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Janusz Korczak Diante Do Sionismo

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Janusz Korczak Diante Do Sionismo UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIENCIAS HUMANAS SARITA MUCINIC SARUE JANUSZ KORCZAK DIANTE DO SIONISMO Versão Corrigida São Paulo 2011 SARITA MUCINIC SARUE JANUSZ KORCZAK DIANTE DO SIONISMO Dissertação apresentada à Área de Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas, do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Área de concentração: Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas. Orientadora Profª. Drª. Ana Szpiczkowski São Paulo 2011 SARITA MUCINIC SARUE JANUSZ KORCZAK DIANTE DO SIONISMO Dissertação apresentada à Área de Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas, do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Área de concentração: Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas. Orientadora Profª. Drª. Ana Szpiczkowski Versão corrigida BANCA EXAMINADORA: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ São Paulo, ____ de ____________ de 2011 Dedico esta pesquisa aos meus pais, Sam Mucinic (Israel) Z’L’ e Hene Leja (Léia) Mucinic, nascidos na Romênia e Lituânia, respectivamente. Refugiados do nazismo e movidos pelo desejo de encontrar uma terra de paz chegaram ao Brasil. Poesia em prosa para Janusz Korczak Se é verdadeira a lenda de que o Profeta Elias vem à Terra de tempos em tempos para alegrar e orientar os seres carentes, acredito que você, Janusz Korczak, médico, educador e escritor excelente, deve ter sido a reencarnação de um anjo do bem, que veio ao mundo para melhorá-lo através da criança. Se fazer esta poesia é ter sensibilidade, ainda que eu não saiba fazer rima à moda antiga, então, modéstia à parte, sou poetisa. Falar sobre você, Janusz Korczak, é sentir-se em estado de graça, de comoção sem limites, pois sua obra, sua dedicação à criança desamparada, e por que não, a todas as crianças, em geral, é algo incrível na época mais cruel de todos os tempos da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Seu imenso amor aos pequenos desprotegidos fez com que fundasse, auxiliado por colaboradores dedicados, um orfanato judaico modelo, em Varsóvia no ano de 1912, na Rua Krochmalna n° 92. Você também foi bom para os católicos quando aceitou ser conselheiro pedagógico de um orfanato cristão por longos dezessete anos. No lar que você, Janusz Korczak, proporcionou às crianças judias, elas viviam como numa verdadeira república democrática, com constituição, parlamento, tribunal, juiz e jornal. Tudo isso num clima de amor e carinho, sob a orientação de um verdadeiro pai, você, Janusz Korczak, que os ensinou a serem cidadãos úteis e responsáveis de uma sociedade Ideal. As entidades, como a FEBEM, deveriam com urgência se espelhar em sua obra, sem igual. A superpopulação, aliada ao despreparo e à ausência de amor e compaixão, geram essa violência sem medida a que assistimos periodicamente nos noticiários da televisão. Pessoas como você, Janusz Korczak, não deveriam morrer, mas, não foi possível, e marchou, heroicamente, à frente de seus duzentos “filhos”, com dois pequeninos, um em cada braço, em 1942, para a câmara de gás desse terrível campo de extermínio de Treblinka. Sabe-se de fontes fidedignas, que poderia ter sido salvo, mas não o quis e preferiu seguir seus protegidos. Deus Todo Poderoso, faça com que os adultos ligados á área pedagógica aprendam com você, Janusz Korczak, com sua genuína humildade e enraizada bondade, e que disse uma vez: “Fazer o mal? Não sei como isso se faz!”, a diminuir essa quase incontrolável violência e corrupção, que ultimamente imperam na Aldeia Global, tanto em países super-desenvolvidos como os Estados Unidos, e nos não tão adiantados como o Brasil. Se fosse possível, seu trabalho devia ser mostrado e praticado em cada canto deste nosso País Continental, para quem sabe e Deus o queira, um dia surgir uma geração melhor, mais humana, mais justa e solidária, sem exploração do homem pelo homem, dando início a um novo tempo, nova era. A sua herança, Janusz Korczak, não foi material, mas foi esse universo espiritual que durará para sempre. Você sabia que uma semente para dar frutos sadios precisa ser muito bem cuidada e amada! Hene Leja (Léia) Mucinic1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Minha mãe nasceu na Lituânia 1/1/1929 e chegou ao Brasil em 15/08/1939 juntamente com sua mãe e mais quatro irmãos. Escreveu essa poesia em prosa em 1999 aos 70 anos de idade. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço especialmente à minha orientadora Profª. Drª. Ana Szpiczkowski pela paciência e incentivo de me conduzir sabiamente nessa jornada, e ao corpo docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas coordenado pela Profª. Drª. Suzana Chwarts. Aos queridos amigos que me deram o incentivo inicial na tradução do hebraico como Marcel Berditchevsky, Moshe e Hana Midler e minha querida eterna Morá Miriam Smaletz Z”L”. À Raquel Mizrahi, Miriam Swartz, Ruth Joanas Solon e Hélio Daniel e Dora Mucinic Cordeiro, Daniela Guertzenstein e Ruth Lerner Sarue. À Sandra Becker, Tânia Abramovicz , Jane Sragowicz Freund e Isabella Becker. À Vera Pilnik Sanovicz por todo seu profissionalismo, carinho e dedicação. À minha mãe por seu envolvimento com a pesquisa. Aos meus filhos pelo carinho e otimismo: Maurício, Eduardo e Adriana. E finalmente ao Beto, meu marido, meu porto seguro e que com amor e incansável apoio me incentivou à elaboração desta pesquisa. Nada damos a vocês. Não damos Deus, porque a Ele deveis encontrar vós mesmos na própria alma, em esforço solitário. Não damos a Pátria, porque encontrá-la será pelo trabalho próprio do coração e do pensamento. Não vos damos amor humano, porque não existe amor sem perdão, e perdoar é sofrer e se esforçar, o que cada um deve enfrentar por si mesmo. Nós damos uma coisa: nostalgia de uma vida melhor, que não existe, porém que um dia existirá; saudades da Verdade e da Justiça. É possível que esta saudade vos guie a Deus, à Pátria e ao Amor. Korczak RESUMO ! Este trabalho se propõe a estudar Janusz Korczak e sua relação com o judaísmo e o sionismo. Korczak foi um judeu-polonês, nascido em Varsóvia em 1878, e pertencia a uma família de eruditos bastante assimilada, sentindo-se um verdadeiro polonês. Foi médico, educador, jornalista, escritor e criador de dois orfanatos baseados nos princípios democráticos de educação: um judaico, Don Sierot (1912-1942); e outro cristão, Nasz Dom (1919-1936). A análise de correspondências, relatos de viagem, entrevistas, entre outros documentos associados à relação de Korczak com o judaísmo, o sionismo e a Terra de Israel, permitiu conhecer a visão de Korczak sobre a questão judaica em uma Polônia antissemita dos séculos XIX e XX. No tocante aos relatos de viagem, foram analisados documentos referentes às duas viagens do autor à Terra de Israel, incluindo impressões pessoais referentes tanto aos benefícios dessa Terra, como às dificuldades de adaptação à terra dos ancestrais e o abandono da terra natal. Korczak pretendia emigrar para a Palestina, porém foi vítima da Shoá e juntamente com as duzentas crianças judias e os educadores do orfanato, foi levado do Gueto de Varsóvia para o trem que os levaria a Treblinka. Palavras-chave: Identidade. Judaísmo. Sionismo. Terra de Israel. Shoá ABSTRACT! ! The present work intends to study Janus Korczak and his relation with judaism and sionism. Korczak was a polish jew, borned in Warsaw, in 1878, who belonged to a family of assimilated scholars and felt trully polish. He was a phisician, an educator, a journalist, a writer and founder of two orphanages, that followed the democratic principles of education: one of them jewish, Don Sierot (1912-1942) ) and the other one christian, Nasz Dom (1919-1936). The analysis of correspondences, interviews, and other documents related to judaism, sionism and the land of Israel, allowed us to aknowledge Korczak’s vision of the jewish question in an antisemitic Poland of the 19th and 20th centuries. The documents analised referred mainly to the two trips that Korczak made to the land of Israel, and included his personal impressions of the benefits of the Land, as well as the difficulties of adaptation to this ancestral ground, and of leaving the homeland for good. Altough Korczak intended to emigrate to Palestine, he was not able to do it, because as a victim of the Shoah, he was sent, with the 200 jewish children and the teachers of his orphanage, from the Guetto of Warsaw to the train hat would lead them to Treblinka. Key-words: Identity. Judaism. Zionism. Land of Israel. Shoá ! ! ! SUMÁRIO Introdução ....................................................................................................... 13 1. Janusz Korczak: ......................................................................................... 18 1.1. Origem ................................................................................................ 18 1.2. De Henryk Goldszmit a Janusz Korczak ............................................ 25 1.3. Formação e atuação voluntária e profissional .................................... 28 1.4. De médico a diretor de orfanato ......................................................... 35 1.5. Na Polônia ......................................................................................... 40 1.6. Encontro com a Terra de Israel ......................................................... 44 1.7. Vítima
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