Rewriting the Conquest of Mexico in Carlos Fuentes's Novella, the Two Shores Acta Scientiarum

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rewriting the Conquest of Mexico in Carlos Fuentes's Novella, the Two Shores Acta Scientiarum Acta Scientiarum. Human and Social Sciences ISSN: 1679-7361 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Schmitz, John Robert When lies become the truth: rewriting the conquest of Mexico in Carlos Fuentes's novella, The Two Shores Acta Scientiarum. Human and Social Sciences, vol. 28, núm. 1, 2006, pp. 1-6 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=307324792001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative When lies become the truth: rewriting the conquest of Mexico in Carlos Fuentes’s novella, The Two Shores John Robert Schmitz Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), 13083 -970, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. This paper owes its inspiration to Jay’s (1997) article on Carlos Fuentes’s The Two Shores (Las dos Orillas, in the original, and As Duas Margens in the Portuguese version), one of the long short stories in the celebrated M exican author’s collected stories El Naranjo, translated as The Orange Tree and A Laranjeira, in the respective English and Portuguese versions. Jay bases his analysis on a number of authors in Translation Studies 1. Translation and mistranslation is just o ne aspect of this very rich and complex narrative. I argue that Jay’s use of the word “translation” to refer to Fuentes’s novella is too broad to be useful if one takes into account the existence of different types of translation and varied strategies employed by translators to deal with literary, technical, commercial, legal and Biblical texts in their daily work (Sager, 1998). Key words: rewriting, translation, Carlos Fuentes, globalization, post -modernism, conquest of México. RESUMO. Quando as mentiras se tornam a verdade: a re-escrita da conquista do México no conto As Duas Margens de Carlos Fuentes. Este trabalho deve a sua inspiração ao artigo de autoria de Jay (1997) sobre o conto The Two Shores (“Las dos Orillas”, na língua fonte, e “As Duas Margens” na versão em língua portuguesa), um dos contos incluídos na coletânea El naranjo escrito por Carlos Fuentes, célebre autor mexicano. Jay baseia a sua análise nos trabalhos de especialistas no campo de Estudos da Tradução (ver nota de rodapé 1). A (in)fidelidade é somente um aspecto desta narrativa complexa. Argumento que o uso por parte de Jay do vocábulo “tradução ” é abrangente demais para ser útil, levando em consideração a existência de diferentes tipos de tradução e de uma gama de estratégias utilizadas por parte de tradutores no trabalho diário para traduzir textos literários, técnicos, comerciais, jurídicos e bíblicos (Sager, 1998). Palavras-chave: reescrita, tradução, Carlos Fuentes, globalização, pós-modernismo, conquista do México. Introduction events that brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire and the conquest of Mexico by the Spanish The Two Shores forces led by Hernán Cortés. This short story Carlos Fuentes’s novel The Two Shores, part1 of a recounts the role of one Jerônimo Aguilar who collection of short stories included in the volume mistranslates Cortes’s words, thereby lying to the The Orange Tree (El naranjo)2, deals with the tragic defeated Guatemuz, but in reality, telling him the truth. His “mistranslation” communicates what will indeed come about: “You will be my prisoner, today. 1All references cited by the authors I present in the final bibliography are provided in footnotes in this paper to help interested readers locate the sources. I have not I will torture you by burning your feet and those of read all the sources cited by them. Cf. P. de Man, Conclusion: Walter Benjamin’s The Task of the Translator. pgs. 73-105. The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: your comrades until you confess where the rest of University of Minneapolis Press, 1986; B. Johnson. Taking Fidelity your uncle Montezuma’s treasure is…” (Fuentes, Philosophically, In: Gramham, J. E. ed. Difference in Translation. Ithaca: Cornell 3 University Press, 1985; J. Derrida. Des Tours de Babel, In Graham, op.cit.; S. 1995, p. 10) . Basnett and Lefevere, A. Introduction. p. 1-13. Translation, History and Culture. Ed. Basnett, S. and Lefevere A. London: Pinter Publishers, 1990; E. Gentzler, Aguilar came to the New World with hi s Spanish Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Routledge, 1993. compatriots, was shipwrecked, lost in the wild, and 2The collection of short stories in which The Two Shores is included bears the name The Orange Tree (El Naranjo or A Laranjeira). The orange has its origin in Persia and traveled around the world and was introduced to the New World as a result of the Spanish Conquest. It represents the globe and might be considered Literária. (Federal University of Pernambuco), v. 17, no. 2, p. 223-242, (julho), a symbol of globalization. Aguilar (Fuentes, 1995, p.14) points to tomatoes, 2004 and M.F.Guillén. Is globalization civilizing, destructive or feeble: A critique of turkeys, corn, potatoes and chocolate as items never seen in Europe. The horse, five key debates in the social science literature. Ann. Rev. of Sociol. 27, p. 235- extinct in America, returned with the conquest. I have argued elsewhere that the 260, 2001. Spanish Conquest of the Americas is one of the early instances of globalization. 3I have chosen to use the English translation of Fuentes’s collection of stories: Cf. J.R. SCHMITZ. O inglês como língua internacional, globalização e o futuro de Carlos Fuentes, The Orange Tree (Translated by Alfred Macadam) New York: outras línguas e culturas: uma reflxão. Investigações: Lingüística e Teoria Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. Acta Sci. Human Soc. Sci. Maringá, v. 28, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2006 2 Schmitz then found and adopted by the Indians. He learned All this I saw. The fall of the great Aztec city in the their language, took on their customs and referred to moan of conch shells, the clash of steel against flint them as his brothers. We have, in this instance, an and the fire of the Castilian cannon. I saw the burnt excellent example of the “double bind” on the part water of the lake where stood the Great Tenochtitlán, two times the size Córdoba (Fuentes, of Aguilar, an identity with the Aztecs, on one hand, 1995, p. 3). and an allegiance, on the other, with his fellow Spaniards and his commander Cortés, that is, and Aguilar’s reference to the “clash of steel against identity with the “two shores”, with two worlds, the flint” and the “fire of the Castilian cannon” are European and the American. He agonizes about his indeed telling for the Aztecs were doomed to be special situation: “But I found myself divided conquered by a relatively small number of Spanish between Spain and the New World. I knew both troops “fewer than six hundred” who were militarily shores.” (Fuentes, 1995, p. 22). Aguilar marks his superior with swords, horses and fire power dual identity very explicitly in the use of pronouns “subdued an empire nine times larger than Spain in for he attributes his death to “… a bouquet of territory and three times larger in population” plagues bestowed on me by my own Indian brothers (Fuentes, 1995, p. 6-7). in exchange for the evils we Spaniards visited on them.” (Fuentes, 1995, p. 3-4). The protagonist The conquest of new Spain: Bernal Diaz del Castillo stresses this again when he remarks: “ We Spaniards Fuentes’s long short story The Two Shores retells killed something more than the power of the the conquest of the Aztec Empire as well as the part Indians” (Fuentes, 1995, p. 9). Aguilar makes his Aguilar played in that event. It is based on The new identity clear: Conquest of New Spain by another eyewitness to the I fell in love with my new people, with their simple event, the Spanish historian, Bernal Diaz del Castillo way of dealing with the matters of life, letting the (London: Penguin, 1963) who cites Aguilar in many daily necessities take care of themselves naturally but instances in his account. Aguilar did indeed act as a without diminishing the importance of s erious translator for Cortés, but there is no suggestion in things (Fuentes, 1995, p. 40). The Conquest that he (Aguilar) mistranslated Cortés’s The structure of this lengthy short story is words. As narrator, Aguilar provides his own view of ingenious. Fuentes has his main protagonist and the what happened and what did not happen. Aguilar narrator Jerônimo de Aguilar relate his story from interprets his experience in this meeting of two the grave: “I just died of buboes 4. A horrible death, worlds and approximation of Europea n and Indian. painful, incurable” (Fuentes, 1995, p. 3). Aguilar is a What is new here is Aguilar’s reflective and deceased narrator but indeed a very self -aware one evaluative stance with respect to the conquest of for he agonizes, in this posthumous narration, over Mexico. his betrayal of Cortés via his unfaithful translation as Let’s not fool ourselves. No one escaped unscathed well as inability to prevent the decimation of the from this venture of conquest and discovery --- Indians by the Spanish conquistadores. In death, he neither the conquered who witnessed the actually threats about his inability to stop the course destruction of their world, nor the conquerors, who of history. In this story, we listen to the voice of a never achieved the total satisfaction of their dead man who while indeed not at all “conscious” ambitions, suffering endless injustices and actually suffers the pangs of “conscience”, his f eeling disenchantments (Fuentes, 1995, p.
Recommended publications
  • Myths and Legends: the Feathered Serpent God 1 Storytimetm
    TM Storytime Myths and Legends: The Feathered Serpent God 1 Teaching Resources The Feathered Serpent God is a myth from the Aztec civilisation IN BRIEF about one of their most important gods, Quetzalcoatl, and how he brought people to life. 1 LITERACY LESSON IDEAS The Feathered Serpent God is a good story to read alongside learning about the Aztec civilisation. Quetzalcoatl was an important and powerful god in ancient Central America. Find out more about him on our Quetzalcoatl Fact Sheet and find out about other Aztec gods in our Top 10 Aztec Gods Sheet. See our Feathered Serpent God Word Wise Sheet to find the meanings of any new or tricky words, and have a go at our Quick Comprehension Checker and writing exercises. Put this myth in the correct order using our Story Sequencing Sheet. Looking at the pictures, write the story in your own words using our Simple Storyboards. Make up your own myth to explain why humans come in different shapes and sizes. Discuss your ideas in class. Use our Storytime Writing Sheet to write it. Act out The Feathered Serpent God myth using our printable Quetzalcoatl, Xolotl and Skeleton Masks. The skeletons can be the Lord and Lady of the Underworld. 2 SCIENCE LESSON IDEAS Imagine you are Quetzalcoatl and you have to put the bones you’ve carried back together to make a human. Do you know where each bones goes? Fill in the blanks on our Super Skeleton Sheet and learn the names of some important bones too. Continued on page 2... © storytimemagazine.com 2018 TM Storytime Myths and Legends: The Feathered Serpent God 2 Teaching Resources 3 HISTORY LESSON IDEAS The Aztecs were fascinating.
    [Show full text]
  • God of the Month: Tlaloc
    God of the Month: Tlaloc Tlaloc, lord of celestial waters, lightning flashes and hail, patron of land workers, was one of the oldest and most important deities in the Aztec pantheon. Archaeological evidence indicates that he was worshipped in Mesoamerica before the Aztecs even settled in Mexico's central highlands in the 13th century AD. Ceramics depicting a water deity accompanied by serpentine lightning bolts date back to the 1st Tlaloc shown with a jaguar helm. Codex Vaticanus B. century BC in Veracruz, Eastern Mexico. Tlaloc's antiquity as a god is only rivalled by Xiuhtecuhtli the fire lord (also Huehueteotl, old god) whose appearance in history is marked around the last few centuries BC. Tlaloc's main purpose was to send rain to nourish the growing corn and crops. He was able to delay rains or send forth harmful hail, therefore it was very important for the Aztecs to pray to him, and secure his favour for the following agricultural cycle. Read on and discover how crying children, lepers, drowned people, moun- taintops and caves were all important parts of the symbolism surrounding this powerful ancient god... Starting at the very beginning: Tlaloc in Watery Deaths Tamoanchan. Right at the beginning of the world, before the gods were sent down to live on Earth as mortal beings, they Aztecs who died from one of a list of the fol- lived in Tamoanchan, a paradise created by the divine lowing illnesses or incidents were thought to Tlaloc vase. being Ometeotl for his deity children. be sent to the 'earthly paradise' of Tlalocan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fifth Sun, with Ancient Mexican History and Astronomy
    Arts and Humanities Open Access Journal Historical Study Open Access The fifth sun, with ancient Mexican history and astronomy Abstract Volume 2 Issue 6 - 2018 This paper offers a brief preliminary new interpretation of early Mexican history, embracing the absolute chronology of the Aztecs before the Spanish Conquest (1519-21). Its full text Zoltan Andrew Simon could clarify some enigmas of their calendar, with particular emphasis on the question of Geologist and land surveyor with diplomas, Canadian Hungarian intercalation, by additional key dates that were recorded in both the Mexican and the Julian amateur scholar, Canada calendars. The previous “ages” of both the Aztecs and the Toltecs have been examined: the two lines of traditions and the corresponding intervals differ from each other, indicating Correspondence: Zoltan Andrew Simon, Geologist and land surveyor with diplomas, Canadian Hungarian amateur scholar, different ancestral lands and/or migrations. The author (69), is a Canadian Hungarian. He 72 Best Crescent, Red Deer, AB, Canada, Tel 1 (403) 392-9189, is an independent amateur scholar, originally a geologist and land surveyor with diplomas. Email He is proposing exact dates for the last two of the five Mexican suns or ages, based on the Legend of the Suns and other records. The beginning of the Fifth Sun is anchored to the Received: September 15, 2018 | Published: December 18, year 1011 C.E by a total solar eclipse visible from Aztlan. By the help of several Mexican 2018 codices, an unbroken chronology could be offered from the birth of the First Sun on 6 August 1240 BCE till the end of the last world age of the Toltecs when all of the Toltec- Chichimec population of Tollan (Tula in the Mexican state of Hidalgo) was massacred during a major eclipse of the sun by the Aztecs.
    [Show full text]
  • Aztec Festivals of the Rain Gods
    Michael Graulich Aztec Festivals of the Rain Gods Aunque contiene ritos indiscutiblemente agrícolas, el antiguo calendario festivo de veintenas (o 'meses') de la época azteca resulta totalmente desplazado en cuanto a las temporadas, puesto que carece de intercalados que adaptan el año solar de 365 días a la duración efectiva del año tropical. Creo haber demostrado en diversas pu- blicaciones que las fiestas pueden ser interpretadas en rigor sólo en relación con su posición original, no corrida aún. El presente trabajo muestra cómo los rituales y la re- partición absolutamente regular y lógica de las vein- tenas, dedicadas esencialmente a las deidades de la llu- via - tres en la temporada de lluvias y una en la tempo- rada de sequía - confirman el fenómeno del desplaza- miento. The Central Mexican festivals of the solar year are described with consi- derable detail in XVIth century sources and some of them have even been stu- died by modern investigators (Paso y Troncoso 1898; Seler 1899; Margain Araujo 1945; Acosta Saignes 1950; Nowotny 1968; Broda 1970, 1971; Kirchhoff 1971). New interpretations are nevertheless still possible, especially since the festivals have never been studied as a whole, with reference to the myths they reenacted, and therefore, could not be put in a proper perspective. Until now, the rituals of the 18 veintenas {twenty-day 'months') have always been interpreted according to their position in the solar year at the time they were first described to the Spaniards. Such festivals with agricultural rites have been interpreted, for example, as sowing or harvest festivals on the sole ground that in the 16th century they more or less coincided with those seasonal events.
    [Show full text]
  • Quetzalcoatl, the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ
    Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 11 Number 1 Article 3 7-31-2002 Quetzalcoatl, the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ Diane E. Wirth Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Wirth, Diane E. (2002) "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 11 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol11/iss1/3 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Quetzalcoatl, the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ Author(s) Diane E. Wirth Reference Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 11/1 (2002): 4–15, 107. ISSN 1065-9366 (print), 2168-3158 (online) Abstract Many scholars suggest that Quetzalcoatl of Mesoamerica (also known as the Feathered Serpent), the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ could all be the same being. By looking at ancient Mayan writings such as the Popol Vuh, this theory is further explored and developed. These ancient writings include several stories that coincide with the stories of Jesus Christ in the Bible, such as the creation and the resurrec- tion. The role that both Quetzalcoatl and the Maize God played in bringing maize to humankind is com- parable to Christ’s role in bringing the bread of life to humankind. Furthermore, Quetzalcoatl is said to have descended to the Underworld to perform a sacrifice strikingly similar to the atonement of Jesus Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • De Zumarraga; First Bishop of Mexico
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 114 230 RC 008 AUTHOR Mill r, Hubert J. TITLE Jua de Zumarraga; First Bishop of Mexico. The Tinker Pamphlet Series for the Teaching of Mexican American Heritage. RUB DATE 73 NOTE' 58p.; For related documents/ see RC 008 850 -852 AVAILABLE FROM Mr. Al Ramirez, P.O. Box 471, Edinburg, Texas 78539 \ ($1.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS. Alierican Indians; *Biographies; Cultural, Background; *Cultural Interrelationships; Curriculum Enrichment; \\. Curriculum Guides; Elementary Secohdary Education; Institutions; *Mexican American History; *Mexicans; Resource Materials; Sociocultdral Patterns; Vocabulary; *Western Civilization IDENTIFIERS *Zumarraga (Juan de) / ABSTRACT The decades of the 1530's ana 1540's witnessed the -0 founding of Hispanic colonial institutions,many of which with modifications continue today. Among the most lasting of thesehas been the Church. This is part of Juan de Zumarraga's (Mexico'sfikst archbishop) legacy, not only the settingup of ecclesiastical administration but also the prelate's ministryamong his people. Zumarraga's concerns were many and varied: Concern for the Indians' spiritual and mat rial well-being prdmpted Zumarraga to es\ablish schbols and hospita nliroduce the first printing press, an'd collect a library. Equal nificanthnd less known is his role of introducing and promoting European culture in early coinial Mexico. Spain and Pougal were a century ahead of Other European colonial powers in bring g Western Christian civilization to the New World. Throughout the 1 O's much of the present day United States Atlantic seaboard was a wi derness when compared to the developing cultural life in Central Me ico- This booklet's purpose isto provide the essential histori al information for this, head start through the' study of the life of Zumarraga.
    [Show full text]
  • “Processions, Causeways, and Vistas”
    Processions and Aztec State Rituals in the Landscape of the Valley of Mexico Johanna Broda This article explores the dimensions of geography, territory and ritual landscapes in the Valley of Mexico during Aztec times (15th and 16th centuries AD). It applies an interdisciplinary perspective combining anthropology, ethnohistory, archaeology, cultural geography and archaeoastronomy to reconstruct Aztec vision of place that transformed the Basin of Mexico into a sacred geography where lakes and mountains, volcanic landscapes, rocks and boulders, temples as well as towns and settlements of other ethnic groups were reinterpreted by the Aztecs according to their cosmovisión. This geography was the stage for the performance of ritual dramas enacted by the Aztec state (Figure 1). Processions and other ritualized acts in the natural as well as the built environment formed an important part of the Aztec calendar festivals; they usually were integrated into larger rituals. By cosmovision, I mean the structured view by which ancient Mesoamericans combined their notions of cosmology into a coherent whole situating the life of man within this cosmic order. This view implied the observation of nature, but it also related the cosmos to society and to the state. Figure 1. Pathway of the priests after kindling New Fire at Huixachtecatl, Cerro de la Estrella (Codex Borbonicus, p. 34, detail). Broda, “Processions and Aztec State Rituals in the Landscape of the Valley of Mexico” Processions in the Ancient Americas, Penn State University Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 33 (2016): 179 Ideology, on the other hand, denotes a establish a connection with their Chichimec system of symbolic representation that heritage, hunting and warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire : Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition / Davíd Carrasco ; with a New Preface.—Rev
    Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition Revised Edition David Carrasco ~University Press of Colorado Copyright © 2000 by the University Press of Colorado International Standard Book Number 0-87081-558-X Published by the University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 Previously published by the University of Chicago Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metropolitan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, University of Southern Colorado, and Western State College of Colorado. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carrasco, Davíd. Quetzalcoatl and the irony of empire : myths and prophecies in the Aztec tradition / Davíd Carrasco ; with a new preface.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87081-558-X (alk. paper) 1. Aztec mythology. 2. Aztecs—Urban residence. 3. Quetzalcoatl (Aztec deity) 4. Sacred space—Mexico. I. Title. F1219.76.R45.C37 2000 299'.78452—dc21 00-048008 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my mythic figures
    [Show full text]
  • Our Lady of Guadalupe, Patroness of the Americas and the Unborn
    December 12th: Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Patroness of the Americas and the Unborn The feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe celebrates Mary’s role in Aztec culture’s coming to Christ. After the brutal conquest of 1521, mis- sionary efforts by Spanish Franciscans had won few converts to Chris- tianity. And while the Aztecs’ much-feared regime of human sacrifice on pyramids in every major urban centre they controlled had ended, their culture was shattered. In 1531, Mexico City’s Bishop Juan de Zumárraga asked Our Lady for a Castillian rose as a sign that the Fran- ciscan missionary efforts were to bear fruit. In December of that year, Juan Diego (his Aztec name Cuauhteloa, Eagle that Speaks) heard a woman’s voice calling to him from the hillside where his peo- ple had worshipped the goddess Tonantzín. The usually barren, cac- tus-covered winter ground was flourishing with roses of many col- ours. The voice belonged to a humble Aztec woman who identified herself as María Tecoatlaxupe (TEH-KWAT-LA-SHOO-PEH) – Mary who steps on the serpent. She asked Juan to bring Bishop Zumárraga her request that a shrine in her honour be built on the hill. After a number of visits, Our Lady instructed Juan Diego to gather roses from the hillside and bring them to the bishop as proof of her request. Juan did as instructed. Chancery officials dismissed his appeals for an audience, but he persisted until they relented. He opened his tilma before the bishop, and a cascade of roses fell out to ex- pose the image still revered today.
    [Show full text]
  • SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán)
    SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán) ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: http://www.sacred- destinations.com/mexic o/mexico-city-templo- mayor TITLE or DESIGNATION: Templo Mayor CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. LOCATION: Tenochtitlán (present- day Mexico City) TITLE or DESIGNATION: Aztec Calendar Stone CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. MEDIUM: basalt TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coatlicue from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1487-1520 C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacademy. org/humanities/art-africa- oceania- americas/mesoamerica/azte c-mexica/a/mexica-templo- mayor-at-tenochtitlan-the- coyolxauhqui-stone-and-an- olmec-style-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coyolxauhqui (She of the Bells) CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: late 15th century C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacade my.org/humanities/art- africa-oceania- americas/mesoamerica/o lmec/v/olmec-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Olmec-style mask from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1200-400 B.C.E.; buried c. 1470 C.E. MEDIUM: jadeite SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: SELECTED TEXT (Tenochtitlán) Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán, c. 1500 According to Aztec sources, Templo Mayor was built on this spot because an eagle was seen perched on a cactus devouring a snake, in fulfillment of a prophecy. Construction on the temple began sometime after 1325 and was enlarged over the next two centuries. At the time of the 1521 Spanish Conquest, the site was the center of religious life for the city of 300,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Religion? Aztec Perspectives on Human Sacrifice
    Dark Religion? Aztec Perspectives on Human Sacrifice Ray Kerkhove Mesoamerica's 'Dark' Image No rite evokes so many stereotypes of 'pagan darkness' as human sacrifice. For seven thousand years 1 in every corner of Mesoamerica,2 thousands of people were decapitated, stoned, drowned, burned, crushed to death or cut open to have their living hearts removed as part and parcel of religious festivals. This paper concentrates on the grandest manifestation of this tradition: Aztec human sacrifice. Necessarily, we will also ponder its broader Mesoamerican context. Many Spanish estimates of the frequency of Aztec human sacrifice are now considered exaggerated.3 Nevertheless, early sources (namely, Diaz, Duran, Sahagun, and Cortes) give almost identical figures: each Aztec temple-complex dispatched two to six victims every twenty days. Thus, each Aztec town, 'even the most wretched villages' ,4 conducted forty to a hundred and twenty killings annually.5 For cities and special events such as centenaries 1 Even the earliest Mesoamerican quasi-farming cultures at Durron and Coxcalton show evidence of sacrificial practices. See R. S. MacNesh and M. L. Fowler et aI, The Prehistory of Tehuacan Valley Vol.5, (Austin, 1972) p84 and Robert D. Dienna, 'Religion and Social Organisation in Formative Times, ' in Kurt V. Flannery (ed.) The Mesoamerican Village, (New York, 1976), p351. 2 Significantly, an early observer, Duran, found that the rite was Coahuitl, meaning 'Feast which belongs to one and all' Fray Duran, trans. F. Horcasitas and D. Heyden, Book ofthe Gods, and Rites ofthe Ancient Calendar (Norman, 1971) p77. 3 Patricia R. Anawalt, 'Understanding Aztec Human Sacrifice', Archaeology, (lan.­ Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • AZTEC ARCHITECTURE by MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D
    AZTEC ARCHITECTURE by MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. PHOTOGRAPHY: FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ Y GONZÁLEZ AND MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. DRAWINGS: LLUVIA ARRAS, FONDA PORTALES, ANNELYS PÉREZ, RICHARD PERRY AND MARIA RAMOS. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Symbolism TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE General Construction of Pyramid-Temples Temples Types of pyramids Round Pyramids Twin Stair Pyramids Shrines (Adoratorios ) Early Capital Cities City-State Capitals Ballcourts Aqueducts and Dams Markets Gardens BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES THE PRECINCT OF TENOCHTITLAN Introduction Urbanism Ceremonial Plaza (Interior of the Sacred Precinct) The Great Temple Myths Symbolized in the Great Temple Construction Stages Found in the Archaeological Excavations of the Great Temple Construction Phase I Construction Phase II Construction Phase III Construction Phase IV Construction Phase V Construction Phase VI Construction Phase VII Emperor’s Palaces Homes of the Inhabitants Chinampas Ballcourts Temple outside the Sacred Precinct OTHER CITIES Tenayuca The Pyramid Wall of Serpents Tomb-Altar Sta. Cecilia Acatitlan The Pyramid Teopanzolco Tlatelolco The Temple of the Calendar Temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl Sacred Well Priests’ Residency The Marketplace Tetzcotzinco Civic Monuments Shrines Huexotla The Wall La Comunidad (The Community) La Estancia (The Hacienda) Santa Maria Group San Marcos Santiago The Ehecatl- Quetzalcoatl Building Tepoztlan The Pyramid-Temple of Tepoztlan Calixtlahuaca Temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl The Tlaloc Cluster The Calmecac Group Ballcourt Coatetelco Malinalco Temple I (Cuauhcalli) – Temple of the Eagle and Jaguar Knights Temple II Temple III Temple IV Temple V Temple VI Figures Bibliography INTRODUCTION Aztec architecture reflects the values and civilization of an empire, and studying Aztec architecture is instrumental in understanding the history of the Aztecs, including their migration across Mexico and their re-enactment of religious rituals.
    [Show full text]