Annual Report 2002

Annual Report 2002 Staff List As of 31 December 2002 (Staff who left in 2002 are listed in grey italics)

Director Ola Tunander External Consultants Editorial Staff Stein Tønnesson Pavel Baev Anke Hoeffler Glenn Martin Pinar Tank Graham Dyson John Carville Research Staff Scott Gates Jamie Lockhart Ananda Millard Signe Gilen Jozef Goldblat Library Anita Schjølset Sven Gunnar Simonsen Steinar Bryn Odvar Leine Åshild Kolås Vemund Aarbakke Vanja Pestoric Olga Baeva Dan Smith Wenche Hauge Elise Barth Yvonne Dehnes Visiting Scholars Administration Endre Begby Elisabeth Gilmore, University Damian Laws Gregory Reichberg Advisers of Toronto Ingvild Nanami Straume Håvard Strand Ane Bræin Kathryn Furlong, Carleton Kai Robert Braaten Helene Christiansen Ingierd Ivar Evensmo University Karen Hostens Henrik Syse Jorunn Tønnesen Lene Kristin Borg Henrik Urdal Lars Even Andersen Graduate Students Lorna Quilario Sandberg Hilde Henriksen Waage Martha Snodgrass Bård Thorheim Øyvind Foss Hilde Salvesen Mirjam Sørli Bernt Skåra Rebecca Smith Inger Skjelsbæk Snezana Popovic Cecilie Hellestveit Svein Normann J. Peter Burgess Christin Mørup Ormhaug Svein Tore Mathisen Jennifer Schirmer Project and Research Gudrun Østby Jon Elster Assistants Hanne Eggen Røislien Conscientious Objectors Jørgen Carling Jon Toven Iselin Frydenlund Anders Waaler Kemp Karen Hostens Jonas Aga Uchermann Mirjam Sørli Andrew John Feltham Kathryn Furlong Kristina Granberg Pål Høydal Bernt Skåra Kristian Berg Harpviken Lars Wilhelmsen Lars Wilhelmsen Lene Bomann-Larsen Martin Halvorsen Information Mari Olsen Naima Mouhleb Agnete Schjønsby Nicholas Marsh Päivi Lujala Ann-Christin Ottenby Nils Petter Gleditsch Rune Pisani Ingeborg K. Haavardsson Stine Thomassen

Locally Employed Staff Belgrade Osijek Petrit Tahiri Dusanka Jankovic Ivana Milas Xheraldina Cernobregu PRIO’s Cyprus Office, Goran Lojancic Jasmina Krkic Nicosia Jelena Lengold Srdan Antic Sarajevo Ayla Gurel Tatjana Popovic Suzana Agotic Ljuljjeta Goranci-Brkic Dolly Olsson Vesna Matovic Nebojsa Savija-Valha Emine Erk Podgorica Tatjana Kosanin Trond Jensen Mitrovica Boris Raonic Zoran Telalbasic Yiouli Taki Abdullah Ferizi Daliborka Uljarevic Miodrag Radovic Dragutin Djekovic Skopje Nansen Dialogue Centres Miranda Ibishi Ivana Gajovic Albert Hani in the Balkans Vladimir Rajovic Ognjenka Scepanovic Alekandar Petkovski Edmond Zhaku Banja Luka Mostar Prishtina Ilija Ostojcic Armin Fazlic Elvir Djuliman Arjeta Emra Ivan Ostojcic Dragana Sarengaca Maria Vlaho Artan Venhari Sasko Stojkovski Drazen Tomljenovic Vernes Voloder Artor Sejfija Xhevahire Pruthi Tanja Milovanovic Vladimir Maric Bersant Disha

1 PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2002

Contents

Staff List Director’s Introduction 3 Strategy 5 Strategic Institute Programmes 7 • Conditions of War and Peace 8 • Foreign and Security Policies 10 • Ethics, Norms and Identities 12 • Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding 14 Balkan Dialogue Project 15 Assistance to Mine-Affected Communities (AMAC) 16 Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) 17

Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) 19 Information 20 • PRIO Events 2002 21 • PRIO Library 22 • Summer School 22 • Journals 23

Royal Visit at PRIO 24 Master’s Degree Students at PRIO 25 Financial Statement 26 PRIO Board & Administration 32 PRIO Statutes 33

Publications by PRIO Staff in 2002 Middle

Editor: Agnete Schjønsby Language Editor: John Carville Staff Photos: Stian Håklev Design: Lene Nyheim, Lobo Media A/S Cover Photo: Are Hovednak – Beirut, 1985 PRIO Annual Report 2002 : : 2

Photo: Are Hovdenak

PRIO Annual Report 2002 3 construction: adepressive moodhasspread, withsuspicions, the situationinthatregionhasnotbeenoneofconfident 2002isgoodnews. headlinesduring international However, settlement inCyprus. That theBalkansdidnotmake actively processthatmay leadtoa engagedinthecurrent Peacebuilding (CRPB)programme. PRIOstaffwere also LankawithintheConflictResolutionand competence onSri PRIO picked uponthegoodnewsof2002, tobuild starting Dialogue 2002–03mayawatershed. form – theperiod underUSsupremacy decisionmaking institutionorunilaterally Councilasacentral multilaterally withtheUNSecurity towards somekindofpoliticalglobalization–either Council.within theUNSecurity ismoving Iftheworld within NATO andtheEU, andhigh-stake diplomaticstruggles 2003, andnewalignments In early ledtorifts crisis theIraq andthePalestiniansbetween went Israel frombadtoworse. Much dependsontheMiddleEast. In2002, therelationship willdependonwhatthefuturebrings. answers wars? andinternational the distinctionbetween internal The Isglobalizationofviolenceblurring the sameglobalstruggle? ‘terror’, andother andagainstIraq ‘outlaw states’of allparts against Are operations Al-Qaeda, againstthe Taliban, against presidency’.‘wartime What kindof ‘war’ istheUSAwaging? take place. Stillthe White Housestucktoitsideaofa but theexpectedsecondattackonUSmainlanddidnot Terrorist attacksinMombasa, Moscow andBalispreadfear, of anxiety. lingeredonoreven resumed. Mostothercivilwars to peacetalks. development inayearThis wasoneinspiring 2002, Lanka, aceasefirewassignedinSri In February leading Director’s Introduction programme continued to bring together work oneconomic, together work continued tobring programme In 2002, PRIO’s Conditionsof War andPeace (CWP) intervention. journal responsibility inareasofconflict. AspecialsectionofPRIO’s the justwartradition, analysed corporate theprogramme and intervention. Inaddition, from derived witharguments launched aprojectongender and Identity(ENI)programme conflict. andarmed research onterrorism TheEthics, Norms Peace of ResearchInstitute(SIPRI)wasopenedinterms withtheStockholmInternational inourcooperation track policyandonRussia’s complex–andanew security energy were launched–on Europe’sprogrammes foreign and Europe, RussiaandtheMiddleEast. Two newstrategic continued toemphasize policy-relevantresearch, focusing on PRIO’s Policy ForeignandSecurity (FSP)programme Security andEthics conflict resolution. awareness ofdialogueasamethodnonviolentraise centres areheavily to engagedinbuilding aregionalnetwork nine inter-ethnic dialoguecentresintheBalkans. These Church Aid inaprocessthathasledtotheestablishment of Lillehammer, theNorwegian RedCrossandNorwegian PRIO’s withtheNansen describes cooperation Academy in Learning: Facilitating DialogueinFormer Yugoslavia, 2002,In spring PRIOpublished Vemund Aarbakke’s andfailedelections,crime increasingtheneedfor newvision. Security Dialogue Security was dedicated to the ethics of armed wasdedicatedtotheethicsofarmed which Mutual Science and Technology, Trondheim) andScottGates(PRIO). ofOslo),(University of OlaListhaug(Norwegian University ofCalifornia,Strøm (University SanDiego), Ove Moene Karl (Columbia University), NilsPetter Gleditsch(PRIO), Kaare focus. These willbeledby Pavel Baev(PRIO), JonElster groups,consist ofseven working eachwithitsown thematic leader oftheCWPprogramme.former The CSCWwill currently and Associate Professor atMichiganStateUniversity andwillbedirected by ScottGates, oftenyears a period substantial fundingfromtheResearchCouncilofNorway for Norway’s first ‘CentresofExcellence’. Thecentrewillreceive of aCentrefor theStudyofCivil War (CSCW)asoneof PRIO’s greatestachievement in2002wastheestablishment Centre for theStudyofCivil War PRIO’s newCentrefor theStudyofCivil War. gramme, into sincemostofitsactivitieswillbeintegrated the endofyear, itwasdecidedtodissolve thepro incidence, andresolutionofviolentconflict. severity Towards political, andenvironmental causesoftheonset, cultural Stein Tønnesson mately 60. Affairs. In2002, thenumber ofstaffatPRIOwasapproxi ofForeign theNorwegian Ministry funders, mostimportantly fromanumber of remaining incomeconsistsofprojectgrants will represent13%ofthebudgeted turnover. PRIO’s represented 5%. In2003, PRIO’s newCentreofExcellence instituteprogrammes from theResearchCouncilfor strategic Norway constitutedapproximately 14% ofthis, whilesupport NOK 45million. fromtheResearchCouncilof The coregrant these aimshave beenfulfilled. Thetotalturnover in2002was funding.50 and60)tosecuremorelong-term Sofar, atthesamelevel asin2000(betweento holdstaffnumbers tostabilize itsbudget atlessthanNOK50million,undertook in2001, ofmy directorship theinstitute With thestart Consolidation welcome them. study. StaffatPRIO, even itsrepublicans, were proudto politics before travelling toLondon toengageingraduate aboutNorwegian researchwithininternational came tolearn Haakon Mette-Marit. andCrown Princess The royal couple On 22 August 2002, PRIOreceived Norway’s Crown Prince Royal Visit PRIO’s remaining threeprogrammes. centre’s withresearchwithin activities willlinkupandoverlap orlongerstays. groupsessionsandshorter for working The researchers, ofinternational whowillcometoPRIO network whole PRIOenvironment. The centreisbasedonawide The CSCWwillbeasourceofintellectualstimulus for the - -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 3 www.prio.no – Strategy PRIO Annual Report 2002 4

Photo: Ananda S. Millard

PRIO Annual Report 2002 5 PRIO Annual Report 2002 4

Photo: Ananda S. Millard quantitative methods, casestudies, comparative single-case These questionsmust beaddressedthroughacombinationof • • • knowledge about: empirical isnow given aswell toestablishing as theories Priority intheseconflicts. interventions andexternal wars on internal toafocus away wars fromthestudyofmainly international conflict. Reflectingthisrealization, peaceresearch moved for alongtimebeenmuch more frequentthaninterstate conflicthas increasingly armed aware ofthefact thatinternal After theendofCold War, became peaceresearchers Challenges for Peace Research Council andBoardinMarch2002. documentthatwasadoptedby theInstitute the strategy Council andBoard. presentationof The following isashort the secondhalfof2001anddiscussedby PRIO’s Institute A newfour-year for 2002–05waspreparedduring strategy Introduction Strategy are conducted. and thiscouldhave aprofound influenceontheway conflicts conflict, thelossofhumanlife inarmed reluctance totolerate field. Inhighly developed countries, thereisincreasing relating topeace, war andviolenceisapromisingresearch More generally, andattitudes studyofnorms theempirical ofaglobalsociety.end intheformation the ongoingprocessofglobalization, whichmay ormay not perhaps beseenasakindof ‘global civilwar’, thusreflecting war’ meaningsofthoseterms, inthetraditional but could distant, countries. This isneither war’‘international nor ‘civil but launchattacksagainstperceived enemiesinother, even solely withinnationalborders and statesthatdonotoperate warfare,terrorist thatis, violentactionsby clandestinegroups civil warmust alsonow bebroadenedtoinclude international war.attention tothedangerofinternational Researchinto against New York and Washington. This may callfor renewed attacksof11September2001 oftheterrorist aftermath warfare seemedoncemoretobeontherise, notleastinthe ofthe21stcentury, ofinternational At thestart therisk is alsoanessentialresearchtopic. this, theethicsofconflictbehaviour intervention andexternal andmanagednonviolently.to betransformed Inrelationto thatleadtocivilwar,interaction prolongitorallow conflicts mechanismsinhuman challenge istoidentifytherecurring basedonfieldwork. analyses andnarratives historical Aspecial

lasting peace. what ittakes for apeacesettlementtoensure why theylastlongasdo; and breakout; why wars andhow internal

Photo: Ananda S. Millard or is a danger of, civil war. This will require increased interaction building intodevelopmentwherethereis, plansfor countries is a challenge to integrate conflict management and peace- address therelationshipbetween development andconflict. It an interestinconflictprevention andpeacebuilding, andto led the World nationalaidagenciestotake Bankandvarious social andeconomicdevelopment inpoorcountries. This has impedimentsto areserious wars Both civilandinternational inpeacestudiesmoregenerally.include genderperspectives research groupsfocusing ongenderandconflictto study ofviolentconflicts. Itisachallenge bothtodevelop Gender isanimportant,yet oftenneglected, aspectofthe from externally financedprojects. from externally approximately atthesamelevel, most ofPRIO’s income came 1996 to37.8millionin2000. remained Sincethecoregrant The budget increasedeven more: fromNOK14.3millionin 40peoplein1996–97towell overfrom nearly 50in2001. At thesametime, the totalstrengthoftheinstituteincreased 1997toeightin2000. increasedfromtwo inearly contracts employed the number ofresearchers atPRIOonpermanent contracts.of staffby creatingmorepermanent Accordingly, settheaimofachievinggreater stabilityinterms The strategy andpolicygohandinhand.where theory mission, wasgiven tothosefields andconsequently priority toPRIO’sthat basicandappliedresearchareequally central instituteprogrammes.as thefour strategic Italsoestablished research priorities, whichwere institutionalized by late1998 profile.independence andinternational ItidentifiedPRIO’s commitment tomaintainingtheinstitute’s core, scholarly 1997–2001 wasapproved the in1996andreaffirmed ments ofthepreviousfive-year period. PRIO’s for strategy The four-year for 2002–05builds ontheachieve strategy PRIO’s Previous Five-Year Strategy education, whichisagrowing fieldinternationally. In Norway, challengetodevelop peace itisalsoanimportant conflict. fromprotracted suffering insocieties promote nonviolent toolsofpoliticalpractice andpeacesettlements.efforts goalshouldbeto The practical empirical studies of inter-ethnic dialogues, conflict-management management and should develop new theories based on research should test existing theories of mediation and conflict conflict. armed are now conductedinareasofinternal This on themany dialogueandconflict-managementactivitiesthat Yet research anotherchallengeistodevelop morescholarly multilateral and bilateral development aid agencies. between peace researchers, development researchers, and -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 5 www.prio.no – Strategy PRIO Annual Report 2002 6 • • • • The seven maingoalsinthenextfour-year are: period PRIO’s MainGoals2002–05 reputation. academic outputandinternational has achieved greaterfinancialstabilityandhasincreasedits achieved. PRIOhasgrown toahealthy andsustainable size, Overall, have thegoalssetin1997–2001strategy been fromtheNGOsector. withpartners cooperation mediation, conflictresolutionand peacebuilding) developed in (i.e. activities within conflict management, facilitation of dialogue, engagement in conflict resolution through operational activities 1997–98. The latter qualification referred particularly to active projectsthathadbeenlaunched in orinterrupting curtailing andstabilizingthroughconsolidation,staff numbers without in 1999theemphasiswasshiftedtolimitinggrowth in The institute’s wasreviewed onanannual strategy basis, and information andresearchstafftogetthemostoutoftheir information The objective ofstaffmanagementistoallow all managerial, Staff Management • • •

term funding. term thesourcesoffundingandobtainmorelong- to diversify (50–60 staff); and to consolidatePRIOatapproximately itspresentsize activities; the NGOsmanageoperational while NGOs, researchandtraining withPRIOundertaking toimportant bridge to maintainanddevelop astrategic activities; operational to develop basicandappliedresearchinconjunctionwith academic publishing; through to increasethequalificationsofallresearchers to establish aCentrefor the StudyofCivil War; within thecoreareasofpeaceresearch; to maintainanddevelop high-qualityacademicresearch the number of research professors and senior researchers. PRIO’s aim is to increase, through promotion and recruitment, Master’s degree(hovedfag) students. ers, four researchfellows, studentsandseven seven doctoral staff includedfour researchprofessors, eightseniorresearch reflects the university system. At the end of 2001, the research For theresearchstaff, PRIOuses a qualificationladderthat A significantaimistoincreasethequalificationsofallstaff. active, environment. healthy andrewardingworking capacities, improve theirknowledge andskills, andenjoy an peace research. establishment competitive ofaninternationally website in fundingfor the toobtainexternal PRIO willalsostrive joint projects that can obtain groups research funding in other countries from with internationala view to establishing with alliances build to continue foundations. will we connection, this In projects for which major and long-term funding can be secured. A key task is to identify and encourage the development of Funding ensure thatstudentsaregiven propersupervision. fit intotheresearchprogrammes. will leaders Theprogramme similar number ofMaster’s degreestudents, withprojectsthat We shouldalways have studentsanda atleastfive doctoral to undertake important tasks, this practice should continue. on the normal ladder. In order to ensure flexibility and an ability number of advisers and research assistants who are not placed fromApart the research staff listed above, PRIO also employs a -

Photo: Jorunn Tønnesen PRIO Annual Report 2002 6 Strategic InstituteProgrammes new projects, and as a guide for recruitment policies. They also planning, for budgeting, and for directing research andpeace andgenerating conflict. The programmes act as a focus for strategic PRIO’s basicaim ofstudyingthecausesandconsequences related projects. Together, andprojectsfulfil theprogrammes consistsofagroup instituteprogramme Each strategic • • • • in2002: instituteprogrammes Strategic 2003.of 1January intotheCSCWas hasthusbeenintegrated programme of theConditions War andPeace programme, andthat mostoftheactivities War (seepage19)willincorporate In 2003, thenewly established Centrefor theStudyofCivil Conflict Resolutionand Peacebuilding. Policies;and Security Ethics, andIdentities; Norms and institute programmes: Conditionsof War andPeace; Foreign In 2002, PRIO’s withinfour researchwasorganized strategic of Civilwar, seethePRIOwebsite athttp://www.prio.no. andPRIO’sinstitute programmes newCentrefor theStudy onallprojectswithinthestrategic For detailedinformation problemsconfronting key ofourtime. international in as thebasisforandusefultheories tenable generalizations research that leads to solid conclusions, which can serve in turn programmes adopt specific standpoints. Our aim is to conduct policies, institute particular nordothestrategic supporting conflict. Theinstitute’s researchstaffare notcommittedto aspect ofconflict, armed focusing insteadonorganized conceivable type and PRIO doesnotseektocover every findings to groups of colleagues. in which PRIO researchers present their initial ideas and provide the organizational basis for frequent internal seminars

Conflict Resolutionand Peacebuilding Ethics, andIdentities Norms PoliciesForeign andSecurity Conditions of War and Peace

Photo: Are Hovdenak

PRIO Annual Report 2002 7 www.prio.no – Strategic Institute Programmes PRIO Annual Report 2002 8 Conditions of War andPeace Science ResearchCouncils, the World Bank, theNorwegian Council ofNorway, theJointCommitteeofNordicSocial In 2002, received fundingfromtheResearch theprogramme for eightMaster’s degreestudentsin Trondheim andOslo. universities. alsoprovides academicguidance The programme ofOslo,NTNU andtheUniversity butUS alsoatseveral studentsasemployeesdozen doctoral orassociates, mainly at At theendof2002, hadarounda theCWPprogramme Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim.and Political Science at the Norwegian University of closecontactwith Science theparticularly Department and of Sociology totheCSCW.transferred At thenationallevel, thereis circle of international contacts, most of which are casestudies.and comparative beingThe programme has had a wide mathematical (game-theoretic)analysis, statisticalmethods conflescalation orresolutionofarmed ict, using formal environmental causesoftheonset, incidence, andde- severity oneconomic,brought togetherwork political, and cultural ofpeaceandviolentconflstanding oftheorigins ict. Ithas hasaimedatimproving ourunder-The CWPprogramme 2003. discontinued asof1January project portfolio, istherefore andtheCWPprogramme intothecentre’sof recentCWPresearchwillbetransferred the StudyofCivil War (CSCW)atPRIO. The core elements decisive roleinpromotingthedevelopment oftheCentrefor with quantitative studiesofwarandpeace, incloseconnection enjoyed profi ahighinternational lewithinthe fi eldof The Conditionsof War andPeace has (CWP)programme Gleditsch (from August) Programme Leaders: ScottGates, NilsPetter Gerald Schneider,Gerald ofKonstanz University Neumayer,Eric London SchoolofEconomics Project Associates Tove GreteLie, IndianaUniversity Tanja Ellingsen, ofOslo&NTNU University Katja Haaversen-Westhassel Skjølberg, ofOslo University Hilde Ravlo, Vanderbilt University Halvard Buhaug, NTNU Anita Schjølset, California ofSouthern University the Programme Doctoral StudentsOutsidePRIO Associated with Päivi Lujala Naima Mouhleb Urdal Henrik Håvard Strand Research Assistants Wenche Hauge Scott Gates Nils Petter Gleditsch Håvard Hegre Anke Hoeffl er Research Staff Staff in2002 the FordFoundation. Environmentally andSocially Sustainable Development, and ofForeign Affairs,Ministry theNorwegian Trust Fund for Journal ofPeaceJournal Research

. alsoplayedThe programme a Siri Lassen Siri Mirjam Sørli Urdal Henrik Bård Thorhaug MA Students Lars Wilhelmsen Furlong Kathryn Elisabeth Gilmore Internships &COs Environmental Change. asa The projectisorganized onGlobal HumanDimensionsProgramme International underthe (GECHS)programme Human Security GlobalEnvironmental Changeand of theinternational This isanumbrellaprojectfor aprojectoffi ce, basedatPRIO, Researchers: Urdal &Henrik PäiviLujala, Furlong Kathryn Project Leader: NilsPetter Gleditsch Environmental Factors inConfl ict(2000–03) Tatu Vanhanen, ofHelsinki University Peter Wallensteen, UppsalaUniversity Paul Collier, World Bank&Oxford University Morton Kelstrup, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) Mikael Eriksson, UppsalaUniversity Mats Hammarström, UppsalaUniversity Jones,Mark MichiganStateUniversity Sollenberg,Margareta UppsalaUniversity Jesse Hamner, University Emory deSoysa,Indra Centerfor Development Research, escalation. Various regarding theimplicationsof theories with theconfl atdifferent levels ictualcountries of confl ict erosion. Confl were included, ictualandpeacefulcountries lower middle-income countries, allwithhighlevels ofsoil studies were examined, includingfour low-income andfour conflcausation andescalationofinternal icts. Eightcase environmental resources andeconomicdevelopment inthe projectanalysed theroleofrenewableThis doctoral Researcher: Wenche Hauge Development (1997–2002) Role ofEnvironmental Change andEconomic Causes andDynamicsofConfl ictEscalation: The and is carried out in collaboration with the World Bank.Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development The project is funded by the Norwegian Trust Fund for relationship between natural resource extraction and confland using this ict. database to refi ne empirical analysesof armed ofconfl the icts, and of natural resourcesproject relevant involves to confl developing a ict,database of the geographical markets.exclusion ofillicitgoodsfrominternational extentThe PRIO andthe war throughimprovement ofrevenue reporting and civil to sever resource the extraction link between natural This project isof part a World Bank project evaluating policies Researchers: ElisabethGilmore, Urdal PäiviLujala&Henrik Project Leader: NilsPetter Gleditsch The Governance ofNaturalResources (2002–04) attached tothefirst subproject. funding fromtheResearchCouncilofNorway from2003, is (from 2002). student,A thirddoctoral PäiviLujala, alsowith fellowships Urdal(from2003)andHalvardBuhaug toHenrik recent topicswasmadeavailable ofdoctoral intheform on allfi ve subprojects. Additionalfunding for thetwo most Environmental andResourceConfl icts’. hasproceeded Work Pressure andDomesticConfl ict’ and(5) ‘TheDiffusionof Two morewere addedmorerecently: (4) ‘Population ConflInterstate ict’ and(3) andtheEnvironment’. ‘Democracy Abundance asCausesofConfl ict’, (2) and ‘SharedRivers three subprojects: (1) ‘Resource ScarcityandResource resource andenvironmental confl icts. Initially, there were (oroptimistic)viewof pessimistic) andacornucopian systematic confrontationbetween aneomalthusian(or University ofBonn University (NTFESSD),

PRIO Annual Report 2002 9 PRIO Annual Report 2002 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � microeconomic models from the liberal tradition with tradition microeconomic modelsfromtheliberal the theoretical level, the project contrasted rational-choice/ conditions for the initiation of group and interstate confl ict. At interaction between countries directly and indirectly affects the The goal of this project was to study how increased economic Researchers: Håvard Hegre &Håvard Strand Project Leader: NilsPetter Gleditsch Globalization andConfl ict(1999–2002) The by subverting political institutions that are necessary for peace. whether theavailability ofresources indirectly causesconfl ict resourceavailabilitynatural canbeasourceofconfl ictand peace. The projecthasalsoinvestigated theways inwhich inthemaintenanceofcivil withindemocracies structures political in identifyingwhatissalientaboutalternative theoretically moresatisfyingmodelsofconfl ict. Thiswillassist measures andtestingthesecomponentsagainstcivilwarin democracy, inaggregate unpackingtheconstitutive parts andcivilviolenceby measures of usingalternative democracy on totheexistingliterature and theprojectwillcontribute conditions underwhichcivilviolenceisinitiatedandsustained, aimoftheprojectistoinvestigate thepolitical The primary Reseachers: Håvard Hegre, Håvard Strand &NilsPetter Gleditsch Project Leader: ScottGates (1999–2003) Politics ofCivil War the FordFoundation. The projectwas fundedby theResearchCouncilofNorway and December 2002. ofOsloin from theprojectwassubmittedtoUniversity catalysts system. inaninteractive dissertation The doctoral according totheirrolesaschannels, and targets, triggers Dessler’s methodology, by whichcausesarecategorized Causes ofconfl ict were analysed anddiscussedusingDavid purely environmental andeconomicwere alsodiscussed. have ofcauses, avariety confl otherthanthe ictdeterminants role intheanalysis. Sinceitwasassumedthatspecifi cconfl icts Thomas Homer-Dixon andGünther Bächlerplaying acentral confl icts were examined, andmodelsof withthetheories environmental changeandeconomicdevelopment for violent project consideredthefollowing inrelationto variables andprocesses. constraints confl Forinternal structural ict, the andmodelsthatstressbothsystemiclocal theories � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � project isfundedby the World Bank. � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � an effect onconfl ict. Similarly, civil violence, aidinevitably has provided before, orafter during areas. However, whether provide aidtoconfl ict-ridden assistance agenciesincreasingly development Multilateral Researcher: Anke Hoeffl er Project Leader: ScottGates (2001–03) Aid, Policy andPeace ofForeign Swedish Ministry Affairs. World SocietyFoundationandthe with additionalfundingfromthe the ResearchCouncilofNorway, The projectwas fundedmainlyby press for 2003. variables. An editedvolume isin development were the relevant system typeandinequalityof economic development, political confl ict, trade, interstate system type. Forinterstate income inequality, andpolitical economic development and confl ict: andinvestment, trade

strategic instituteprogramme. The projectisfundedby theResearchCouncil ofNorway asa tion identifi ed in the fi rst subproject. mental change, directly drawing on the measures of globaliza- political transformation, ethnic fractionalization and environ- factors such as economic development, income distribution, the effects of globalization on violent confl directict, investment through and migration. intervening A second subproject will study of indicators of globalization, specifi cally including trade, foreign goalherewillbetodevelop a datasetcountries; theprimary ofglobalizationbetween andwithin will mapoutthepatterns within individual countries. Within this project, a first subproject extent considerably vary across regions oftheworld, aswell as of globalization. Globalization is not uniform. Its nature and and has given rise to an extensive debate on the consequences hasgiven thesephenomenanear-universaldemocracy status economicsandpolitical systembasedonmarket a world War IIperiod. absenceofacredible to alternative The current haveeconomic interaction grown throughoutthepost-World Trade, foreign investment ofinternational andotherforms Researcher: ScottGates Globalization, theStateandConfl ict(2001–03) Council ofNorway. The projectisfundedby theMULTI Programme oftheResearch at the World Bank. withtheDevelopment ResearchGroup in closecollaboration policy implicationsforsystemwillbestudied themultilateral allocated inordertoenhancetheprospectsofpeace. The ofcivilconflthe risk ictandtoconsiderhow aidcanbestbe investigate theeffects ofeconomicpoliciesandaidfl ows on confl icthasaneffect onaid. ofthisprojectisto Thepurpose The projectisfunded by theResearchCouncilofNorway. zation leadautomatically toamorepeacefulworld. fi ndingswillindicate whetherornotprocessesofdemocrati- fi ndoutwhethersome aremore ‘peaceful’ thanothers. The regimesto andnon-democratic will analyse bothdemocratic policymaking relatedtopeaceand confl ictissues. Theproject for ofdomesticstructures will emphasize theimportance approaches toquestionsaboutregime typeandconfl ict, and andextendedtheoretical andmethodological alternative logic.and problems ofinternal The projectwilldevelop standsisinsuffias itcurrently cient scope owing toitsnarrow peace The projectaimstoshow thatresearchondemocratic projectisregimetypesandconflThe focus ofthisdoctoral ict. Researcher: Anita Schjølset Democratic Peace (2000–03) Regime Type andConfl ict: Extendingthe Science ResearchCouncils. The projectisfundedby theJointCommitteeofNordicSocial promotionofdemocracy.international andreflNordic democracy ectingonitsrelevanceinthe relations,and international studyingthedevelopment of inpeaceresearch areas by onongoingNordicwork drawing inthese literature project aimsatadvancingtheinternational view toachievingthestrongestpeacebuilding effect? This promotewitha shouldtheoutsideworld kind ofdemocracy promoted –even imposed–fromtheoutside. Also, what hastogrow fromtheinsideorwhetheritcanbe democracy However, thequestionwhether thisdevelopment raises therefore holdsrealpromisefor amorepeacefulworld. domestic violence. wave The current ofdemocratization affected another andarerarely by civilwarorotherserious in interstate war as other states, they rarely, ifAlthough ever, democracies fi in the past ghtone have participated as frequently & Kelstrup Tatu Vanhanen Researchers: NilsPetter Gleditsch, MatsHammarström, Morten Peace (1998–2003) The Nordic DemocracyModelandtheDemocratic

PRIO Annual Report 2002 9 www.prio.no – Strategic Institute Programmes PRIO Annual Report 2002 10 Pinar Tank Pavel Baev Ola Tunander Olsen Mari Hilde Henriksen Waage Research Staff Staff in2002 Simonsen’s doctoral dissertation at the University of Oslo. achievement during 2002 was the defence of Sven Gunnar International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). A major involves developing a research partnership with the Stockholm interplays between globalization, terrorism and armed conflicts Russia’s energy complex. A new project on the evolving year strategic research projects: on European security and on directions. In2002, the programme started two new three- projectsonkeyare ablestrategic toleadlarge-scale andresourcefulresearchers,strength isitsexperienced who that willcontinue intheforeseeable future. Itsmainsourceof hasaneclecticnature,The programme anessentialfeature tively oftheCSCW. inthework Pacific andRussia’s complex, energy andengagingconstruc direction,transatlantic developing newresearchon Asia- ontheEuropean/ This aiminvolves building expertise emphasisontheroleofstatesinconflictsituations.particular pressureandtension,tional systemthatgenerate witha istoevaluateongoingshiftsintheinterna the programme challenges. security responses tovarious aimof The general studies),and security focused onthenatureofstates’ relations(includinghistory,field ofinternational geopolitics researchprojectsinthebroad interdisciplinary comprises PoliciesThe ForeignandSecurity (FSP)programme Programme Leader: Pavel Baev Foreign andSecurityPolicies ‘Russia’s ComplexandRussianState-Building’. Energy The aim Research inthisarea beganin2001withapilotproject on Researcher: Pavel Baev West intheCaspian Area (2001–05) Cooperation andConflictBetween Russia andthe ofDefence. The projectisfundedby theNorwegian Ministry NATO.primarily stabilityandthecontentofitsrelations withthe internal West, assessing thepossibleonRussia’s impactofthisreform forces andon theRussianarmed toreform the neweffort the Same?’. It now focuses on evaluating the overall design of ‘Transforming the Russian Military: A Fresh Effort or More of Defense Analysis appeared in DC. In2002, that themainoutputswere two articles Studies, andInternational the Centerfor Security Washington, New (PONARS),Approaches toRussian Security basedat reform. on intheprojectwasProgram A key partner ofmilitary trajectory Putin’s regime, theuncertain primarily challengestoPresident ofinternal by arange determined between Russiaandthe West.potential partnership These are andlimitsof goal for 2002wastoanalyse theopportunities oftheRussianmilitary.focused onthetrajectory The main researchprogramme ofalong-term This projectispart Researcher: Pavel Baev Russia intheGlobal War Against Terrorism (1995–) Sven GunnarSimonsen Stein Tønnesson Armed Forces&Society Armed . In 2003, the project has been renamed Pål Høydal Halvorsen Martin MA Students Research Assistants and andthe Korean Journal of Korean Journal - - driving Russia’stowards Europe,driving course toevaluatethe assess theshiftingbalanceofinterestsandpoliticalforces (seebelow).European security The mainaimin2002wasto on instituteprogramme ofthestrategic part policy andforms This projectbuilds onpreviousresearch onRussia’s European Researcher: Pavel Baev Beyond Putin’s Westward Quest(2002–04) The projectisfundedby theResearchCouncilofNorway. StudiesSociety, Eurasian Central University. Harvard ontheCaspianareawillbepresentedto perspectives Studies, Paris, andapaperonRussiangeo-economic for theEUInstituteofSecurity Caucasus willbewritten edited volumes. In2003,onRussia’s policiesinthe anarticle duetoappearin outputs in2002were two bookchapters Group ofthe World Bank. articles,themain Besidesseveral andtheResearch University atHarvard Studies Program policy.security in2002were theCaspian Keypartners guidelinesfor foreign and Caspian areaandindetermining complex indefiningRussia’s key nationalinterestsinthe of theprojectisnow toevaluatetheroleofenergy Nevertheless, how andwhy thishappensremainssurprisingly relations inmulti-ethnic observation. statesmay seematrivial affects seriously inter-ethnic intervention That military Researcher: SvenGunnarSimonsen Building (2002–05) andPost-Conflict Intervention Military Nation- The project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. journals. ininternational as two booksandtwo articles ofForeign for theNorwegianAffairs, Ministry aswell report in thearea. In2003–04, theprojectwillproduceafurther peace attemptsandtheuseofNorwegian development aid and/or mediatorroleandtherelationshipbetween Norway’s Two majorareaswillbeexamined: theNorwegian facilitator Channel anditsinvolvement inimplementing theagreements. theOslo inconstructing project analyses Norway’s efforts the role Norway played in the Middle East peace process. This preconditionfor constitutedthemostimportant and Israel 2001) showed thatlong-established bonds between Norway the OsloBackChannel’ (Oslo: ofForeign Affairs, Ministry report ‘“Norwegians? Who NeedsNorwegians?” Explaining Norway’s topeacemakingintheMiddleEast. contribution The The signingoftheOslo Agreement in1993highlighted Research Assistant: Halvorsen Martin Project Leader: HildeHenriksen Waage (2001–03) in thePeace Process intheMiddle East1993–96 ‘Peacemaking IsRiskyBusiness’: Norway’s Role and theResearchCouncilofNorway of Foreign The project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry Affairs in thecontextofglobalwaragainstterrorism. between RussiaandNATO, ofcooperation pattern ofall first 2003. researchistheevolving for further The majortarget duetoappearin chapter andanarticle National Defence College. The mainoutputswere abook Moscow were Center and the Carnegie Swedish partners President Putin’s visit toNorway inOctober2002. Key future.the mid-term focus wasonthecontextof A particular andtoidentifypossible shiftsin sustainability ofthiscourse European Security in

PRIO Annual Report 2002 11 PRIO Annual Report 2002 10 regional casestudies), andpost-conflictissues(e.g. ‘spoiler’ incomparative of predictionandprevention (particularly ontheglobalstatesystem, terrorism transnational questions ofidentifiedtopics,examine arange includingtheimpactof byA researchcoalitionwasthenformed PRIOandSIPRIto conflictandtoidentifypromising armed avenues for research. investigate theinter-relationship and between terrorism Foundation.MacArthur wasto The aimoftheworkshop ofForeign andthe from theNorwegianAffairs Ministry PeaceInternational Research Institute(SIPRI), withsupport jointlywas organized by PRIOandtheStockholm inDecember2002that This projectbeganwithaworkshop Project Staff: Pavel Baev & Damian Laws Project Leader: Stein Tønnesson Armed Conflict(2002–) The ImpactofGlobalizationon Terrorism and The projectwas fundedby theResearchCouncilofNorway. of Osloanddefended in 2002. April submitted totheFacultyofSocialSciencesUniversity by PålKolstøandPavel Baev. The Dr. Philos.was dissertation homogenous) ethniccomposition. The projectwassupervised new (lower) statusandanaltered(more international has adifferent politicalsystem, new(narrower) borders, a that have changedwiththedissolutionofUSSR: thestate inrelationtoidentity-relatedcircumstances Russian officers projectanalysed nationalistattitudesamong This doctoral Researcher: SvenGunnarSimonsen (1997–2002) Russian Military Nationalism, NationalIdentityandthePost-Soviet of Defence. This postdoctoral projectisfundedby theNorwegian Ministry Timor, Afghanistan and Abkhazia. in building a sustainable peace. The four cases are Kosovo, East oneness withinthepopulationofastate–anditsspecific role as attemptsatand/ortheprocessof(re)building asenseof emphasisisplacedonnation-building –understood Particular This willbeachieved throughanalysis offour casestudies. for inter-ethnicintervention relationsinpost-conflictsocieties. thatshapetheconsequencesofmilitary examine thefactors understudied. ofthisprojectistosystematically The purpose Study ofCivil War. research projectsof Working Group1oftheCentrefor the On thePRIOside, willbelinked tothe work thecooperative andviolentconflict.the studyofinterfacesbetween terrorism tofillinggapsin expected thattheseactivitieswillcontribute to follow-up fromjointfieldwork workshops,range anditis problems inpeacenegotiations).will efforts Cooperative has sharpened theEU’s toconsolidateandcrys- has sharpened aspiration could hardly have foreseen. The endoftheEast–West divide thatthearchitectsofEuropeanUnion transformation In thelastdecade, ageopolitical Europehasundergone & Stein Tønnesson Researchers: Pavel Baev, J. Peter Burgess, Carling, Jørgen Pinar Tank Project Leader: Ola Tunander Security Identity(2002–04) Looking Outward: The Questfor aEuropean ofDefence. The projectisfundedby theNorwegian Ministry the military elite’s understanding of the Turkish state’s future. of these two issues, the study aims to provide an insight into security field and evaluating the potential for ‘desecuritization’ dynamics behind the transference of political issues into the Kurdish nationalism and Islamist politics. Through examining the state, particularly with regard to the two ‘securitized’ issues of analyses the military’s own perceptions of its role in the Turkish with the Turkish political and military elite, this doctoral project state, which are guarded by the military. Through interviews the threat that reform presents to the foundationsvery of the The need for improvements in these areas is weighed against particularly within two key areas: the Islamist and Kurdish issues. However, necessary reforms often challenge national policies, the fields of humanrights and democratic development. membership of the EU have led to gradual improvements in Turkey as a candidate member and Turkey’s desire to attain full the West. The European Union’s decision in 1999 to include The relationship with Turkey has always presented challenges to Researcher: Pinar Tank Desecuritization? (2000–04) Turkey’s EliteataCrossroad: Military Paths to The projectisfunded by theResearchCouncilofNorway. and the rest of Indochina. relationship through an analysis of Soviet relations with Vietnam principal goal is a broader understanding of the Sino-Soviet role of ideology in politics and Soviet behaviour in alliances. The the role of the bureaucracy as a creator of perceptions, the to China, the relationship between declared and practical policies,making intheregion. The projectfocuses onSoviet attitudes how changesintheseperceptionsinfluencedSoviet decision- ceptions ofChina’s 1949–64 and roleinIndochinaduring from theperiod, projectexamines Soviet per- thisdoctoral literature onSovietDrawing archivaldocumentsandscholarly inthelate 1950s. todeteriorate Soviet relationship started munism in Asia, andtheUSSRinEurope, whentheSino- labour’ underwhichChinawould beresponsible for com- Moscow hadtoreconsideritsproposalfor a ‘division of Olsen Researcher: Mari Indochina Wars (1998–2003) The Sino-Soviet Alliance andtheComingof Soviet Policies Towards Indochina, 1949–64: The projectisfundedby theResearchCouncil ofNorway. • • • • • • projects: into sixinterrelated ofresearchonEuropeatPRIO.strands The projectisdivided together various brings instituteprogramme This strategic however, remainstobeadequately theorized. dominated NATO. This Identity’‘European Security concept, the expressedinaUS- Western identitymostclearly security from andDefence Identity–whichdiffers European Security the conceptofEuropeanidentityisdevelopment ofa tallize itsidentity. of inthe construction The mostrecentbrick

Europe and Turkey: Democracy, Political IslamandSecurity. Europe and Asia: RedefiningaSharedContinent Pressure Migration Europe andtheDeveloping World: Confronting Europe andRussia: Respondingto Transition After 11September Europe andtheUSA: andSecurity Democracy Identity ofEuropeanSecurity andPractice Theory

PRIO Annual Report 2002 11 www.prio.no – Strategic Institute Programmes PRIO Annual Report 2002 12 from a major grant fromtheResearchCouncilofNorway,from amajorgrant For thepastthreeyears, hasbenefited theENIprogramme newly founded Centrefor theStudyofCivil War. withthe hasalsodeveloped acollaboration programme agendas ofPRIO’s instituteprogrammes. otherstrategic The andethicalnorms,cultural itcomplementstheresearch ofqualitative methodologiesinthestudyof importance isinterdisciplinary.The ENIprogramme Byemphasizingthe • • • • are: outby theprogramme research carried social anthropologyandrelatedareas. The aimsofthe philosophy andtheory, religiousstudies, socialpsychology, researchwithinthefieldsofethics,comprises political The Ethics, Norms, atPRIO andIdentities(ENI)programme Henrik Syse, GregoryReichberg (from August) Programme Leaders: Ethics, NormsandIdentities peacekeeping, andby askinghow these challengescanbe posed by, interalia, and terrorism, intervention humanitarian thechallenges by considering affairs questions ininternational PRIO istoincreaseawareness andknowledge ofnormative The mainobjective ethics-relatedprojects at ofthe several Reichberg,Researchers: Syse&EndreBegby Gregory Henrik and ConflictPrevention (2000–03) Ethical Dimensionsof War, ConflictManagement J. Peter Burgess Inger Skjelsbæk Syse Henrik Ingierd Helene Christiansen Reichberg Gregory Endre Begby Elise Barth Åshild Kolås Research Staff Staff in2002 force. military oftopicsrelevanttotheuse three issuesonabroadrange 2002, haspublishedinception inJanuary thelatterjournal Syse, &Henrik Reichberg associateeditors). Sinceits Burgess, editor)andthe publications:two international havepeace. responsibilitiesfor members editorial Programme funding itsresearchonphilosophicalaspectsofwarand

belonging. to conductresearchonperceptionsofidentityand bear onconflictandmanagement; and that to conductresearchonlocalperceptionsandfactors of warandpeace; andtheoreticalresearchontheethics to conducthistorical research; philosophical problems relevanttopeace-andconflict to increaseawareness andknowledge oftheoretical/ Journal of Military Ethics ofMilitary Journal Security Dialogue Security Jørgen Carling Jørgen Iselin Frydenlund Cecilie Hellestveit MA Students Yvonne Dehnes Signe Gilen Lene Bomann-Larsen Karen Hostens (J. Peter (Gregory (Gregory Ministry of Defence and the Earhart Foundation(USA). ofDefence andtheEarhart Ministry Additional fundinghasbeenreceivedfromtheNorwegian strategic instituteprogramme by theResearchCouncilofNorway. The ethicsprojectsunderthisumbrellahavebeenfundedasa addressingquestionsofethics,articles warandnationalism. within theethicsofwarandpeacemaking, andacollectionof publication in2003–04: texts ananthologyonbenchmark addition, for two majorbookprojectsareinpreparation publications asaresultoftheactivitiestheseprojects. In have appeared in Norwegian and international articles Several aspointsofdeparture. frameworks andothernormative addressed by usingthejustwartradition areas: Bosniaand Herzegovina, andIsrael/Palestine. Eritrea fieldwork, andempirical it focuses onthreeconflict interviews studies, literature gender perspective. Basedonscholarly froma unintended consequencesofconflict interventions aimof thisprojectistoinvestigate theintendedand primary to beconducive tosustainable peacefuldevelopment. The is populations must betaken intoaccountifanintervention willaffect local that theways inwhicha conflictintervention operations. Among policymakers, itiscommonly recognized ofpeace organizers complex responsesfrominternational ofthe1990shaveThe conflictpatterns called for more Researchers: EliseBarth, KarenHostens&IngerSkjelsbæk Reichberg Project Leader: Gregory Consequences (2002–03) Policy Implications ofIntendedandUnintended Gender Aspects ofConflictInterventions: (NHO). Industry andtheConfederationAffairs ofNorwegian Businessand ofForeign This projectisfundedby theNorwegian Ministry Press, 2004).University forthcoming Unintended ConsequencesofCorporate Activity experts: teamof bythe publication aninternational ofabookwritten (Tokyo)the UnitedNationsUniversity willultimately resultin (NHO)andPRIO.and Industry with Ongoingcollaboration published jointly by ofNorwegian theConfederation Business inZonesofConflict:Actors Responsible Engagement’, 2002,During theprojectresultedinbooklet ‘Corporate effect –constitutethetheoreticalbackboneofproject. ofdouble- theprinciple –inparticular the justwartradition political dimensionsofside-effect harm. Ethicalconceptsfrom met withinsuchsettings, withaspecialfocus onthesocialand socialresponsibilitymay be how thedemandsofcorporate zones facemajorethicalchallenges. This projectaimstoclarify andconflict indeveloping countries operating Corporations Syse &Henrik Reichberg Researchers: Gregory Project Leader: LeneBomann-Larsen Engagement (2001–03) Corporate Actors inZonesofConflict: Responsible Double Effect in World Business: Dealingwith (UnitedNations

PRIO Annual Report 2002 13 PRIO Annual Report 2002 12 Hugo Simberg, 1903 The Wounded Angel, Research CouncilofNorway. The projectwas fundedby theEthicsProgramme ofthe West canbetraced. that aresimilaranddissimilartothoseseenintheChristian secularity anddevelopments concerning which arguments discusses theoreticalmodelsfromtheIslamiccontextin ofsecularity,establishing theory aworkable theproject in different aspectsofsecularity Western contexts. After secular in Western politicalthought. The aimistoelucidate This projectinreligiousstudiesexaminesthemeaningof Researcher: Yvonne Dehnes Theories aboutReligionandSecularity(1997–2002) andtheResearchCouncilofNorway.Affairs ofForeign This projectisfundedby theNorwegian Ministry Foreign Affairs. of for theNorwegian Ministry andareport articles scholarly interventions? international The projectwillresultinseveral befall women inthehostcommunities asaresultof the affected hostcommunity? ofimpact What specialsorts viewed by personnel intervention female civilianandmilitary withlocalhostcommunities. personnel intervention How are ofinternational Special attentionispaidtotheinteraction often challengedeeply anchoredpreconceptionsofgender intosociety followingreintegration awar. Femalesoldiers and their The focus ofthisprojectwasfemale soldiers Researcher: EliseBarth Countries in Africa (2001–02) Reintegration ofFemale Soldiersin Various The projectisfundedby theResearchCouncilofNorway. publication. for international articles conflicts. Theoutputofthisprojectwillbe four scholarly inthewake ofthe genderparadigms challenged orreaffirmed has thewars how theuseofsexualviolenceduring based onethnicity, heterosexualityand homosexuality; and (3) from 1991to1995; (2)how theuseofsexualviolencewas and women thewars were subjecttosexualviolenceduring interviews. The projectwillinvestigate: (1)ways inwhichmen fieldwork,project areempirical studiesand literature with genderparadigms. researchmethodsofthe The primary examine how ethnicdimensionsoftheconflictinteracted as aresult. Inordertoachieve thisgoal, to itisnecessary 1991–95, have andhow perceptionsofthesefactors changed of use ofsexualviolenceasaweapon intheBosnianwars which sexuality, ethnicityandgenderwere embeddedinthe projectistostudytheways in The maingoalofthisdoctoral Researcher: IngerSkjelsbæk Herzegovina, 1991–95(1999–2003) and GenderDiversity inthe Wars inBosniaand Sexual Violence in Time of War: Sexuality, Ethnicity (2002–04) Transnational MigrationandMobilityConflicts The projectisfundedby theResearchCouncil ofNorway. cultural deterioration or a source of cultural revitalization? and religious identity. Is ethnic tourism in Diqing a cause of impact of tourism on indigenous perceptions of ethnic, cultural ‘cultural preservation’ and promoting tourism, focusing on the project examines the inherent tensions between the goals of a multi-ethnic area on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The as a Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture within Yunnan Province – marketable commodity for tourists. Diqing is officially known processes involved in reconstructing Tibetan culture as a understanding of Tibetan culture in Diqing and studies the This doctoral project investigates the effects of tourism on the Researcher: ÅshildKolsås Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (2001–04) Ethnic Tourism andCulturalReconstructionin The project was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. PRIO), aswell popularandacademicarticles. asseveral Affairs: ofForeign totheNorwegian Ministry It resultedinareport project involved andfact-collectiontrips. fieldwork several ences have withfemale soldiers beendocumented. The types of material from other African countries where experi- fromEritrea, material built onfieldwork as well asvarious reintegration, withspecialattentionto countries.African It andtheir tive studyofthephenomenonfemale soldiers women intocivilsociety. This projectconstitutedacompara identity. ofsuch This hasimplicationsfor thereintegration The project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence.The projectisfunded by theNorwegian Ministry • • • The project’s aimisthreefold: inaviolentconflict. by actors are actually understood responsibility andinvestigate how responsibilityandculpability It will develop a conceptual analysis of the meaning of emphasis onthespecialobligations ofpeacekeeping forces. inwar, for actionsundertaken responsibility ofsoldiers with projectinpoliticalsciencefocuses onthe This doctoral Researcher: HeleneC. Ingierd On BeingaMoralDecisionmaker in War (2002–04) This projectisfundedby theNorwegian ResearchCouncil. Verde totheNetherlands. fromCape be addressedthroughacasestudyofmigration andexchanges. networks the futureoftransnational This will toexplorehow thisdevelopment willeffect It isimportant pressure. flows andincreasingmigration in reducedmigration home countries. policieshaveTightened immigration resulted to These linkagesareeconomically andpolitically important anddestination. oforigin thatlinkcountries networks migrant since the1950shasledtoestablishment oftransnational theory.aspects ofmigration ofimmigration Europe’s history dynamicsinEurope,migration andtoadvancerelevant conclusionsoncontemporary moregeneral to draw communities. migrant oftransnational durability Italsoaims policies andtheresultingconflictsaffect thenatureand projectexamineshow tightenedimmigration This doctoral Carling Researcher: Jørgen

bilities inviolent conflict. as actors soldiers and officers view their professional moral responsi- culpability for wrongfulactionsinwar. It willsuggestbetterways ofassigningresponsibilityand Bosnia andKosovo, itwillinvestigate how thisgroupof onpeacekeeping missionsinLebanon,who have served withNorwegian peacekeepers By conductinginterviews best bedefinedanddelineated. actionscan how responsibilityandculpabilityfor wartime fromthejustwartradition),(taken largely itwilldiscuss onconceptsfromethics andpoliticalphilosophyDrawing Peace asDisappointment, PRIO Report 3/2002(Oslo: PRIOReport

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PRIO Annual Report 2002 13 www.prio.no – Strategic Institute Programmes PRIO Annual Report 2002 14 Hilde Salvesen Hilde Henriksen Waage Dan Smith Ananda Millard Research Staff Staff in2002 dimension toPRIO’s profile, bothinNorway andabroad. attention, considerable attracts animportant contributing ofPRIO’s annual turnover and represents asubstantialpart relevanceforconsiderable Norwegian foreign policy. It further. hasahighprofileand The CRPBprogramme betweena basisfor researchandpractice takingthesynergy do this, has expanded its research capacityandhasestablished research. It is a strength of the programme that it has begun to expertise and to use its activities to contribute to further programme aims to base its activities on established research conflict resolution and peacebuilding. As far as possible, the from conflicts under study but also to contribute actively to not just to be limited to outcarrying research at a safe distance each other’s insights into their work. This reflects an ambition aspects ofconflictresolutiontoshareideasandincorporate inresearch, working andoperational training practitioners and scholars isuniqueinthatitencourages The programme theory,seeks tobridge appliedknowledge andpractice. capacity-building activities. Insum, theCRPBprogramme between research, analysis, training, policy, and operational seekstodevelop linkagesandsynergy The programme dialogue that encourages peacebuilding and conflict resolution. development, local capacity-building and the promotion of gramme undertakes research, training and education, policy The ConflictResolutionand Peacebuilding (CRPB)pro Programme Leader: HildeHenriksen Waage Peacebuilding Conflict Resolutionand • • • The projecthasthreeobjectives: dimension, sincetheproblems intheregionareinterlinked. region. withafocus ontheregional The projectworks Mediterranean inthe eastern stability andhumanrights tobuilding security,The aimofthisprojectistocontribute PRIO Representatives in Cyprus: Trond Jensen, Project Consultant: Lockhart JamieBruce Yiouli Taki & Emine Erk Project Manager: Ane Bræin Project Leader: Dan Smith Mediterranean (1997–) Human RightsandPeace in Turkey andtheEastern Skåra Bernt COs andMAStudents Research Assistants, Vemund Aarbakke Nicholas Marsh Harpviken Berg Kristian

(TOSAM) in Ankara. theCentre for ResearchofSocietalProblems to support 2002; and building, problem in withamajorfocus ontheCyprus to facilitateGreek–Turkish dialogueandconfidence- problem; progresstowards asettlementoftheCyprus and support to build inCyprus bicommunal contactsandcooperation Trond Jensen Snezana Popovic Even Lars Andersen Jorunn Tønnesen Ivar Evensmo Ane Bræin Advisers Jonas Aga Uchermann Hanne EggenRøislien M.Christin Ormhaug

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The Greek–Turkishmetin1998. first are Forum Itsmembers Greek–Turkish Forum ofchannels. communities throughavariety PRIO’s Initiative promotesdialoguebetween thetwo Cyprus project managementcapacityatPRIOwasstrengthened. staffmembers.of thetwo Cypriot At thesametime, the thepositions andtoupgrade project amorelocalownership by localstaff.supported In2002, itwasdecidedtogive the PRIOrepresentative,this officewasled by anon-Cypriot in1998.an officeinCyprus Untilautumn2002, of the work ofCyprus. PRIOestablished business peoplefrombothparts meetingfor Initiative grewoutofa1997Brussels The Cyprus farintothefuture. settlement deferred great,penalties for failurewould very withany possibilityfor between Greekand Turkish andsuggestedthatthe Cypriots created positive conditionsfor settlementoftheconflict of theRepublic’s impendingaccessiontotheEU. This both stagein2002because problem enteredacritical The Cyprus Cyprus Initiative escalated violently and even whilethefighting isstillgoingon. conflict,in peacebuilding afteranarmed before aconflicthas that time, hasaccrued amountofexperience aconsiderable Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Since thenUNSecretary-General. in1992whentheconceptwassetoutby tional vocabulary peacebuilding becameestablishedThe term intheinterna Researcher: Wenche Hauge Project Leader: Dan Smith Utstein Peacebuilding Study(2002–03) andbyAffairs theUK ForeignOffice. been fundedby theGreekand Turkish ofForeign Ministries Foreign Affairs. Activities oftheGreek–Turkish havealso Forum of projectisfundedbyMediterranean theNorwegian Ministry The HumanRightsandPeace in Turkey andtheEastern programmes. courses, andradio training seminars primarily of Turkey. It does this through a variety of civil society activities,Turkish society, especially between Turkish andKurdishcitizens between thedifferentand mutual groupsin understanding advice.of strategic TOSAM values tobuild democratic works supported TOSAM bothfinancially andthroughtheprovision TOSAM wasfounded in in1997.Ankara Sincethen, PRIOhas TOSAM (Centre forResearch ofSocietalProblems) issues totheexclusionofregionalcontext. discussion, beingoverly focused onisland whichoftenrisks Cypriots. This injectedaregionaldimensionintotheCyprus The forum’s threemeetingsalsoincluded Greekand Turkish During 2002, the forum’s main focus was the Cyprus problem. proposing intergovernmental activities and isalldirectedtowardsfor supporting,encouraging work further rapprochement. public audiences, whomtheyreachthroughthemedia. This communicate ideasandanalyses bothtogovernments andto later disseminateideas. arewell qualifiedto The members The forum’s methodistodiscuss issuesandtodevelop and for theforum’s meetings. the media. PRIOprovides agendas, facilitationandfollow-up ofcontactsingovernment,range politicalparties,business and prominent citizens andhave ofthetwo countries abroad -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 15 PRIO Annual Report 2002 14 Photo: Jorunn Tønnesen corrupt groupswhosepoliticalappealisbasedonnarrow- corrupt that leaves politics inmuch oftheregioninhands atmosphere of political and social disengagement and passivity societies. againstawidespread The projectthusworks actively intheir the motivationofpeopletoparticipate promoting inter-ethnic dialogue, anditseekstostrengthen to theregion’s development by peaceful anddemocratic Yugoslavia. The overall goaloftheprojectistocontribute ofninedialoguecentresintheregionformer a network the Nansen Academy inLillehammer. The projectsupports The BalkanDialogueProjectisajointactivityofPRIOand Project Consultant: SteinarBryn Even & Andersen Vemund Aarbakke Project Staff: Ivar Evensmo, SnezanaPopovic, Vanja Pestoric, Lars Project Leader: Jorunn Tønnesen Project Director: DanSmith Balkan Dialogue Project organizational cultureof the ongoingproject–alsocovering organizational Vemund and Aarbakke’s analysis ofthetheory historical festival’s locationsasunique. event thatwasacknowledgeda majorcultural insomeofthe were large, localmediaattentionwashigh, andtheresultwas for the centres, PRIOandtheNansen Academy. Audiences thefestival wasanewandchallenging departure Arranging shared loss and shared responsibility for reconciliation. provided an occasion for meetings to discuss the message of Zagreb, Osijek, Sarajevo, Banja Luka and Mostar. The screeningsMinistry of Foreign Affairs. The films were screened in Belgrade, tion with the Norwegian Film Institute and the Norwegian and about the Balkans. This festival was organized in collabora (OFF), filmsmadein whichinvolved feature anddocumentary In 2002, amajoractivitywastheOnRoadFilmFestival • • • • • • oftechniques: The dialoguecentresuseawiderange and hinderpostwarreconciliationintheregion. mindedness. Suchgroupsholdbackeconomicdevelopment who together constitute the so-called Utstein Group, a –Germany,countries theNetherlands, Norway andtheUK– offour This projectisastudyofthepeacebuilding experience resolving contentiousissues. escalation andfindingpeacefulways ofmanagingand tostrengthensocialcapacitiesfor avoiding conflict effort democratization, anddialoguereconciliation–allinan security, economicdevelopment, institution-building and Peacebuilding involves ofactivitiesinthefields avariety

playground, andpark, cleaningupalocalriver etc. community projects,practical suchasbuilding achildren’s programmes, and NGO support in society, ofyouth leaders,training young politiciansandkey persons facilitators, anddialogue peopleasconflictresolutiontrainers training magazines andbooks, andtelevisionprogrammes,radio andpublication of andfollow-up meetingsandprojects, dialogue seminars - policymakers and donors on anddonors policymakers ‘Dialogue, Peacebuilding and (Oslo: PRIO). waspresentedataconference for This report Facilitating DialogueinFormer Yugoslavia, Kosovo in1997–waspublished in2002as NansenDialogueCentrein the establishment ofthefirst inLillehammer1995and thatstarted courses the training a variety ofsettings,a variety including butnotlimitedtotheBalkans. of dialoguein a meansofpromoting theuseandunderstanding Nansen Dialogueconsortium, jointactivities as which undertakes Cross, PRIOandtheNansen ofthe Academy aremembers Together withNorwegian Church Aid andtheNorwegian Red the European Commission, UNICEF and the Open Society Institute. a variety of sources, including local municipal authorities, the OSCE, Foreign Affairs. The centres have also individually raised funds from The funder primary of the project is the Norwegian Ministry of Balkan network and able to continue their work in the long term. sustainable individualorganizations, togetherina working detailed projectmanagement, asthecentresbecome Over time, theaimistoreduceneedfor directand • • • • • • • ment, andadvice. training, educationaltheory This involves: and theirdialogueactivitiesby providing leadership, manage organizations, them PRIOandtheNansen Academy support As thecentresevolve intosustainable, independent • • • • • • • phase,In itscurrent theproject’s groupsare: target Norwegian ForeignPolicy’ inOslo. Ministry ofForeign Ministry Affairs. onthisprojectatPRIOisfundedby theNorwegian The work presented anddiscussed. seminar in2003wherethefindingsofstudywillbe governments. The projectwillculminateinaninternational ofthefour peacebuilding fromtheexperiences derived ofguidelinesfor policy-relevant conclusionsintheform and development issues. The aimofthestudyistoproduce forframework cooperation between the four on peacebuilding

competence-development for capacity-building. and accounting, and detailedassistanceinmanagement,offering administration ofthecentres, thework monitoring ofcooperation, build anetwork betweendeveloping thecentresinorderto jointwork providing facilitators and trainers for seminars and workshops, direction, andstrategic providing leadership fundingfor thecentres, securing with professional training. actively involvedothers insocialchange, especially those media professionals, and oflocalcommunities, leaders informal inareasoutsidethemajorcities,groups livingandworking municipal politiciansandofficials, NGO activistsandleaders, young politicians, PRIO Report 2/2002 PRIOReport Mutual Learning: -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 15 www.prio.no – Strategic Institute Programmes PRIO Annual Report 2002 16 • • • • • • capacity-building are: inspire the AMAC project’s engagementinresearch and Mine Action (HMA)sector. Someofthekey questionsthat these indeveloping new capacity withintheHumanitarian project analyses localresponses tolandminesandbuildson The Assistance toMine-Affected Communities (AMAC) Conscientious Objector&Researcher: Bernt A. Skåra Researcher: Ananda S. Millard Project Leader: BergHarpviken Kristian Communities (AMAC) Assistance toMine-Affected compiled by AMAC researcher Ananda S. Millard. Itcontains Level: A Training Manual for fieldstaffin2002. building, AMAC developed andpublishedatrainingmanual In order tostrengthen theresource baseincapacity- latter’s fieldoperations. dialogue thatcanhave animmediateimpactuponthe experiences ofHMApractitionerswhileengagingina offers adualbenefit: AMAC staffare abletolearnfrom the withHMAorganizationsinthefield,partnership which In addressing thesequestions, AMAC works inclose

conflict reconstruction? What role canHMAplay inpeacebuildingandpost- made activeinprojects? participants How canresidents ofmine-affected communities be avoid ‘doing harm’whilemaximizingpositive impact? How bedesignedinorder shouldHMAinterventions to can thisbedeveloped? What analytical capacity doHMAagenciesrequire? How countering theproblem of mines? How canscarce resources bestbeallocatedin ordnance onlocalcommunities? What istheimpactoflandminesandunexploded

Assessing LandmineImpactattheField (Oslo: PRIO, 2002)waswrittenand the Norwegian RedCross andPRIO, of withthesupport Action’, acollaborationbetween Norwegian People’s Aid, conference inOsloon ‘The Future ofHumanitarianMine In September2002, AMAC co-hostedaninternational ROM. manual isalsoavailable inPortuguese, aswell asonCD- eight-week trainingcoursethatincludesfieldexercises. The orasthebasisfor afull and caneitherbeusedinpart assessment. The manual isbasedonformer AMAC courses methodological aspectsofcommunity-level impact background materialfor 38lectures onanalytical and Foreign Affairs. In 2002, theproject of was fundedby theNorwegian Ministry literature onmineaction. publication willcontributesignificantly tothescholarly to impactassessmentinHMA. Itisanticipatedthatthis the development andimplementationofvariousapproaches reconstruction, localcapacities andcapacity-building, and including HMAinthecontextofpeacebuildingandpostwar contributions. willaddressThese articles arangeoftopics, the Osloconference inSeptember, aswell asinvited basedonpresentationsspecial issuewillcontainarticles at Project LeaderKristianBerg Harpviken asguesteditor. The issue ofthejournal training manual discussedabove. Inprogress isaspecial scholarly journals, plusbookreviews, reports andthe publication activityin2002, withthreepublishedin articles lessons learnt. The AMAC project developed further its Action, examining how the next five years can reflect to assessthecurrentthe state of field-based Humanitarian Mine practitioners, policymakers andacademicsgathered inOslo Convention toBan Anti-Personnel landmines wasadopted, the Oslo negotiations during which the final text of the ofForeignthe Norwegian Ministry Affairs. Five years after US clustermunitions, Afghanistan 2001. Third World Quarterly,

with AMAC

Photos: Kristian Berg Harpviken

7

Norwegian Initiative on 1 Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2002

Project Leader: Nicholas Marsh arms database. This represents the world’s first academic Research Assistant: Jonas Aga Uchermann project focused upon researching and analysing international MA Student: Christin M. Ormhaug trade in SALWs (instead of the trade in major conventional weapons). The database covers both government-licensed The Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) and black-market trade in small arms and small-arms was established in December 1997 as a joint project between production, and it includes copies of states’ laws and PRIO, the Norwegian Red Cross and Norwegian Church Aid. regulations concerning SALW transfers. The most important The project’s ultimate aim is to contribute to limiting armed part of the database concerns data on the trade in small violence by promoting increased control over, and responsibil- arms. The project uses a wide variety of data sources, mainly ity concerning, transfers of small arms and light weapons relying upon official data (such as states’ annual arms export (SALWs). Small arms comprise weapons such as rifles, pistols reports) for the government-authorized trade, and on press and shotguns; light weapons include mortars, machine guns articles for the black market. and man-portable missile launchers. Locating hitherto unresearched data is only part of the While accounting for a small proportion of the value of the project’s activities. During 2002, the project’s personnel wrote global arms trade, SALWs account for a significant proportion and published articles in scholarly journals and contributed to of violent deaths, especially during civil wars and civilian the work of Small Arms Survey, a project of the Graduate massacres and in crime-ridden cities. NISAT was formed as a Institute of International Studies, Geneva. In addition, one of Norwegian response to the unrestrained flow of weapons, the project’s most important roles has been to provide many originating from post-Soviet stockpiles, that fuelled civil decisionmakers with information and advice on the small- wars and armed violence across the world. The project is arms trade and to suggest appropriate measures to prevent particularly concerned about research that indicates that uncontrolled accumulations of weapons. Highlights of 2002 small-arms transfers destabilize regions where peace is fragile, included delivering conference papers at an OSCE confer- contribute to abuse of human rights and international ence on arms-trafficking and at a Minsk workshop on export humanitarian law, and exacerbate criminality and lawlessness. control, and publishing (with Small Arms Survey) a mono- PRIO’s small-arms project is based around an online small- graph on transparency in arms-export reporting. Photos: UK Ministry of Defence Photos: www.prio.no – CSCW PRIO Annual Report 2002 18 PRIO Annual Report 2002 18 clarify the ways in which actors respondtocivilwar, theways inwhichactors clarify whether war.has beenstudiedlessthaninterstate The CSCWaimsto ofwartoday.Civil waristhepredominantform However, it • • • initiative thataimstounderstand: nary Centre for theStudyofCivil War isalong-term, multidiscipli work.relevant for thoseengagedinoperational PRIO’s challenged theacademiccommunity tomake itsresearch the complexitiesofconflictandpeacebuilding processes, and of more cohesive andtheoretically groundedunderstanding thanquantity.rather Shestressedpolicymakers’ needfor researchneededtobebasedonquality tion tointernational her speech, theministeremphasized thatNorway’s contribu 2003. Johnsonon6January Development In HildeFrafjord The CSCWwasofficially opened by MinisterofInternational will provide core funding for the centres for ten years. Norway at the highest international level. The Research Council system hasbeenestablished inordertopromoteresearch proposal amongthoseselected. The CentreofExcellence ‘exceptionally highscientificquality’ andtheonly socialscience PRIO’s proposalwasoneoffive classifiedasbeingof competitive experts. processofselectionledby international the ResearchCouncilmadeitsdecisionafteranextensive and of Norway’s 13nationalCentresofExcellence. The boardof (CSCW), tobeestablished atPRIO, hadbeenselectedasone announced thattheCentrefor theStudyofCivil War On 12June2002, theResearchCouncil ofNorway Director: ScottGates theory, micro-andmacroeconomics, quantitative statistical fertilization. The centre’s methodologicaltoolkit includesgame inseveral, enhancingcross- toparticipate but are encouraged assignmentinonegroup staff andassociateshave aprimary groups. intosevenThe CSCWisorganized working CSCW sociology to bear on a set of related research questions. strengths of economics, history, political science, philosophy and Together, these will bring the insights and complementary abroad, in addition to selected PhD fromotherinstitutions,andeminent scholars bothinNorway and Master’s degree students. or observers. The centre’s and staffincludesPRIOresearchers citizenry, participants,general powers intervening as primary

what ittakes toendthem. how theyaresustained, and breakout,why civilwars - - iterative dynamic, going from theory-building to empirical toempirical dynamic,iterative goingfromtheory-building ofallgroups,The work andofthecentreasawhole, hasan analysis, sourcecriticism. casestudyandhistorical comparative Mirjam E. Sørli, Lars Wilhelmsen, Glenn Martin, Snodgrass, Martha Scott Gates, Staff in2002 Political Science, University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Economics at the University of Oslo; and the Department of (NTNU), Trondheim; the departments of Political Science and at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology closely with the Department of Sociology and Political Science The centre is open for academic partnerships and cooperates Academic Partnerships 2003. during andback.case materials up groupswillstart All working 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. The Working Groups

Leader: ScottGates, Director, CSCW Conflict Resolutionand Peacebuilding Leader: OlaListhaug, Professor, NTNU Values and Violence OveMoene,Leader: Karl Professor, UiO Global EconomicChangeandCivil War Leader: KaareStrøm, Professor, UCSD Governance andPeace Leader: NilsPetter Gleditsch, ResearchProfessor, PRIO inCivil Environmental Factors War Leader: JonElster, Professor, ColumbiaUniversity Microfoundations ofCivil War Leader: Pavel Baev, SeniorResearcher, PRIO DimensionsofCivil International War Director Editor Information and Information Administrative Assistant Data Management Assistant Chief Administrator

PRIO Annual Report 2002 19 www.prio.no – Information PRIO Annual Report 2002 20 available versions. asprinted In2002, threePRIOReports arenow available atthePRIOwebsite;Reports somearealso ofmajorprojectswithintheinstitute.work All recentPRIO series, highlightingthe PRIO alsomaintainstheReport PeaceStockholm International ResearchInstitute(SIPRI). SAGE withPRIOandthe Publications incooperation Jozef Goldblat’s on classicwork peace research. In2002, anewandfully revisededitionof institutions inpublishingwithinthefieldof key literature academic publishers, withother andPRIOcollaborates withrecognized alsopublish monographs PRIO researchers Dialogue. Security journals, includingPRIO’s own publications. Primarily, ininternational thismeansarticles inpeer-reviewedresults oftheirwork and/oredited published material. aimtopublish the PRIOresearchers The mainchannelfor thedisseminationofPRIOresearchis Publications levels. both nationalandinternational meeting pointandresourcecentrefor peaceresearch, at helpsPRIOtofunctionasacentral site, thedepartment providedexposure in the media and information on our web dissemination ofPRIOresearch. Through seminaractivities, istoassistinthe Department The roleoftheInformation public. tothegeneral andjournalists departments, researchers ofaudiences–fromgovernment activities toawiderange andresultsfromourresearch dissemination ofexpertise activities atPRIO. goalfor theinstituteis An important ofthebasicresearch isregardedasapart Information Information Assistant/CO: Anders Waaler Kemp Language Editor: JohnCarville Director: Information Agnete Schjønsby Information External Pageviews: PRIO Website 2001–02 debate and to make their knowledge and expertise available at PRIO researchers are also encouraged to take in part public • • • were produced: 10,000 12,000

6,000 8,000 2,000 4,000 Study from Africa, inPost-Conflictof FemaleSoldiers Societies– AComparative Elise F. Barth, Former Yugoslavia, Vemund Aarbakke, – The Challenges of Implementing Peace, Hilde Salvesen, 0

Feb. 01 Peace asDisappointment: The Reintegration

Mar. 01 Guatemala: Five Years after the Peace Accords PRIO Report 3/2002. PRIOReport PRIO Report 2/2002; PRIOReport and

Apr. 01 Mutual Learning: Facilitating Dialoguein May 01

Jun. 01 ofPeaceJournal Research Arms Control Arms Jul. 01 Aug. 01 PRIO 1/2002;Report

Sep. 01 waspublished by Oct. 01 Nov. 01 and Dec. 01

Jan. 02 - also co-organized thesuccessfulOnRoadFilmFestival also co-organized commentsfor otherfilmsatthe festival.introductory PRIO were alsocalledupontoprovide PRIO researchers attended seminarattheFilmsfromSouthFestivalinOslo. For thesecondtime, asuccessfulandwell- PRIOorganized Other Activities attheinstitute.grammes onabi-weeklyare organized basisby theresearchpro ences. Inaddition, seminars, internal opentoallstaffmembers, confer seven orco-organized international also organized PRIO, mostofthesetakingplaceinPRIO’s Oslooffices. PRIO institutions. In2002, by were arranged 20public seminars fromother activities andtoinvite interestingspeakers Care istaken bothtogive exposuretoPRIO’s own research scholars, diplomats, andotherinterestedpeople. journalists meetingplacesfor Oslo-based areimportant PRIO seminars Seminars andConferences mentaries were published in the national and international media.a more general level. In 2002, a number of Op-Eds and com- Feb. 02 SIPRI orviaUppsalaUniversity’s conflictdatapages. engines, thewebsite oftheSwedish peaceresearchinstitute camedirectly toourpages,visitors but many cameviasearch tothePRIOwebsite. visitors number ofexternal Most Nobel Peace Prize. In2002, we saw anincreaseinthe question,the Cyprus clusterbombs, warandthe theIraq interesting linksonrelevanttopicsofpublic interest, suchas activities. Inaddition, we seektoprovide and information Our website isupdateddaily andaimstocover allPRIO PRIO Website initiated in2002. was ofPRIOresearchers for mediatraining programme the MiddleEastandbuildup tothe war inIraq. A responsible for much ofthis: thewarin Afghanistan, unrestin ments inthewake of11September2001 have been by themedia.staff beinginterviewed develop International In 2002, increaseinthenumber ofPRIO therewasamarked Media Balkans, followed by seminars. andfilmsfromaboutthe screenings ofdocumentaries (OFF) intheBalkansNovember. around This wasorganized Mar. 02 Apr. 02 May 02 Jun. 02 Jul. 02 Aug. 02 Sep. 02 Oct. 02 Nov. 02 Dec. 02 - - -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 21 PRIO Annual Report 2002 20 Rights Violations Security ConcernsCanNever Justify Human 29 August Michael Melchior, DeputyForeignMinisterofIsrael How To GettoaPeaceful Future? 27 June With Aktive Fredsreiser Fredsdager, Risør[Peace Days, Risør]) 14–16 June(Risør) David G. Marr, NationalUniversity Australian The Meaningofthe Vietnam War in Vietnam Today ofOslo) University 31 May(attheCentrefor Development andtheEnvironment, Ramet,Sabrina NTNU, Trondheim Breakup and Wars Views from theInside: Memoriesofthe Yugoslav 30 May Louise Olsson, UppsalaUniversity Gender inConflictResolutionProcesses 8 May Pavol Demes, former Slovak Minister of International Relations Eastern Europe The RoleofNGOsinthe Transformation of 14 March(attheNobelInstitute) Syse&GregReichberg Henrik Launch ofthe Ethics:Military RealityorUtopia? 6 March Seminars PRIO Events 2002 ‘Children and War’, andchaired by organized J. Peter Burgess. festival, whichincludedasuccessfulpanel discussionon were involvedA number ofPRIOstaffmembers inthe Films from theSouthFestival 2002 11–20 October Dorota Gierycz Peacebuilding Lessons Learnedfrom Peacekeeping: Genderand 10 October David Leonard, ofCalifornia, University Berkeley Community Respond? in Africa: How ShouldtheInternational Personal Rule, EconomicEnclaves, andConflict 7 October Afghanistan Sima Samar, headoftheHumanRights Commissionof Reconciliation in Afghanistan 25 September (NHO) Business andIndustry ofNorwegian &theConfederation Lene Bomann-Larsen Engagement (inNorwegian) Doing BusinessinConflictZones: Responsible 10 September Anat Biletzki, B’Tselem Journal of Military Ethics, ofMilitary Journal

withBårdMæland, Brian Martin, University of Martin,University Brian Wollongong, Australia Nonviolence and Terrorism 4 December Abubkar Momoh, LagosStateUniversity in Nigeria Ethnicity, DemocratizationandtheQuestfor Peace 14 November • • • • • PRIO, the Nansen Academy and the Norwegian Film Institute:organized by Nansen Dialogue Centres in cooperation with were held in five cities in three countries in the Balkans, followed ofambulant seminars thefestival.A series and Seminars were On theRoadFilmFestival (OFF) 31 October–23November Institute (SIPRI) Workshop Peace with theStockholmInternational Research Terrorism and Armed Conflict 8–9 December, Oslo With theFrenchembassy Perspective Peace andIdentity-Based Conflict: A Franco-Nordic 18–19 November, Oslo MichelsenInstitute With theChristian Afghanistan: Peacebuilding inaRegionalContext 22–24 September, Bergen With theNorwegian RedCrossandNorwegian People’s Aid The Future ofHumanitarianMine Action 12–14 September, Oslo oftheEU the COSTSecretariat With theCopenhagenPeace ResearchInstitute(COPRI)and Challenges After September11 Violence, Terrorism, and War: New Research 4 September, Copenhagen Council ofNorway byOrganized J. Peter onbehalfoftheResearch Burgess Between EconomicsandPolitics Museum Europa: European CulturalHeritage 6–8 June, Rome Norwegian Church Aid With theNorwegian RedCross, theNansen Academy and Dialogue, Peacebuilding and Norwegian Foreign Policy5 June, Oslo Conferences

War Films’ Mostar, 22November: ‘Authors’ of Languageandthe Art Belgrade, 18November: andFilm’ ‘Reality inHistory inPost-Conflict Environments’ Art Osijek, 14November: ‘The RoleandDevelopment ofFilm intheProcessofReconciliation’ and Artists Art Banja Luka, 6November: ‘The RoleandResponsibilityof the Region’ Sarajevo, 2November: ‘Symposium onFilmandPolitics in

PRIO Annual Report 2002 21 www.prio.no – Information PRIO Annual Report 2002 22 19,300 titles(19,700volumes). journals. heldapproximatelyAt theendof2002, thelibrary hopingforby abooknoteinoneofPRIO’s publishers arereviewcopiessent Many newacquisitionsinthelibrary the vastproductionofPRIO’s founding father, JohanGaltung. is essential. We have alsoacceptedaspecialresponsibilityfor encyclopaedias, dictionaries, yearbooks andstatisticalsources reference collectionofthemostrelevanthandbooks, inpeaceandconflictresearch.are basicfor work Astrong istheacquisitionofbooksthat for thelibrary A highpriority Books Norway, bothintoandoutofPRIO, increased.) remained ataconstantlevel. outside Exchangewithlibraries loansintoPRIO,library loansoutofPRIO whileinter-library 2002, therewasaslightdecrease inthenumber ofinter- inScandinavia andbeyond.resources withotherlibraries (In and sharing cooperating functionasalibrary it hasanetwork conflict resolution, andassuchis opentooutsidevisitors. And collection anddocumentationcentrefor peaceresearchand atPRIO.researchers Ithasapublic functionasapermanent for allprojectsand library function asthesupporting hasthreemainfunctions. Ithasaninternal The PRIOlibrary Trainee: CamillaStorrønning Assistant: OlgaBaeva Librarian: Odvar Leine PRIO Library Balkans, Lanka, Sri Afghanistan andRussia. drew onresearchareasthatincluded theMiddleEast, the onconflictresolution.day workshop Empirically, thecourse and postwarreconstruction. alsoincludedathree- The course war, the peace’‘democratic theory, ethnicityandnationalism, ofjust intervention,as humanitarian ethicsandthetheory and Responses’. includedlectures onsuchissues The course was The themeofthe2002course Conflicts:‘Armed Causes issues.research oninternational doing scholars areNorwegian andinternational The lecturers interestinpeaceandconflict issuesareaccepted.particular equivalent ofaBachelor’s degreeandwhocanshow a ishighly competitive:programme only studentswhoholdthe matters.teaching andotherpractical Admission tothe PRIO isresponsible for theacademicsyllabus, aswell asfor conflicts andconflictresolution. covered throughlectures, group projectsandsimulations of aspects ofpeaceresearch. Studentsapproachtheissues years. ofsomethemain anoverview offers The course ofOslofor morethan30 Summer SchooloftheUniversity of the International The Peace has been part Research course Summer School JSTOR, theelectronicarchive ofbackissuesperiodicals. This In 2002, itwasdecidedthatPRIOshouldbeconnectedto contents for allperiodicals. ofmakingcopiestables of ued thelongstandingpractice links totables hasthusdiscontin ofcontents, andthelibrary periodical. issue ofaparticular include These e-mailalerts ofanew an automatice-mailnotificationaboutthearrival holdingstoourITsystem, periodical library’s whichcansend alldataonthe extensive taskofretrospectively converting anddiscontinued.current In2002, outthe we carried titles–both holdscloseto600periodical In total, thelibrary withinPRIO’saccessed onlinefromcomputers localnetwork. an increaseof75%fromthepreviousyear –couldbe available online, andby theendof2002, 130ofthesetitles– account. hasgoneintomakingperiodicals effort Considerable aretaken into exchange agreementsandrelevantfreeserials holdsapproximately when 280periodicals The PRIOlibrary isourstockofrelevantperiodicals. importance Also ofcrucial Periodicals new Peace andConflictStudyProgramme. ofOslo’s withintheUniversity accepted asanoptionalcourse willmostlikely be As of2003thesummerschoolcourse Leader)andCecilieHellestveit.Simonsen (Course different countries. by wasorganized Sven Gunnar The course In 2002, thePeace had27students, Research course from22 2003. takes effectsubscription fromJanuary -

PRIO Annual Report 2002 23 Research Journal ofPeace Ethnopolitical Disputes 2000), Confl ictResolution in Reichberg, Syse &Gregory and Peace (editedby Henrik Barbieri, 1999), Ethicsof War Schneider &Katherine Confl ict(edited by Gerald Diehl, 1998), Trade and Confl ict(edited by Paul F. issues includeEnvironmental Topics covered by the special issues.used for thegeneral reviewprocess same strict issues aresubjecttothe inthesespecial Articles theme. andacentral editors special issue, withguest out ofthesixperyear isa oftopics.range Oneissue journal. Mostissuescover a JPR confl ictresolution. causes ofviolenceand focus onthe particular and peacemaking, with onpeace global perspective research. for Itstrives a inpeace work of scholarly bimonthly and international (JPR) ofPeaceJournal Research Journals Publications inLondon. published by SAGE JPR Hegre, 2004). Civil War (editedby Håvard Wittner, 2003)andEnding den Dungen&Lawrence S. (editedby Peter van History Murshed, 2002), Peace (edited by S. Mansoob Developing Countries Pearson, 2001), Civil War in S.(edited by Frederic replication page. are listedonthe March 2003, 103datasets from 1998onwards. As of links tosuchdatasets datasets.asp) contains www.prio. no/jpr/ replication page(http:// websites. post theirdataon data arenow obliged to withquantitative Authors iseditedatPRIOand isafully peer-reviewed is an interdisciplinary isaninterdisciplinary JPR’s data Wenche Hauge, Political Timo Kivimäki, Political Kathinka Frøystad, Social deSoysa,Indra Political Håvard Hegre, Political Hanna Ojanen, Political Håkan Wiberg, Sociology, Elling Njål Tjønneland, Chr. Møller,Bjørn Political Science, Anne JulieSemb, Political of 31December2002 Editorial Committeeas Torbjørn L. Knutsen, Political Scott Gates, Political Science, Øyvind Østerud, Political Olav Njølstad, Norwegian Michael Brzoska, Bonn Mats Hammarström, Peace Han Dorussen, Political 31 December2002 Associate Editorsasof Managing Editor: Editor: as well as77BookNotes. and1introduction,editorial Feature, 2debatepieces, 1 Essays, 1SpecialData 1 Counterpoint, 2Review total of39articles,including published, in768pages, a 50 countries. In2002, fromover ofauthors work 1964, Since itsestablishment in Anthropology, University Science, NIAS, Copenhagen Science, NTNU, Trondheim Michelsen Institute, Bergen COPRI, Copenhagen Oslo Science, of University PRIO Michigan StateUniversity/ Oslo Science, of University Nobel Institute, Oslo Center Conversion International University and Confl ict, Uppsala Essex Science, of University Science, PRIO of Oslo Bonn Science, of University Science, World Bank Science, FIIA, Helsinki COPRI, Copenhagen JPR Nils Petter Gleditsch haspublished the Glenn Martin JPR

Security Dialogue scholarship. and Itserves and policy-oriented theoretical, based empirically known for itsbalanceof quality journal, increasingly reputation asaserious, high- issues ofourday. Itenjoys a to confrontingthesecurity andnewapproaches security for innovative thinkingabout possible. Itprovides aforum new approacheswhere peace research, proposing the fi and eldsofsecurity and politicaldevelopments in examines theories, policies that journal quarterly reviewed policy-oriented Dialogue Security Magne Barth,International Lene Hansen, of University Jozef Goldblat, Geneva James DerDerian, Brown Syse,Henrik PRIO Alexander Sergounin, Nizhny Abdel MonemSaid Aly, Al- December 2002 Editorial Board asof31 Book Review Editor: Language Editor: Managing Editor: Editor: in its Viewpoints section. pieces reviews and11short rejoinders, 6reference and reviewed articles pages, atotalof32peer- Dialogue board. In2002, a distinguishededitorial and scholars of international uponagrowingdraws circle Ahram Centerfor PoliticalAhram and Strategic Studies, Cairo Cross, Bangkok Committee oftheRed Copenhagen Research Institute(GIPRI) PeaceInternational University, Providence, RI University Novgorod Linguistic Nobel Institute, Oslo Cecilie Kjelling, Norwegian PRIO Carville, John Feltham, PRIO J. Peter Burgess, PRIO published, in512 Security Security isapeer- John Andrew Anne

Thomas Homer-Dixon, Terrence Lyons, George Lodgaard,Sverre Norwegian Rex Li, John Liverpool Peter vanHam, Clingendael, Paul Rogers, of University Pál Dunay, GenevaCentre Michael E. Cox, London Maj Britt Theorin, Memberof of SokaGakkai. with thegeneroussupport Dialogue Security Tomosaburo Hirano, Toda Thomas Risse, Free The Hague Affairs, Oslo Mason University, Fairfax, VA Institute of International Institute ofInternational Moores University Bradford Policyfor Security School ofEconomics for Stockholm the EuropeanParliament Honolulu, HI and Policy Research, Institute for GlobalPeace ofBerlin University of University Toronto ispublished

PRIO Annual Report 2002 23

Royal Visit at PRIO 24 PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2002

On Thursday 22 August 2002, PRIO welcomed two distinguished visitors: Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette- Marit visited the institute as a part of their preparations for studying in London. The couple met with the leaders of our research programmes and received an introduction to our most important fi elds of research as well as the new Centre for the Study of Civil War. Their Royal Highnesses also met with PRIO staff members during their visit. Photos: Birgitte Sigmundstad Photos: Photos: Birgitte Sigmundstad

Master’s Degree Students at PRIO defended in June 2002. University of Oslo in May 2002 and The thesis was submitted to the focus towards local impact. constitutes a substantial shift of the Landmine Impact Survey This thesis investigates whether the minefi eld to the community. the focus of study is shifting from inition of the landmine problem: transition that affects the very def- Mozambique is undergoing a ment theory and policy. HMA in approachestory in develop- shifttowards participa- general Action (HMA) in the light of a taking place in Humanitarian Mine This thesis examines the changes Bernt Skåra (Human Geography) Survey in Mozambique Within the Landmine Impact of Socio-Economic Indicators Landmines: The IntegrationMapping the Impact of and defended in November 2002. University of Oslo in October 2002 The thesis was submitted to the the PRIO–Uppsala confl ict dataset. geographical data combined with cultural confl ict. The data used are on some common features of War era. The thesis also focuses meet, focusing on the Post-Cold the cultural entities of civilizations is more frequent in areas where survey, whether armed confl ict through a large-N statistical Cold War. This thesis examines, tern of armed confl ict after the to explain the cause and pat- Civilizations’ thesis is its aspiration P. Huntington’s ‘Clash of A central of part Samuel (Political Science) Bård L. Thorheim Huntington’s Thesis Approach to Testing of Civilizations? A New A Post-Cold War Clash mand, and whether democracies human rights infl uences the de- whether a country’s respect for particular, the thesis will examine demand for these weapons. In assess the factors that infl uence in Latin America, in an attempt to of small arms and light weapons This thesis will focus on imports Christin M. Ormhaug (Sociology) Small Arms in Latin America University of Bergen in spring 2003. The thesis will be submitted to the within Islamic law. human rights and non-Muslims the contemporary discourse on Islam, in view of its relevance to Declaration on Human Rights in attention is paid to the Cairo tional Islamic foundations. Special trend that draws on untradi- or whether they represent a new to traditional Islamic legal origins, which these rules can be traced It aims to assess the extent to Islamic human rights schemes. non-Muslims are proposed in what material rules concerning This thesis attempts to determine (Middle Eastern Studies) Cecilie Hellestveit Conception of Human Rights? Towards an Islamic and defended in April 2002. University of Oslo in March 2002 The thesis was submitted to the domestic armed confl ict. ments are more exposed to and sudden population displace- growth and density, ‘youth bulges’ pressure in the form of population countries experiencing population large-N statistical survey, whether This thesis examines, through a creasing the risk of armed confl ict. environmental degradation, in- lead to resource scarcities and scholars, population pressure can According to neomalthusian Henrik Urdal (Political Science) Domestic Armed Confl ictInfl uence the Risk of Pressure and Youth BulgesNeomalthusian Population Demographics: How The Devil in the 2002 and defended in March 2003. University of Oslo in December The thesis was submitted to the construction. and the consequences of this the city of Hebron is constructed sacred place, how the sanctity of also examines the dialectics of same contested area? The thesis religious congregations living in the perceive of other populations or inhabit the territory? How do they including their right to exclusively settlers legitimize their presence, Bank city of Hebron. How do the of Jewish settlers in the West through a study of the worldview place. This is examined empirically an analysis of association to sacred problems of coexistence through between religious affi liation and This thesis analyses the relation Religion) Hanne Eggen Røislien (History of Presence Legitimizes Its Disputed Jewish Community of Hebron An Analysis of How the Obligations of Sacred Place? Technology in autumn 2003. Norwegian University of Science and The thesis will be submitted to the inequality.horizontal in bothsocialandeconomic investigate theviolencepotential al groupsin34countries, itwill confl ict. subnation- Bycomparing armed more pronetointernal ity between ethnicgroups)are inequal- inequality (structural withsevere horizontal countries thesis willexaminewhether confl armed internal ict. This of does notincreasetherisk (inequality between individuals) inequality conclude thatvertical Recent studiesofcivilwar Gudrun Østby (Political Science) Civil War Horizontal Inequality and University of Oslo in spring 2003 The thesis will be submitted to the small-arms research. new knowledge in the fi eld of an ongoing project to establish in this aspect. The thesis is part of and more repressive regimes differ This study aims to investigate mulation in the European Council. through the pooling of policy for- ing policy of EU member-states duct is changing the export-licens- Policy (CFSP). The code of con- Common Foreign and Security become an important part of the Conduct on Arms Exports has The European Union Code of (Political Science) Jonas Aga Uchermann Security Policy EU Common Foreign and Arms Exports and the University of Oslo in autumn 2003. The thesis will be submitted to the religious diversity is not recognized.point of view, where cultural and Kataragama from an exclusivist in Sri Lanka; the other interprets for unity and as a vehicle for peace interprets Kataragama as a place in Kataragama are discussed: one there. Two important ‘discourses’ethnic and religious groups found coexistence between various for the high degree of peaceful pilgrimage sites in Sri Lanka, famous one of the most important This thesis discusses Kataragama, Iselin Frydenlund (History of Religion) Time of War Warfare in Sri Lanka in a Coexistence and Symbolic Kataragama: Religious that Norwegian troopswould 6 December 1994, which stated parliamentary resolution passed on moral aspects of a Norwegian This thesis evaluates the legal and (Political Science) Micheline Egge Grung Membership International Law and NATOConfl icting Duties of Health, Gothenburg. 2002 by the Nordic School of Public The thesis was approved in May from a public health perspective. angles on the issue of landmines health workers provide different ers, aid agency representatives and environment. Interviews with villag- tered by people living in this risky examines the problems encoun- Battambang province, this thesis data collected in mined villages in tions living in mined areas. Using be of equal importance for popul- to health services, may prove to poverty, stress and lack of access health effects, such as malnutrition,the severity of the problem. Indirect have been used as indicators for and disability caused by landmines, world. Direct effects, such as deathheavily mined countries in the Cambodia is one of the most After 30 years of confl ict, Merete Taksdal (Public Health) Public Health Indirect Implications for Cambodia – Direct and Living with Landmines in In a Prison Without Walls: University of Oslo in autumn 2003. The thesis will be submitted to the the CFSP in general. ing theory on cooperation within within arms exports refl ects exist- the extent to which cooperation and defended in January 2003. University of Oslo in October 2002 The thesis was submitted to the Africa concludes the study. Africa and the Middle East/North parison of confl ict in Sub-Saharan resource dependence. A com- confl ict, regime type and natural alternative measurements for empirical model and suggests changes to Collier & Hoeffl er’s emphasized. The thesis proposes and the unique qualities of oil are type, the ‘lootability’ of resources sion, the importance of regime employ. In the theoretical discus- and the empirical model they grievance’ approach to confl ict & Hoeffl er’s theoretical ‘greed or This thesis critically assesses Collier Mirjam E. Sørli (Political Science) Grievance Model of Civil WarAssessment of the Greed and Rebellion: A Critical Resources, Regimesand and defended in December 2002. University of Oslo in November 2002 The thesis was submitted to the dated suchoperations. Council hadnotexpressly man- the UnitedNationsSecurity boundaries, even incaseswhen yond the Alliance’s geographical NATO be- operations military in toparticipate be permitted defended in June 2002. University of Oslo in May 2002 and The thesis was submitted to the research questions. theory to address these three and the IRA? The thesis uses game relationship between Sinn Fein ing? (3) What was the internal implementation of decommission- Friday Agreement affect the How did the design of the Good stage in the peace process? (2) threats infl uence the exploratory questions: (1) How did the use of Ireland. It addresses three main the peace process in Northern IRA has been a constant threat to why the decommissioning of the The thesis focuses on how and Siri Lassen (Political Science) missioning oftheIRA Politics: The Decom- Getting theGunsoutof inMay2003. ofBergen University The thesiswillbesubmittedtothe literature. and secondary sources made toUSprimary been reference hasprimarily hasbeenused,Russian material proliferation. While someSoviet/ technological evolution and political circumstances, and control,approaches toarms andtheoretical practical differing by of thetreatywasstrained how theintegrity It describes treaty on13December2001. it would fromthe withdraw the USA’s announcementthat New Jersey, inJune1967to USA–USSR summit in Glassboro, Ballistic Missile Treaty fromthe the This thesistracks Anti- Pål Høydal(History) Control, 1972–2002 ‘Cornerstone’ of Arms A History of the

PRIO Annual Report 2002 25 PRIO Annual Report 2002 26

PRIO Annual Report 2002 27 year period 2003–07, of which approximately 7 million have additionbeen NOK 45 million were awarded to the CSCW for the five- 6,600,000, increase in anincreaseof4%(thefirst many years). In 2003, theResearchCouncilhasapproved ofNOK agrant from theResearchCouncilamountedtoNOK6,328,000. For additional increaseinturnover of19%. In2002, thecoregrant turnover for 2001. For2003, thebudget hasbeenbased onan represented anincreaseofNOK1,758,729(or4%)over the In 2002, PRIOhadaturnover ofNOK45,164,999. This the outbreak, andendingofcivilwars. duration as well asconflict-resolutionandpeacebuilding initiatives –affect political institutions, economicchanges, andattitudesvalues– collective behaviour, factors, environmental andgeographical investigate statesystem, how theinternational individualand to ofdisciplinesandtheoreticalperspectives from arange separate thematic focus. The CSCW will bring together academics mentioned. groups, seven working This comprises eachwitha new Centrefor theStudyofCivil War shouldbespecially budget ofNOK15–16million. Among newactivitiesin2003, the continue at approximately the same level of activity as in 2002,met. ItisanticipatedthatPRIO’s with a engagement in the Balkans will istherefore opinion thattheconditionofcontinuous operation on thebasisofpositive signalsgiven by funders. Itistheboard’s securedorregardedashighly likelycontractually tobesosecured 2002, about88%ofthebudgeted incomefor 2003waseither that theinstitutewillremaininoperation. As of31December assignments, and the annual accounts are based on the assumption For 2003, we anticipate a stable increase in the level of project Excellence at PRIO: the Centre for the Study of Civil WarResearch (CSCW). Council of Norway for the establishment of a Centre of This formed the background to PRIO’s successful application to thefrom the study of international wars towards a focus on civil wars.conflicts. In recent years, there has been a shift of attentionand how away lasting peace can be established in the wake of armed on, in particular, why wars break out, why they last asperiod long 2001–05 as they is do, Stein Tønnesson. The institute researchconducts asresearch an important academic discipline. The director forInstitute, the Oslo (PRIO) has played a central role in establishingSince peace its foundation in 1959, the International Peace Research Financial Statement2002 Board member Glenn Martin Board member Pavel Baev Chairman Helge Pharo Oslo, 4 2003 April and abroad. other funding sources and potential both partners within Norway tion with these institutions, while working to establish relations with foundations. PRIO willseekto maintain and improve its collabora international sources, including the World Bank and a number of and the Ministry of Defence. In addition, PRIO receives funds from Norway are the Research Council, of Foreign the Affairs Ministry of income for PRIO. Among the institute’s main contributors within Externally financed projects nevertheless represent the main basis the core grant is sustained at a stable and sufficient level. institute’s key competences, and it is of the utmost importance that factor in ensuring the maintenance and further development of the funding for theCSCW. representsanimportant The coregrant 15%, andthebudgeted sharefor 2003is25%, includingthe institute’s totalincome. In2001, figurewas thecorresponding allocated for 2003. In2002, represented14%ofthe the coregrant

Board member Raimo Väyrynen Board member Fride Eeg-Henriksen Director Stein Tønnesson

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four person-years, and other administrative staff make up eight Director,the Information staffmake up staffandeditorial library staff,Director andtheadvisers, 29. comprised ofsupport Interms research andrelatedactivities, oftheInstitute includingthework atPRIOasof31December 2002,the 41full-timeperson-years for PRIOstaffhasincreasedbyyears four from2001to2002. Of number ofemployees in2002was53. The number ofperson- consultants)at31December2002.(plus 4external The average students and3conscientiousobjectors. This makes astaffof59 of 41full-timeperson-years. Inaddition, therewere 7graduate 2002, 49peoplewere employed atPRIO, anequivalent working ofit. theentireyear orparts institute during As of31December were connectedtothe students and4conscientiousobjectors person-years. Additionally, consultants, 6external 9graduate oftheyear,year orparts anequivalentof45full-time working In 2002, 69peoplewere employed theentire atPRIOduring liabilities (NOK11,127,322). assets(NOK14,480,058)exceedcurrent satisfactory: current 2001 to31December2002. PRIO’s cash-flow situationis net increaseintheinstitute’s cashpositionfrom31December to 33%ofnetassetsandliabilities. The cash-flow analysis shows a net assets, which then will amount to NOK 10,424,065, equivalent contribution for these purposes. The 2002 profit will be added to 1% ofannual turnover doesnotrepresentasufficientannual of thebuilding atFuglehauggata11. However, the2002profitof secure funds for mortgage repayments and necessary maintenance to 1% of turnover. The institute aims to produce a profit in order to ofNOK657,486,The 2002accountsshow asurplus equivalent ment. Sick leave in 2002 was 3.2% (5.1% in 2001). PRIO Board. PRIO takes care not to pollute the external environtation on the Institute Council and through representation on the participate in decisionmaking through membership of or represen- at Fuglehauggataandrentingofficespace. PRIOemployees it wasdecidedtoexplorethepossibilityofsellingPRIO’s building meeting rooms, andthebuilding isshowing signsofwear. In2002, established. However, the institutelacksspacefor officesand for health, environmental have awareness andsecurity been environment, working PRIO enjoys agoodinternal and routines outatPRIO’s officesinOslo.activities arecarried With theexceptionoftheseprojectoffices, theinstitute’s been established inZagreb. There isalsoafieldofficeinCyprus. of thesecentres, afieldofficewithresidentialrepresentative has former Yugoslavia. follow-up Inconnectionwiththeadministrative a facilitatorinthedevelopment dialoguecentresin ofseveral together withtheNansen Academy atLillehammer–isactingas oftheBalkanprojects.institutions isonepurpose PRIO– andtheBalkans. Mediterranean the Eastern The building of dialogue. in engagedinthistypeofwork The instituteiscurrently PRIO hasbecomeactively involved inconflictresolutionand Through theConflictResolutionand Peacebuilding programme, were working on their doctoral degrees. doctoral degree or equivalent competence and eight persons who persons with professorial competence, nine persons with a person-years. Among the researchers, in 2002 there were seven

Board member Bernt Aardal Board member Cathrine Løchstøer

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PRIO Annual Report 2002 27 PRIO Annual Report 2002 28 (All figuresinNOKthousands) Income Statement Transferred tonetassets DISPOSAL OFNETSURPLUS Net surplus Net financialitems Financial expenses Financial income FINANCIAL INCOME/EXPENSES Operating surplus Total operatingexpenses Computers andmachines Furniture Building Building, costs running Computers, costs running Travel, representationandseminars Office costs, incl. fieldoffices costs Other personnel Professional fees andsocialcosts Salaries OPERATING EXPENSES Total operatingrevenues Other revenues Sales revenues Grants OPERATING REVENUES (All figuresinNOKthousands) Cash-Flow Analysis Cash andcashequivalents at31December Cash andcashequivalentsat1January Net change incashandequivalents Net cashflow from financingactivities Payments onmortgage CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Net cashflow from investment activities Payments for saleoffixed assets Payments for purchaseoffixed assets CASH FLOW FROM INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES Net cashflow from operatingactivities items Change inotherperiodized Effect ofpensioncost liabilities Change othercurrent Change otherreceivables Change revenues earned, notinvoiced Change accountpayments andprojectadvancesfromfunders Gain ondisposaloffixed assets Loss ondisposaloffixed assets Depreciations Annual surplus CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES 45 212 45 165 14 392 18 947 41 704 1 685 5 168 1 455 3 172 2 627 2002 657 657 704 980 484 179 152 592 673 835 -47 1 707 8 817 8 096 1 192 - 502 - 484 2002 - 502 - 574 - 173 - 519 - 433 720 - 73 190 815 657 90 51 IMPACT ONCASHFLOW 42 941 43 406 16 250 40 284 1 050 1 043 8 792 8 810 6 184 1 289 1 833 2001 459 465 459 401 233 152 730 512 879 -7 - 3795 8 096 8 530 2 389 1 125 2001 -434 -502 -754 -502 -754 -227 -669 822 747 786 459 7 Note 11 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Note 9

PRIO Annual Report 2002 29 PRIO Annual Report 2002 28 (All figuresinNOKthousands) Balance Sheet Board member Glenn Martin Board member Pavel Baev Chairman Helge Pharo Oslo, 4 2003 April Total netassets andliabilities Total current liabilities Other liabilities Accounts payable Account payments andprojectadvancesfromfunders Withholding tax, socialsecurity, holiday pay, unpaid VAT, etc. ofmortgage part Short-term liabilities Current Total long-term liabilities Pension liabilities Mortgage liabilities Long-term Total netassets 31December equitycapital Earned Basic capital Net assets NET ASSETS AND LIABILITIES Total assets Total current assets Cash andcashequivalents Other receivables Revenues earned, notinvoiced assets Current Total fixed assets Machines andfurniture Real estate(Fuglehauggata11) Building Fixed assets ASSETS

Board member Raimo Väyrynen Board member Fride Eeg-Henriksen Director Stein Tønnesson

10 424 31 450 14 480 16 970 31 450 11 127 13 832 9 899 9 287 4 227 6 197 8 817 4 987 2 300 1 323 5 366 3 106 2002 676 838 830 502 612

Board member Bernt Aardal Board member Cathrine Løchstøer

31 659 14 432 17 227 31 659 11 682 10 211 13 984 9 767 9 789 3 570 6 197 8 096 6 179 2 300 1 225 1 101 5 799 3 055 2001 157 943 502 422 Notes 1, 8, Notes 1, 8 Note 3 Note 6 Note 6 Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 13

PRIO Annual Report 2002 29 PRIO Annual Report 2002 30 (Pre-invoice productionat31December2001wasNOK5798917) Projects at31December2002 liabilitiesinthebalancesheet.are presentedascurrent invoiced revenueslineinthebalancesheet. arespecifiedinaseparate Accountpayments and projectadvancesfromfunders and futureexpensesneeded are regardedassufficienttocoverfor thecompletionofproject. bothaccrued non- Earned ofaccounting. principle expenses areaccountedfor accordingto theaccrual The projectbalanceandany outstandingincome Contracts).Construction Projectrevenues income. areaccountedfor accordingtoprogressandreflectearned Project The methodofaccountingfor theprojects isthepercentage-of-completionmethod(Norwegian Accounting Standard, Note 3: Project Accounts figure at31December2001wasNOK753,054. bankaccountfor withholdingtaxesThe balanceintheseparate wasNOK720,147at31December2002. The corresponding Note 2: SeparateBank Account for Withholding Taxes service. tax. The figuresincludesocialsecurity the greaterofpensionliabilitiesandfunds. over of theremainingyears Changesinthepensionplanaredispersed ifexceeding10%of over ofservice expectedremainingyears estimates andeffects ofchangesinassumptionsareamortized Deviationsfrom ofservice. level uponretirementandyears The basisfor recordingpensionliabilitiesisestimatedsalary Pensions basisofaccounting. accounts ontheaccrual Revenue onroyalty isrecognized intheyear themoneyisreceived. Forallotherincomeandexpenses, PRIOmaintainsits Income for Entering Principles using thelinearmethodover threeyears. iscalculatedusingthelinearmethodover five Depreciationofcars years. for whichitwaspurchased.of thevaluebuilding is1%oftheprice iscalculated Depreciation ofmachinesandfurniture All fixed assetsarevaluedatcostprice, linearmethod. anddepreciationiscalculatedusingthestraight Theannual depreciation Fixed Assets attheendofyear.The costbasisofaccountsreceivable isequivalenttotheexchangerate andliabilitiesinforeign currency Current Assets andLiabilities in Norway. The annual accountsareproducedinaccordancewiththe Accounting acceptedaccountingpolicies Act of1998andgenerally Note 1: Accounting Principles Notes tothe Accounts at31December2002 August 2002to31 July 2007. The annual rentis NOK56,792, including VAT. In 2002, PRIOsigned afive-year for theleasingof two contract copy machines. 1 Theagreementwasmade for theperiod PRIO hasthefollowing for leasingoffixed contracts assets: Note 7: Leasing down payments ofNOK502,000. was8.16%. In2002, ofinterestonthemortgage theaverage rate was 5March1997. loanwasfor NOK12,550,000.The original loan, over The loanisaserial withyearly 25years amortized value ofbuildings andrealestateisatotalofNOK16,132,000. withUnionBankofNorway pointfor themortgage The starting atFuglehauggata11. for PRIO’sThe security loanfromUnionBankofNorway ofNOK9,789,000istheproperty The book Note 6: Mortgage Net bookvalueat31December This year’s depreciation New investments theyear Decline/sales during Accumulated previousdepreciations 1994 1January Cost price Note 5: Building Net bookvalueat31December This year’s depreciation New investments theyear Decline/sales during Accumulated previousdepreciations 1January Cost price Note 4: MachinesandFurniture Pre-invoiced production non-invoicedEarned revenues onongoingprojects Net revenues accountedon ongoingprojects income/lossallocation Expenses relatedtoearned Revenues accountedonongoing projects

The pensionmeansareassessedatrealvalue.

13 832000 15 200000 40 701804 40 773334 1 216000 1 932129 2 875060 5 366249 152 000 838 019 662 703 574 194 676 349 16 403 71 530 2002 2002 0 0 13 984000 15 200000 1 064000 1 324207 2 153954 152 000 942 931 633 586 754 103 7 333 2001 2001 0 0

PRIO Annual Report 2002 31 PRIO Annual Report 2002 30 The regular presuppositions in the insurance industry are used as actuarial assumptions for demographic factors andretirement. factors assumptionsfor demographic areusedasactuarial industry The regularpresuppositionsintheinsurance Economic Assumptions in government bonds(fictitiousfunds). Norwegian state(RetirementPension Act §1). PensionThe Norwegian Fundsimulates Public placingthepensionassets Service principles.ties arebasedonactuarial The pensionschemeisnotbasedonfunds; by payment the ofpensionsisguaranteed or more per week. 14 hours of the pension fund if they work and pension liabili members Calculation of pension contributions retirement age). Scheme.The pensionplaniscoordinatedwithpensionsfromtheNationalInsurance All employees canbe between 62and67, theyears pensionduring thatis, withafullorpartial choice ofretiring before having achieved theregular many employees schemethatoffers early-retirement the pensionisatariff-agreed (thecontractual pensions from62years pensions). PensionThe pensionplanisregulatedby theNorwegian Fund Public Service Act. contractual The planalsocomprises pensions, disabilitypensionsandcontingent life pensions(contingentlife pensionsincludejointlife pensionsandchildren’s PRIO’s Pension employeesoftheNorwegian Fund. Public Service aremembers retirement The pensionplancomprises Note 8: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets andPension Liabilities Total netassets, 31December Earned equitycapital, 31 December Net profit2002 equity capital,Earned 1January Basic capital Note 13: Net Assets NOK 157,000respectively. In 2002, PRIO’s ofthePRIO Boardwere NOK492,726and totalcostsforoftheInstituteDirectorandmembers remuneration Note 12: Remuneration oftheLeadership amountedtoNOK36,890.services SpecialattestationsonprojectsamountedtoNOK70,360. These amountsinclude VAT. In 2002, for theirauditoftheaccounts. PRIOpaidafee ofNOK147,560toitsauditors Consultantfees for audit-related Note 11: Auditors’ Fee figure for 2001was10). figure for2001was2). was3(thecorresponding The average number ofconscientiousobjectors the year (thecorresponding and/orofficespaceatPRIOduring studentswithscholarships institute hadonaverage 8graduate The average number figure ofemployeesfor 2001was52). 2002was53(thecorresponding atPRIOduring Additionally, the Note 10: NumberofEmployees DuringtheFinancial Year Total Employer pension scheme contribution Payroll tax Salaries Total andsocialcostsconsistofthefollowing salaries items: Note 9: SpecificationofSalariesandSocialCosts Expected return onfunds Expected return Expected Gregulation regulation/pensionregulation Expected salaries Discount interest Prepaid pension(netliability)afterpayroll tax Periodized payroll tax Prepaid pension (net pension liability) beforeEstimate deviationsnotrecognized payroll tax Pension value) planassets(atmarket pensionliabilities Earned Pension expense(afterpayroll tax) Periodized payroll tax Net pensionexpense (before payroll tax) Effect ofestimatedeviation Net pensionexpense (before payroll tax) cost Administration onpensionexpense(before payrollReturn tax) Interest expenseonpensionliabilities pensionin2002 Present valueofearned 31 December2002 Assets

PRIO Annual Report 2002 31 PRIO Annual Report 2002 32 were asfollows: Association (whosenomineemust befromanotherNordiccountry). At 31December2002, andtheirdeputies themembers Research CouncilofNorway (whichnominatestwo Studies members), ofOsloandtheNordicInternational theUniversity inthemeetingswithoutvoting rights. participate nominatingbodiesaretheInstitutefor SocialResearch,The external the nominatedby thestaff.staff members Inaddition, theInstituteDirector, theDeputyDirectorand Director Administrative As indicatedby PRIO’s Statutes, nominated by otherinstitutionsandtwo members thePRIOBoardconsistsoffive external PRIO Board

Lene Kristin Borg (Administrative Director) (Administrative Borg Lene Kristin Hilde Henriksen Waage (DeputyDirector) Stein Tønnesson (Director) Ex OfficioMembers PRIO Glenn Martin PRIO Pavel Baev Institute for SocialResearch, Oslo Bernt Aardal ofNotreDame University Raimo Väyrynen Nordic Institutefor Women’s StudiesandGenderResearch Fride Eeg-Henriksen (NRK) Norwegian BroadcastingCorporation Cathrine Løchstøer ofOslo University Helge Pharo (Chair) Board Members Rebecca Smith/IngvildNanamiStraume (Receptionist) Svein Tore Mathisen/ØyvindFoss(FinancialManager) Kai Robert Braaten (AdministrativeKai Robert Secretary) Lene Kristin Borg (Administrative Borg Director) Lene Kristin Lorna Quilario Sandberg (Accountant) Sandberg Quilario Lorna PRIO Administration in2002 Svein Normann (ITManager) Svein Normann Martha Snodgrass Martha Stein Tønnesson Damian Laws Director’s Officein2002 Institute for Defence Studies Rolf Tamnes Deputies PRIO Snodgrass Martha PRIO Wenche Hauge Institute for SocialResearch, Oslo Tordis Borchgrevink ofOslo University Karin Dokken ofCommunications Ministry Eva Hildrum

PRIO Annual Report 2002 103 Institute’s aim and purpose and its work plan. Institute’s anditswork aimandpurpose budget andaccounts, andevaluatetheactivitiesofInstitute inrelationtothe The Boardshalldiscussandapprove planoftheInstitute, thework approve the § 5Board: Functions oftheInstitutestaff. members The Boardshallkeep minutes ofitsmeetings. Minutes aretobeavailable tothe The Board shall be convened when demanded by the Chair or by two of its members. double vote inthecaseofatie. members; orby thepresenceof four, includingtheChairperson. The Chairhasa oftheBoardshallbeconstitutedby thepresenceofatleastfive A quorum appointment, oftheperiod. anewappointmentshouldbemadefor the duration of toleave his/herperiod theBoardduring If any Boardmemberfindsitnecessary andDeputyChairperson. The Boardelectsitsown Chairperson shallbegiven toachievingreasonableConsideration representationofbothsexes. the meetings of the Board, without voting rights. The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the Administrative Director take in part - - - - - areappointedby thefollowingMembers bodies: respectively, aretobeappointedatatime. are appointedfor athree-year period, insuchaway that4and3members, deputies. withpersonal The Boardshallconsistofseven members Board § 4: The Board - theInstituteCouncil. - theInstituteDirector - theBoard The Institutehasthefollowing governing bodies: § 3: Governing Bodies at NOK6,197million. The ‘basis capital’ oftheInstitute(as31December1996)stands (grunnkapital) independent ofideological, politicalornationalinterests. PeaceThe International ResearchInstitute, Oslo, isanautonomousfoundation, § 2: The Foundation abbreviation inbothlanguages. English, Peace‘the International ResearchInstitute, Oslo’, with ‘PRIO’ astheofficial The nameoftheInstituteis, inNorwegian, ‘Institutt for fredsforskning’ and, in The resultsofitsresearchshallbeavailable tothepublic. The Instituteisfreetochooseitsresearchprojects. basedonitsown- disseminateinformation researchaswell asthat - holdconferences andseminars andteaching training - undertake nationally- stimulate andinternationally researchcooperation In additiontothismainpurpose, theInstituteshall: groups and individuals. engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, ‘the Institute’, is an independent international research institute. Its purpose is to The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), herein also referred to as § 1: Aim andPurpose (amended by thePRIOBoard, 28March 2000) PRIO Statutes Institute Director. The Institute Councilistodeliver an annotatedrecommendation The InstituteCouncil and theBoardjointly preparetheappointment ofanew § 6: Appointment ofInstituteDirector andDeputy Director islikewise tobeapproved categories by theBoard. personnel ofoverare engagedfor aperiod oneyear. for thesesame Noticeoftermination whenthese employed positionsandotherresearchers researchers inpermanent The BoardshallappointtheInstituteDirector (cf. §6), the Director,Administrative

of otherinstitutions. and the Directorarenoteligible. Administrative chosen fromamongthePRIOstaff. The InstituteDirector, theDeputyDirector Two by theInstituteCouncil(IC). members shallbe These two members Studies International Association One memberfromtheotherNordiccountries, appointedby theNordic ofOslo One memberby theUniversity Two by theNorwegian ResearchCouncil(NFR) members One memberby theInstitutefor SocialResearch

elections. Further rules concerning these elections shall be determined by the IC. voting rights – with personal deputies. These are to be chosen at separate, annual The conscientious objectors and the students elect one representative each with working hours for more than 6 months. All these have votingas rightsall employees in the IC. in non-permanent positions employed for 50% orThe more Institute of standard Council (IC) is composed of all employees in permanent§ 8: positions,The InstituteCouncil as well when thelatterispreventedthem. fromperforming The DeputyDirectorshallexecute thedaily functionsoftheInstituteDirector He/She shall also determine what is to be publishedThe Institute in the Director name of hasthe mainInstitute. responsibility for information about the Institute externally.see to it that the staff are provided with possibilities to developset by their the competence.work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. ordinatingThe Institute and financing Director of theis toscholarly activities of the Institute,The Institute within Directorthe frame-work has overarching responsibility for the planning, running, co- ofleadingtheactivityInstitute. The InstituteDirectorisincharge § 7: InstituteDirector: Functions nomination by theIC. The DeputyDirectormay bere-appointed. The BoardshallappointtheDeputyDirectorfor atatime, two years following anddecision. take thematterupfor newdeliberation by atleasta3/4majority, disagreeswiththedecisionof Board, theBoardmust Council, within two weeks oftheBoard’s announcementoftheappointment, and four years, withthepossibilityofanextensionuptofour years. IftheInstitute of for aperiod The InstituteDirectorshallbeappointedby theBoardtoserve statements fromoutsideexperts. to theBoard. Before itsrecommendation, delivering theCouncilistoobtain used for a research purpose designated byused for thelatterInstitute. aresearchpurpose Should thistake place, any fundsshallgototheInstitute for SocialResearchorbe oftheBoard. a 5/7majority oftheInstituteCouncil,Dissolution oftheInstituterequiresa2/3majority and § 12: Dissolution oftheBoard. and a5/7majority oftheInstituteCouncil,Amendment oftheStatutesrequiresboth a 2/3majority discrepancies, theNorwegian textshall apply. These Statutesareavailable inbothNorwegian andEnglish. Inthecaseofany § 11: Statutes haveAll staffmembers fullfreedomofexpression, andexternally. internally § 10Freedom ofspeech before theBoard. can requirethesetotake upspecificmatters ofthePRIOstafftoBoard.The InstituteCouncilelectstwo members The IC whetheramatterfalls withinitsmandate. Council itselfdetermines arenottobedealt withby theInstituteCouncil.Personnel matters The Institute whichtheyintendtoputbefore theBoard. other matters Director andthestaffrepresentatives totheBoardshallalsopresentICall recommendation. Unlessspecialcircumstancesareanimpediment, theInstitute ofoverfor totheIC aperiod forits oneyear) aretobepresentedfirst whentheyareengaged positionsandotherresearchers inpermanent researchers plan,work budget andaccounts, appointmentofthe Director,Administrative which,matters accordingto§5above, aretobedealtwithby theBoard(including The InstituteCouncilisaconsultative bodyfor theBoardandDirector. All § 9: Institute Council: Functions of its meetings. The Administrative Director normally acts as secretary to the IC.At theThe beginning IC shall ofkeep each minutes meeting the IC is to decide who shall chairThe Institute Director that takes in part the meetings session. of the IC, without the right to vote. or threeofitsmembers. The InstituteCouncilshallbeconvened whenrequested by theInstituteDirector decided by simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the case of a tie. 5 of its members with voting rights. Unless otherwise determined, matters are to be A quorum of the Institute Council shall be constituted by the presence of at least 3/

PRIO Annual Report 2002 103 Fuglehauggata 11 NO-0260 Oslo, Norway www.prio.no Tel: +47 22 54 77 00 Fax: +47 22 54 77 01 E-mail: [email protected]