Force 2 Wales and Flanders: 16 Stuart Hadaway considers the development of air A First World War Symposium power during the First World War, the factors that In November 2017, one hundred years after the led to the creation of the RAF and the Passchendaele offensive ground to a halt in the Welsh contribution to the war in the air. Flanders mud, academics, linguists, politicians, artists, and members of the public gathered at The War at Sea 1914–1918 5 the Pierhead in Cardiff to explore the Welsh and Huw Williams discusses Wales’ contribution to the Flemish experience of the First World War, as War at Sea between 1914 and 1918. Dr Toby Thacker discusses. Lloyd George: ‘Architect of Victory’ 8 The meeting of three brothers in 18 David Lloyd George was appointed Prime Minister Romania in the First World War of a coalition government in December 1916, with Duncan and Gerard Fitzwilliams were in Mircea a simple brief: to prosecute the war more vigorously, Hospital in Roman, Romania in July 1917, when as Dr Toby Thacker explains. their youngest brother John appeared. They thought he was at home convalescing from wounds suffered Creating a lasting inheritance 10 in France, where he had commanded an artillery Owen Llywelyn, Outreach and Participation battery. But instead of returning him to the Front as Manager at The National Library of Wales, he had expected, the War Office had sent him on a discusses the Library’s contribution to Wales special mission to Russia and Romania. Remembers activities in 2018. Alan N. Owen recounts their story. Remembering at Amgueddfa Cymru – 12 Archives and Records Council Wales 20 National Museum Wales Vicky Jones discusses the way in which Welsh archives This year Amgueddfa Cymru will be reflecting have been commemorating the First World War. on the conclusion of the First World War, how it was celebrated at the time, commemorated in the Conserving our war memorials 22 aftermath and remembered today. The Museum’s War memorials across Wales play an important secondary focus will be women; it is exploring role in the commemoration of the First World throughout the year the ways in which women War. They are an expression of loss, grief and worked, how they were treated and how they pride shared by communities and a focal point for campaigned for voting rights, as Pip Diment discusses. commemoration, and their location often directly reflects that public role, as Julie Osmond explains. First World War: Secondary School 14 Grant Scheme Sources of funding 24 Meinir Davies (Ysgol David Hughes) and First World War Centenary Projects. Nathan Keeble (Aberdare School) recount projects undertaken by their respective schools using Events 26 £1,000 grants provided by the Welsh Government Events listing for 2018. Department for Education and Skills. Front cover: SE5as of No. 85 Sqn lined up at St Omer, June 1918. RAF(AHB) / © UK MoD Crown Copyright Left: A Submarine Scout airship in flight. RAF(AHB) / © UK MoD Crown Copyright Right: Captain Richard Lloyd George, Mrs Owen Thomas, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, his wife Margaret and Brigadier-General Owen 1 Thomas at Llandudno after the great war speech given by the PM © IWM (Q 54471) Pilots and observers serving with No. 8 Squadron in France relax in the squadron bar shortly after the Armistice in late 1918. RAF(AHB) / © UK MoD Crown Copyright Stuart Hadaway considers the development of air power during the First World War, the factors that led to the creation of the RAF and the Welsh contribution to the war in the air. On 1 April 1918, the Royal Air 1,844 personnel. Just four years of aircraft were in service, many Force was formed. It was the later, at the end of the war, the of them in highly specialised roles. first independent air force in the number had grown to over Fighters such as the Sopwith world, and Britain’s third armed 22,000 aircraft and over 300,000 Camel or SE5a could fly at over service. personnel, including the Women’s 120mph, to heights of over 20,000 Royal Air Force. feet, and were armed with two The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) machine guns as well as bomb had been formed in 1912 with a The flying services had also grown loads of up to 100 pounds if Military Wing and a Naval Wing. in capability. The mainstay of 1914 necessary. Purpose-designed In 1914, the Naval Wing had – the Royal Aircraft Factory BE2 bombers such the Handley Page broken away to form the Royal – could reach speeds of 70mph 0/400 could carry nearly 2,000 Naval Air Service (RNAS), and as and heights of 10,000 feet, while pounds of bombs against factories Britain entered the First World War carrying 100 pounds in bombs and in Germany. The Bristol Fighter the two formations could boast a armed with just rifles or revolvers was so advanced and capable that it total of 272 aeroplanes and for defence. By 1918, a vast array would stay in service until 1932. 2 The Royal Aircraft Factory SE5a of the Shuttleworth Collection © Stuart Hadaway Even more advanced types were With the Royal Navy, maritime Throughout the war, the RFC on the cusp of entering service: patrol and strike operations had would struggle not just to the Vickers Vimy bomber would, been mounted, with aircraft being maintain its frontline strength, but within a year of the end of the launched from ships and floating also to expand constantly. war, be used to make pioneering platforms. Even remotely piloted They would be locked in a flights across the Atlantic vehicles had been experimented technological fight with the (a little under ten years since with, albeit not very successfully. Germans as one side would Louis Blériot had stunned the leap forward in aircraft design world by just about managing to At the outbreak of the or tactics, and the other would cross the English Channel) as well First World War, the RFC struggle to catch up. Casualty rates as to Australia and South Africa. had deployed four squadrons could be appalling, especially as to France. Later, squadrons the lightly constructed wood and These aircraft allowed an would also be sent to Egypt, fabric aircraft would easily break astonishing array of tasks to Salonika, Mesopotamia, Italy, up or catch fire in flight, and be undertaken; there are very the Dardanelles and Africa.
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