Australian Journal of Ecology (1990) 15, 155-161

Species-area curves and growth-form spectra for some herb-rich woodlands in western ,

IAN D. LUNT George et al. 1979; Rice & Westoby 1983a, b; Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Lamont et al. 1984). At scales of up to 0.1 ha, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia kwongan (sclerophyllous shrubland in south- ) is one of the most diverse communities in the temperate world (Lamont Abstract et al. 1984), with up to 103 vascular species in 0.1 ha (Brown & Hopkins 1983), a high species Species-area curves are presented for three turnover (Griffin et al. 1983; Hopkins & woodlands with herbaceous understoreys in Griffin 1984), and considerable endemism western Victoria, Australia. Up to 93 species of (Lamont et al. 1984). By contrast, woodlands vascular were recorded from 128 m2, with herbaceous understoreys are generally making these woodlands one of the richest thought to be relatively poor in species: terrestrial vegetations recordedfrom temperate Whittaker et al. (1979) recorded a mean of only Australia. Species richness at this scale is 53 species in 0.1 ha in mallee. comparable with that recorded from kwongan The original grasslands and grassy wood- (sclerophyllous shrubland) in south-western lands oftemperate Australia were dramatically Australia. Up to 45 species were recorded from altered and fragmented by agricultural 1.0 m2. At this scale the woodlands are the development and, presently, are poorly richest terrestrial vegetation recorded from represented in conservation reserves (Specht Australia, and among the richest in the world, 1981a; Frood & Calder 1987; Kirkpatrick et al. being comparable with the renowned chalk 1988). Consequently, relatively little is known grasslands of Europe. The growth-form spectra of their composition, variation or ecology. of these woodlands differ dramatically from Recent floristic surveys in western Victoria those of other species rich communities in have, however, described woodlands with temperate Australia due to the abundance of herbaceous understoreys that are exceedingly herbs and dearth of woody species. In contrast to rich in vascular , with up to 96 species in species rich woodlands in Israel and California, 0.09 ha (Lunt et al. 1987; Brown et al. 1988). perennial herbs rather than annuals pre- Both surveys underestimated richness by dominate. Although the woodlands studied are once-only sampling, and neither gathered protected in conservation reserves, regional information on species richness at smaller floristic surveys are required to determine the scales, from 1 to 100 m2• The aim of this study geographic extent, floristic variability and con- was to compile species-area curves to docu- servation status of herb-rich woodlands in ment the patterns of richness within these Victoria. woodlands and to present growth-form spectra to describe their composition. Introduction Methods The richest plant communities in temperate Three permanent plots of nested quadrats were Australia are widely considered to be - established, two in the Grampians National lands and woodlands with sclerophyllous Park (Zumsteins and Victoria Valley) and one understoreys (Parsons & Cameron 1974; in Langi Ghiran State Park. Quadrats in- creased geometrically in size from 0.25 m2 to ·Present address: Flora and Fauna Survey Group, 2 Department of Conservation, and Lands Victoria, 128 m and each plot included at least one 378 Cotham Rd, Kew, Vie. 3101, Australia. mature individual of the dominant species of 156 I. D. Lunt

Eucalyptus. Plots were visited repeatedly from abundance in recent times and may have September 1988 to April 1989 and all species dominated the understorey prior to European of were recorded. settlement. Plant growth-forms were determined from The Langi Ghiran site (37°17' 45"S, field observation and reference to Willis (1970, 143°04'50"E, 13 km east of Ararat, 380 m 1972), Cunningham et al. (1981) and Jessop a.s.l.) was on a flat outwash plain below Mt and Toelken (1986). Plant nomenclature Langi Ghiran (922 m a.s.I.). The soil was a follows Forbes and Ross (1988) except uniform, coarse loamy sand (pH = 6.0), 1.0 m Gnaphalium which follows Jessop and Toelken in depth, above weathered bedrock of (1986). Voucher specimens are lodged with the Devonian granite. Such soils are of high per- National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL). meability but low fertility and water-holding capacity (Land Conservation Council, Site descriptions Victoria 1980). Eucalyptus melliodora formed an open woodland above an herbaceous The Victoria Valley and Zumsteins sites were ground stratum with scattered sub- subjectively placed in stands described as Red including strigosa, Astroloma Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) (Lunt humifusum and Acrotriche serrulata. et al. 1987) and Yellow Box (Eucalyptus Few climatic data are available for the melliodora) Woodland (Brown et al. 1988), Grampians. The average annual rainfall at respectively. The Langi Ghiran site was sub- Halls Gap on the eastern edge of the jectively placed in a woodland that appeared Grampians is 916 mm, with a maximum of similar in structure and floristics to the 118 mm in June and August and minimum of previously mentioned red gum forest. 33 mm in January. Zumsteins and Victoria The Victoria Valley site (37°17'S, Valley receive considerably less rain than Halls 142°24' 25"E, 18 km south-west of Halls Gap, Gap, however, and the annual average rainfall 240 m a.s.l.) was on an alluvial plain between at both sites is estimated to be 700-750 mm the Victoria and Serra Ranges of the central (Land Conservation Council, Victoria 1979). Grampians. The duplex soil, which was water- Rainfall data from Ararat are relevant to Langi logged in winter and spring, consisted of a fine Ghiran: the average annual rainfall is 616 mm, sandy loam (pH=6.5-7.0), 0.5 m in depth, with a maximum of 68 mm in August and above a heavy mottled clay (pH = 6.0). minimum of 31 mm in January (Land Con- Eucalyptus camaldulensis formed an open servation Council, Victoria 1980). There are woodland (sensu Specht 1981b) above an no temperature data for the Grampians but herbaceous ground cover, with scattered trees data from Ararat (about 35 km to the east) are and shrubs including Acacia mearnsii, Acacia relevant to all three study sites; the mean daily melanoxylon, Acacia verticil/ata and Lepto- temperature reaches a maximum of 27.7°C in spermum juniperinum. January and minimum of 4.0°C in July. The The Zumsteins site (3r06' IO"S, growing season at Buangor, II km south-east 142°22'55"E, 13 km west-northwest of Halls of Langi Ghiran, extends from April to Gap, 370 m a.s.l.) was on a rolling hill of October (Land Conservation Council, Victoria Devonian granite (Land Conservation 1980). Council, Victoria 1979) in the northern All sites have been grazed in the past by Grampians. The soil was a skeletal loamy sand European stock and are currently grazed by in- (pH = 6.0) between outcropping granitic troduced rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and boulders. Eucalyptus melliodora and Euca- grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus and lyptus goniocalyx formed a woodland above Macropusjuliginosus in the Grampians and M. scattered Acacia mearnsii and Xanthorrhoea giganteus at Langi Ghiran (Gilmore et al. australis and scattered shrubs and sub-shrubs 1979; Lunt et al. 1987). (less than 0.25 m tall) including Bursaria spinosa, Astroloma humifusum and Astroloma Results conostephioides with an herbaceous ground cover between the boulders. Xanthorrhoea All three sites were extremely rich in vascular australis appeared to have declined in plants (Appendix I), with a mean of 89 species Herb-rich woodlands in Victoria 157

100

.• u.. :,}.. '0 ;;; D E z"

o 8 16 32 50 64 100 128

Area (m2) FIG. 1. Species-area curves for three herb-rich woodlands in western Victoria, with selected data from other species-rich communities. 1 Eucalyptus melliodora woodland, Langi Ghiran State Park, western Victoria. 2 Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodland, Victoria Valley, Grampians National Park, western Victoria. 3 Eucalyptus goniocalyx - Eucalyptus melliodora woodland, Zumsteins, Grampians National Park. 4 Richest site, grazed limestone grassland, Netherlands (During & Willems 1984). 5 Heathland, Seal Creek, eastern Victoria (Parsons & Cameron 1974). 6 Richest kwongan site at 50 m2, south-west Western Australia (George et al. 1979). 7 Range and mean number of species, richest kwongan group, south-west Western Australia (Griffin et al. 1983). 8 Mean number of species, sclerophyllous woodlands, West Head, (Rice & Westoby 1983a).

(range: 83-93) in 128 m2• Species richness at and 29 in 1.0 m2• Naturalized aliens were the small scale was high (Fig. I). On average common, accounting for between 9 and 18 there were 30 species in 0.25 m2 (range 26 to species at each site. Notably, 20 of the 22 33) and 42 species in 1.0 m2 (range 38 to 45). naturalized species (91%) were annual, com- The flora was primarily herbaceous (Table I), pared with only 33 ofthe 142 natives (23%). with woody species accounting for a maximum of 12 species, at Zumsteins. Although annuals Discussion were abundant (up to 33 species at Victoria Valley), most species at each site were These herb-rich woodlands are richer in plant perennial; moreover 18 species (20% of species than any other vegetation recorded species) at Langi Ghiran were geophytes. The from south-eastem Australia, far surpassing number of perennial species packed in a small mallee and sderophyll shrublands in the region area was extraordinarily high; at Langi Ghiran (Parsons & Cameron 1914; Whittaker et al. there were 23 species of perennials in 0.25 m2 1919; Rice & Westoby I983a). They appear to

TABLE I. The growth-form composition and number of plant species in each 128 m2 quadrat and in the total species list for all three quadrats

Woody species Perennial herbs Annual herbs Aliens Total Tr Sb Ss CI Ep PG PF Ge AG AF AL

Langi Ghiran I 5 19 19 18 14 14 18 92 Victoria Valley 3 3 I 17 21 15 14 18 12 93 Zumsteins 3 3 5 I3 21 I3 7 17 9 83 Total 5 6 8 31 37 22 18 33 2 22 164

Growth-forms are modified from Naveh and Whittaker (1979): Tr=trees, Sb = shrubs, Ss=sub-shrubs (less than 0.25 m tall), acIimbers,~ Ep=epiphytes, PG=perenniaI graminoids (excluding geophytes), PF=perennial forbs (excluding geophytes), Gegeophytes,~ AG=annual graminoids, AF=annual forbs (excluding legumes), AL=annual legumes. 158 I. D. Lunt be poorer than the richest kwongan in south- richness. However, a brief discussion may help western Australia but comparable to many to place these observations in some ecological kwongan sites (Hnatiuk & Hopkins 1981; context. Brown & Hopkins 1983; Lamont et at. 1984). First, as species richness is partly a function Although available data (Lunt et at. 1987; of plant size (since more small than large Brown et al. 1988) are inadequate to assess species can fit into a small area), it is perhaps species turnover, it would appear from casual not surprising that species richness at the small observation to be considerably less than that scale (from I to 10m2) exceeds that of recorded from kwongan (Griffin et al. 1983; sclerophyllous woodlands, simply because Hopkins & Griffin 1984). most herbaceous species are smaller than At the very small scale, up to 1.0 m2, the sclerophyllous shrubs. woodlands are the richest terrestrial vegetation Second, microhabitat diversity may con- recorded from Australia and among the richest tribute significantly to species richness. The in the world, being comparable to the re- Langi Ghiran and Victoria Valley sites were nowned chalk grasslands of Europe. A mean of partly flooded by about I cm of water in winter 41.6 species per m2 and maximum of 54 and early spring. Subtle changes in topography, species per m2 were recorded from grazed of less than 3 cm, may promote a mosaic of limestone grasslands in the Netherlands species distributions by controlling the (During & Willems 1984) and a mean of 25.6 duration of inundation and soil saturation. A species per m2 and maximum of 45 species per shallow depression at Victoria Valley that held m2 from Sheffield, England (Lloyd et at. 1971). water in late spring supported a distinctive Forty-five species were found in I m2 at Langi suite of species, including Haloragis Ghiran. heterophylla, Isolepis jluitans, Gratiola Naturalized aliens are more abundant in peruviana, Myriophyllum integrifolium and herb-rich woodlands than in kwongan or Triglochin turrifera. Similarly, species sclerophyllous shrublands in south-east Aus- distributions at Zumsteins were presumably tralia (Forbes et at. 1982; Brown & Hopkins affected by variations in soil depth around 1983). Aliens in herb-rich woodlands pre- outcropping granite boulders. At a larger scale, sumably were promoted by previous stock some species at Langi Ghiran and Victoria grazing. The original richness of native species Valley may have been influenced by the is now impossible to determine. If alien species dominant eucalypts; Carex breviculmis, occupied empty niches, then invasions could Hydrocotyle laxiflora and Pterostylis nana all have increased the total species richness. Alter- appeared to be most abundant in the elevated natively, if aliens usurped native species, in- soils at the base of tree trunks. vasions could have led to a decline in native Third, grazing by kangaroos or rabbits may species richness even though total species rich- have contributed to richness, as grass tussocks ness remained constant. were grazed to less than 5 cm tall at all three The growth-form spectra of these herb-rich sites. Selective grazing may help to maintain woodlands differ dramatically from those of species richness by preventing perennial other species rich communities in temperate grasses from outcompeting smaller plants. Australia, due to the predominance of herbs Note however that grazing may act to maintain rather than woody species (Rice & Westoby species richness without necessarily having 1983b; Lamont et at. 1984). In this sense they contributed to its creation. By contrast, the resemble the spectra of species-rich woodlands phenomenal richness of some Israeli wood- in Israel and California (Naveh & Whittaker lands - up to 179 species of vascular plant in 1979). However, perennial herbs are abundant 0.1 ha - has been attributed to grazing in herb-rich woodlands in western Victoria, pressure over evolutionary periods (Naveh & whereas annuals predominate in species rich Whittaker 1979; Shmida 1981). In this woodlands in Israel and California. Geophytes instance, it is impossible to assess the im- and perennial graminoids are poorly repre- portance of grazing history due to limited and sented in the latter woodlands (Naveh & often equivocal information on the abundance Whittaker 1979). of herbivores at the time of European Clearly it goes beyond the scope of this study settlement (e.g. Coulson 1988). Furthermore, to isolate factors responsible for species as temperate Australian grasslands and grassy Herb-rich woodlands in Victoria 159 woodlands have been dramatically altered by Hattah-Kulkyne National Park, north-western European stock (Moore 1962, 1964; Stuwe & Victoria. Victorian Nat. lOS, 68-13. Parsons 1977; Scarlett & Parsons 1982), it is Cunningham G. M., Mulham W. E., Milthorpe P. L. & Leigh J. H. (1981) Plants of Western New South Wales. Soil not possible to portray accurately the structure Conservation Authority of New South Wales, and floristics of these woodlands prior to stock Sydney. grazing. During H. J. & Willems J. H. (1984) Diversity models Finally, phenological differences may con- applied to chalk grassland. Vegetatio 57, 103-14. Forbes S. J. & Ross J. H. (1988) A Census of the Vascular tribute to species richness, through temporal Plants of Victoria, 2nd edn. National Herbarium of partitioning of resources. The time of - Victoria, Melbourne. ing, and presumably of growth, differed dra- Forbes S. J., Walsh N. G. & Gullan P. K. (1982) Vegetation matically between species: the geophytes of East Gippsland. Muelleria 5, 53-113. Wurmbea dioica and Hypoxis vaginata Frood D. & Calder M. (1987) Nature Conservation in Victoria. Study Report. Victorian National Parks Oowered before Bulbine bulbosa and Dicho- Association, Melbourne. pogon strictus, and most geophytes flowered GeorgeA. S., HopkinsA. J. M.&MarchantN. G.(1979)The before the perennial grasses. heathlands of Western Australia. In: Heathlands and It is not possible to assess the geographic Related Shrublands of the World. A. Descriptive Studies (ed. R. L. Specht) pp. 211-30. Elsevier, extent, floristic variability or conservation Amsterdam. status of herb-rich woodlands in south-eastem Gilmore A. M., Emison W. B. & Wheeler J. R. (1979) Australia. Although the communities studied Vertebrate fauna of the Ballarat area, Victoria. here are protected in conservation reserves Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria 40,51-103. (the Grampians National Park and Langi Griffin E. A., Hopkins A. J. M. & Hnatiuk R. J. (1983) Regional variation in mediterranean-type shrub- Ghiran State Park), regional floristic surveys lands near Eneabba, south-western Australia. are required to determine whether other Vegetatio 52, 103-27. species rich communities occur outside of Hnatiuk R. J. & Hopkins A. J. M. (1981) An ecological reserves. Given the parlous state, continuing analysis of kwongan vegetation south of Eneabba, Western Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 6, 423-38. decline and limited knowledge of grassy Hopkins A. J. M. & Griffin E. A. (1984) Floristic patterns. woodlands in Victoria (Scarlett & Parsons In: Kwongan. Plant Life of the Sand plain (eds J. S. 1982; Frood & Calder 1987) some degree of Pate&J. S. Beard)pp. 69-83. University of Western urgency is warranted. Australia Press, Nedlands. Jessop J. P. & Toelken H. R. (eds) (1986) Flora of . South Australian Government Printing Division, Adelaide. Acknowledgements Kirkpatrick J., Gilfedder L. & Fensham R. (1988) City Parks and Cemeteries. 's Remnant Grasslands I am most grateful to Susan Taylor and John and Grassy Woodlands. Tasmanian Conservation Westaway for their enthusiastic assistance in Trust, Hobart. the field and to Bob Parsons and Kevin Thiele Lamont B. B., Hopkins A. J. M. & Hnatiuk R. J. (1984) The for comments on the manuscript. The flora - Composition, diversity and origins. In: Kwongan. Plant Liji! of the Sand plain (eds J. S. Pate National Parks and Wildlife Division of the & J. S. Beard) pp. 27-50. University of Western Department of Conservation, Forests and Australia Press, Nedlands. Lands Victoria gave permission to work in the Land Conservation Council, Victoria (1979) Report on the Grampians National Park and Langi Ghiran South-western Area. District 2. Government Printer, Melbourne. State Park. Land Conservation Council, Victoria (1980) Report on the Ballarat Area. Government Printer, Melbourne. Lloyd P. S., Grime J. P. & Rorison l. H. (1971) The grassland References vegetation of the Sheffield region. l. General features. J. Ecol. 59, 863-86. Brown G. W., Horrocks G. F. B., Meggs R. A., Opie A. M. & Lunt l. D., Brown G. W., Cherry K. A., Henry S. R. & Westaway J. (1988) Flora and fauna of proposed Yugovic J. V. (1987) Flora and fauna of proposed timber harvesting areas in the Grampians National timber harvesting areas in the Grampians National Park. Victoria, Part 2. Ecological survey report Park, Victoria, Part I. Ecological survey report no. 22, Department of Conservation, Forests and no. 15, Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands of Victoria, Melbourne. Lands of Victoria, Melbourne. Brown J. M. & Hopkins A. J. M. (1983) The kwongan Moore R. M. (1962) Effects of the sheep industry on (sclerophyllous shrublands) of Tutanning Nature Australian vegetation. In: The Simple Fleece - Reserve, Western Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 8, Studies in the Australian Wool Industry (ed. A. 61-71. Barnard) pp. 170--83. Melbourne University Press, Coulson G. (1988) The history of kangaroo populations in Melbourne. 160 I. D. Lunt

Moore R. M. (1964) Ecological effects of grazing on Specht R. L. (198Ia) Conservation of vegetation types. In: grasslands in south-eastern Australia. Proc. IXth Australian Vegetation (ed R. H. Groves) pp. Inter. Grass. Congo Brazil. pp. 429-33. 393-410. Cambridge University Press, Naveh Z. & Whittaker R. H. (1979) Structural and floristic Cambridge. diversity of shrublands and woodlands in northern Specht R. L. (l98Ib) Foliage projective cover and standing Israel and other mediterranean areas. Vegetatio 41, biomass. In: Vegetation Classification in Australia 171-90. (eds A. N. Gillison & D. J. Anderson) pp. 10-21. Parsons R. F. & Cameron D. G. (1974) Maximum plant CSIRO/Australian National University Press, species diversity in terrestrial communities. Canberra. Biotropica 6, 202-3. Stuwe J. & Parsons R. F. (1977) Themeda australis Rice B. & Westoby M. (1983a) Species richness in vascular grasslands on the basalt plains, Victoria: Aoristics vegetation of the West Head, New South Wales. and management effects. Aust. J. Ecol. 2,467-76. Aust. J. Ecol. 8, 163-8. Whittaker R. H., Niering W. A. & Crisp M. D. (1979) Rice B. & Westoby M. (1983b) Plant species richness at the Structure, pattern and diversity of a mallee com- 0.1 hectare scale in Australian vegetation compared munity in New South Wales. Vegetatio 39, 65-76. to other continents. Vegetatio 52, 129-40. Willis J. H. (1970) A Handbook to Plants in Victoria. Volume Scarlett N. H. & Parsons R. F. (1982) Rare plants of the I. Ferns. Conifers and , 2nd edn. Victorian plains. In: Species at Risk: Research in Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Australia (eds R. H. Groves & W. D. L. Ride) pp. Willis J. H. (I 972)A Handbook to Plants in Victoria. Volume 89-105. Australian Academy of Science, II. Dicotyledons. Melbourne University Press, Canberra. Melbourne. Shmida A. (1981) Mediterranean vegetation in California and Israel: similarities and differences. Israel J. Bot. 30, 105-23.

(Final manuscript accepted October 1989)

APPENDIX I. Species recorded from three 128 m2 quadrats, in order of decreasing frequency. Asterisks denote naturalized aliens. L = Langi Ghiran, V = Victoria Valley, Z = Zumsteins

Species Quadrat Species Quadrat

*Anagallis arvensis L V Z Aphelia gracilis L V Aphelia pumilio L V Z Brachyscome uliginosa L V Astroloma humifusum L V Z *CentJlurium erythraea L V *Briza minor L V Z *Cicendia jiliformis L V Bulbine bulbosa L V Z *Cyperus tenel/us L V Burchardia umbel/ata L V Z L V Caladenia carnea L V Z Drosera peltata ssp. peltata L V Carex breviculmis L V Z Eragrostis brownii L V Centrolepis aristata L V Z Hydrococyle callicarpa L V Centrolepis strigosa L V Z Isoetes drummond;; L V corymbosa L V Z Juncus bufonius L V Danthonia pilosa L V Z *Juncus capitatus L V Danthonia setacea L V Z *Leontodon taraxacoides L V Daucus glochidiatus L V Z Leptorhynchos squamatus L V Hydrocotyle laxiflora L V Z Luzula densiflora L V Hypericum gramineum L V Z Microtis unifolia L V *Hypochoeris glabra L V Z Mitrasacme distylis L V *Hypochoeris radicata L V Z Pentapogon quadrifidus L V Hypoxis vaginata L V Z Poa sieberiana L V Isolepis marginata L V Z Seiaginel/a gracil/ima L V nana L V Z Thelymitra pauciflora L V Mkrolaena stipoides L V Z Tricoryne elatior L V Microseris scapigera L V Z Triglochin centrocarpa L V Ophioglossum lusitJlnkum L V Z Utrkuiaria tenella L V Oxalis perennans L V Z Acaena echinata L Z Schoenus apogon L V Z Corybas sp. L Z Solenogyne domin;; L V Z Danthonia geniculata L Z Thysanotus patersonii L V Z Eucalyptus melliodora L Z Wurmbea dioica L V Z *Galium murale L Z Agrostis venusta L V Gnapholium gymnocephalum L Z *Aira elegantissima L V Gonocarpus tetragynus L Z Herb-rich woodlands in Victoria 161

APPENDIX 1. Continued.

Species Quadrat Species Quadrat

Pelargonium rodneyanum L Z Leptospermum juniperinum V Senecio qw;ulridentatus L Z Lobelia pratioides V Acacia mearnsii V Z Lythrum hyssopifolia V Caesia cal/iantha V Z Melaleuca decussata V Hydrocotyle foveolata V Z Myriocephalus rhizocephalus V Poranthera microphylla V Z Myriophyllum integrifolium V -Sonchus oleraceus V Z Opercularia ovata V Themeda triandra V Z Ranunculus robertsonii V Acrotriche serrulata L Rutidosis multiflora V Amphipogon strictus L Stylidium inundatum V Amyema miquelii L -Trifolium dubium V -Anagallis minima L Triglochin turrifera V -Briza maxima L Villarsia reniformis V -Cirsium vulgare L Viola cleistogamoides V Danthonia eriantha L -Aira sp. Z Danthonia laevis L Anogramma leptophylla Z L Astroloma conostephioides Z Dillwynia hispida L scandens Z Diuris lanceolata L Bossiaea prostrata Z Drosera glanduligera L Bursaria spinosa Z Geranium sp. L calyptrata Z Helichrysum apiculatum L Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Z Hibbertia stricta L Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera Z Lissanthe strigosa L Deyeuxia quadriseta Z Lomandra sororia L Dichelachne sieberiana Z -Moenchia erecta L Drosera whittakeri Z Neurachne alopecuroidea L Elymus scabrus Z Plantago gaudichaudii L Eucalyptus goniocalyx Z Pterostylis nana L Galium gaudichaudii Z Stipa semibarbata L Geranium retrorsum Z Thelymitra antennifera L Gnaphalium involucratum Z -Trifolium campestre L Goodenia geniculata Z Vittadinia cuneata ssp. cuneata L Helichrysum obcordatum Z - Vulpia ciliata L linearis Z -Vulpia myuros L Kennedia prostrata Z Wahlenbergia sp. L Lagenifera stipitata Z Acacia melanoxylon V Lomandra filiformis Z Acacia verticillata V Millotia tenuifolia Z Acaena sp. V Mitrasacme paradoxa Z Agrostis avenacea V Myosotis australis Z Amphibromus archeri V Ranunculus sessiliflorus Z Asperula minima V Senecio tenuiflorus Z Drosera pygmaea V Stackhousia monogyna Z Eucalyptus camaldulensis V - Stellaria pallida Z Gnaphalium sp. V Stipa mol/is Z Goodenia humilis V Stuartina muelleri Z Gratiola peruviana V Thelymitra fusco-lutea Z Haloragis heterophylla V Veronica calycina Z lsolepis cernua V -Vulpia bromoides Z lsolepis j/uitans V Wahlenbergia gracilenta Z lsotoma j/uviatilis V Wahlenbergia stricta Z Juncus holoschoenus V Xantho"hoea australis Z Juncus planifolius V Xantho"hoea minor Z Juncus subsecundus V