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Introduction to Solid Waste Management Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Da Zhu P. U. Asnani Chris Zurbrügg Sebastian Anapolsky Shyamala Mani Public Disclosure Authorized Improving Municipal 42566 Solid Waste Management in India A Sourcebook for Policy Makers Public Disclosure Authorized and Practitioners WBI Development Studies THE WORLD BANK WBI DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management in India A Sourcebook for Policy Makers and Practitioners Da Zhu P. U. A s n a n i Chris Zurbrügg Sebastian Anapolsky Shyamala Mani The World Bank Washington, D.C. © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-7361-3 eISBN: 978-0-8213-7362-0 DOI: 10.1596/ 978-0-8213-7361-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. SSWMI_fm_i-xii.inddWMI_fm_i-xii.indd iiii 11/17/08/17/08 33:06:48:06:48 PPMM Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction to Solid Waste Management 1 An Urban Challenge 1 The Solid Waste Management System 3 Principles of Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management 5 Scope and Organization of This Book 7 References and Suggested Readings 8 1. Current Situation in Indian Cities and Legal Framework 9 Some Facts about Municipal Solid Waste Management in India 9 Legal Framework of Solid Waste Management in India 11 Status of Compliance with the 2000 Rules 14 Prevalent Defi ciencies and Challenges in the SWM System in India 14 Steps toward an Improved SWM System 25 References and Suggested Readings 42 2. Financing for Municipal Solid Waste Services 47 Existing Financial Situation of the Municipal Authorities 47 Strategies for Improving the Financial Situation 49 Costing and Budgeting of SWM Services 51 Strategies to Minimize the Cost of SWM Service 56 Raising Financial Resources for SWM 57 Carbon Finance 65 Lessons Learned 70 Notes 70 References and Suggested Readings 70 3. Private Sector Participation 73 Reasons for Involving the Private Sector 73 Opportunities and Challenges in Private Sector Involvement 74 Legal Environment for Private Sector Participation 76 Private Sector Involvement in SWM 76 Existing Private Sector Participation in SWM in India 87 Facilitation of Private Sector Participation in India 90 International Case Studies 92 References and Suggested Readings 95 4. Institutional Aspects of Solid Waste Management 97 Institutions for an SWM System 97 Institutional Setup in India 99 Urban Local Bodies: A Key Player in India 100 Professionalization of SWM 102 iii iv Contents Monitoring, Evaluation, and Information Systems 107 References and Suggested Readings 114 5. Regional Landfi ll Planning 115 Mandatory Requirements for Disposal of Waste 115 Disposal Practices in India 116 The Regional Landfi ll Concept 117 Challenges of Regionalization 118 Establishment of a Regional Facility 120 Different Types of Regional Organizations 121 Notes 123 References and Suggested Readings 124 6. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle 125 The Waste Management Hierarchy and the 3R Concept 125 Recycling Materials 128 Waste Generation and Composition in India 130 Current 3R Practices in India 132 3R in the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) 2000 Rules 136 Future Roles of Stakeholders in Implementing 3R in India 144 International Examples 150 References and Suggested Readings 155 7. Information, Education, and Communication 159 Community Participation in SWM 159 Planning for Community Involvement Initiatives 160 Stakeholder Committees 162 Community-Based Schemes 164 IEC Strategies for SWM 165 Public Awareness Methods 168 Lessons Learned 173 References and Suggested Readings 173 Appendix 1. India Factsheet 175 References and Suggested Readings 176 Boxes 1.1 Summary of Drawbacks of the Current Street-Sweeping Practices 21 1.2 Major Drawbacks of the SWM Transport System 23 1.3 Waste-to-Energy Technologies 24 1.4 Best Practices 26 1.5 Case Study: Door-to-Door Collection through Motorized Vehicles in Chennai 27 1.6 Case Study: Segregation, Door-to-Door Collection, and Street Sweeping in Suryapet, Andhra Pradesh 29 1.7 Case Study: Door-to-Door Collection through RWAs and NGOs in Ahmedabad 30 1.8 Working Norms for Street Sweepers 31 1.9 Case Study: Street Sweeping in Hyderabad 34 2.1 The Surat Landfi ll 56 2.2 SWM Tax in the United Kingdom 57 Boxes v 2.3 User Fees and Polluter-Pays Principle in Switzerland 58 2.4 Basic “Carbon Finance” Concepts 66 2.5 The Olavarría Landfi ll Gas Recovery Project 68 2.6 Santiago: Composting for Better Waste Management 69 3.1 Service Agreement between Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and RWAs and NGOs 87 3.2 Case Study: North Dum Dum and New Barrackpore 88 3.3 Service Agreement between Bangalore Mahanagara Palike and Contractors for Waste Collection and Transport in Bangalore 88 3.4 Service Agreement for Street Sweeping in Hyderabad 90 3.5 Concession Agreement between Corporation of Chennai and CGEA Asia Holdings Pte Ltd., Singapore 91 4.1 Sanitation Workers in India 101 4.2 Human Resource Development 103 4.3 Case Study Norms for Door-to-Door Collection of Waste and Street Sweeping in Bangalore 105 4.4 Street Sweeping in Hyderabad 106 4.5 Information to Be Collected for SWM Systems 109 4.6 Weekly Supervision and Inspection: Monitoring Data for SWM Systems 111 4.7. Monthly Supervision and Inspection: Monitoring Data for SWM Systems 112 4.8 Data Collection for Monitoring of SWM Systems: Monthly Reports 113 6.1 Delhi: Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 134 6.2 The Informal Sector of Waste Collection 135 6.3 Lucknow: Muskan Jyoti Samiti 135 6.4 New Delhi: Vatavaran 136 6.5 Mumbai: Construction Waste and Debris Recycling 139 6.6 Using Recycled Plastic in Constructing Roads 141 6.7 What Does Composting Cost? 145 6.8 Mumbai: Recycling Cooperation between the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and Stree Mukti Sanghatana 147 6.9 Extended Producer Responsibility 147 6.10 Europe: Recycling System for Refrigerators and Cooling Devices 148 6.11 Centre for Environment Education: Waste to Wealth in Kodagu 149 6.12 Argentina: Efforts to Eradicate Child Labor with Waste 150 6.13 Brazil: Integrating Recycling Cooperatives in the Formal Waste Management System—The Case of Belo Horizonte 151 6.14 Tunisia: PET and Packaging Recycling 151 6.15 Bangladesh: Composting in Dhaka 152 6.16 The Philippines: Privately Initiated Resource Recovery and Recycling Program in Manila 152 6.17 The Philippines: A New Solid Waste Management and Recycling Concept for Bais City 153 6.18 Germany: Its Recycling Policy and Its “Green Dot” System 154 6.19 Switzerland: Recycling 155 7.1 Why Community Participation Is Important in SWM 160 7.2 Bangalore: Swabhimana 162 7.3 Citizens’ Charter in Namakkal: A 10-Point Charter to Achieve Zero-Garbage Status 163 7.4 Case Study: Karachi, Pakistan 165 7.5 Bangalore: Pilot Projects the Key to the Success of City-Level Initiatives 165 vi Contents 7.6 Vejalpur, Ahmedabad: Rag Pickers Organized and Made Part of the SWM System 167 7.7 Kannur: Clean, Green Schools 171 Figures 1.1 Compliance with the 2000 Rules 14 3.1 Risks and Potential Infl uence of Partners in Private Sector Participation 82 4.1 Large Municipal Corporation 102 4.2 Municipality 103 5.1. A Cost Curve for the Current Costs of Landfi ll Disposal 119 6.1 Waste Management Hierarchy 126 6.2 Recycling Potential: Intensive Recycling Reduces Waste to Be Disposed of in Landfi lls by 70 Percent 130 6.3 Relation between the Amount of Biodegradable Waste and Income Level, 1999 131 6.4 Recycling and the Solid Waste Management Chain 132 7.1 Community Consultations 161 Tables 1.1 Indian Census, 2001 9 1.2 Increase in Urban Population in India 10 1.3 Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste 10 1.4 The Four Steps of Schedule I of the 2000 Rules 12 1.5 Reasons for Noncompliance with the 2000 Rules 15 1.6 Color Coding and Type of Container for Disposal of Biomedical Waste 19 1.7 Comparison of
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