Selected RAND Abstracts

CORPORATION

THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE

EDUCATION

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6

HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE

TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY

TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution

For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details

Limited Electronic Distribution Rights

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation corporate publication series. Corporate publications describe or promote RAND divisions and programs, summarize research results, or announce upcoming events. Selected RAND Abstracts

A Guide to RAND Publications

Volume 43 January–December 2005

Annual Cumulation ii

Printed and On-Line Indexes

Selected RAND Abstracts (SRA) provides a comprehensive guide to the RAND Corporation’s unclassified publications. Indexes other than those for the current year are available as follows:

Indexes of Selected Publications of The RAND Corporation, 1946–1962 ..$50.00

Selected RAND Abstracts, Cumulative Edition, 1963–1972 ...... $50.00

You may download complete SRAs for no charge from RAND’s website at www.rand.org/publications/bib/index.html. Bound copies of earlier volumes (1973–1997) may be ordered for $25.00 each, depending on availability.

ISSN: 0037-1343

Abstracts of all publicly releasable RAND publications are available through RAND’s home page on the World Wide Web (http://www.rand.org/search/pubs_search.html). The database may be searched by author, title, keyword, or document number. All publicly available documents published since January 1998 in the Monograph, Monograph/Report, Technical Report, Issue Paper, Conference Report, Occasional Paper, Documented Briefing, Working Paper, and Research Brief series are available on the RAND website in their entirety, as well as some of our older classics. iii

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...... v SERIAL LIST...... 1 INDEXES Subject ...... 5 Author ...... 87 Title ...... 167 ABSTRACTS Books ...... 188 Monographs...... 188 Technical Reports ...... 216 Research Briefs ...... 230 Dissertations ...... 241 Reprints ...... 244 Conference Proceedings...... 251 Testimony ...... 252 Corporate Publications...... 254 Occasional Papers...... 255 Documented Briefings...... 256 Working Papers ...... 259 Journal Articles and Book Chapters (RAND Library Reprints)...... 275 Miscellaneous Publications ...... 381 ORDER FORM ...... 383

v INTRODUCTION

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. It conducts studies in the public interest supported by the United States government, by local and state governments, by private foundations, and by its own funds derived from earned fees. The work involves most of the major disciplines in the physical, social, and biological sciences, with emphasis on their application to problems of policy and planning in domestic and foreign affairs. The methods and findings of RAND research are reported chiefly in RAND’s publications. Many RAND studies appear also as articles in professional, scholarly, and technical journals (published in our Reprint series), and as books published by other commercial publishers and university presses. Selected RAND Abstracts (SRA) is a complete guide to current unclassified RAND publications. The numbered publication series includes:

MG Monograph TR (Technical) Reports CF Conference Proceedings CT Testimony DB Documented Briefings RGSD Dissertations RP Reprints OP Occasional Papers RB Research Briefs CP Corporate Publications WR Working Papers LRP Library Reprints

The Monograph and the Technical Report are the principal publications documenting and transmitting RAND’s major research findings. Monographs strive to be comprehensive or analyze a problem from a variety of perspectives. Technical Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope or intended for a narrow audience; present discussions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research professionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. Conference Proceedings, Testimony, and Documented Briefings report on those events after the fact. Dissertations emanate from the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The Reprint series reproduces previously published journal articles and book chapters. Occasional Papers may include an informed perspective on a timely policy issue, a discussion of new research methodologies, essays, a paper presented at a conference, or a summary of work in progress. Research Briefs are policy-oriented summaries of published RAND research. Corporate publications describe the nature of RAND and its work as a whole. Working papers are intended to share the authors’ latest research findings and solicit informal peer review. LRPs are articles or book chapters written by RAND authors but not available from RAND. In addition to these numbered series, some RAND research is published in book form by other commercial or academic presses or as articles in journals or other books.

Selected RAND Abstracts is divided into an index section and an abstract section.

INDEX SECTION

Each issue of SRA contains subject, author, and title indexes covering all the material abstracted in the current volume.

Subject Index. Each publication is indexed under one or more appropriate subjects. The lines that follow the subject headings are titles. The publication number following the modifier refers the user to the abstract appearing in the abstract section. Author Index. The entries under the authors’ names give the numbers and titles of their publications abstracted in this volume of SRA. Title Index. Each title is followed by its document number.

ABSTRACT SECTION vi

Abstracts are arranged serially by publication number. A complete serial list of publications included in this volume appears immediately preceding the subject index.

WHERE TO OBTAIN RAND PUBLICATIONS

National Book Network (NBN) distributes selected RAND publications to bookstores, wholesalers, jobbers, and libraries. Contact NBN to determine availability and applicable discounts at 800-462-6420. Publications not available through NBN can be ordered directly from RAND. Most titles in the MG, MR, TR, and CF series published since 1996 are available from NBN.

RAND. Institutions and individuals can order directly from RAND at prices listed on the order form in the back of this volume. California residents add 8.25% sales tax; Pennsylvania residents, 7%; Virginia residents, 5%. Payment in U.S. currency (check, money order, or credit card information) must accompany all orders. VISA, Mastercard, or American Express credit card orders are accepted. RAND offers the following options: For orders shipped within the United States: • U.S. Postal Service Bookpost Shipping (estimated delivery date of 10–15 business days)—$4 for the first publication and $2 for each additional publication.

• U.S. Postal Service First Class (3–4 business days)—$6 for the first publication and $3 for each additional publication.

• UPS Ground (5 business days)—$6 for the first publication and $2 for each additional publication.

• Federal Express Priority Overnight—$16.00 for the first publication and $3.50 for each additional publication (Federal Express charges an additional $10 for Saturday delivery). Call Customer Service to arrange delivery.

For orders shipped outside of the United States: • International Economy (10–20 business days)—$5 for the first publication and $3 for each additional publication.

• International Second Class Air (7–14 business days)—$7 for the first publication and $4 for each additional publication.

• International First Class Air (3–7 business days)—$9 for the first publication and $5 for each additional publication.

RAND books published by other commercial or university presses and the journal articles and book chapters in the LRP series listed at the end of the Abstract section are not available from RAND. Journals or books by other publishers may be purchased from a bookseller or directly from the publisher.

Submit orders by Telephone: (310) 451-7002; or toll-free (877) 584-8642 (in the U.S.) Fax: (412) 802-4981 E-Mail [email protected] Mail: RAND Corporation Publication Orders P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138

Standing Order Program. Annual subscriptions to RAND unclassified publications are available. Subscribers automatically receive a copy of each publication as it is released—more than 200 publications each year—together with Selected RAND Abstracts, which indexes and abstracts all publications included in the subscription. Subscription fees are designed strictly to recover RAND’s costs for printing and fulfillment, and are subject to annual increases. Fees include shipping and handling. vii

RAND has several subscription options. Prices are for calendar year 2006:

All RAND monographs Approximately 130 RAND books and reports per year: monographs, technical reports, conference proceedings, and occasional papers.

Within the United States: $1,395 Outside the United States: $1,695

Social Science monographs Approximately 65 RAND books and reports per year in the social sciences: monographs, technical reports, conference proceedings, and occasional papers.

Within the United States: $795 Outside the United States: $995

International Policy and Military Affairs titles Approximately 65 RAND books and reports per year in international policy and military affairs: monographs, technical reports, conference proceedings, and occasional papers.

Within the United States: $795 Outside the United States: $995

All RAND Publications Approximately 200–250 RAND books, reports, and other publications per year: monographs, technical reports, conference proceedings, occasional papers, research briefs, dissertations, documented briefings, congressional testimonies. Includes a monthly CD/DVD with all new titles in electronic format with permission for internal institutional use.

Within the United States: $1,895 Outside the United States: $2,195

Remittance from countries other than the United States must be made by international money order or by draft on a U.S. bank—U.S. dollars.

Complete collections of back issues for two preceding years are also available. Copies of earlier publications will be sold only on a single-copy basis. Subscriptions are accepted at RAND’s discretion.

E-mail Announcement List. If you would like to be on our list to receive e-mail announcements of new RAND publications, sign up on our web site at http://www.rand.org/publications/emailannounce.html and indicate your area of interest.

Bibliographies. PDF files of most of RAND’s subject bibliographies are available to download at no charge at http://www.rand.org/publications/bib/index.html . Below is a listing of these subject bibliographies.

SB-1001—Africa SB-1036—Computing at RAND (1980–1992) SB-1024—Arms Control (Pre-1985) SB-2036—Computing at RAND (1970–1979) SB-2024—Arms Control (1985–present) SB-3036—Computing at RAND (Pre-1970) SB-1017—Asia (Pre-1980) SB-1061—Cost Analysis (Pre-1980) SB-2017—Asia (1980–1994) SB-2061—Cost Analysis (1980–present) SB-2017—Asia (1995-present) SB-1059—Criminality, Justice, and Public Safety (Pre- SB-1065—California (Pre-1980) 1985) SB-2065—California (1980–present) SB-2059—Criminality, Justice, and Public Safety SB-1002—China (Pre-1980) (1985–present) SB-2002—China (1980–present) SB-1072—Critical Technologies SB-1028—Homeland Security SB-1025—Decisionmaking (Pre-1980) CP-253—Civil Justice SB-2025—Decisionmaking (1980–present) SB-1020—Communication Satellites SB-1019—Delphi and Long-Range Planning SB-1021—Communications (Pre-1980) SB-1026—Education (Pre-1980) SB-2021—Communications (1980–present) SB-2026—Education (1980–1989) viii

SB-3026—Education (1990–1994) SB-1013—International Trade (Pre-1985) SB-4026—Education (1995–1999) SB-2013—International Trade (1985-present) SB-5026—Education (2000–present) SB-1018—Latin America (Pre-1980) SB-1052—Energy and Nuclear Power SB-2018—Latin America (1980–present) (Pre-1980) SB-1035—Linguistics SB-2052—Energy and Nuclear Power (1980–1989) SB-1023—Logistics (Pre-1980) SB-3052—Energy and Nuclear Power (1990–present) SB-2023—Logistics (1980–1994) SB-1032—Environment (Pre-1980) SB-3023—Logistics (1995–present) SB-2032—Environment (1980–1990) SB-1058—Management (Pre-1985) SB-3032—Environment (1991–present) SB-2058—Management (1985–present) SB-1062—Europe (Pre-1980) SB-1034—Middle East (Pre-1980) SB-2062—Europe (1980–1989) SB-2034—Middle East (1980–present) SB-3062—Europe (1990–present) SB-1063—Military Manpower (Pre-1980) SB-1005—Expert Systems SB-2063—Military Manpower (1980–1989) SB-1071—Former Soviet Union SB-3063—Military Manpower (1990–1994) SB-1050—Gaming (Pre-1970) SB-4063—Military Manpower (1995–1999) SB-2050—Gaming (1970–1984) SB-5063—Military Manpower (2000–present) SB-3050—Gaming (1985–present) SB-1069—Military Strategy and Tactics (Pre-1980) SB-1011—Health Care Costs and Coverage (Pre-1980) SB-2069—Military Strategy and Tactics (1980–1989) SB-2011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-3069—Military Strategy and Tactics (1990–1994) (1980–1989) SB-4069—Military Strategy and Tactics (1995–1999) SB-3011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-5069—Military Strategy and Tactics (2000–present) (1990–1994) SB-1074—Narcotics SB-4011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-1068—NATO (Pre-1985) (1995–1998t) SB-2068—NATO (1985–present) SB-5011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-1051—New York City (1968–1986) (1999-2002) SB-1037—Policy Sciences (Pre-1985) SB-6011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-2037—Policy Sciences (1985–present) (2003–present) SB-1041—Population (Pre-1985) SB-1027—Health-Related Research (Pre-1980) SB-2041—Population (1985–1995) SB-2027—Health-Related Research SB-3041—Population (1995–present) (1980–1989) SB-1008—Program Budgeting (Pre-1985) SB-3027—Health-Related Research SB-2008—Program Budgeting (1985–present) (1990–1994) SB-1029—R&D and Systems Acquisition: Strategy, SB-4027—Health-Related Research Policy, and Procedures (Pre-1985) (1995–1998) SB-2029—R&D and Systems Acquisition: Strategy, SB-5027—Health-Related Research Policy, and Procedures (1985–present) (1999–2000) SB-1066—Regulatory Issues (Pre-1985) SB-6027—Health-Related Research SB-2066—Regulatory Issues (1985–present) (2001) SB-1004—Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Abuse SB-7027—Health-Related Research (Pre-1995) (2002) SB-2004—Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Abuse SB-8027—Health-Related Research (1995–present) (2003) SB-1046—Space Technology and Planning (Pre-1980) SB-9027—Health-Related Research SB-2046—Space Technology and Planning (2004) 1980–present) SB-1028—Homeland Security (Pre-2000) SB-1045—Statistics and Statistical Methods (Pre-1980) SB-2028—Homeland Security (2000–present) SB-2045—Statistics and Statistical Methods SB-1067—Housing (1980–present) SB-1043—Human Resources (Pre-1985) SB-1055—Systems Analysis: Methods, Techniques, and SB-2043—Human Resources (1985–1994) Theory (Pre-1980) SB-3043—Human Resources (1995–present) SB-2055—Systems Analysis: Methods, Techniques, and SB-1075—Immigration Theory (1980–present) SB-1073—Information Sciences (Pre-1970) SB-1031—Television and Communications Policy (Pre- SB-2073—Information Sciences (1970–1985) 1980) SB-3073—Information Sciences (1985–present) ix

SB-2031—Television and Communications Policy SB-2007—Urban Studies (1980-present) (1980–present) SB-1012—U.S.-Foreign Relations (Pre-1980) SB-1060—Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict (Pre- SB-2012—U.S.-Foreign Relations (1980–1989) 1980) SB-3012—U.S.-Foreign Relations (1990–present) SB-2060— Terrorism (1980–present) SB-1033—USSR (Pre-1980) SB-1040—Transportation (Pre-1980) SB-2033—USSR (1980–1992) SB-2040—Transportation (1980–present) SB-1038—Water Resources SB-1007—Urban Studies (Pre-1980)

Other Sources of RAND Research Several government agencies index and distribute RAND publications. The National Technical Information Service (NTIS) lists many unclassified RAND documents in its on-line database and offers them for sale to the public, the military, and to government agencies. Address inquiries to NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161 ( http://www.ntis.gov/ ). The Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) serves government agencies and nongovernment organizations that have contracts with the Department of Defense. The DTIC database contains most RAND classified and unclassified publications covering defense and national security topics. Instructions and the forms necessary for establishing service may be obtained from the DTIC, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 22314 ( http://www.dtic.mil/ ). RAND publications resulting from research supported by the National Institute of Education or the U.S. Office of Education may be obtained in from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Document Reproduction Service, (703) 440-1400, toll-free (in U.S. & Canada) (800) 443-3742, Fax (703) 440-1408, email: [email protected]. RAND publications on health issues are available from the National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 ( http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ ) via Interlibrary Loan.

SUPPORTING AGENCIES

The agencies supporting RAND research are identified by suffixes to publication numbers, as follows:

A United States Army AF United States Air Force AHRQ United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ARD RAND Army Research Division ATSC Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission

AVV Netherlands Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Dutch Minister of Tranport, Public Works and Water Management) BGASD Better Government Association of San Diego BMG Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

BZK Netherlands Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties (Ministry of the Interior & Kingdom Relations) CARB California Air Resources Board CC Carnegie Corporation of New York CC City of Cincinnati CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CENTAF United States Central Command Air Forces CF Compton Foundation CMS Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (U.S.) CPOC Chief Probation Officers of California CSAT Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (U.S.) x

CST Council for Science and Technology (Great Britain) CTRMP Center for Terrorism Risk Management and Policy (RAND Corporation) DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DCR David and Carol Richards DHHS United States Department of Health and Human Services DOE United States Department of Energy DOH Department of Health (UK) DPRC RAND Drug Policy Research Center DVA United States Department of Veterans Affairs EC European Commission EDU Education (RAND Corporation) FF Ford Foundation FFLA First 5 LA–RAND Research Partnership GG Guilford Glazer HE Heinz Endowments HF William & Flora Hewlett Foundation HLTH RAND Health ICJ Institute for Civil Justice (RAND Corporation) IL State of Illinois, Office of the Governor ISE Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (RAND Corporation) KISTEP Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning LA City of Los Angeles LACPD Los Angeles County Probation Department MDA United States Missile Defense Agency MEDPAC Medicare Payment Advisory Commission MOD Great Britain Ministry of Defence MRC Medical Research Council (Great Britain) NAVY United States Navy NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy NIC National Intelligence Council (U.S.) NIJ National Institute of Justice (U.S.) NIMH National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.) NSF National Science Foundation (U.S.) NSRD National Security Research Division (RAND Corporation)

OCW Netherlands Ministerie van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen (Dutch Ministry of Education, Science and Culture) OJP United States Office of Justice Programs xi

OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense PAF Project Air Force (RAND Corporation) PCT Pew Charitable Trusts PF David & Lucile Packard Foundation PNC PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. PRGS Pardee RAND Graduate School (RAND Corporation) RC RAND Corporation RWJ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation RWJF Robert Wood Johnson Foundation SSDAT Security Sector Development Advisory Team (UK) USMC United States Marine Corps WF Wallace Foundation 1 SERIAL LIST

BOOKS MG-327-GG TR-239-DHHS RB-9096-MOD MG-328-A TR-242-CMS RB-9100 Book-998875 MG-330-OSD TR-243-MRC RB-9101-EDU Book-998876 MG-331-NIJ TR-249-DHHS RB-9102-CF MG-332-NIJ TR-253-A RB-9103 MG-333-OSD TR-259-CMS RB-9104 MONOGRAPHS MG-334-AF TR-260-DHHS RB-9104-1 MG-131-AF MG-337-AF TR-261-DHHS RB-9105 MG-146-DCR MG-338-AF TR-262-MDA RB-9106-WF MG-146/1-RC MG-341-PNC TR-263-OSD RB-9107-RC MG-162-ICJ MG-342-A TR-264-NAVY RB-9108-WF MG-166-CENTAF MG-344-A TR-268-CST RB-9109 MG-179-NAVY/USMC MG-348-AF TR-274-OSD RB-9110-DPRC MG-181-A MG-349-PF TR-276-HLTH RB-9112-EDU MG-184-RC MG-349/1-PF TR-285-DHHS RB-9113-A MG-186-EDU MG-350-AF TR-286-A RB-9114-OSD MG-191-A MG-351-EDU TR-288-SSDAT RB-9116-MOD MG-193-AF MG-353 TR-289-SSDAT RB-9117-MOD MG-198-MOD MG-358-CF TR-291-LACPD RB-9118-PF MG-198/1-MOD MG-360-AF TR-292-NREL RB-9119-GG MG-202-OSD MG-361-EDU TR-297-CPOC RB-9119/1-GG MG-205-A MG-362-A TR-307-NSF RB-9120 MG-219-A MG-365-OSD TR-309-NIOSH RB-9121 MG-225-HE MG-369-OSD TR-333-CC RB-9122-MOD MG-231-A MG-374-RC TR-340-PF RB-9123-A MG-235-MOD MG-385-OSD RB-9124-RC MG-236-MOD MG-388-RC RB-9125-A MG-240-MOD MG-393-CTRMP RESEARCH BRIEFS RB-9126-EC MG-241-AF MG-394-RC RB-9126/1-EC MG-400-ICJ RB-147-AF RB-9129-CTRMP MG-242-WF RB-149-AF MG-244-RC MG-402-HLTH RB-9130-CPOC MG-404-NAVY RB-150-AF RB-9131-OSD MG-253-OSD RB-153-AF MG-255-EDU MG-408-HLTH RB-9132 MG-409-HLTH RB-154-AF RB-9134-OSD MG-256-PRGS RB-158-AF MG-258-ICJ MG-410-HLTH RB-9135-RC MG-411-BGASD RB-159-AF RB-9136-HLTH MG-260-1-AF RB-160-AF MG-260-AF MG-414-NETL RB-9137-NAVY MG-422-CC RB-162-AF RB-9139 MG-262-A RB-163-AF MG-267-1-OSD MG-427-CTRMP RB-9140 RB-164-AF RB-9141 MG-268-OSD RB-165-AF MG-269-AF RB-9142-EDU TECHNICAL REPORTS RB-167-AF RB-9143-NETL MG-270-OCW RB-169-AF MG-272-HLTH RB-9144-PNC TR-101/1-CDC RB-170-AF RB-9145-PNC MG-274-AF TR-116-FFLA RB-172-AF MG-276-AF RB-9146-1-CMS TR-127-OSD RB-174-AF RB-9147-NSF MG-277-A TR-150-AF RB-175-AF MG-282-A RB-9148-CENTAF TR-167-A RB-176-AF RB-9149-EDU MG-284-AF TR-170-A RB-177-AF MG-288-RWJ RB-9153-CTRMP TR-175-AF RB-4536-1 RB-9155-ICJ MG-289-NAVY TR-180-1-EDU RB-4554-1 MG-290-PCT RB-9160 TR-184 RB-4557-1 RB-9163-ICJ MG-291-A TR-185-BZK RB-4558-1 MG-293-A RB-9164/1-PF TR-192-RC RB-7544-OSD RB-9164/2-PF MG-294-MOD TR-193-OSD RB-7569-OSD MG-296-A RB-9164/3-PF TR-194-OSD RB-9056-OSD RB-9164/4-PF MG-299-AF TR-197-RC RB-9065-DVA MG-301-AF RB-9164/5-PF TR-200-HE RB-9067 RB-9164/6-PF MG-304-RC TR-201-CMS RB-9072-DCR MG-304/1-RC RB-9164/7-PF TR-203-AHRQ RB-9072/1-DCR RB-9164/8-PF MG-306-OSD TR-207-CMS RB-9074 MG-311-1-DCR TR-213-CMS RB-9076-OSD MG-317-BMG TR-216-A RB-9079-RC DISSERTATIONS MG-319-A TR-219-CMS RB-9081-1-EDU MG-320-KISTEP TR-221-ATSC RB-9082 RGSD-184 MG-320/1-KISTEP TR-224-HLTH RB-9084-OSD RGSD-185 MG-323-EDU TR-230-DOH RB-9085-MOD RGSD-186 MG-324-OSD TR-234-A RB-9088-HE RGSD-189 MG-326/1-MOD TR-235-CARB RB-9091-A RGSD-190 MG-326/2-MOD TR-237-EDU RB-9095-RC RGSD-191 MG-326/3-MOD 2

RGSD-192 CORPORATE WR-273 LRP-200112-16 RGSD-193 PUBLICATIONS WR-274-AVV LRP-200200-47 RGSD-194 WR-275-AVV LRP-200200-48 RGSD-195 CP-22-0504 WR-277 LRP-200200-49 RGSD-197 CP-22-0508 WR-278-EDU LRP-200202-10 CP-22-0512 WR-280 LRP-200202-11 CP-484-1 WR-282-EDU LRP-200205-07 REPRINTS CP-485 WR-283 LRP-200206-14 CP-491 WR-284-OJP LRP-200206-15 RP-1087 CP-501 WR-288 LRP-200207-15 RP-1152 CP-501/1 WR-289-CTRMP LRP-200208-15 RP-1154 CP-505 WR-290-RWJF LRP-200208-17 RP-1155 WR-292-ICJ LRP-200209-18 RP-1156 WR-293-ICJ LRP-200209-19 RP-1159 OCCASIONAL PAPERS WR-294 LRP-200209-20 RP-1160 OP-106-RC WR-295 LRP-200210-13 RP-1161 WR-297-EDU LRP-200212-18 RP-1162 OP-121-DPRC OP-152-RC WR-299 LRP-200212-19 RP-1163 WR-300-1-ICJ LRP-200212-20 RP-1164 OP-153-EDU OP-154-RC WR-300-ICJ LRP-200300-16 RP-1165 WR-300/1-ICJ LRP-200301-23 RP-1168 WR-301-ICJ LRP-200302-15 RP-1169 DOCUMENTED BRIEFINGS WR-302-ICJ LRP-200304-22 RP-1170 WR-305-EDU LRP-200304-23 RP-1171 DB-444-AVV WR-306-EDU LRP-200305-37 RP-1173 DB-457-AF WR-307-CMS LRP-200305-38 RP-1174 DB-458-AF WR-308 LRP-200306-29 RP-1175 DB-465-A WR-309 LRP-200306-30 RP-1176 DB-471-1-LA WR-310 LRP-200307-16 RP-1177 DB-472-NAVY WR-311 LRP-200307-20 RP-1178 DB-478-OSD WR-312 LRP-200307-21 RP-1179 DB-480-HF WR-313 LRP-200308-12 RP-1187 DB-484-OSD WR-314 LRP-200309-22 RP-1188 WR-315-1-EDU LRP-200309-23 RP-1189 WR-315-EDU LRP-200309-24 RP-1195 WORKING PAPERS WR-316 LRP-200309-25 RP-1197 WR-318 LRP-200309-26 RP-1198 WR-119-CSAT WR-319 LRP-200310-08 RP-1209 WR-154-EDU WR-321 LRP-200312-25 WR-169-2 WR-325 LRP-200312-26 WR-169-3 WR-330 LRP-200400-11 CONFERENCE WR-194-RWJ WR-331 LRP-200400-12 PROCEEDINGS WR-196-1 WR-332-CMS LRP-200400-13 WR-199-EDU WR-333-LA LRP-200400-14 CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD WR-205-1-ICJ CF-199-OSD WR-334-EDU LRP-200400-15 WR-211 WR-335 LRP-200400-16 CF-200 WR-215 CF-211 WR-339 LRP-200400-17 WR-217 WR-344-RWJ LRP-200400-18 CF-212-RC WR-218-LACPD CF-215 LRP-200400-19 WR-219 LRP-200400-20 CF-218-ISE WR-220-OJP CF-221-EC RAND LIBRARY REPRINTS LRP-200400-21 WR-221 LRP-200401-17 WR-222-IL LRP-199209-01 LRP-200402-20 WR-224 LRP-199307-02 TESTIMONY LRP-200403-19 WR-241-EDU LRP-199512-02 LRP-200403-20 CT-233 WR-242 LRP-199600-07 LRP-200403-21 CT-234 WR-249 LRP-199612-05 LRP-200403-22 CT-236 WR-252 LRP-199704-04 LRP-200403-23 CT-237 WR-253 LRP-199707-03 LRP-200403-24 CT-239 WR-255-EDU LRP-199809-07 LRP-200405-30 CT-239/1 WR-256-EDU LRP-199902-10 LRP-200405-31 CT-240 WR-257-EDU LRP-199910-05 LRP-200405-32 CT-241 WR-258-EDU LRP-199911-14 LRP-200406-22 CT-242 WR-259-EDU LRP-200000-47 LRP-200406-23 CT-243 WR-260-1-ICJ LRP-200003-20 LRP-200406-24 CT-244 WR-261-EDU LRP-200011-06 LRP-200407-05 CT-245 WR-262-EDU LRP-200012-02 LRP-200407-17 CT-246 WR-263-1-ICJ LRP-200103-17 LRP-200407-18 CT-247 WR-266-1 LRP-200103-18 LRP-200407-19 CT-249 WR-267-MEDPAC LRP-200105-22 LRP-200409-31 CT-250 WR-268-AVV LRP-200107-17 LRP-200409-32 CT-250-1 WR-269-RWJF LRP-200107-18 LRP-200409-33 CT-251 WR-270-EDU LRP-200108-17 LRP-200409-34 CT-252 WR-271-MEDPAC LRP-200108-18 LRP-200409-35 WR-272-1-ATSC LRP-200109-01 LRP-200409-36 3

LRP-200409-37 LRP-200503-01 LRP-200506-04 LRP-200509-17 LRP-200410-15 LRP-200503-02 LRP-200506-05 LRP-200509-18 LRP-200410-16 LRP-200503-03 LRP-200506-06 LRP-200509-19 LRP-200410-17 LRP-200503-04 LRP-200506-07 LRP-200509-20 LRP-200410-18 LRP-200503-05 LRP-200506-08 LRP-200509-21 LRP-200410-19 LRP-200503-06 LRP-200506-09 LRP-200509-22 LRP-200410-20 LRP-200503-07 LRP-200506-10 LRP-200509-23 LRP-200411-11 LRP-200503-08 LRP-200506-11 LRP-200509-24 LRP-200412-21 LRP-200503-09 LRP-200506-12 LRP-200509-25 LRP-200412-23 LRP-200503-10 LRP-200506-13 LRP-200509-26 LRP-200412-24 LRP-200503-11 LRP-200506-14 LRP-200509-27 LRP-200412-25 LRP-200503-12 LRP-200506-15 LRP-200509-28 LRP-200412-26 LRP-200503-13 LRP-200506-16 LRP-200509-29 LRP-200412-27 LRP-200503-14 LRP-200506-18 LRP-200509-30 LRP-200412-28 LRP-200503-15 LRP-200506-19 LRP-200509-31 LRP-200412-29 LRP-200503-16 LRP-200506-21 LRP-200510-01 LRP-200412-31 LRP-200503-17 LRP-200507-01 LRP-200510-02 LRP-200412-32 LRP-200503-18 LRP-200507-02 LRP-200510-03 LRP-200500-01 LRP-200503-19 LRP-200507-03 LRP-200510-04 LRP-200500-02 LRP-200503-20 LRP-200507-04 LRP-200510-05 LRP-200500-03 LRP-200503-21 LRP-200507-05 LRP-200510-07 LRP-200500-04 LRP-200503-22 LRP-200507-06 LRP-200510-08 LRP-200500-05 LRP-200503-23 LRP-200507-07 LRP-200510-09 LRP-200500-06 LRP-200503-24 LRP-200507-08 LRP-200510-10 LRP-200500-07 LRP-200503-25 LRP-200507-09 LRP-200510-11 LRP-200500-08 LRP-200503-26 LRP-200507-10 LRP-200510-12 LRP-200500-09 LRP-200503-27 LRP-200507-11 LRP-200510-13 LRP-200501-01 LRP-200503-28 LRP-200507-12 LRP-200510-14 LRP-200501-02 LRP-200503-29 LRP-200507-13 LRP-200510-15 LRP-200501-03 LRP-200503-30 LRP-200507-14 LRP-200510-16 LRP-200501-04 LRP-200503-31 LRP-200507-15 LRP-200510-17 LRP-200501-05 LRP-200503-32 LRP-200507-17 LRP-200510-18 LRP-200501-06 LRP-200503-33 LRP-200507-19 LRP-200510-27 LRP-200501-08 LRP-200503-34 LRP-200507-20 LRP-200510-28 LRP-200501-09 LRP-200504-01 LRP-200508-01 LRP-200511-01 LRP-200501-10 LRP-200504-02 LRP-200508-02 LRP-200511-02 LRP-200501-11 LRP-200504-03 LRP-200508-03 LRP-200511-03 LRP-200501-12 LRP-200504-04 LRP-200508-04 LRP-200511-04 LRP-200501-13 LRP-200504-05 LRP-200508-05 LRP-200511-05 LRP-200501-14 LRP-200504-06 LRP-200508-06 LRP-200511-06 LRP-200501-15 LRP-200504-07 LRP-200508-07 LRP-200511-07 LRP-200501-16 LRP-200504-08 LRP-200508-08 LRP-200511-08 LRP-200501-17 LRP-200504-09 LRP-200508-09 LRP-200511-09 LRP-200501-18 LRP-200504-10 LRP-200508-11 LRP-200511-10 LRP-200501-19 LRP-200504-11 LRP-200508-13 LRP-200511-11 LRP-200501-20 LRP-200504-12 LRP-200508-14 LRP-200511-14 LRP-200501-21 LRP-200504-14 LRP-200508-15 LRP-200511-15 LRP-200501-22 LRP-200504-15 LRP-200508-16 LRP-200511-16 LRP-200501-23 LRP-200504-16 LRP-200508-17 LRP-200511-17 LRP-200501-24 LRP-200504-17 LRP-200508-18 LRP-200512-01 LRP-200501-25 LRP-200504-18 LRP-200508-19 LRP-200512-02 LRP-200501-26 LRP-200504-19 LRP-200508-20 LRP-200512-03 LRP-200501-27 LRP-200504-20 LRP-200508-21 LRP-200512-04 LRP-200502-01 LRP-200504-21 LRP-200508-22 LRP-200512-05 LRP-200502-02 LRP-200505-01 LRP-200508-23 LRP-200512-06 LRP-200502-03 LRP-200505-02 LRP-200508-24 LRP-200512-07 LRP-200502-04 LRP-200505-03 LRP-200508-25 LRP-200512-08 LRP-200502-05 LRP-200505-04 LRP-200508-26 LRP-200512-09 LRP-200502-06 LRP-200505-05 LRP-200508-27 LRP-200512-10 LRP-200502-07 LRP-200505-06 LRP-200509-01 LRP-200512-11 LRP-200502-08 LRP-200505-07 LRP-200509-02 LRP-200512-12 LRP-200502-09 LRP-200505-08 LRP-200509-03 LRP-200512-13 LRP-200502-10 LRP-200505-09 LRP-200509-04 LRP-200512-14 LRP-200502-11 LRP-200505-10 LRP-200509-05 LRP-200512-15 LRP-200502-12 LRP-200505-11 LRP-200509-06 LRP-200512-16 LRP-200502-13 LRP-200505-12 LRP-200509-07 LRP-200512-17 LRP-200502-14 LRP-200505-13 LRP-200509-08 LRP-200512-18 LRP-200502-15 LRP-200505-14 LRP-200509-09 LRP-200512-19 LRP-200502-16 LRP-200505-15 LRP-200509-10 LRP-200512-20 LRP-200502-17 LRP-200505-16 LRP-200509-11 LRP-200512-21 LRP-200502-18 LRP-200505-17 LRP-200509-12 LRP-200512-22 LRP-200502-19 LRP-200505-18 LRP-200509-13 LRP-200512-23 LRP-200502-21 LRP-200506-01 LRP-200509-14 LRP-200512-24 LRP-200502-22 LRP-200506-02 LRP-200509-15 LRP-200512-25 LRP-200502-23 LRP-200506-03 LRP-200509-16 LRP-200512-26 4

LRP-200512-27 LRP-200512-28 LRP-200512-29 LRP-200512-30

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS EP-2005-001 EP-2005-002 EP-2005-004 EP-2005-005 EP-2005-006 5 SUBJECT INDEX

ABORTION, LEGAL ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional Conditions LRP-200406-23 Improvement LRP-200510-01 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT Added Value of Combining Self-Reported and Performance- Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Based Measures LRP-200400-11 Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 ACUTE DISEASE—THERAPY ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT—CALIFORNIA Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition 200405-32 WR-306 Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operations of ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL Charter Schools Affect Performance WR-305 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08 Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-297 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women LRP-200508-26 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES—REORGANIZATION Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, RGSD-192 Incentives MG-256 The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT—PENNSYLVANIA— PITTSBURGH—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ADOLESCENT Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh WR- Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating 315-1 Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Adolescence to ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT—TEXAS Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition Trajectories and Outcomes LRP-200507-13 WR-306 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care Models for Delivering Mental Health Services LRP-200207-15 ACCIDENTAL FALLS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population LRP- Care Clinics LRP-200512-28 200309-23 Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through College LRP-200503-11 ACCIDENTS—CALIFORNIA—COSTS Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200501-09 Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Use: Evidence from ACCOUNTING—STANDARDS the National Youth Tobacco Survey LRP-200506-13 Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 WR-300/1 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans LRP-200505-09 ACCULTURATION Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context RP-1177 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 19 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 Americans LRP-200507-09 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' ACHIEVEMENT TESTS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and RGSD-192 Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME— ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGY Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176 Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 ACTIONS AND DEFENSES Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent Asbestos Litigation MG-162 Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Optimal Settlement Not) LRP-200500-01 Mechanisms: Theory and Evidence LRP-200304-22 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents LRP-200412-31 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 6

Sex on Television and Its Impact on American Youth: Background AERONAUTICS—RESEARCH and Results from the RAND Television and Adolescent Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Sexuality Study LRP-200507-04 Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR—DRUG EFFECTS Facilities for American Aeronautics: Addendum CT-239/1 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Adulthood LRP-200511-10 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING—RESEARCH—COSTS Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Procurement and R&D ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR—PSYCHOLOGY Spending in the Aerospace Sector TR-263 The Accuracy of Teens' Expectations of Future Smoking LRP- 200504-01 AEROSPACE INDUSTRY—JAPAN—FORECASTING Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? TR-184 from a Longitudinal Assessment LRP-200502-15 AFFECT ADOLESCENTS Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Needs, Beliefs, and and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity Utilization: A Prospective Study of Adolescents in Drug Model LRP-200502-18 Treatment LRP-200508-03 AFGHAN WAR, 2001- ADULT Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Operation Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Enduring Freedom MG-166 Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200505-14 AFGHAN WAR, 2001-—AERIAL OPERATIONS, AMERICAN Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity LRP- Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Operation 200504-05 Enduring Freedom MG-166 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 MG-404 Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and AFGHAN WAR, 2001-—NAVAL OPERATIONS, AMERICAN Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century MG-404 ADULTS Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Young AFRICAN AMERICANS Adult Smokers LRP-200508-01 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 ADVANCE CARE PLANNING Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 Prevention Among African Americans of Reproductive Age LRP-200508-13 ADVANCE CARE PLANNING—STANDARDS Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients LRP-200507- African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, 14 Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING SYSTEMS Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting Disorder LRP-200512-15 Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- 200502-05 ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING SYSTEMS— STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA AFRICAN AMERICANS—PSYCHOLOGY Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food and Drug Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care? Administration Reports of Adverse Events LRP-200501-02 LRP-200505-02 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING SYSTEMS— Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use LRP- Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 200509-21 Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- AFRICAN AMERICANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA 200501-16 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- 200412-21 ADVERTISING Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP from a Longitudinal Assessment LRP-200502-15 Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action LRP-200508-18 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA ADVERTISING—METHODS Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13 AFTERCARE—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION AERONAUTICS, COMMERCIAL—SECURITY MEASURES Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Shoulder-Fired Missile Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- Threat OP-106 271 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? AERONAUTICS, MILITARY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LRP-200504-02 High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 7

AGE AND EMPLOYMENT AGED—MEDICAL CARE Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Retirement WR-196-1 Patients LRP-200508-09

AGE DISTRIBUTION AGED—MORTALITY—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 Patients LRP-200508-09

AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE—EMPLOYMENT—HEALTH ASPECTS (DEMOGRAPHY)—SWEDEN—ECONOMETRIC MODELS Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Comparison of Retirement WR-196-1 Survey and Register Data WR-283 AGGRESSION—DRUG EFFECTS AGE FACTORS Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Adults Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults LRP- LRP-200409-33 200410-19

AGE FACTORS—EUROPE AGING—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS—MEASUREMENT Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and Above WR-331 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey LRP-200504-20 AGE FACTORS—UNITED STATES Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After AGING—SOCIAL ASPECTS—EUROPE Retirement WR-196-1 Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Comparison of Survey and Register Data WR-283 AGE OF ONSET Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent AGRICULTURE—DEFENSE MEASURES Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? LRP- Not) LRP-200500-01 200503-30

AGED AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN PROGRAMS Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients LRP-200507- Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household 14 Income LRP-200305-38 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly AIDS (DISEASE)—RISK FACTORS—PSYCHOLOGICAL Outpatients LRP-200202-10 ASPECTS The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 AIDS (DISEASE)—SOCIAL ASPECTS The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Care TR-259 AIR FORCE. AIR TRAINING COMMAND An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Aircraft in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol Requirements MG-348 LRP-200511-06 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population LRP- AIR FORCE—APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES 200309-23 The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Commercial Aviation Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare LRP-200309-25 RGSD-194 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future Elderly LRP-200509-13 AIR FORCE—APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES — Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of EVALUATION a Multicenter Randomized Trial LRP-200108-17 Air Force Procurement: Approaches for Measurement and Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded Management MG-299 Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and Older LRP- An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures 200409-37 MG-274 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population LRP-200309-26 AIR FORCE—BARRACKS AND QUARTERS Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Effective Capital Provision Within Government: Methodologies for Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain Right-Sizing Base Infrastructure RGSD-190 LRP-200512-29 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for AIR FORCE—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS—EVALUATION Older Adults LRP-200509-19 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to-Air Combat with Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older and Without Link 16 MG-268 People LRP-200510-05 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older AIR FORCE—FOREIGN SERVICE—ASIA, CENTRAL Patients LRP-200508-09 U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and Military Roles A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- MG-338 06 AIR FORCE—GROUND SUPPORT AGED—HOUSING—STATISTICS Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Partnership MG-301 Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 8

AIR FORCE—JOB DESCRIPTIONS AIR POWER—EVALUATION Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Operation Management Approach MG-131 Enduring Freedom MG-166

AIR FORCE—MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Air Force Procurement: Approaches for Measurement and American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century Management MG-299 MG-404 Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges for Defense Department Procurement of Weapon Systems MG-337 AIRCRAFT CARRIERS—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION —COSTS AIR FORCE—OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Accelerating CVN 21 Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Production Versus Mid-Life Refueling MG-289 Background and Methods TR-175 Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force AIRCRAFT CARRIERS—GREAT BRITAIN—COSTS Management Approach MG-131 Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Programme MG-240 AIR FORCE—OFFICERS Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force AIRCRAFT CARRIERS—GREAT BRITAIN—DESIGN AND Management Approach MG-131 CONSTRUCTION Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management in the AIR FORCE—OFFICERS—TRAINING OF United Kingdom's Military Shipbuilding Industry MG-198/1 Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Future Background and Methods TR-175 Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Programme MG-240 Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications for the Ministry AIR FORCE—OPERATIONAL READINESS of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes MG-198 Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership MG-301 AIRLIFT, MILITARY Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom MG-193 AIR FORCE—OPERATIONAL READINESS—MEASUREMENT Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces TR-150 Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces TR-150 AIRLIFT, MILITARY—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES AIR FORCE—ORGANIZATION Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Combat Team MG-267-1 Background and Methods TR-175 AIRPLANES, MILITARY AIR FORCE—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions with Depot-Level Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable MG-241 Background and Methods TR-175 Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force AIRPLANES, MILITARY—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Management Approach MG-131 Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Aircraft Requirements MG-348 AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT Air Force Procurement: Approaches for Measurement and AIRPLANES, MILITARY—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION — Management MG-299 COSTS Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges for Defense Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development Department Procurement of Weapon Systems MG-337 Programs MG-276

AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT—DECISIONMAKING AIRPLANES, MILITARY—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Commercial Aviation The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Commercial Aviation RGSD-194 RGSD-194

AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT—EVALUATION AIRPLANES, MILITARY—MODIFICATION—COSTS An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Commercial Aviation MG-274 RGSD-194 Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development Programs MG-276 AIRPLANES—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION—COSTS Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Procurement and R&D AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Spending in the Aerospace Sector TR-263 Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues, and Guidelines MG-269 AIRPLANES—JET PROPULSION Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test AIR FORCE—RESEARCH Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Implications of Modern Decision Science for Military Decision- Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Support Systems MG-360 Facilities for American Aeronautics: Addendum CT-239/1

AIR FORCE—SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT AIRPLANES—TESTING Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Background and Methods TR-175 Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test AIR FORCE—SUPPLIES AND STORES Facilities for American Aeronautics: Addendum CT-239/1 Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom MG-193 AIRPORTS—SECURITY MEASURES AIR PILOTS, MILITARY—TRAINING OF RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Aircraft Requirements MG-348 9

AIRSHIPS ALCOHOLISM—PREVENTION & CONTROL High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through College LRP-200503-11 AIR—POLLUTION Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone Pollution LRP- Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 200510-04 ALCOHOLISM—TREATMENT AIR—POLLUTION—CALIFORNIA—PREVENTION State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive California's Independent Repair Shops TR-235 Disorders WR-119 State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Individuals with ALCOHOL DRINKING Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-344 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly ALGORITHMS Outpatients LRP-200202-10 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Alcohol Use in Missing Data LRP-200506-03 Young Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis LRP-200511-08 ALIEN LABOR ALCOHOL DRINKING—EPIDEMIOLOGY Immigrants and the Labor Market WR-321 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol ALLEGHENY COUNTY (PA.)—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS LRP-200511-06 Measuring and Understanding Economic Interdependence in Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies Allegheny County TR-200 LRP-200506-15 ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT ALCOHOL DRINKING—ETHNOLOGY Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing LRP- Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 200510-27

ALCOHOL DRINKING—PREVENTION & CONTROL AMBULATORY CARE Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the from a Longitudinal Assessment LRP-200502-15 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement LRP-200500-02 ALCOHOL DRINKING—PSYCHOLOGY Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Adolescence to AMBULATORY CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS— Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental STANDARDS Trajectories and Outcomes LRP-200507-13 Functional Characteristics of Commercial Ambulatory Electronic Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Prescribing Systems: A Field Study LRP-200505-03 Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 AMBULATORY CARE—ECONOMICS Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly ANIMAL INDUSTRY—DEFENSE MEASURES Outpatients LRP-200202-10 The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? LRP- 200503-30 ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS—PREVENTION & CONTROL ANTHRAX—PREVENTION & CONTROL An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol Anthrax LRP-200503-04 LRP-200511-06 ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENTS—ADVERSE EFFECTS ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION—PREVENTION & CONTROL Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION—PSYCHOLOGY Management of Acute Otitis Media LRP-200105-22 Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 ANTI-HIV AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults LRP- Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ 200410-19 Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11

ALCOHOLISM ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON- Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and STEROIDAL—ADVERSE EFFECTS Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young Adult Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Evaluating Women LRP-200501-20 Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions LRP-200208-15

ALCOHOLISM—DIAGNOSIS ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS—ADVERSE EFFECTS Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by General Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity LRP- Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey LRP- 200504-05 200503-05 ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity LRP- 200504-05 10

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE Law and Order in Palestine LRP-200412-23 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental ARABS—ETHNOLOGY—MIDDLE EAST Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1 200510-12 ARBITRATION AND AWARD ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute Arbitration Clauses: Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV The Average Consumer's Experience RP-1156 Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- ARMED FORCES—APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES 200510-12 Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable MG-241 ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations MG-362 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons LRP-199902-10 ARMED FORCES—COST CONTROL RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations MG-362 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Outcome LRP- 200012-02 ARMED FORCES—COST CONTROL—HISTORY Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized 1961–1969 Book-998876 Controlled Trial RP-1160 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs CT-242 Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200501-09 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504

ANTIOXIDANTS—THERAPEUTIC USE ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Personnel Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of MG-385 Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE—EVALUATION E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Cancer LRP-200308-12 Tricare Demonstration MG-330

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE—MANAGEMENT Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: The Spillover Effects of Military Communities on the Need for A Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200505-05 Health Care Safety-Net Services WR-299 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients LRP-200501-06 ARMED FORCES—MOBILIZATION RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations MG-362 ACTIVE—PSYCHOLOGY HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30 ARMED FORCES—MOBILIZATION—COSTS—STATISTICS Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of Reservists TR- ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE—STATISTICS 274 & NUMERICAL DATA Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and ARMED FORCES—OFFICERS—TRAINING OF Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Management Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 MG-306

ANXIETY DISORDERS—DRUG THERAPY ARMED FORCES—PAY ALLOWANCES, ETC. Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Educational Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with Benefit Needed? TR-127 Anxiety Disorders LRP-200509-30 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among ARMED FORCES—PAY, ALLOWANCES, ETC. Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? Evidence from 14 the US Navy LRP-200202-11 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with Mood and Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Personnel Anxiety Disorders LRP-200504-08 MG-385 The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks MG-324 ANXIETY DISORDERS—THERAPY Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Review of Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Economic Models of Compensation TR-194 Primary Care Outpatients LRP-200512-17 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic ARMED FORCES—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Disorder LRP-200507-10 Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel: A Review of Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers Findings on the Contribution of Experience, Training, and to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 Aptitude to Military Performance TR-193 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks MG-324 Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations MG-362 LRP-200508-14 Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Review of Economic Models of Compensation TR-194 ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State MG-327 ARMED FORCES—PROMOTIONS Building a Successful Palestinian State MG-146 The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks MG-324 Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings MG-146/1 11

Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Review of ARMY—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Economic Models of Compensation TR-194 Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects ARMED FORCES—RECRUITING, ENLISTMENT, ETC. of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170 Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Enlistments MG-202 The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks MG-324 ARMY—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS—TECHNOLOGICAL RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 INNOVATIONS Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Educational High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 Benefit Needed? TR-127 Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Network Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations MG-362 Management Technologies TR-216 What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment Qualifications DB-484 ARMY—EQUIPMENT—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Costs: A Study of ARMED FORCES—REORGANIZATION M1 Tanks TR-286 Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Review of Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Parts Economic Models of Compensation TR-194 MG-205

ARMED FORCES—REORGANIZATION—HISTORY ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—CONGRESSES Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results of the Army Medical Department Transformation Workshop IV TR- ARMED FORCES—RESERVES 253 Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Educational Benefit Needed? TR-127 ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—SIMULATION METHODS Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results of the ARMED FORCES—RESERVES—ESTIMATES Army Medical Department Transformation Workshop IV TR- Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Enlistments MG-202 253

ARMED FORCES—RESERVES—PAY, ALLOWANCES, ETC. ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—STANDARDS —STATISTICS Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of Reservists TR- Medical Department: Evaluation of Process and Effects MG- 274 319

ARMED FORCES—TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS ARMY—OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES—STUDY AND Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 TEACHING Transformation and the Army School System MG-328 ARMED FORCES—WEAPONS SYSTEMS The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects ARMY—OPERATIONAL READINESS of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170 Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Parts MG-205 ARMS TRANSFERS—CHINA Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export Controls Development and Engineering Command DB-465 for WMD-Related Goods and Technologies MG-353 Transformation and the Army School System MG-328

ARMY ARMY—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Education: EArmyU Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: Implications for the and Effects of Possible Program Changes MG-293 Future Force Era MG-219 Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, ARMY MEDICAL DEPT Development and Engineering Command DB-465 Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army Success of First-Term Soldiers: The Effects of Recruiting Medical Department: Evaluation of Process and Effects MG- Practices and Recruit Characteristics MG-262 319 Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the Army ARMY—PROCUREMENT Medical Department: Final Evaluation MG-277 Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We There Yet? Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results of the MG-291 Army Medical Department Transformation Workshop IV TR- 253 ARMY—PROCUREMENT—CASE STUDIES Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support ARMY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND ENGINEERING Contract MG-282 COMMAND—ORGANIZATION Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, ARMY—RECRUITING, ENLISTMENT, ETC. Development and Engineering Command DB-465 Success of First-Term Soldiers: The Effects of Recruiting Practices and Recruit Characteristics MG-262 ARMY. STRYKER BRIGADE—EVALUATION Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade ARMY—REORGANIZATION Combat Team MG-267-1 Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: Implications for the Future Force Era MG-219 ARMY. TASK FORCE RANGER—HISTORY Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results of the Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 Army Medical Department Transformation Workshop IV TR- 253 ARMY—APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Development and Engineering Command DB-465 Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 ARMY—SUPPLIES AND STORES ARMY—AVIATION How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 12

Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We There Yet? ASCORBIC ACID—THERAPEUTIC USE MG-291 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of ARMY—SUPPLIES AND STORES—MANAGEMENT Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Parts Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin MG-205 E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer LRP-200308-12 ARMY—WEAPONS SYSTEMS—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Costs: A Study of ASIA, CENTRAL—STRATEGIC ASPECTS M1 Tanks TR-286 U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and Military Roles MG-338 ARROYO CENTER An Army Transforming While at War: Annual Report 2004 AR- ASIAN AMERICANS 7099 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino American Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally Families: A Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 Research LRP-200501-12

ARTHRITIS ASSIMILATION (SOCIOLOGY) Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes of Health Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the 1990's? The Research: The Impact of Funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Importance of Entry RP-1087 Research Campaign' LRP-200407-19 ASTEROIDS—COLLISIONS WITH EARTH ARTHRITIS RESEARCH CAMPAIGN (ORGANIZATION) Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the Cosmic Impact Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis Hazard RGSD-184 Research Campaign LRP-200507-06 ASTHMA IN CHILDREN—PATIENTS—CARE ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID—DRUG THERAPY Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Status in Children Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the with Arthritis LRP-200505-13 Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? WR-194 ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID—THERAPY Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and ASTHMA—DIAGNOSIS Functional Status in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among A Randomized Trial LRP-200505-04 Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID—DRUG THERAPY ASTHMA—ETHNOLOGY Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis ASTHMA—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY LRP-200403-24 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module LRP-200503-06 ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID—PSYCHOLOGY Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Rates to Mailed ASTHMA—PREVENTION & CONTROL Study Consent Forms LRP-200507-20 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and ARTHRITIS—RESEARCH—CASE STUDIES Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign LRP-200507-06 ASTHMA—THERAPY Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes of Health Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Research: The Impact of Funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Research Campaign' LRP-200407-19 LRP-200505-14 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES IN NAVIGATION Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Building a Multinational Global Navigation Satellite System: An Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Initial Look MG-284 Care? WR-194

ARTS AND SOCIETY ASTHMA—TREATMENT—EVALUATION RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of Process and Effects MG- ART—ECONOMIC ASPECTS 319 Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a New Era MG-290 ASTRONAUTICS—ACCIDENTS—JAPAN Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? TR-184 ART—FORECASTING Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a New Era ASTRONAUTICS—GOVERNMENT POLICY—JAPAN MG-290 Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? TR-184

ART—MARKETING ASTRONAUTICS—JAPAN Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a New Era Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? TR-184 MG-290 ATMOSPHERIC OZONE—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ASBESTOS INDUSTRY—LAW AND LEGISLATION Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone Pollution LRP- Asbestos Litigation MG-162 200510-04 13

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY— AWARENESS THERAPY Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California LRP-200502-02 BALKAN PENINSULA—FOREIGN RELATIONS Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER— TREATMENT—CALIFORNIA BALKAN PENINSULA—MILITARY POLICY Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California LRP-200502-02 BALKAN PENINSULA—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 ATTENTION-DEFICIT-DISORDERED CHILDREN—CALIFORNIA Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSES—COSTS Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense (PAT-MD): California LRP-200502-02 Methodology and Users Manual TR-262

ATTITUDE BANGLADESH—ECONOMIC POLICY Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200509-30 BANGLADESH—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 and Bangladesh RP-1195 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 LRP-200506-15 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Men's BARRETT ESOPHAGUS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Condom-Use Behavior: A Review LRP-200512-25 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort LRP- ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL 200504-17 Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care? LRP-200505-02 BATTERED WOMEN—PSYCHOLOGY Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? LRP-200401-17 Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young Adult Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Women LRP-200501-20 Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- BATTERED WOMEN—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA 200510-12 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low- Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 Income Housing LRP-200510-08 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward Integrative Medicine LRP-200510-02 BAYESIAN STATISTICAL DECISION THEORY Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 ATTITUDE TO HEALTH Assumptions LRP-200206-14 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort LRP-200512-09 BEER Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 14 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to BEER—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Anthrax LRP-200503-04 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Farmworkers: Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 Reliability and Validity of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care Measure (P3C) LRP-200503-18 BEHAVIOR Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging ATTITUDE TO HEALTH—ETHNOLOGY Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 BEHAVIOR THERAPY ATTITUDE—ETHNOLOGY Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating 200107-18 Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach LRP- AUDITING—STANDARDS 200503-13 Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY) How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating WR-300/1 Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- 30 AUTOMOBILE DRIVING—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS(r) Hospital Survey LRP- Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A 200512-18 Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CITATIONS—ANALYSIS AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL—RESEARCH—NETHERLANDS Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Eindrapport WR- from Health Research LRP-200500-09 274 14

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS—FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS BLADDER NEOPLASMS—SURGERY Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27 from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem DB-457 BODY MASS INDEX Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan BIOTERRORISM Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 United States LRP-200509-07 Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in BODY WEIGHT—DRUG EFFECTS the United States TR-285 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Immunodeficiency A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss LRP-200503-25 LRP-200509-01 Syndromic Surveillance LRP-200503-23 BODY WEIGHT—HEALTH ASPECTS RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 BIOTERRORISM—PREVENTION The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? LRP- BOMBERS (TERRORISTS)—PSYCHOLOGY 200503-30 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187

BIOTERRORISM—PSYCHOLOGY BOMBINGS—ISRAEL Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA—HISTORY, MILITARY BIOTERRORISM—SAFETY MEASURES Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Contract MG-282 Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 BRAZIL BIOTERRORISM—UNITED STATES—STATES—SAFETY The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: MEASURES Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in BREAST NEOPLASMS—DRUG THERAPY the United States TR-285 Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 LRP-200509-01 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 BIPOLAR DISORDER—DIAGNOSIS Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals with BREAST NEOPLASMS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Bipolar Disorder LRP-200410-17 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement BIPOLAR DISORDER—EPIDEMIOLOGY LRP-200500-02 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200512-15 BREAST NEOPLASMS—PATHOLOGY Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the BIPOLAR DISORDER—THERAPY Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar LRP-200500-02 Disorder LRP-200512-15 BREAST NEOPLASMS—THERAPY BIRTH CONTROL—MALAYSIA Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Culture, Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement and Politics LRP-199612-05 LRP-200500-02 Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer BIRTH INTERVALS Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for and Fecundity WR-219 Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy LRP- 200507-11 BIRTH INTERVALS—INDIA Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, BREAST—CANCER and Fecundity WR-219 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 BIRTH RATE The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- BREAST—CANCER—DIAGNOSIS—CALIFORNIA 200003-20 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW—RESEARCH Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care on Birthweight BREAST—RADIOGRAPHY—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Outcomes by Race LRP-199209-01 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 BISEXUALITY—PSYCHOLOGY Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into BROADBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach LRP- Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Network 200503-13 Management Technologies TR-216

BLADDER NEOPLASMS—MORTALITY BUILDING FAILURES—HEALTH ASPECTS Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27 Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events TR-309 15

BUILDINGS, STORMPROOF CANCER PAIN—TREATMENT Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures WR-309 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Cancer LRP- 200503-03 BUILDINGS—PROTECTION Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures WR-309 CANCER—CHEMOTHERAPY Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer BUSINESS ENTERPRISES—FINANCE Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Opportunities CF-221 CANCER—PREVENTION—NUTRITION BUSINESS ENTERPRISES—ILLINOIS Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 Illinois Homeland Security Economic Development Initiative: Scoping Study WR-222 CANDIDIASIS, ORAL—EPIDEMIOLOGY Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients CALIFORNIA in the Era of HAART LRP-200504-21 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 CAPITATION FEE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Examination LRP- Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200411-11 200108-18 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users CARDIOLOGY Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of 200512-23 Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES—DRUG THERAPY The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08 Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES—PREVENTION & CONTROL An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in 200301-23 California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES—THERAPY Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions LRP-200512-30 CAREER CHOICE Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Teaching by California LRP-200504-18 Attendings: A National Survey LRP-200502-14 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter CAREER EDUCATION—GREAT BRITAIN Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07 Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will It Lead to Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven a Better System? LRP-200400-18 Jurisdictions CT-241 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Literature LRP-200400-19 Validation of the Italian Version of the University of California- Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index LRP-200508-25 CAREGIVERS Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California LRP-200502-02 CAREGIVERS—PSYCHOLOGY Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients LRP-200507- Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- 14 200511-05 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- CAUSALITY Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200411-11 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30

CALIFORNIA—WORKERS' COMPENSATION CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' (U.S.)—STANDARDS Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- 16 CALIFORNIA—EPIDEMIOLOGY Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the CHARTER SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding and LRP-200500-02 Facilities: Evidence from California LRP-200512-27 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 WR-306 The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operations of Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Charter Schools Affect Performance WR-305 Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-297 Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact of SB 740 MG-323 16

CHARTER SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA—FINANCE CHILD CARE—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Los Angeles of SB 740 MG-323 County TR-116

CHARTER SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES CHILD DEVELOPMENT Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: Are They Closing Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies the Achievement Gap? WR-282 LRP-200506-15

CHARTER SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO CHILD HEALTH SERVICES Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: Are They Closing Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results the Achievement Gap? WR-282 from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Farmworkers: CHARTER SCHOOLS—EVALUATION Reliability and Validity of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Student Achievement in Charter Schools: A Complex Picture Care Measure (P3C) LRP-200503-18 LRP-200500-07 CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—ALLEGHENY CHARTER SCHOOLS—LAW AND COUNTY LEGISLATION—CALIFORNIA Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 of SB 740 MG-323 CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—PITTSBURGH CHARTER SCHOOLS—TEXAS—EVALUATION Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 WR-306 CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—STANDARDS CHEMICAL WEAPONS—FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise Care for Children LRP-200407-18 from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem DB-457 CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and 2002 CHEMICALS—HEALTH ASPECTS LRP-200507-08 Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events TR-309 CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION—INDIA Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT WR-294 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 CHILD MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and 2002 CHEWING GUM LRP-200507-08 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked CHILD WELFARE Craving LRP-200511-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Probability Sample of Children in the Child Welfare System LRP-200503-16 CHILD RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 CHILD WELFARE—CALIFORNIA Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan The Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities LRP- Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 199809-07 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and CHILD WELFARE—EVALUATION Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal MG-341 Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans LRP-200505-09 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among CHILD, UNWANTED Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic Service Access and Service System Development in a Children's Conditions LRP-200406-23 Behavioral Health System of Care LRP-200505-16 CHILDREN CHILD ABUSE—MORTALITY Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic Children in Nepal LRP-199707-03 Conditions LRP-200406-23 CHILDREN OF DIVORCED PARENTS—ATTITUDES CHILD BEHAVIOR Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on 200511-02 Societal Trends, Pt. 1 LRP-200501-03 CHILDREN OF MILITARY PERSONNEL CHILD CARE SERVICES Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement for Local School Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise Districts LRP-200410-20 MG-341 CHILDREN WITH SOCIAL DISABILITIES—SERVICES FOR CHILD CARE SERVICES—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise COUNTY MG-341 Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Los Angeles RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 County TR-116 17

CHILDREN WITH SOCIAL DISABILITIES—SERVICES FOR— CHINA—FOREIGN RELATIONS—EUROPE UNITED STATES China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis of Emerging Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Consequences for MG-341 Transatlantic Relations CF-199

CHILDREN—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES—ECONOMIC CHINA—FOREIGN RELATIONS—UNITED STATES— CONDITIONS CONGRESSES Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can Demographic and Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Health Surveys Help to Understand the Determinants? LRP- Conference, August 28–29, 2003 CF-195 199911-14 CHINA—MILITARY POLICY CHILDREN—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES—MORTALITY China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Balance CT- Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can Demographic and 247 Health Surveys Help to Understand the Determinants? LRP- Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints 199911-14 MG-260-1

CHILDREN—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES—SOCIAL CHINA—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT CONDITIONS Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can Demographic and MG-260-1 Health Surveys Help to Understand the Determinants? LRP- 199911-14 CHINA—RELATIONS—TAIWAN China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Balance CT- CHILDREN—HEALTH AND HYGIENE—BRAZIL 247 The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 CHINA—STRATEGIC ASPECTS China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Balance CT- CHILDREN—HEALTH AND HYGIENE—DEVELOPING 247 COUNTRIES Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can Demographic and CHIROPRACTIC—EDUCATION Health Surveys Help to Understand the Determinants? LRP- Alternative Philosophical and Investigatory Paradigms for 199911-14 Chiropractic LRP-199307-02

CHINA—ARMED FORCES—REORGANIZATION CHIROPRACTIC—METHODS Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Analysis LRP- MG-260-1 200502-13 A New Direction for China's Defense Industry MG-334 CHOICE BEHAVIOR CHINA—COMMERCIAL POLICY "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care China and Globalization CT-244 Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for CHINA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025 CP- Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Discrete Choice 505 Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project LRP-200500-03 CHINA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS—CONGRESSES Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the German Health Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Care System LRP-200500-06 Conference, August 28–29, 2003 CF-195 London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference CHINA—ECONOMIC POLICY Choice Data TR-230 China and Globalization CT-244 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Balance CT- When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 247 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Chinese Government Responses to Rising Social Unrest CT- Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer 240 Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Era of a Rising China MG-320 CHRONIC DISEASE A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic CHINA—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Pain Syndrome LRP-200509-29 China and Globalization CT-244 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025 CP- Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and Hypertension LRP- 505 200309-24 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for CHINA—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS—UNITED Older Adults LRP-200509-19 STATES—CONGRESSES Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Collaboratives Conference, August 28–29, 2003 CF-195 LRP-200504-14

CHINA—FOREIGN RELATIONS CHRONIC DISEASES—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis of Emerging Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Consequences for Failure? RP-1173 Transatlantic Relations CF-199 Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025 CP- CHRONIC DISEASE—CLASSIFICATION 505 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 18

CHRONIC DISEASE—ECONOMICS CLINICAL COMPETENCE The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among the Elderly A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Communication LRP-200509-14 Skills LRP-200403-20 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider CHRONIC DISEASE—EPIDEMIOLOGY Competencies LRP-200508-06 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ CLINICAL MEDICINE Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- 200501-16 CHRONIC DISEASE—THERAPY An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Ambulatory CLINICAL PHARMACY INFORMATION SYSTEMS Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Approach LRP- RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 200400-17 Costs and Effects of Participation in Collaboratives to Improve CLINICAL PHARMACY INFORMATION SYSTEMS— Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Geoffrey Joyce WR-269 E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003: Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information Failure? RP-1173 Technology? LRP-200509-06 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses LRP-200508-05 CLINICAL TRIALS A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Chronic Illness Care: Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, When, and How? Technical Appendix WR-290 LRP-200403-23 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 CLINICAL TRIALS—ECONOMICS The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials LRP-200103-18 Illness Care RP-1162 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CHURCH STATISTICS Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and Changes Among Partnership MG-301 Religious Adherents Across U.S. Counties WR-211 CLUSTER ANALYSIS CITATION ANALYSIS Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services from Health Research LRP-200500-09 Research LRP-200309-22

CITIES AND TOWNS—GROWTH COERCION RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 CITIES AND TOWNS—RATING Rating Best Places: Going Beyond Real Estate in Making Location COGNITION Decisions LRP-200209-18 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 CIVIL DEFENSE Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary COGNITION—DRUG EFFECTS Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for Dementia, and Neurological Diseases LRP-200502-22 Public Health Emergencies TR-249 COGNITIVE THERAPY CIVIL DEFENSE—IRAQ Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improve Panic Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in Authority's Experience MG-365 the Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200511-14 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy CIVIL LAW and Medication for Primary Care Panic Disorder LRP- Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Optimal Settlement 200503-27 Mechanisms: Theory and Evidence LRP-200304-22 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused Interventions in CIVIL PROCEDURE Schools LRP-200509-31 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Optimal Settlement COHORT STUDIES Mechanisms: Theory and Evidence LRP-200304-22 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? COLLEGE ATTENDANCE Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible Program Changes MG-293 CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS—CHINA Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints Education LRP-200507-17 MG-260-1 Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Educational Benefit Needed? TR-127 CLASS SIZE Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18 COLLEGE STUDENTS—EMPLOYMENT Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Educational CLERGY Benefit Needed? TR-127 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS—PREVENTION & CONTROL 19

Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal COMMUNICATION PLANNING Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Network 200511-05 Management Technologies TR-216

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS—RADIOTHERAPY COMMUNICATIONS, MILITARY—CASE STUDIES OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 Combat Team MG-267-1

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS—SURGERY COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 Agenda MG-242

COMBAT SURVIVABILITY (MILITARY ENGINEERING) COMMUNITY CENTERS Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options DB-472 Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action Agenda MG-242 COMBATANTS AND NONCOMBATANTS (INTERNATIONAL LAW) COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—CASE How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? STUDIES Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 COMBAT—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and Its Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Applicability to the Military TR-192 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with Mood and Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Anxiety Disorders LRP-200504-08 Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data- Driven Interventions WR-220 COMETS—COLLISIONS WITH EARTH Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the Cosmic Impact COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND Hazard RGSD-184 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—PLANNING COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS—UNITED RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 STATES—CASE STUDIES Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING Combat Team MG-267-1 Public Involvement in Community Health Improvement LRP- 200403-22 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL—METHODS Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING—ECONOMICS Developing Countries MG-402 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV Infection LRP-200507-05 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in 16 Restructuring WR-310 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional COMMUNICATION Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Communication AGED—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY Skills / Joel Rosen LRP-200403-20 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino American Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 Families: A Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory Research LRP-200501-12 COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- ADMINISTRATION 16 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION —PENNSYLVANIA COMMUNICATION BARRIERS Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 COMMUNITY HEALTH In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—ALLEGHENY COUNTY Anthrax LRP-200503-04 Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 20

COMMUNITY HEALTH COMPETITIVE MEDICAL PLANS—ECONOMICS SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—PITTSBURGH Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for California LRP-200504-18 Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—SUPPLY AND Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno-Augmentation Therapy DISTRIBUTION and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer LRP-200304-23 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Analysis LRP- Restructuring WR-310 200502-13 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Integrated Medical COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—MANPOWER System LRP-200503-21 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES—STANDARDS Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics LRP-200506-10 COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building DATA Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward LRP-200506-01 Integrative Medicine LRP-200510-02 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community-Based Care for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities LRP-200509-28 COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES—UTILIZATION Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Mental Health LRP- A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward 200000-47 Integrative Medicine LRP-200510-02

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION—MATHEMATICAL MODELS COMPLEX LITIGATION A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Community Asbestos Litigation MG-162 Policing Implementation LRP-200409-36 COMPUTER NETWORKS COMMUNITY POLICING—CINCINNATI (OHIO) The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati TR-333 of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170

COMMUNITY POLICING—MATHEMATICAL MODELS COMPUTER NETWORKS—SECURITY MEASURES A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Community Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Policing Implementation LRP-200409-36 Must Fend for Themselves LRP-200400-16

COMMUNITY-BASED COMPUTER SECURITY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE CORRECTIONS—CALIFORNIA—VENTURA COUNTY Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Supervision and Official Outcomes LRP-200501-19 Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161

COMMUNITY-INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS COMPUTER SIMULATION Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and Cost-Effective COMORBIDITY LRP-200502-03 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200410-17 COMPUTER SOFTWARE—COSTS—ESTIMATES Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues, and Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain Guidelines MG-269 LRP-200512-29 Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in COMPUTER SOFTWARE—COSTS—FORECASTING the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues, and System TR-201 Guidelines MG-269

COMPARATIVE EDUCATION COMPUTER SOFTWARE—DEVELOPMENT Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Soup or Art? The Role of Evidential Force in Empirical Software International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Engineering LRP-200501-11 Effectiveness MG-270 COMPUTER SOFTWARE—DEVELOPMENT—MANAGEMENT COMPARATIVE STUDY Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues, and Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Guidelines MG-269 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement LRP-200500-02 CONDOMS—UTILIZATION Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- Outpatients LRP-200202-10 200512-23 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Men's Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Condom-Use Behavior: A Review LRP-200512-25 Practices RP-1174 CONFIDENCE AND SECURITY BUILDING MEASURES COMPETITION, INTERNATIONAL (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Era of Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment a Rising China MG-320 and Military Alliances RGSD-191 21

CONFIDENCE AND SECURITY BUILDING MEASURES CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)—JAPAN Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement and Military Alliances RGSD-191 LRP-200500-02 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect CONFIDENCE INTERVALS Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Evaluating Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions LRP-200208-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with Health Care LRP-200507-15 CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY) Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Disparities LRP-200503-08 Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- 30 CONTINUITY OF PATIENT CARE Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE—TREATMENT 200405-32 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Last 3 Years of Life: Failure? RP-1173 A Pilot Study LRP-200501-13 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses LRP-200508-05 CONTINUITY OF PATIENT CARE—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION CONSENSUS (SOCIAL SCIENCES) Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: An Appropriate Care TR-259 Extension of the Delphi Method? LRP-200512-19 CONTRACEPTION—UTILIZATION CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES—NEPAL Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Prevention Among African Americans of Reproductive Age Children in Nepal LRP-199707-03 LRP-200508-13 HIV-Infected Population National Data LRP-200503-22 CONSUMER ADVOCACY Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of-Pocket Costs: CONTRACTING OUT—DECISIONMAKING An Experimental Analysis LRP-200103-17 How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 CONSUMER PARTICIPATION Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of Information When Contract MG-282 Making Treatment Decisions LRP-200500-04 CONTRACTING OUT—GREAT BRITAIN CONSUMER PROTECTION Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management in the "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute Arbitration Clauses: United Kingdom's Military Shipbuilding Industry MG-198/1 The Average Consumer's Experience RP-1156 Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes MG-198 CONSUMER SATISFACTION An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Ambulatory CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Approach LRP- Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in 200400-17 Inflammatory Bowel Disease LRP-200509-22 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS(r) Hospital Survey LRP- 200512-18 COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Communication and Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Collaboration Among Physicians and Nurses LRP-200501- Development and Evaluation of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey 05 LRP-200512-06 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Project The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their LRP-200512-26 Feet? LRP-200412-28 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª CORPORATIONS—ACCOUNTING—CORRUPT PRACTICES Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 CONSUMER SATISFACTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? DATA WR-300/1 London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference CORPORATIONS—AUDITING Choice Data TR-230 Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with WR-300/1 Health Care LRP-200507-15 COST CONTROL CONSUMPTION (ECONOMICS) Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 Declines in Spending at Retirement WR-242 COST CONTROL—ECONOMICS CONTENT ANALYSIS (COMMUNICATION) Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs LRP-200509- from Health Research LRP-200500-09 04 22

COST OF ILLNESS COUNSELING Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals with HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: Bipolar Disorder LRP-200410-17 An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America LRP-200504-04 Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Sector LRP-200504-10 Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among the Elderly LRP-200509-14 COURTSHIP—ADOLESCENCE Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Principal Findings LRP-200503-32 Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176

COST SHARING CRIME PREVENTION—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 Year 2003–2004 Report WR-218 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 CRIME PREVENTION—CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer —MATHEMATICAL MODELS Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Community Policing Implementation LRP-200409-36 COST SHARING—ECONOMICS The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs CRIME VICTIMS for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and COST SHARING—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Substance Use LRP-200505-12 Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- 17 CRIME VICTIMS—PSYCHOLOGY Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- COST SHARING—TRENDS 200412-21 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Decisions LRP-200508-15 Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults LRP- 200410-19 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF Trajectories MG-408 Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Stops LRP-200505-18 Emergency Departments LRP-200507-02 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV CRIMINAL JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION OF Infection LRP-200507-05 Establishing Law and Order After Conflict MG-374 Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Savings and Costs MG-410 CRIMINAL JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION OF— Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare LRP-200309-25 DECISIONMAKING Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Resources LRP- Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen 200503-24 Stops LRP-200505-18 Measuring Preference Weights for American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Patients with Rheumatoid CRIMINAL LAW Arthritis LRP-200512-12 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate into Health Disparities LRP-200511-17 COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care CRIMINOLOGY Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Assessing the General Theory of Crime LRP-200503-33 Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship CRISIS INTERVENTION to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Stepped-Care Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials LRP-200103-18 Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused Interventions in Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Schools LRP-200509-31 Sector LRP-200504-10 Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market LRP-200509- CUES 17 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum Versus Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Alternative Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked Approaches LRP-200506-04 Craving LRP-200511-16 Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 CULTURAL DIVERSITY Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 LRP-200503-07 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Communication COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS—ECONOMICS Skills LRP-200403-20 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Privately Insured Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use CULTURE LRP-200412-27 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS—TRENDS 14 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: A Elderly LRP-200509-11 Longitudinal Analysis LRP-200509-24 23

CURRICULUM EVALUATION Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of-Pocket Costs: Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An An Experimental Analysis LRP-200103-17 Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental CYSTECTOMY Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27 200510-12 How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An Analysis Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors of Disenrollment Decisions LRP-200512-30 in Adolescents LRP-200412-31 The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 DATA COLLECTION London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference System MG-317 Choice Data TR-230 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence-Based Information DATA COLLECTION—METHODS on Child and Family Policy RP-1178 Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life Reform TR-289 Measures LRP-200503-31 The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of Information When Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of Making Treatment Decisions LRP-200500-04 Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS(r) Hospital Survey LRP- Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 200512-18 Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: An Appropriate Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Extension of the Delphi Method? LRP-200512-19 Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Soup or Art? The Role of Evidential Force in Empirical Software Practices RP-1174 Engineering LRP-200501-11 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Cancer LRP- DECISIONMAKING—METHODOLOGY 200506-18 Shaping the Future LRP-200504-15 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS ª Hospital Survey LRP-200512-04 DECISIONMAKING—NETHERLANDS—METHODOLOGY Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in Nederland: Identificatie Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 Van Knelpunten En Oplossingrichtingen WR-277

DATA COLLECTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA DECISIONMAKING—NETHERLANDS—PHILOSOPHY Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to CAHPS* Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in Nederland: Identificatie Hospital Survey LRP-200512-01 Van Knelpunten En Oplossingrichtingen WR-277 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the CAHPSª Hospital Survey LRP-200512-05 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS Implications of Modern Decision Science for Military Decision- DATA COMPRESSION (TELECOMMUNICATION) Support Systems MG-360 Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Network Management Technologies TR-216 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, CLINICAL An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Ambulatory DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Approach LRP- Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially 200400-17 Missing Data LRP-200506-03 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 200501-16 DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES DATABASE MANAGEMENT—NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of Information When Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Making Treatment Decisions LRP-200500-04 Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including 185 Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and Cost-Effective DATABASES, FACTUAL—STANDARDS LRP-200502-03 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement DEDUCTIBLES AND COINSURANCE—ECONOMICS LRP-200500-02 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 DATABASES, FACTUAL—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer LRP-200500-02 Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17

DATING VIOLENCE DEFENCE PROCUREMENT AGENCY (GREAT BRITAIN)— Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender MANAGEMENT Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176 Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor DECISIONMAKING Progress? MG-235 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient DEFENSE CONTRACTS Choice Project LRP-200500-03 The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An Economic and Industry Analysis DB-478 24

How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED—UTILIZATION Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges for Defense Integrative Medicine LRP-200510-02 Department Procurement of Weapon Systems MG-337 Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—ECONOMICS Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict and Manage Pediatric Health Care LRP-200508-23 DEFENSE CONTRACTS—EVALUATION An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & MG-274 ADMINISTRATION Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded DEFENSE CONTRACTS—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and Older LRP- Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support 200409-37 Contract MG-282 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & DEFENSE INDUSTRIES—CHINA ADMINISTRATION—MIDDLE EAST A New Direction for China's Defense Industry MG-334 Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1

DEFENSE INDUSTRIES—EUROPE DELPHI METHOD Arming Europe RP-1209 Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: An Appropriate Extension of the Delphi Method? LRP-200512-19 DEFENSE INDUSTRIES—GREAT BRITAIN The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, DEMOCRACY—CHINA—HONG KING Sustaining Design and Production Resources MG-326/1 Hong Kong: The Perils of Semidemocracy RP-1179 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical DEMOCRATIZATION—CASE STUDIES Resources MG-326/2 The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 304

DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It LRP-200509-23 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care? DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION—ECONOMETRIC MODELS LRP-200505-02 Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Comparison of Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Survey and Register Data WR-283 Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION—EUROPE Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe WR-273 Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION—MALAYSIA the United States TR-285 Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Culture, Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally and Politics LRP-199612-05 Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care LRP-200509-08 DEMOGRAPHY Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual Patients and Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Distributive Justice in Health Care LRP-200501-23 Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Alternative Approaches LRP-200506-04 DEMOGRAPHY—BANGLADESH—POPULATION Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 and Bangladesh RP-1195 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 DEMOGRAPHY—PAKISTAN—POPULATION A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan LRP-200509-01 and Bangladesh RP-1195 Service Access and Service System Development in a Children's Behavioral Health System of Care LRP-200505-16 DEPLOYMENT (STRATEGY) Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom MG-193 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces TR-150 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and DEPLOYMENT (STRATEGY)—EVALUATION—CASE STUDIES Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Combat Team MG-267-1 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE DEPRESSION—DIAGNOSIS Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the German Health Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into Care System LRP-200500-06 the Mainstream LRP-200501-14 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED—STATISTICS & Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 NUMERICAL DATA A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward DEPRESSION—PSYCHOLOGY Integrative Medicine LRP-200510-02 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women LRP-200508-26 25

DEPRESSION—THERAPY Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Threat? CT- Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into 250-1 the Mainstream LRP-200501-14 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care: Do Patients DEVELOPING COUNTRIES with Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Long Run? Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in LRP-200506-11 Developing Countries MG-402

DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR—DIAGNOSIS DIABETES COMPLICATIONS Depression Among Youth in Primary Care Models for Delivering Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Mental Health Services LRP-200207-15 Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost-Effectiveness LRP-200307-16 DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR—ECONOMICS Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, DIABETES MELLITUS Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs LRP- Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for 200504-12 Older Adults LRP-200509-19 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2—METABOLISM LRP-200512-29 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR—PSYCHOLOGY Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis Care Clinics LRP-200512-28 LRP-200403-24

DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—DIAGNOSIS DIABETES MELLITUS—DRUG THERAPY Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Review LRP-200109-01 Controlled Trial RP-1160 DIABETES MELLITUS—EPIDEMIOLOGY DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—DRUG THERAPY Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Outcome LRP- Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare LRP-200505-06 200012-02 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, DIABETES MELLITUS—THERAPY Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease LRP-200208-17 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—THERAPY 200405-32 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A DIABETES—TREATMENT—STANDARDS Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200501-09 Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the Army Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of Medical Department: Final Evaluation MG-277 a Multicenter Randomized Trial LRP-200108-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Improvement DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES—EVALUATION for Depression in Primary Care LRP-200107-17 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Provider Type and Depression Treatment Adequacy LRP- Problems in Older Persons LRP-199704-04 200506-06 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE DEPT. OF DEFENSE—HISTORY—20TH CENTURY Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 1961–1969 Book-998876 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 DEPT. OF DEFENSE—PROCUREMENT The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN—BRAZIL Economic and Industry Analysis DB-478 The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to Precision Guided Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 Munitions Planning RGSD-195 DIARRHEA—CHILD—STATISTICS DEPT. OF DEFENSE—RULES AND PRACTICE— The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: EVALUATION Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Management MG-306 DIET Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on DEPT. OF DEFENSE—WEAPONS SYSTEMS—COSTS Societal Trends, Pt. 2 LRP-200504-06 Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to Precision Guided Munitions Planning RGSD-195 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS—ADVERSE EFFECTS Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance DEPT. OF HOMELAND SECURITY Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- The Department of Homeland Security: The Road Ahead CT- 200302-15 233 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food and Drug Administration Reports of Adverse Events LRP-200501-02 DETERRENCE (STRATEGY) Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use LRP- Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications 200509-21 of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- 458 200501-16 Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem DB-457 26

DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 LRP-200512-29

DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION DISABLED VETERANS—PENSIONS Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation MG-369 Elderly LRP-200509-10 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is There a Case for DISASTER MEDICINE More-Aggressive Government Action? LRP-200509-03 Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES—SURGERY Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Undergoing Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Abdominal Operations LRP-200512-21 Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for Public Health Emergencies TR-249 DIPHENHYDRAMINE—ADVERSE EFFECTS Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription DISASTER MEDICINE—EVALUATION for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Ready TR-224

DISABILITY EVALUATION DISASTER MEDICINE—UNITED STATES—STATES An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation MG-369 Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs LRP- the United States TR-285 200504-12 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare LRP-200509-01 Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes DISASTER PLANNING Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: LRP-200512-29 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Trial LRP-200505-11 Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, the Public Health Emergencies TR-249 Netherlands, and the United States WR-280 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions CT-241 DISABILITY EVALUATION—GREAT BRITAIN Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, the DISASTERS Netherlands, and the United States WR-280 Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the Cosmic Impact Hazard RGSD-184 DISABILITY EVALUATION—LAW AND LEGISLATION—CALIFORNIA DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY) Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally in California MG-400 Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating Health Care LRP-200509-08 System MG-258 DISEASE MANAGEMENT DISABILITY EVALUATION—NETHERLANDS An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, the Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- Netherlands, and the United States WR-280 30 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of DISABILITY RETIREMENT a Multicenter Randomized Trial LRP-200108-17 An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation MG-369 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses LRP-200508-05 DISABLED CHILDREN A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Chronic Illness Care: The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Generic Technical Appendix WR-290 Core Scales and Asthma Module LRP-200503-06 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Collaboratives DISABLED PERSONS LRP-200504-14 Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 200405-32 A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome 200301-23 Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24

DISABLED PERSONS—PSYCHOLOGY DISEASE NOTIFICATION—METHODS Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Syndromic Surveillance LRP-200503-23 Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs LRP- 200504-12 DISEASE OUTBREAKS Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Syndromic Surveillance LRP-200503-23 Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain LRP-200512-29 DISEASE OUTBREAKS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West DISABLED PERSONS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, the United States TR-285 Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs LRP- Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- 200504-12 16 27

DISEASE PROGRESSION DRUG THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED—ORGANIZATION & Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a ADMINISTRATION Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort LRP- E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003: 200504-17 Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information Technology? LRP-200509-06 DISPUTE RESOLUTION (LAW) "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute Arbitration Clauses: DRUG UTILIZATION—UNITED STATES The Average Consumer's Experience RP-1156 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 DIVORCE—PSYCHOLOGY Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- DRUGS OF ABUSE—LAW AND LEGISLATION—ARIZONA 200511-02 Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in DOMESTIC VIOLENCE—PSYCHOLOGY California and Arizona MG-288 Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young Adult DRUGS OF ABUSE—LAW AND LEGISLATION—CALIFORNIA Women LRP-200501-20 Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in DRONE AIRCRAFT California and Arizona MG-288 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Considerations MG-350 DRUGS—COST CONTROL Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- DRUG ABUSE AND CRIME 17 How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy OP-121 DRUGS—PACKAGING Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' DRUG ABUSE—FORECASTING Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of Drug Use Initiation: DRUGS—PRESCRIBING Responses to Anthony, Kenkel, & Mathios and Lynskey Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- LRP-200200-48 17

DRUG ABUSE—PREVENTION DRUGS—PRICES School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Drug Use CT-237 Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197

DRUG ABUSE—PREVENTION—EVALUATION DRUGS—PURCHASING How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs Programs and Policy OP-121 for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193

DRUG ABUSE—PREVENTION—FINANCE DUBLIN CORE An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept CT-236 Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- DRUG ABUSE—TREATMENT 185 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program LRP- DYSPEPSIA—CHEMICALLY INDUCED 199600-07 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Evaluating RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions LRP-200208-15 State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Disorders WR-119 Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Individuals with MG-341 Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-344 Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers WR-199 DRUG ABUSE—TREATMENT RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION—CALIFORNIA—COST EFFECTIVENESS DRUG COSTS The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- California MG-349 17 The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in California: Executive Summary MG-349/1 DRUG MONITORING—INSTRUMENTATION Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION—CALIFORNIA—LOS Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 ANGELES COUNTY Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Los Angeles DRUG PACKAGING County TR-116 Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE Palestinians Need More Cash LRP-200507-03 DRUG TESTING Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE, AMERICAN—IRAQ Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program LRP- Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We 199600-07 Learn? RP-1197 28

ECONOMIC COMPETITION Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise for and The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO Old Idea? OP-153 Industry LRP-200409-31 Developing Process Indicators to Improve Educational Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Care CT- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT—ILLINOIS 245 Illinois Homeland Security Economic Development Initiative: An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care WR- Scoping Study WR-222 241 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT—POLITICAL ASPECTS—IRAQ Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects RP-1165 Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the ECONOMICS Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 Conditions LRP-200406-23 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement under Title I: Recent EDISON SCHOOLS INC. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Schools Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations and Achievement WR-154 in Edison Schools MG-351 Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- 259 EDUCATION AND STATE Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise for and EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY—STATES Old Idea? OP-153 Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 EDUCATION AND STATE—CALIFORNIA California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They Doing? MG-186 EDUCATIONAL CHANGE Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise for and EDUCATION AND STATE—EUROPE—COMPARATIVE Old Idea? OP-153 STUDIES Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Indicators of Change WR-278 International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Effectiveness MG-270 Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop Notebooks and Transcripts EDUCATION AND STATE—EUROPE—DECISIONMAKING— WR-261 COMPARATIVE STUDIES Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement under Title I: Recent Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Schools International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their WR-154 Effectiveness MG-270 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 EDUCATION AND STATE—MEXICO A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Relationship Education in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities DB-480 Between Reform Teaching and Mathematics Achievement WR-262 EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including EDUCATIONAL CHANGE—CALIFORNIA Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental EDUCATION, MEDICAL—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Educational Services WR-258 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Teaching by Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Attendings: A National Survey LRP-200502-14 Technical Assistance WR-257 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 EDUCATION, PRESCHOOL—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—CALIFORNIA EDUCATIONAL CHANGE—GEORGIA County-Level Estimates of the Effects of a Universal Preschool Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Program in California TR-340 Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in Educational Services WR-258 California MG-349 Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in Technical Assistance WR-257 California: Executive Summary MG-349/1 EDUCATIONAL CHANGE—GREAT BRITAIN EDUCATION, PRESCHOOL—SOCIAL Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will It Lead to ASPECTS—CALIFORNIA a Better System? LRP-200400-18 County-Level Estimates of the Effects of a Universal Preschool Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Program in California TR-340 Literature LRP-200400-19

EDUCATION, PRESCHOOL—UNITED STATES—STATES EDUCATIONAL CHANGE—PENNSYLVANIA Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: Choices and Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Consequences in Universal Pre-Kindergarten Efforts TR-237 Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services WR-258 EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Technical Assistance WR-257 Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services WR-258 EDUCATIONAL CHANGE—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute Assessment as a Policy Tool RP-1163 for Learning MG-361 29

EDUCATIONAL EQUALIZATION—CALIFORNIA EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—GEORGIA California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They Doing? MG-186 Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION Educational Services WR-258 Assessment as a Policy Tool RP-1163 Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects RP-1165 Technical Assistance WR-257 Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their 259 Effectiveness MG-270 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—LAW AND Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 LEGISLATION —CALIFORNIA Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION—CALIFORNIA Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 WR-306 Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operations of EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—LAW AND Charter Schools Affect Performance WR-305 LEGISLATION —GEORGIA Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-297 Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION—PENNSYLVANIA— PITTSBURGH EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—LAW AND Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh WR- LEGISLATION —PENNSYLVANIA 315-1 Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION—TEXAS from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition WR-306 EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS— PENNSYLVANIA EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 Educational Services WR-258 A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Relationship Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Between Reform Teaching and Mathematics Achievement Technical Assistance WR-257 WR-262 Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- 259 EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS—EUROPE—COMPARATIVE STUDIES EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS— Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An PENNSYLVANIA—PITTSBURGH International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh WR- Effectiveness MG-270 315-1

EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS—UNITED STATES—STATES EDUCATION—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: Choices and California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They Doing? MG-186 Consequences in Universal Pre-Kindergarten Efforts TR-237 EDUCATION—DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS EDUCATIONAL STATUS Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Longitudinal Effects of Who Has Time to Sleep LRP-200506-02 Full-Day Kindergarten Attendance WR-266-1

EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS EDUCATION—EVALUATION Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 RGSD-192 An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care WR- Improving Inferences About Student Achievement LRP-200400- 241 20 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—CALIFORNIA Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate EDUCATION—FINLAND Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Educational Services WR-258 International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Effectiveness MG-270 Technical Assistance WR-257 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 EDUCATION—GERMANY Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An 259 International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Effectiveness MG-270 EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—EVALUATION Assessment as a Policy Tool RP-1163 EDUCATION—GREAT BRITAIN Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects RP-1165 Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 Effectiveness MG-270

EDUCATION—HEALTH ASPECTS The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor Market WR-319 The Impact of SES on Health over the Life-Course WR-318 30

Unraveling the SES-Health Connection RP-1170 ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT INFORMATION— NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION EDUCATION—IRELAND Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their 185 Effectiveness MG-270 ELECTRONIC INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION—ITALY The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Intelligence Analysis RGSD-186 International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Effectiveness MG-270 ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN THE WORKPLACE 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Are? Case EDUCATION—MEXICO Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the Education in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities DB-480 Workplace TR-197 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 EDUCATION—PALESTINE Building a Successful Palestinian State MG-146 ELECTRONICS IN MILITARY ENGINEERING The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects EDUCATION—STANDARDS of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170 Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION Developing Process Indicators to Improve Educational Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Care CT- Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, 245 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care WR- 241 ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION—LEGISLATION & Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing JURISPRUDENCE Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- 200003-20 EDUCATION—STANDARDS—CALIFORNIA WIC Eligibility and Participation LRP-200306-29 Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District EMERGENCIES RGSD-192 Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events TR-309 EDUCATION—STANDARDS—LAW AND LEGISLATION Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Educational Services WR-258 Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Public Health Emergencies TR-249 Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Schools EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT—EVALUATION WR-154 Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Ready TR-224

EDUCATION—SWEDEN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT—UNITED STATES—STATES Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Effectiveness MG-270 the United States TR-285 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness ELASTICITY (ECONOMICS)—STATES LRP-200509-01 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy TR-292 EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL—HEALTH AND HYGIENE ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION—MATHEMATICAL Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at MODELS Structural Collapse Events TR-309 Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the United States LRP-200400-13 EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL—TRAINING OF Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION—PRICES Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy TR-292 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS—SECURITY MEASURES Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves LRP-200400-16 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES—ECONOMICS Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Who Use ELECTRIC UTILITIES—DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT Emergency Services LRP-200504-11 Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the United States LRP-200400-13 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES—UTILIZATION Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Who Use Emergency Services LRP-200504-11 31

EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS—RATING OF EMPLOYER-SUPPORTED EDUCATION Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Men and Women The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Visiting the Emergency Department? RP-1189 Evidence from the U.S. Navy LRP-200504-09

EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS—SEX DIFFERENCES EMPLOYMENT Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Men and Women Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Visiting the Emergency Department? RP-1189 Angeles County LRP-200500-08

EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL—ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT—HEALTH ASPECTS The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship Mental Health and Employment Transitions LRP-200400-21 to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08 EMPLOYMENT—PSYCHOLOGY EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL—UTILIZATION Mental Health and Employment Transitions LRP-200400-21 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08 ENERGY Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION Energy TR-292 Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? RP-1154 ENERGY CONSUMPTION Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants LRP- RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 200511-04 ENERGY CONSUMPTION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—STATES EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Immigrants and the Labor Market WR-321 Energy TR-292 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the 1990's? The Importance of Entry RP-1087 ENERGY DEVELOPMENT—UNITES STATES Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Industry RB-9143 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome Issues MG-414 Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 ENERGY EFFICIENCY—MEASUREMENT EMPLOYEE FRINGE BENEFITS Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the United Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Rising Health States LRP-200400-13 Insurance Costs WR-252 ENERGY INDUSTRIES—SECURITY MEASURES EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE PLANS—TRENDS RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare Workforce WR-312 ENTREPRENEURSHIP—CHINA Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION—NEW ORLEANS MG-260-1 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare Workforce WR-312 ENVIRONMENT Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, EMPLOYEE RETENTION—NEW ORLEANS and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare Model LRP-200502-18 Workforce WR-312 ENVIRONMENT DESIGN EMPLOYEE RIGHTS Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Are? Case Restructuring WR-310 Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the Workplace TR-197 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events TR-309 EMPLOYEES—TRAINING OF The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW—COMPLIANCE Evidence from the U.S. Navy LRP-200504-09 COSTS—CALIFORNIA The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS—TRENDS California's Independent Repair Shops TR-235 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit Decisions LRP-200508-15 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and Future Social EMPLOYER-SPONSORED HEALTH INSURANCE Evolution RP-1169 How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Filing? WR-205-1 ENVIRONMENTALISTS Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Rising Health Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational Insurance Costs WR-252 Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332

EMPLOYER-SPONSORED HEALTH INSURANCE— ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DISEASES LOUISIANA—NEW ORLEANS Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 Structural Collapse Events TR-309

EMPLOYER-SPONSORED HEALTH INSURANCE— EPHEDRA—ADVERSE EFFECTS WASHINGTON Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation Bargain LRP- Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- 199910-05 200302-15 32

Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food and Drug ESTIMATION THEORY—STATISTICAL METHODS Administration Reports of Adverse Events LRP-200501-02 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- Assumptions LRP-200206-14 200501-16 ETHICS, MEDICAL EPHEDRA—CHEMISTRY Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual Patients and Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use LRP- Distributive Justice in Health Care LRP-200501-23 200509-21 ETHNIC GROUPS EPHEDRA—PHYSIOLOGY Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of 200302-15 Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with EPHEDRINE—ADVERSE EFFECTS Health Care LRP-200507-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 200302-15 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Angeles County LRP-200500-08 EPHEDRINE—THERAPEUTIC USE Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Disparities LRP-200503-08 Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- 200302-15 EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action LRP-200508-18 EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Pain Syndrome LRP-200509-29 Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The 19 Added Value of Combining Self-Reported and Performance- Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- Based Measures LRP-200400-11 200502-05

EPIDEMIOLOGY EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP— The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Survival STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Among Persons with HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- 200501-24 200412-21 The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America LRP-200504-04 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Adolescence to Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes LRP-200507-13 EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNIT HIV-Infected Population National Data LRP-200503-22 Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Opportunities CF-221 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients LRP-200501-06 EUROPE—DEFENSES Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of Arming Europe RP-1209 Individual Patient and Facility Factors LRP-200502-10 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving EUROPE—FOREIGN RELATIONS Minority Populations LRP-200512-20 Arming Europe RP-1209 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Young EUROPE—FOREIGN RELATIONS—CHINA Adult Smokers LRP-200508-01 China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis of Emerging Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food and Drug Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Consequences for Administration Reports of Adverse Events LRP-200501-02 Transatlantic Relations CF-199 Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the United States LRP-200507-12 EUROPE—FOREIGN RELATIONS—TURKEY Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 200502-05 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and EVALUATION RESEARCH (SOCIAL ACTION Principal Findings LRP-200503-32 PROGRAMS)—CASE STUDIES Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section 1931(b) in EROTICA California WR-249 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' EVALUATION STUDIES Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey LRP-200504-20 ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES—THERAPY Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health-Related Quality-of- Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Life Change in Individual Patients LRP-200506-12 Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for the Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? A Meta-Analysis LRP-200502-19 LRP-200505-14

ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS—PATHOLOGY EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort LRP- Effusion LRP-200206-15 200504-17 33

Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance FAMILY—PSYCHOLOGY Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 200302-15 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- FATIGUE—TREATMENT 200405-32 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Cancer LRP- RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of Information When 200503-03 Making Treatment Decisions LRP-200500-04 FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3—METABOLISM EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE—METHODS Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Complementary and Dementia, and Neurological Diseases LRP-200502-22 Alternative Medicine Topics LRP-200506-10 FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3—PHYSIOLOGY EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE—ORGANIZATION & Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, ADMINISTRATION Dementia, and Neurological Diseases LRP-200502-22 A Guide to This Supplement LRP-200506-07 FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3—THERAPEUTIC USE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS—REORGANIZATION Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases LRP-200502-22 Incentives MG-256 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal EXERCISE—PHYSIOLOGY Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis Economics and Physical Activity: A Research Agenda LRP- LRP-200403-24 200502-08 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease LRP-200509-22 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL—COSTS Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: Implications of Alternative FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION Protocols MG-244 Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement for Local School Districts LRP-200410-20 EXPORT CONTROLS—CHINA Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export Controls FEDERAL AID TO RESEARCH—SEX DIFFERENCES for WMD-Related Goods and Technologies MG-353 Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 TR-307

F-22 (JET FIGHTER PLANE)—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FEDERAL AID TO TERRORISM PREVENTION—PLANNING Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development Estimating Terrorism Risk MG-388 Programs MG-276 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 LRP-200506-15 Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: How to Motivate It? LRP-200509-05 FACULTY, MEDICAL Health Costs of Katrina LRP-200510-03 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Departments, In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to 1980–2001 LRP-200502-11 Anthrax LRP-200503-04 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is There a Case for FAILURE TIME DATA ANALYSIS More-Aggressive Government Action? LRP-200509-03 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Survival Analysis LRP-200409-34 FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in FAMILIES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL—SERVICES Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, FOR—UNITED STATES 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Personnel MG-385 FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA FAMILY PLANNING—UTILIZATION Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare LRP-200505-06 Prevention Among African Americans of Reproductive Age LRP-200508-13 FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS—UTILIZATION Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for FAMILY POLICY Physicians' Services LRP-200310-08 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Policy and Intervention LRP-200508-17 FEES AND CHARGES The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO FAMILY SERVICES—CALIFORNIA Industry LRP-200409-31 The Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities LRP- 199809-07 FEMALE HIV-Infected Population National Data LRP-200503-22 FAMILY SOCIAL WORK—CALIFORNIA A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance The Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities LRP- Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter 199809-07 Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07

FAMILY—GOVERNMENT POLICY—CALIFORNIA FERTILITY The Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities LRP- The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- 199809-07 200003-20 34

FERTILITY, HUMAN—MALAYSIA FOOT Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Culture, Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Status in Children and Politics LRP-199612-05 with Arthritis LRP-200505-13

FIGHTER PLANE COMBAT—EVALUATION FORECASTING Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to-Air Combat with A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- and Without Link 16 MG-268 200301-23

FIGHTER PLANES—COMPUTER NETWORKS—EVALUATION FORECASTING—METHODS Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to-Air Combat with The Accuracy of Teens' Expectations of Future Smoking LRP- and Without Link 16 MG-268 200504-01

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS—CHINA Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025 CP- Contracts LRP-200212-20 505

FINANCING, GOVERNMENT—ORGANIZATION & FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS—CHINA—CONGRESSES ADMINISTRATION Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: How to Conference, August 28–29, 2003 CF-195 Motivate It? LRP-200509-05 FOREIGN RELATIONS FINANCING, PERSONAL American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of-Pocket Costs: Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 An Experimental Analysis LRP-200103-17 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 FINANCING, PERSONAL—TRENDS Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care Terrorism MG-184 Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 and Military Alliances RGSD-191 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 FOREIGN RELATIONS—CHINA China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis of Emerging FIRE CONTROL (GUNNERY)—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Consequences for The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects Transatlantic Relations CF-199 of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force TR-170 Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025 CP- 505 FLEXIBLE SPENDING ACCOUNTS Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts LRP- FOREIGN RELATIONS—CHINA—CONGRESSES 200200-47 Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003 CF-195 FLIGHT TRAINING Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Aircraft FOREIGN RELATIONS—EUROPE Requirements MG-348 Arming Europe RP-1209 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures WR-309 FOREIGN RELATIONS—JAPAN Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment FLUENCY (LANGUAGE LEARNING) and Military Alliances RGSD-191 An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Using Ordered Response Models with Classification Errors LRP-200407-17 FOREIGN RELATIONS—PALESTINE Palestinians Need More Cash LRP-200507-03 FOLLOW-UP STUDIES Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from FOREIGN RELATIONS—TURKEY the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155

FOOD INDUSTRY AND TRADE—DEFENSE MEASURES FORMULARIES The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? LRP- Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- 200503-30 17

FOOD PRICES—HEALTH ASPECTS FRAIL ELDERLY Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 Patients LRP-200508-09

FOOD SUPPLY—SAFETY MEASURES FREIGHT AND FREIGHTAGE—DECISONMAKING— The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? LRP- NETHERLANDS 200503-30 De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Foundation of Freight Policy): Een Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van FOOD TECHNOLOGY—ECONOMICS Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Description for Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Performance Measurement Within the Policy Process) DB- and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 444

FOOD—ECONOMICS GAMBLING—PSYCHOLOGY Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Adults and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 LRP-200409-33 35

GASTRIC BYPASS—ADVERSE EFFECTS Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Procurement and R&D Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP-200504-07 Spending in the Aerospace Sector TR-263

GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES—THRAPY GOVERNMENT PURCHASING—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, 200107-18 and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1

GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE—THERAPY GREAT BRITAIN Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for the LRP-200501-18 Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis LRP-200502-19 GREAT BRITAIN—MINISTRY OF DEFENCE—FUEL The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, GASTROPLASTY—ADVERSE EFFECTS Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP-200504-07 GREAT BRITAIN—MINISTRY OF DEFENCE—PROCUREMENT GENERALS—SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT Differences Between Military and Commercial Shipbuilding: Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence Background and Methods TR-175 MG-236 Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Future GENERALS—TRAINING OF Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Programme MG-240 Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Background and Methods TR-175 Next Fifteen Years MG-294

GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT GREAT BRITAIN—NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? Added Value of Combining Self-Reported and Performance- LRP-200501-18 Based Measures LRP-200400-11 GREAT BRITAIN—ROYAL NAVY—PROCUREMENT GERMANY Differences Between Military and Commercial Shipbuilding: Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the German Health Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence Care System LRP-200500-06 MG-236 Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding Programmes: How Can GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Building a Multinational Global Navigation Satellite System: An Progress? MG-235 Initial Look MG-284 The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years MG-294 GLOBALIZATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—CHINA China and Globalization CT-244 GREECE—FOREIGN RELATIONS—TURKEY Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 GOALS Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: GREEN TECHNOLOGY Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and Future Social Research LRP-200309-22 Evolution RP-1169

GONORRHEA—DIAGNOSIS GROUP PRACTICE The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment Emergency Departments LRP-200507-02 of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) Instrument LRP-200501-08

GONORRHEA—ECONOMICS GUIDELINE ADHERENCE The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Guidelines LRP- Emergency Departments LRP-200507-02 200209-20

GOVERNMENT CONTRACTORS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Economic and Industry Analysis DB-478 Structural Collapse Events TR-309

GOVERNMENT PRODUCTIVITY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES—HEALTH ASPECTS High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Incentives MG-256 Structural Collapse Events TR-309

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS HEALTH AND RACE—RESEARCH—STATISTICAL METHODS Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care on Birthweight Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 Outcomes by Race LRP-199209-01

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS—ORGANIZATION & HEALTH ATTITUDES—ECONOMIC ASPECTS ADMINISTRATION Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 HEALTH BEHAVIOR GOVERNMENT PURCHASING Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Economic and Industry Analysis DB-478 Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We There Yet? MG-291 36

Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews TR-243 Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game LRP-200400-15 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to HEALTH CARE RATIONING Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Service Access and Service System Development in a Children's System MG-317 Behavioral Health System of Care LRP-200505-16 HEALTH CARE REFORM HEALTH BEHAVIOR—EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It LRP-200509-23 Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Building a Successful Palestinian State MG-146 and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the German Health Care System LRP-200500-06 HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS, EMPLOYEE Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private HEALTH CARE REFORM—CALIFORNIA Sector LRP-200504-10 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 Jurisdictions CT-241 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions LRP-200512-30 HEALTH CARE REFORM—GERMANY Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS, EMPLOYEE—ECONOMICS Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game LRP-200400-15 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 HEALTH CARE REFORM—GREAT BRITAIN The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? Decisions LRP-200508-15 LRP-200501-18 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 HEALTH CARE REFORM—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS, EMPLOYEE—ORGANIZATION & Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven ADMINISTRATION Jurisdictions CT-241 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 HEALTH CARE SURVEYS—METHODS Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English HEALTH CARE COALITIONS Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 Care for Children LRP-200407-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS(r) Hospital Survey LRP- 200512-18 HEALTH CARE COSTS Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America LRP-200504-04 Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Practices RP-1174 Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs LRP- Development and Evaluation of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey 200504-12 LRP-200512-06 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey Industry LRP-200409-31 Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 Services LRP-200512-14 Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic Costs LRP- Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS ª Hospital Survey 200400-14 LRP-200512-04 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 LRP-200512-29 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 HEALTH CARE SURVEYS—STANDARDS Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Mental Health LRP- London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' 200000-47 Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict and Manage Choice Data TR-230 Pediatric Health Care LRP-200508-23 HEALTH CARE SURVEYS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA HEALTH CARE COSTS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to CAHPS* Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs LRP-200409-32 Hospital Survey LRP-200512-01 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the CAHPSª Hospital Principal Findings LRP-200503-32 Survey LRP-200512-05

HEALTH CARE COSTS—TRENDS HEALTH EDUCATION Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs LRP-200409-32 Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through College LRP-200503-11 HEALTH CARE QUALITY, ACCESS, AND EVALUATION Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Discrete Choice Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project LRP-200500-03 HEALTH EXPENDITURES London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 Choice Data TR-230 37

HEALTH EXPENDITURES—TRENDS HEALTH PERSONNEL—ETHICS Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs LRP-200509- Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving 04 Health Care LRP-200509-08 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Physicians' Services LRP-200310-08 Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix WR- 217 HEALTH FACILITIES—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures WR-309 Failure? RP-1173 Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary HEALTH FACILITIES—PLANNING Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures WR-309 Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for Public Health Emergencies TR-249 HEALTH FACILITY MERGER—ECONOMICS Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO California LRP-200504-18 Industry LRP-200409-31 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions CT-241 HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION—ORGANIZATION & Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 ADMINISTRATION The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 Quality Improvement Collaboratives LRP-200508-04

HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE HEALTH PLANNING Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention The Public Hospital System in Louisiana WR-314 Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users HEALTH PLANNING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building 200512-23 Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy LRP-200506-01 Prevention Among African Americans of Reproductive Age LRP-200508-13 HEALTH PLANNING—CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- HEALTH PLANNING—PALESTINE Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 HEALTH POLICY How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and Developing Countries MG-402 Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from LRP-200503-07 the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement LRP- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of 200502-16 Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION PATIENTS Health Costs of Katrina LRP-200510-03 Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Trajectories MG-408 Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS United States LRP-200507-12 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old HEALTH POLICY—ARKANSAS Question LRP-200210-13 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in HEALTH POLICY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the German Health 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 Care System LRP-200500-06

HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—ECONOMICS HEALTH PROMOTION The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A Industry LRP-200409-31 Conceptual Model LRP-200502-17 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—TRENDS Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 Feet? LRP-200412-28 HEALTH PROMOTION—ARKANSAS HEALTH PERSONNEL Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Collaboratives Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program LRP-200504-14 Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 38

HEALTH PROMOTION—ECONOMICS HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED Economics and Physical Activity: A Research Agenda LRP- Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future 200502-08 Elderly LRP-200509-10 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common HEALTH PROMOTION—METHODS Problems in Older Persons LRP-199704-04 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—ECONOMICS Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the Population LRP-200309-26 Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among the Elderly Obesity LRP-200505-01 LRP-200509-14 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the HEALTH PROMOTION—METHODS—ARKANSAS Elderly LRP-200509-11 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—STANDARDS Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Undergoing HEALTH PROMOTION—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Abdominal Operations LRP-200512-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 Patients LRP-200508-09

HEALTH RESOURCES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—UTILIZATION The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded System MG-317 Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and Older LRP- 200409-37 HEALTH RESOURCES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking HEALTH SERVICES MISUSE System MG-317 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and Above WR-331 Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- 200511-05 HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Controlled Trial RP-1160 200511-09 Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? Services? LRP-200412-24 LRP-200504-02 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in and HIV LRP-200501-26 Restructuring WR-310 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving 200502-12 Health Care LRP-200509-08 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND—SATISTICS & to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 NUMERICAL DATA Service Access and Service System Development in a Children's Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in Behavioral Health System of Care LRP-200505-16 Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare LRP-200505-06 U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- 484-1 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—ECONOMICS Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for LRP-200506-01 Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—GOVERNMENT = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons POLICY—LOUISIANA Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Project Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 LRP-200512-26

HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—TRENDS HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—LEGISLATION & Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action LRP-200508-18 JURISPRUDENCE Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 Interoperability WR-313 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States? HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—METHODS LRP-200512-07 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION—INFORMATION Research LRP-200309-22 TECHNOLOGY The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—TRENDS Adoption MG-409 A Guide to This Supplement LRP-200506-07 39

HEALTH SERVICES—ECONOMICS HEALTH SURVEYS—GREAT BRITAIN The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Choice Data TR-230 484-1 HEALTH SURVEYS—METHODOLOGY HEALTH SERVICES—STANDARDS Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It LRP-200509-23 Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services LRP-200512-14 HEALTH SERVICES—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE—DRUG THERAPY Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Female, Black, and Diabetic HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Patients, and Cost-Effectiveness LRP-200307-16 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE—THERAPY U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart 484-1 Failure? RP-1173

HEALTH STATUS HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC—COMPLICATIONS Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health-Related Quality of Life Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample Measures LRP-200503-31 LRP-200509-16 Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC—COMPLICATIONS Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals with Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health-Related Quality of Life Bipolar Disorder LRP-200410-17 in HIV: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Analysis LRP- LRP-200509-16 200502-13 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the HEPATITIS C—DIAGNOSIS Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Important An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Difference in HRQOL Scores LRP-200410-18 Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Adults LRP-200409-33 HEPATITIS C—DRUG THERAPY Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: A Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment LRP- Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental 200504-19 Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent 200510-12 Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does Not) LRP-200500-01 HEPATITIS C—PREVENTION & CONTROL Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 200301-23 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to HEPATITIS C—PSYCHOLOGY Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, Education, Self- Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Management, and Health Status for Patients with Heart Failure: Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- The Improving Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE) LRP- 200510-12 200502-04 HEPATITIS C—THERAPY HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: A Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment LRP- Research LRP-200509-09 200504-19 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare LRP-200309-25 The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor Market WR-319 HEPATITIS C—VIROLOGY The Impact of SES on Health over the Life-Course WR-318 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: A Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment LRP- Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective 200504-19 Payment System TR-207 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment HEPATITUS A Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Trial LRP-200505-11 Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Unraveling the SES-Health Connection RP-1170 the United States TR-285 Who Has Time to Sleep LRP-200506-02 HETEROSEXUALITY HEALTH SURVEYS HIV-Infected Population National Data LRP-200503-22 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey LRP-200504-20 HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES—CHINA Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Era of Missing Data LRP-200506-03 a Rising China MG-320 40

HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES—KOREA (SOUTH) Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Era of in the Era of HAART LRP-200504-21 a Rising China MG-320 HIV INFECTIONS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS HISPANIC AMERICAN YOUTH A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of Hispanic Youth? A 06 Look at Enlistment Qualifications DB-484 HIV INFECTIONS—ECONOMICS HISPANIC AMERICANS Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Resources LRP- Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Farmworkers: 200503-24 Reliability and Validity of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for Care Measure (P3C) LRP-200503-18 Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and Cost-Effective HISPANIC AMERICANS—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS LRP-200502-03 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the 1990's? The A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- Importance of Entry RP-1087 06

HISPANIC AMERICANS—ETHNOLOGY HIV INFECTIONS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30 the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context RP-1177 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ HISPANIC AMERICANS—PSYCHOLOGY Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP United States LRP-200507-12 = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 HIV INFECTIONS—MORTALITY The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Survival HISPANIC AMERICANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Among Persons with HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of 200501-24 the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context RP-1177 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 200511-09

HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS—ADVERSE EFFECTS HIV INFECTIONS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors HISTORY, MILITARY Among Women and Men with HIV/AIDS LRP-200509-26 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV Infection LRP-200507-05 HIV INFECTIONS—COMPLICATIONS HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV Disease, Revisited LRP- An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and 200511-07 Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health-Related Quality of Life Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas in HIV: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP LRP-200509-16 = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 HIV INFECTIONS—DIAGNOSIS Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and LRP-200503-20 Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Resources LRP- 200503-24 HIV INFECTIONS—DRUG THERAPY Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs A Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200505-05 LRP-200512-22 Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV Disease, Revisited LRP- 200511-07 HIV INFECTIONS—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion 200510-12 and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Representative Sample LRP-200502-07 Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 HIV INFECTIONS—PSYCHOLOGY A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Health- National Sample of Medical HIV Patients LRP-200501-06 Related Quality of Life Among a National Sample of HIV- A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site HIV Positive Adults RP-1159 Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy LRP-200501-22 41

Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV HOME CARE SERVICES—PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Care TR-259 200510-12 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for HOMELESS PERSONS—PSYCHOLOGY Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Examination LRP- HIV INFECTIONS—SOCIAL ASPECTS 200108-18 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Among African Americans? LRP-200502-01 Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low- Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion Income Housing LRP-200510-08 and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Representative Sample LRP-200502-07 Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07 06 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women LRP-200508-26 HIV INFECTIONS—THERAPY Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness HOMES FOR THE AGED and HIV LRP-200501-26 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care LRP-200509-08 HOMICIDE Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: LRP-200508-22 Assessing the General Theory of Crime LRP-200503-33

HIV INFECTIONS—TRANSMISSION HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—CASE STUDIES HIV-Infected Population National Data LRP-200503-22 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States LRP-200503-20 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Substance Use LRP-200505-12 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES HIV INFECTIONS—TREATMENT Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data- 200511-09 Driven Interventions WR-220 Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV Disease, Revisited LRP- 200511-07 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project HIV SEROPOSITIVITY—EPIDEMIOLOGY Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- 200412-21 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project HIV WASTING SYNDROME—DRUG THERAPY Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss LRP-200503-25 HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE—ETHNOLOGY Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- HIV-POSITIVE PERSONS—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS 200412-21 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE—PSYCHOLOGY Representative Sample LRP-200502-07 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach LRP- HIV-POSITIVE PERSONS—SOCIAL ASPECTS 200503-13 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally HONG KONG (CHINA)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Representative Sample LRP-200502-07 Hong Kong: The Perils of Semidemocracy RP-1179

HIZBALLAH (LEBANON) HORNET (JET FIGHTER PLANE)—DESIGN AND Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational CONSTRUCTION Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332 Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development Programs MG-276 HOLISTIC HEALTH Alternative Philosophical and Investigatory Paradigms for HOSPITAL CARE—QUALITY CONTROL Chiropractic LRP-199307-02 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Care LRP-200512- HOME CARE AGENCIES—ECONOMICS 10 Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Care TR-259 HOSPITAL CLOSURES—LOUISIANA The Public Hospital System in Louisiana WR-314 HOME CARE SERVICES, HOSPITAL-BASED End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement LRP- HOSPITAL COSTS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA 200502-16 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08 42

HOSPITALIZATION—ECONOMICS Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 HURRICANE KATRINA, 2005 HOSPITALIZATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health LRP-200510-10 Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Readmission Rate LRP-200405-31 HURRICANES Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health LRP-200510-10 HOSPITALS Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the HYDROGEN AS FUEL—CONGRESSES Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Policy: A Draft LRP-200500-02 Conference Report CF-218

HOSPITALS, PUBLIC—UTILIZATION HYPERTENSION The Public Hospital System in Louisiana WR-314 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for Older Adults LRP-200509-19 HOSPITALS, VETERANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a HYPERTENSION—PATIENTS Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort LRP- Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- 200504-17 200501-21

HOSPITALS—CALIFORNIA—COSTS HYPERTENSION—PREVENTION & CONTROL Payments for Burn Patients under California's Official Medical Fee Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- Schedule for Injured Workers WR-263-1 200501-21 Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Procedures under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured HYPERTENSION—THERAPY Workers WR-301 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 HOSPITALS—REHABILITATION SERVICES—PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT HYPERTENSION—TREATMENT—QUALITY CONTROL Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- Review of Policy Options WR-267 200501-21 Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective HYPNOSIS Payment System TR-207 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments 200107-18 for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-219 IATROGENIC DISEASES—GOVERNMENT POLICY Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 System TR-201 Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under ILLEGAL ALIENS the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? System TR-213 Who Loses? RP-1154

HOSPITALS—STAFF—SALARIES, ETC.—CALIFORNIA IMAGERY (PSYCHOTHERAPY) Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis: Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the 200107-18 California Hospital Industry WR-316 IMMIGRANTS HOSPITALS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Using Ordered Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the CAHPSª Hospital Response Models with Classification Errors LRP-200407-17 Survey LRP-200512-05 Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? RP-1154 HOSPITALS—SUBSTANCE ABUSE SERVICES Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- IMMIGRANTS—CULTURAL ASSIMILATION Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 Immigrants and the Labor Market WR-321 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the 1990's? The HOUSING—TRENDS Importance of Entry RP-1087 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Examination LRP- IMMIGRANTS—EDUCATION—UNITED STATES 200108-18 Immigrants and the Labor Market WR-321

HUMAN SERVICES—EVALUATION IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN—INDIA Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India Experience LRP-200502-21 WR-294

HUMANS IMMUNOTHERAPY Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno-Augmentation Therapy An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer LRP-200304-23 Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- 30 IMPACT OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the Cosmic Impact Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 Hazard RGSD-184 43

INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFORMATION POLICY The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Age at First The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of Marriage LRP-200205-07 Intelligence Analysis RGSD-186 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household Income LRP-200305-38 INFORMATION SOCIETY—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Russia and the Information Revolution MG-422 INCOME DISTRIBUTION—CALIFORNIA Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis: INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS— A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the MEDICINE California Hospital Industry WR-316 Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Interoperability WR-313 INCOME DISTRIBUTION—CANADA Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project LRP- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—ECONOMIC ASPECTS— 200409-35 RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Russia and the Information Revolution MG-422 INCOME MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS—CANADA— EVALUATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—GOVERNMENT POLICY Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project LRP- The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of 200409-35 Intelligence Analysis RGSD-186

INCOME—PENNSYLVANIA—ALLEGHENY COUNTY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—GOVERNMENT POLICY— Measuring and Understanding Economic Interdependence in CALIFORNIA Allegheny County TR-200 An Assessment of the Governor's Reorganization Plan to Create a Department of Technology Services CT-243 INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—GOVERNMENT POLICY— Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- LATIN AMERICA—CONGRESSES 19 RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Policy: A Draft Conference Report CF-218 INDUSTRIAL PROCUREMENT—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—GOVERNMENT POLICY— and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1 RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Russia and the Information Revolution MG-422 INFANT MORTALITY Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—GOVERNMENT POLICY— and Fecundity WR-219 UNITED STATES An Assessment of the Governor's Reorganization Plan to Create a INFANT MORTALITY—TRENDS Department of Technology Services CT-243 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority Populations LRP-200512-20 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—POLITICAL ASPECTS— RUSSIA (FEDERATION) INFANTS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT Russia and the Information Revolution MG-422 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority Populations LRP-200512-20 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—SOCIAL ASPECTS—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) INFANTS (NEWBORN)—MORTALITY Russia and the Information Revolution MG-422 Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, and Fecundity WR-219 INFORMED CONSENT Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Rates to Mailed INFERTILITY—GOVERNMENT POLICY—UNITED STATES Study Consent Forms LRP-200507-20 Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Infant and Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Health Insurance INFRASTRUCTURE (ECONOMICS)—SAFETY MEASURES Mandates WR-330 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves LRP-200400-16 INFERTILITY—TREATMENT Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Infant and INPATIENTS Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Health Insurance Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Mandates WR-330 Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES—DRUG THERAPY Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Inflammatory Bowel Disease LRP-200509-22 Payment System TR-207 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments INFLUENCE for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against System TR-219 Terrorism MG-184 Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment INFORMAL SECTOR (ECONOMICS)—MEXICO System TR-201 Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data Analysis for Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under Mexico LRP-200011-06 the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-213 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Development and Evaluation of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey LRP-200512-06 44

INPATIENTS—FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-207 INSURANCE, HEALTH—COST CONTROL U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- INSTITUTE FOR CIVIL JUSTICE (U.S.) 484-1 Institute for Civil Justice 25th Anniversary Celebration CP-491 INSURANCE, HEALTH—ECONOMIC ASPECTS INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS—UNITED STATES—CASE Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? STUDIES Who Loses? RP-1154 The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute INSURANCE, HEALTH—ECONOMICS for Learning MG-361 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Sector LRP-200504-10 INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES (STATISTICS) Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic Costs LRP- Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Regression for 200400-14 Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies RP-1164 Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market LRP-200509- 17 INSURANCE BENEFITS—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants LRP- Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits 200511-04 (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts LRP- 200200-47 INSURANCE BENEFITS—TRENDS U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare 484-1 Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit INSURANCE, HEALTH—FINANCE Decisions LRP-200508-15 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts LRP- 200200-47 INSURANCE CLAIM REVIEW Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of Inpatient INSURANCE, HEALTH—LAW AND LEGISLATION Psychiatric Stay on Readmission Rate LRP-200405-31 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy INSURANCE COVERAGE—ECONOMICS Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions LRP-200512-30 INSURANCE, HEALTH—LOUISIANA—NEW ORLEANS Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 INSURANCE, CASUALTY National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism INSURANCE, HEALTH—PREMIUMS Losses RP-1168 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Rising Health Insurance Costs WR-252 INSURANCE, CASUALTY—LAW AND LEGISLATION Distribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Attacks under the INSURANCE, MEDIGAP Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-427 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339

INSURANCE, DENTAL—ECONOMICS INSURANCE, MEDIGAP—STANDARDS Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200411-11 Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197

INSURANCE, DISABILITY—MEDICAL INSURANCE, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES—COSTS EXAMINATIONS—CALIFORNIA The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 in California MG-400 INSURANCE, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES—ECONOMICS INSURANCE, DISASTER The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 Losses RP-1168 INTEGRATED ADVANCED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INSURANCE, DISASTER—RISK FACTORS SYSTEMS Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good LRP-200403- Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Integrated Medical 19 System LRP-200503-21

INSURANCE, HEALTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Incentives LRP- Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 200410-16 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 INTELLIGENCE SERVICE Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Infant and The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Health Insurance Intelligence Analysis RGSD-186 Mandates WR-330 National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Health Costs of Katrina LRP-200510-03 Reform TR-289 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An Analysis The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 of Disenrollment Decisions LRP-200512-30 State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism MG-394 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household Portfolio Choice WR- Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs TR-242 325 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 45

INTELLIGENCE SERVICE—CASE STUDIES INTERVENTION STUDIES Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security Sector Reform Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV TR-288 Infection LRP-200507-05 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas INTENTION Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16

INTERDEPARTMENTAL RELATIONS INTERVIEWING Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Improvement LRP-200510-01 Prostitutes LRP-200400-12

INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION INVESTMENT ANALYSIS—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Communication and A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense (PAT-MD): Collaboration Among Physicians and Nurses LRP-200501- Methodology and Users Manual TR-262 05 INVOLUNTARY TREATMENT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25

INTERNAL MEDICINE—STANDARDS IRAQ WAR, 2003-—AERIAL OPERATIONS, AMERICAN Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 MG-404 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- 200405-32 IRAQ WAR, 2003-—EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations MG-344 Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Major Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults LRP- Findings and Recommendations MG-342 200410-19 IRAQ WAR, 2003-—LOGISTICS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations MG-344 System MG-317 Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations MG-342 INTERNET E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003: IRAQ WAR, 2003—NAVAL OPERATIONS, AMERICAN Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century Technology? LRP-200509-06 MG-404 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field LRP- 200503-28 IRAQ WAR, 2003—CASE STUDIES Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom MG-193 INTERNET IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION—NETHERLANDS— EVALUATION IRAQ WAR, 2003—RECONSTRUCTION Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- 185 IRAQ—ECONOMIC POLICY Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE IRAQ—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We Learn? RP-1197 INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Teaching by Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational Attendings: A National Survey LRP-200502-14 Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS ISLAM Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- Moderate and Radical Islam CT-251 200412-21 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Policy and ISLAM AND POLITICS Intervention LRP-200508-17 Moderate and Radical Islam CT-251 Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- 200501-16 ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM Moderate and Radical Islam CT-251 INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW)—CASE STUDIES The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 JAMAAH ISLAMIYAH (INDONESIA) Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW)—PUBLIC OPINION Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 JAPANESE AMERICANS—CULTURAL ASSIMILATION American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Americans LRP-200507-09 46

JAPAN—MILITARY RELATIONS KOREAN REUNIFICATION QUESTION (1945- ) Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and and Military Alliances RGSD-191 Consequences of Korean Unification MG-333

JOB CREATION—ILLINOIS LABOR ECONOMICS Illinois Homeland Security Economic Development Initiative: The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Age at First Scoping Study WR-222 Marriage LRP-200205-07

JURY—CALIFORNIA—SAN FRANCISCO LABOR ECONOMICS—EUROPE Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe WR-273

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES LABOR MARKET—MEXICO Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data Analysis for Year 2003–2004 Report WR-218 Mexico LRP-200011-06

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY—ETHNOLOGY LABOR MARKET—SOCIAL ASPECTS How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate into Health Immigrants and the Labor Market WR-321 Disparities LRP-200511-17 LABOR MOBILITY—MEXICO JUVENILE DELINQUENTS—REHABILITATION—CALIFORNIA Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data Analysis for Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in California over the Last Mexico LRP-200011-06 Decade TR-297 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: LAND USE, URBAN Supervision and Official Outcomes LRP-200501-19 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504

JUVENILE HOMICIDE LANGUAGE Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth Homicide: Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Assessing the Structural Covariates over Time LRP-200502- Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of 23 Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Affect JUVENILE JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION OF—CALIFORNIA Management Practices and Outcomes in Children and Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in California over the Last Adolescents with Asthma? LRP-200503-10 Decade TR-297 LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES—STUDY AND TEACHING— JUVENILE JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION OF—CALIFORNIA— ERROR ANALYSIS LOS ANGELES An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Using Ordered Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Tool for Response Models with Classification Errors LRP-200407-17 Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System TR- 291 LAW ENFORCEMENT Establishing Law and Order After Conflict MG-374 JUVENILE JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION OF—CALIFORNIA— State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism MG-394 VENTURA COUNTY Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: LAW ENFORCEMENT—IRAQ Supervision and Official Outcomes LRP-200501-19 Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience MG-365 JUVENILE PROBATION—CALIFORNIA Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in California over the Last LAW FIRMS Decade TR-297 Uncorporated Professionals WR-302

JUVENILE PROBATION—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES LAW PARTNERSHIP Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Tool for Uncorporated Professionals WR-302 Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System TR- 291 LEADERSHIP Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: JUVENILE PROBATION—CALIFORNIA—VENTURA COUNTY Background and Methods TR-175 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Supervision and Official Outcomes LRP-200501-19 Illness Care RP-1162

KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS—TRAINING OF LEAD—BLOOD Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Kindergarten Teachers WR-199 Lead Levels Among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States LRP-200507-19 KOREA (NORTH)—ECONOMIC POLICY North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and LEGITIMACY OF GOVERNMENTS Consequences of Korean Unification MG-333 Building a Successful Palestinian State MG-146

KOREA (NORTH)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT LEISURE ACTIVITIES North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Economics and Physical Activity: A Research Agenda LRP- Consequences of Korean Unification MG-333 200502-08

KOREA (SOUTH)—ECONOMIC POLICY LENGTH OF STAY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Era of Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of Inpatient a Rising China MG-320 Psychiatric Stay on Readmission Rate LRP-200405-31 47

LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY—COMPLICATIONS Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low- in the Era of HAART LRP-200504-21 Income Housing LRP-200510-08 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of-Pocket Costs: LIFE CHANGE EVENTS An Experimental Analysis LRP-200103-17 Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health LRP-200510-10 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Model LRP-200502-18 Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- 200502-12 LIFE EXPECTANCY Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino American Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Families: A Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 Research LRP-200501-12 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- LIFE EXPECTANCY—TRENDS 200405-32 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Mental Health LRP- Elderly LRP-200509-13 200000-47 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16 Further Investigation of the Performance of S - X2: An Item Fit Index for Use with Dichotomous Item Response Theory LOS ANGELES (CALIF.). DEPT. OF Models LRP-200307-20 AIRPORTS—PROCUREMENT Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, LINEAR MODELS (STATISTICS) and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 Assumptions LRP-200206-14 LOS ANGELES (CALIF.). DEPT. OF WATER AND POWER—PROCUREMENT LITERACY—GOVERNMENT POLICY Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1 A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing LOS ANGELES COUNTY (CALIF.). SHERIFF'S DEPT Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 LIVER DISEASES—DRUG THERAPY Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data- S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Driven Interventions WR-220 Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease LRP-200208-17 LOS ANGELES FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD SURVEY LOCATION OF INDUSTRY—SURVEYS Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Rating Best Places: Going Beyond Real Estate in Making Location Who Loses? RP-1154 Decisions LRP-200209-18 LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT LOGISTICS—CONTRACTING OUT Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 RGSD-192 Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support Options for Changing the Governance System of the Los Angeles Contract MG-282 Unified School District: Presented to the President's Joint Commission on LAUSD Governance WR-333 LONDON Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Discrete Choice LOS ANGELES—EPIDEMIOLOGY Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in Choice Project LRP-200500-03 Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare LRP-200505-06 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness LONGEVITY and HIV LRP-200501-26 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- 200511-02 LOS ANGELES—ETHNOLOGY Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Angeles County LRP-200500-08 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients LRP-200501-06 LOUISIANA Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Young Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 Adult Smokers LRP-200508-01 The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in Restructuring WR-310 LORATADINE—ADVERSE EFFECTS Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription LOW BACK PAIN—THERAPY for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 Treating Low Back Pain LRP-200506-09

LOS ANGELES M1 (TANK)—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR—COSTS Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Who Use The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Costs: A Study of Emergency Services LRP-200504-11 M1 Tanks TR-286 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 MALAYSIA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Culture, and Politics LRP-199612-05 48

MALE MANPOWER POLICY A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US Pain Syndrome LRP-200509-29 Experience LRP-200502-21 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Men Treated for Prostate Cancer LRP-200508-24 MARIJUANA Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway Effects over a Sector LRP-200504-10 Common-Factor Interpretation of Drug Use Initiation: Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Responses to Anthony, Kenkel, & Mathios and Lynskey Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 LRP-200200-48 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer LRP-200504-03 MARIJUANA ABUSE Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging MALPRACTICE Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? LRP-200401-17 MARIJUANA ABUSE—EPIDEMIOLOGY MALT LIQUORS Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 Not) LRP-200500-01

MAMMOGRAPHY—UTILIZATION MARIJUANA ABUSE—PSYCHOLOGY Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults LRP- 200410-19 MANAGED CARE PLANS (MEDICAL CARE) Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 MARINE CORPS—AVIATION Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century Question LRP-200210-13 MG-404 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States? LRP-200512-07 MARINE CORPS—PROCUREMENT Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs CT-242 A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Medical Expenditure Risk and Household Portfolio Choice WR- Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 325 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 MARINE CORPS—SUPPLIES AND STORES A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint MANAGED CARE PLANS (MEDICAL CARE)—EVALUATION Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration MG-330 MARITAL STATUS Who Has Time to Sleep LRP-200506-02 MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—ECONOMICS Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in MARKOV PROCESSES California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 Assumptions LRP-200206-14 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Privately Insured Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use MARRIAGE LRP-200412-27 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Policy and Intervention LRP-200508-17 MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—ORGANIZATION & The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Age at First ADMINISTRATION Marriage LRP-200205-07 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27 Contracts LRP-200212-20 MARRIAGE—DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS—EUROPE MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—STANDARDS Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe WR-273 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- MARRIAGE—PSYCHOLOGY 200511-05 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis LRP-200511-08 MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA MASS SCREENING Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare LRP-200505-06 in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older LRP-200511-06 People LRP-200510-05 MASS SCREENING—ECONOMICS MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—UTILIZATION The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Emergency Departments LRP-200507-02 Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common 200511-05 Problems in Older Persons LRP-199704-04 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and Cost-Effective MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS LRP-200502-03 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence-Based Information on Child and Family Policy RP-1178 MASS SCREENING—STANDARDS Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to MANPOWER PLANNING—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Enlistments MG-202 Outpatients LRP-200202-10 49

MASS SCREENING—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING—PENNSYLVANIA Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Math Science Partnership of Southwest Pennsylvania: Two Year Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 Evaluation Report WR-270

MASS SCREENING—UTILIZATION MECHANIZATION, MILITARY—HISTORY Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by General Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey LRP- 200503-05 MEDICAID Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, 200511-05 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29

MATERNAL AND INFANT WELFARE—GOVERNMENT POLICY MEDICAID—CALIFORNIA WIC Eligibility and Participation LRP-200306-29 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section 1931(b) in California WR-249 MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA— Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Answer the CPS Health ALLEGHENY COUNTY Insurance Questions? WR-288 Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Current Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 Population Survey WR-169-3

MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA— MEDICAID—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA PITTSBURGH The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for 200003-20 Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 MATERNAL MORTALITY Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, MEDICAL ASSISTANCE and Fecundity WR-219 Health Costs of Katrina LRP-200510-03

MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH CENTERS—ORGANIZATION & MEDICAL CARE ADMINISTRATION —PENNSYLVANIA How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States? Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for LRP-200512-07 Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region MG-225 MEDICAL CARE PERSONNEL MATHEMATICAL ABILITY—TESTING The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Racial Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992 MG-255 Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 MEDICAL CARE SURVEYS Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of Further Investigation of the Performance of S - X2: An Item Fit Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 Index for Use with Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models LRP-200307-20 MEDICAL CARE SURVEYS—EVALUATION Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for MATHEMATICAL MODELS Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling Report: 2003 WR-307 (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for Uncorporated Professionals WR-302 Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2004 WR-332 MATHEMATICS—CURRICULA Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An MEDICAL CARE SURVEYS—METHODOLOGY Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING Services LRP-200512-14 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease Reporting Systems in Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 Local Public Health Agencies TR-260 Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop Notebooks and Transcripts WR-261 MEDICAL CARE SURVEYS—TRANSLATIONS INTO SPANISH A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Relationship Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Between Reform Teaching and Mathematics Achievement Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of WR-262 Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03

MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING (SECONDARY) MEDICAL CARE, COST OF Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs CT-242 Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household Portfolio Choice WR- 325 MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING—EVALUATION Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Racial The Spillover Effects of Military Communities on the Need for Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992 MG-255 Health Care Safety-Net Services WR-299

MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING—HISTORY MEDICAL CARE, COST OF—CALIFORNIA Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Racial Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992 MG-255 in California MG-400 50

MEDICAL CARE, COST OF—WASHINGTON MEDICAL EMERGENCIES Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation Bargain LRP- Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary 199910-05 Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for MEDICAL CARE—EVALUATION Public Health Emergencies TR-249 Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment MEDICAL ERRORS—GOVERNMENT POLICY Report: 2003 WR-307 Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 Report: 2004 WR-332 Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease Reporting Systems in MEDICAL ERRORS—PREVENTION Local Public Health Agencies TR-260 Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276

MEDICAL CARE—EVALUATION—METHODOLOGY MEDICAL ERRORS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 Services LRP-200512-14 Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276

MEDICAL CARE—GREAT BRITAIN—EVALUATION MEDICAL FEES The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for LRP-200501-18 Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' 271 Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical Choice Data TR-230 Review of Policy Options WR-267 Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews TR-243 MEDICAL FEES—CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CARE—INDIA Payments for Burn Patients under California's Official Medical Fee Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India Schedule for Injured Workers WR-263-1 WR-294 Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Procedures under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured MEDICAL CARE—INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Workers WR-301 Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Interoperability WR-313 MEDICAL INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient Adoption MG-409 Trajectories MG-408 Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can Electronic Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Medical Record Systems Transform Healthcare?" and Interoperability WR-313 "Promoting Health Information Technology" WR-295 The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Adoption MG-409 MEDICAL CARE—LOUISIANA Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can Electronic The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Medical Record Systems Transform Healthcare?" and Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 "Promoting Health Information Technology" WR-295

MEDICAL CARE—PALESTINE MEDICAL INFORMATICS—LOUISIANA Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1 Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Interoperability WR-313 MEDICAL CARE—QUALITY CONTROL Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- MEDICAL INFORMATICS—TRENDS 200501-21 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field LRP- U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- 200503-28 484-1 MEDICAL INNOVATIONS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS MEDICAL CARE—QUALITY CONTROL—EVALUATION— Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market LRP-200509- PENNSYLVANIA 17 Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 MEDICAL PERSONNEL—EMPLOYMENT—CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CARE—STANDARDS—GREAT BRITAIN Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis: Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews TR-243 A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the California Hospital Industry WR-316 MEDICAL CARE—UTILIZATION Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in MEDICAL PERSONNEL—RATING OF—NEW ORLEANS Restructuring WR-310 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare Workforce WR-312 MEDICAL ECONOMICS Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for MEDICAL PERSONNEL—RECRUITING—NEW ORLEANS Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare Workforce WR-312 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 MEDICAL PERSONNEL—TRAINING OF RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 51

MEDICAL POLICY MEDICAL RECORDS—STANDARDS Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Developing Countries MG-402 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of LRP-200500-02 Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy LRP- 484-1 200507-11

MEDICAL POLICY—ASIA MEDICAL RECORDS—STATISTICAL & NUMERICAL DATA Policy and Health: Implications for Development in Asia Book- Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the 999988 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement LRP-200500-02 MEDICAL POLICY—GERMANY The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy LRP- Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" 200507-11 (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game LRP-200400-15 MEDICAL REHABILITATION Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related MEDICAL POLICY—LOUISIANA Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Payment System TR-207 Municipal Healthcare System WR-308 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment MEDICAL POLICY—PALESTINE System TR-219 Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1 Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment MEDICAL RECORD LINKAGE System TR-201 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field LRP- Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under 200503-28 the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-213 MEDICAL RECORDS Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- MEDICAL SCIENCES—RESEARCH—METHODOLOGY 200405-32 Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research LRP-200500-09 MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY—CALIFORNIA Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs LRP-200509- Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis: 04 A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: How to California Hospital Industry WR-316 Motivate It? LRP-200509-05 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY—ECONOMIC ASPECTS MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Medical ECONOMICS Technologies WR-253 Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Savings and Costs MG-410 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY—SOCIAL ASPECTS Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Medical MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— Technologies WR-253 LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003: MEDICALLY UNINSURED Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate Technology? LRP-200509-06 Cancer LRP-200504-03 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy MEDICALLY UNINSURED PERSONS—LOUISIANA—NEW Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 ORLEANS Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana WR-311 MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— STANDARDS MEDICALLY UNINSURED—ETHNOLOGY Functional Characteristics of Commercial Ambulatory Electronic Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Prescribing Systems: A Field Study LRP-200505-03 Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - Standards and Interoperability WR-313 MEDICARE Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- UTILIZATION 271 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is There a Case for Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for More-Aggressive Government Action? LRP-200509-03 Physicians' Services LRP-200310-08 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 MEDICAL RECORDS—ACCESS CONTROL—LAW AND Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old LEGISLATION Question LRP-200210-13 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Care TR-259 Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare LRP-200309-25 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in MEDICAL RECORDS—DATA PROCESSING California Medicare HMO's LRP-200511-15 Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Savings Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? and Costs MG-410 Who Loses? RP-1154 52

Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in MEDICINE, MILITARY—SIMULATION METHODS Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results of the 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 Army Medical Department Transformation Workshop IV TR- Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare 253 Population LRP-200309-26 Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical MEDICINE, STATE Review of Policy Options WR-267 The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related LRP-200501-18 Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-207 MEDICINE—FORMULAE, RECEIPTS, PRESCRIPTIONS Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment 17 System TR-219 Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in MEDICINE—PRACTICE—SAFETY MEASURES— the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment EVALUATION— System TR-201 Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment MEDIGAP System TR-213 The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 MEDICARE PART A Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 MENTAL DISORDERS—CHEMICALLY INDUCED Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use LRP- MEDICARE PART B 200509-21 The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 MENTAL DISORDERS—CLASSIFICATION A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Health- MEDICARE PAYMENT ADVISORY COMMISSION (U.S.) Related Quality of Life Among a National Sample of HIV- Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for Positive Adults RP-1159 Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- 271 MENTAL DISORDERS—COMPLICATIONS Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical Identification and Treatment of Patients with Nicotine Problems in Review of Policy Options WR-267 Routine Clinical Psychiatry Practice LRP-200510-28

MEDICARE—CLAIMS ADMINISTRATION MENTAL DISORDERS—MORTALITY Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old Individual Patient and Facility Factors LRP-200502-10 Question LRP-200210-13 MENTAL DISORDERS—THERAPY MEDICARE—ECONOMICS Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Treatment and Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the Outcomes, 1981 to 1996 LRP-200510-11 Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs LRP-200409-32 Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Beneficiaries LRP-200509-12 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population LRP- in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 200309-23 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community-Based Care The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities LRP-200509-28 Elderly LRP-200509-13 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the MENTAL HEALTH Elderly LRP-200509-11 Commentary: Work, Well-Being, and a New Calling for Countercyclical Policy LRP-200512-11 MEDICARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health LRP-200510-10 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Last 3 Years of Life: Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services for A Pilot Study LRP-200501-13 Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus LRP-200508-20 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After MEDICARE—TRENDS Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs LRP-200409-32 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer LRP-200504-03 MEDICATION ERRORS Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community-Based Care Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities LRP-200509-28 Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 Tricare Demonstration MG-330 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review LRP-200109-01 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional MEDICINE, MILITARY Improvement LRP-200510-01 Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the Army Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness Medical Department: Final Evaluation MG-277 and HIV LRP-200501-26 Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs CT-242 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- The Spillover Effects of Military Communities on the Need for Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder Health Care Safety-Net Services WR-299 LRP-200508-14 53

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—ECONOMICS MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, the Mainstream LRP-200501-14 Development and Engineering Command DB-465

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE—FORECASTING ADMINISTRATION Swarming and the Future of Warfare RGSD-189 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care Models for Delivering Mental Health Services LRP-200207-15 MILITARY DEPENDENTS—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Personnel Services? LRP-200412-24 MG-385 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- MILITARY DOCTRINE 200502-12 Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership MG-301 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and 2002 LRP-200507-08 MILITARY EDUCATION—EVALUATION Transformation and the Army School System MG-328 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Who Use MILITARY EDUCATION—PLANNING Emergency Services LRP-200504-11 Transformation and the Army School System MG-328

MENTAL HEALTH—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA MILITARY HELICOPTERS Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options DB-472 Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 MILITARY HOSPITALS Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the Army MENTALLY ILL PERSONS Medical Department: Final Evaluation MG-277 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV LRP-200501-26 MILITARY MEDICINE—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs CT-242 MEN—PSYCHOLOGY Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Men's MILITARY PENSIONS Condom-Use Behavior: A Review LRP-200512-25 An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation MG-369

META-ANALYSIS MILITARY PERSONNEL Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting Elderly LRP-200509-10 Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for Older Adults LRP-200509-19 MILITARY PLANNING Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, When, and How? Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: Implications for the LRP-200403-23 Future Force Era MG-219

METADATA—NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION MILITARY PLANNING—DECISIONMAKING—DATA Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving PROCESSING Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- Implications of Modern Decision Science for Military Decision- 185 Support Systems MG-360

METHADONE MAINTENANCE MILITARY PLANNING—HISTORY Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program LRP- 1961–1969 Book-998876 199600-07 MILITARY POLICY MEXICAN AMERICANS Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Development and Engineering Command DB-465 Lead Levels Among Mexican-American Children and U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and Military Roles Adolescents in the United States LRP-200507-19 MG-338

MICHIGAN MILITARY POLICY—CASE STUDIES Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 200405-32 MILITARY POLICY—PUBLIC OPINION MIDDLE AGED American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from LRP-200512-29 Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- 06 MILITARY READINESS—CHINA A New Direction for China's Defense Industry MG-334 MIDDLE EAST—ETHNIC RELATIONS RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 MILITARY RELATIONS—JAPAN Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment MILITARY ADMINISTRATION—HISTORY and Military Alliances RGSD-191 How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, 1961–1969 Book-998876 54

MILITARY RESEARCH MODEL ABSTRACTION AND MULTIRESOLUTION Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally MODELS—MULTIMODELS Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 MILITARY RESEARCH—CHINA A New Direction for China's Defense Industry MG-334 MODELS, ECONOMETRIC Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes MILITARY SEALIFT—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES Research LRP-200509-09 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Relationship Combat Team MG-267-1 to Emergency Department Volume LRP-200505-08

MILITARY SUPPLIES MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations MG-344 Quality Improvement Collaboratives LRP-200508-04 Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Major Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Findings and Recommendations MG-342 Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix WR- 217 MILITARY SURVEILLANCE Costs and Effects of Participation in Collaboratives to Improve High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army TR-234 Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey Joyce WR-269 MILITARY TELECOMMUNICATION Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Network Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions Management Technologies TR-216 LRP-200506-01 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart MILITARY WEAPONS Failure? RP-1173 Swarming and the Future of Warfare RGSD-189 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community-Based Care for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities LRP-200509-28 MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX—GREAT BRITAIN The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Illness Care RP-1162 Sustaining Design and Production Resources MG-326/1 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Resources MG-326/2 Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 MODELS, STATISTICAL MINORITIES—EDUCATION—EVALUATION Further Investigation of the Performance of S - X2: An Item Fit Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Racial Index for Use with Dichotomous Item Response Theory Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992 MG-255 Models LRP-200307-20 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, When, and How? MINORITIES—MEDICAL CARE LRP-200403-23 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- MODELS, THEORETICAL 200511-09 Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Research LRP-200509-09 Disorder LRP-200512-15 The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A Conceptual Model LRP-200502-17 MINORITY GROUPS Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer MODULAR CONSTRUCTION—GREAT BRITAIN Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management in the Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Who Use United Kingdom's Military Shipbuilding Industry MG-198/1 Emergency Services LRP-200504-11 Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications for the Ministry Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes MG-198 Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of MOGADISHU (SOMALIA)—HISTORY, MILITARY Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority Populations LRP-200512-20 MONEY LAUNDERING—PREVENTION—MATHEMATICAL Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar MODELS Disorder LRP-200512-15 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185 Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 MONKEYPOX VIRUS MISSILE DEFENSE AGENCY—APPROPRIATIONS AND Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West EXPENDITURES Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense (PAT-MD): the United States TR-285 Methodology and Users Manual TR-262 MOOD DISORDERS—DRUG THERAPY MOBIDITY Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with Mood and Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Anxiety Disorders LRP-200504-08 Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 MORTALITY Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- 200511-02 55

Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to NARCOTICS, CONTROL OF—EVALUATION Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy OP-121 MOTHERS—INDIA—MORTALITY Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, NARCOTICS, CONTROL OF—FINANCE and Fecundity WR-219 An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept CT-236

MOTIVATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION — Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a EVALUATION National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Collaboratives Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test LRP-200504-14 Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test MOTOR SKILLS—DRUG EFFECTS Facilities for American Aeronautics: Addendum CT-239/1 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS (PROJECT) MOTORIZATION, MILITARY—HISTORY Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180-1 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (U.S.) Minority Populations LRP-200512-20 National Defense Research Institute Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2004 AR-7101 MULTIPLE BIRTH OFFSPRING—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally DATA Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction LRP-200505-10 NATIONAL EDUCATION LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF 1988 Improving Inferences About Student Achievement LRP-200400- MULTIPLE IMPUTATION (STATISTICS) 20 Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous Data LRP-200312-25 NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL SURVEY OF YOUTH LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCE (U.S.) MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Filing? WR-205-1 Introduction to Survival Analysis LRP-200409-34 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An NATIONAL SECURITY Introduction to Time-Series Analysis LRP-200312-26 Analyzing Terrorism Risk CT-252 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes The Department of Homeland Security: The Road Ahead CT- Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain 233 LRP-200512-29 Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Threat? CT- Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27 250-1 Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous Emerging Threats to National Security CT-234 Data LRP-200312-25 Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security Sector Reform TR-288 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO Making Sense of Transnational Threats: Workshop Reports CF- Facing the Challenge of Implementing Proposition F in San 200 Diego MG-411 The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 MURDER—CALIFORNIA—CASE STUDIES Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project and Military Alliances RGSD-191 Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror CF-212 Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs TR-242 MURDER—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project NATIONAL SECURITY—DECISIONMAKING Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data- Reform TR-289 Driven Interventions WR-220 NATIONAL SECURITY—BALKAN PENINSULA MUSLIMS Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 NATIONAL SECURITY—ILLINOIS MUTUAL FUNDS Illinois Homeland Security Economic Development Initiative: Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Data Analysis Scoping Study WR-222 LRP-200112-16 NATIONAL SECURITY—IRAQ MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION—THERAPY Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes Authority's Experience MG-365 Research LRP-200509-09 Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We Learn? RP-1197 NARCOTICS, CONTROL OF How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug NATIONAL SECURITY—JAPAN Programs and Policy OP-121 Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 and Military Alliances RGSD-191 56

NATIONAL SECURITY—PALESTINE NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL—EPIDEMIOLOGY Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings MG-146/1 The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable NATURAL DISASTERS—ECONOMICS Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Health Costs of Katrina LRP-200510-03 Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21

NAVY-YARDS AND NAVAL STATIONS, BRITISH NEOPLASMS—DRUG THERAPY Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Future Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno-Augmentation Therapy Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Programme MG-240 and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer LRP-200304-23 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin NAVY-YARDS AND NAVAL STATIONS—GREAT BRITAIN E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Cancer LRP-200308-12 Next Fifteen Years MG-294 NEOPLASMS—ECONOMICS NAVY—AVIATION Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials LRP-200103-18 American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the MG-404 Elderly LRP-200509-11

NAVY—OFFICERS NEOPLASMS—PREVENTION & CONTROL OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and Personnel Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice TR-264 E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer LRP-200308-12 NAVY—OFFICERS—APPOINTMENTS AND RETIREMENTS OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and Personnel NEOPLASMS—THERAPY Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice TR-264 Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials LRP-200103-18

NAVY—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES—DIAGNOSIS OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and Personnel Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice TR-264 Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? LRP-200401-17

NAVY—PROCUREMENT NETCENTRIC COMPUTING—UNITED STATES—CASE A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint STUDIES Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Combat Team MG-267-1 NAVY—PROCUREMENT—EVALUATION Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development NEVADA Programs MG-276 A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- 200301-23 NAVY—SUPPLIES AND STORES A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint NEW BUSINESS ENTERPRISES Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Resources on Small Business WR-293 NEEDLE SHARING Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors NEW YORK CITY—EPIDEMIOLOGY Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness LRP-200512-22 and HIV LRP-200501-26

NEEDLE-EXCHANGE PROGRAMS—UTILIZATION NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State MG-327 Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- 200512-23 NICOTINE—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum Versus Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked LRP-200512-22 Craving LRP-200511-16 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 NICOTINE—THERAPEUTIC USE Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum Versus NEIGHBORHOOD Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Craving LRP-200511-16 Must Fend for Themselves LRP-200400-16 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS—BANGLADESH NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH PROGRAMS Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Community and Bangladesh RP-1195 Policing Implementation LRP-200409-36 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS—PAKISTAN NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative and Bangladesh RP-1195 Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 NORTH AMERICA NEOPLASM METASTASIS Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Analysis LRP- OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative 200502-13 Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 57

NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL OBESITY Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 458 Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem DB-457 OBESITY, MORBID—SURGERY Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP-200504-07 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION—FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS OBESITY—COMPLICATIONS Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 Problem DB-457 OBESITY—DRUG THERAPY NUCLEAR SUBMARINES—GREAT BRITAIN—DESIGN AND Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity LRP- CONSTRUCTION 200504-05 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP- Sustaining Design and Production Resources MG-326/1 200407-05 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical OBESITY—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—EUROPE Resources MG-326/2 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and Above WR-331 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 OBESITY—ECONOMICS Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic Costs LRP- NUCLEAR SUBMARINES—GREAT BRITAIN—FUEL 200400-14 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 Elderly LRP-200509-13 Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical NUCLEAR TERRORISM—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- OBESITY—EPIDEMIOLOGY 458 Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 NUCLEAR WEAPONS Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications Societal Trends, Pt. 1 LRP-200501-03 of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on 458 Societal Trends, Pt. 2 LRP-200504-06 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of NUCLEAR WEAPONS—FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS Obesity LRP-200505-01 Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Union: Understanding an Evolving OBESITY—HEALTH ASPECTS—EUROPE Problem DB-457 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and Above WR-331

NURSING HOME PATIENTS—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS OBESITY—MORTALITY Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Elderly LRP-200509-13

NURSING HOMES OBESITY—PREVENTION & CONTROL Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Obesity LRP-200505-01

NURSING HOMES—MANPOWER OBESITY—PREVENTION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of Ulcer Rates LRP-200501-27 Obesity LRP-200505-01

NURSING HOMES—PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT OBESITY—SURGERY Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP- Care TR-259 200407-05

NURSING HOMES—STANDARDS OBESITY—TREATMENT Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Quality: RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report LRP-200503-34 OBSERVER VARIATION OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative NURSING HOMES—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking NUTRITION POLICY—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES— Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 CONGRESSES Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of 200405-32 Obesity LRP-200505-01 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE—PREVENTION & CONTROL In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to Anthrax LRP-200503-04 58

OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OPTOMETRY—ECONOMICS The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Evidence from the U.S. Navy LRP-200504-09 Contracts LRP-200212-20

OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING ORAL HEALTH The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a Evidence from the U.S. Navy LRP-200504-09 National Sample of Medical HIV Patients LRP-200501-06 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING—GREAT BRITAIN the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study LRP-200510-16 Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will It Lead to Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- a Better System? LRP-200400-18 Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200411-11 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Literature LRP-200400-19 ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY FOR CHILDREN—BRAZIL The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: OFFENSIVE (MILITARY SCIENCE) Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY — Incentives MG-256 APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept CT-236 ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS—EVALUATION OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Assessment as a Policy Tool RP-1163 (HEALTH AFFAIRS)—TRICARE MANAGEMENT Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects RP-1165 ACTIVITY—EVALUATION Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Example from Mathematics and Science RP-1171 Tricare Demonstration MG-330 ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION OIL-SHALE INDUSTRY Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Industry RB-9143 Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues MG-414 ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION—ECONOMICS Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market LRP-200509- OIL-SHALE 17 Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Industry RB-9143 Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING Issues MG-414 Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism MG- OLDER PEOPLE—DRUG USE—COSTS 331 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 ORTHOTIC DEVICES Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and OLDER PEOPLE—MEDICAL CARE—COST CONTROL Functional Status in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and A Randomized Trial LRP-200505-04 Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 OSTEOARTHRITIS OPERATION ALLIED FORCE, 1999—EQUIPMENT AND Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for SUPPLIES Older Adults LRP-200509-19 Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support Contract MG-282 OSTEOARTHRITIS—DRUG THERAPY S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, OPERATION RESTORE HOPE, 1992–1993 Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease LRP-200208-17 Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION—DIAGNOSIS OPERATIONAL READINESS (MILITARY SCIENCE) Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel: A Review of Effusion LRP-200206-15 Findings on the Contribution of Experience, Training, and Aptitude to Military Performance TR-193 OTITIS MEDIA—DRUG THERAPY How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Management of Acute Otitis Media LRP-200105-22 Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions MG-296 Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support OUMU SHINRIKYåO (RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION) Contract MG-282 Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332 OPHTHALMOLOGISTS—SUPPLY AND DEMAND Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and Workforce of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- Requirements LRP-199512-02 458

OPHTHALMOLOGY—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS(r) Hospital Survey LRP- Contracts LRP-200212-20 200512-18 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging OPTOMETRISTS—SUPPLY AND DEMAND Survey LRP-200504-20 Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and Workforce Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Requirements LRP-199512-02 for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial RP-1160 59

Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health-Related Quality-of- PAIN—THERAPY Life Change in Individual Patients LRP-200506-12 Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Functional Status in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? A Randomized Trial LRP-200505-04 LRP-200505-14 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality PAKISTAN—ECONOMIC POLICY When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 PAKISTAN—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan 200405-32 and Bangladesh RP-1195 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 Problems in Older Persons LRP-199704-04 Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- PALESTINE—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 200502-05 The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State MG-327 Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings MG-146/1 OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT HEALTH CARE—METHODS PALESTINE—FOREIGN RELATIONS Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Used to Collect Palestinians Need More Cash LRP-200507-03 Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Care LRP-200512- 10 PALESTINE—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State MG-327 OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) Building a Successful Palestinian State MG-146 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings MG-146/1 Improvement LRP-200510-01 Law and Order in Palestine LRP-200412-23 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 Ulcer Rates LRP-200501-27 Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Infant and PALESTINE—POPULATION Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Health Insurance Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings MG-146/1 Mandates WR-330 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Quality of Life PALESTINE—SOCIAL CONDITIONS Outcomes LRP-200503-14 The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State MG-327 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996 LRP-200510-11 PANEL ANALYSIS Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Improvement Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Data Analysis for Depression in Primary Care LRP-200107-17 LRP-200112-16 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer LRP-200504-03 PANIC DISORDERS—PATIENTS Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Disorder LRP-200507-10 System TR-201 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial LRP-200505-11 PANIC DISORDERS—TREATMENT Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: An Appropriate Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Extension of the Delphi Method? LRP-200512-19 Primary Care Outpatients LRP-200512-17

OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE)—METHODS PANIC DISORDER—DRUG THERAPY Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improve Panic Research LRP-200509-09 Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally the Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200511-14 Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Measures LRP-200503-31 and Medication for Primary Care Panic Disorder LRP- 200503-27 OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE)—STANDARDS Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Study Sleep PANIC DISORDER—THERAPY Measure LRP-200501-10 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome Primary Care Outpatients LRP-200512-17 Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic Disorder LRP-200507-10 OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (MEDICAL CARE) Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor Market WR-319 to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 The Impact of SES on Health over the Life-Course WR-318 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the LRP-200508-14 Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? WR-194 PARALYSIS—COMPLICATIONS Unraveling the SES-Health Connection RP-1170 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons LRP-199902-10 PAIN Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Outcomes PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion LRP-200512-29 and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Status in Children Representative Sample LRP-200502-07 with Arthritis LRP-200505-13 60

Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- PATIENT DISCHARGE 200511-02 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino American Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, Families: A Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory 1991–1996 LRP-200412-29 Research LRP-200501-12 PATIENT EDUCATION PARENTING An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of LRP-200511-06 Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and PARENTS Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce LRP- Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- 200511-02 Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16

PARENTS—PSYCHOLOGY PATIENT EDUCATION—STANDARDS Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13

PATENTS PATIENT PARTICIPATION Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Incentives LRP- Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Discrete Choice 200410-16 Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project LRP-200500-03 PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care? PATIENT RIGHTS—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE LRP-200505-02 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Needs, Beliefs, and The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Utilization: A Prospective Study of Adolescents in Drug Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 Treatment LRP-200508-03 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking PATIENT SATISFACTION Among Impoverished Women LRP-200508-26 Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE—ETHNOLOGY Report: 2003 WR-307 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations for Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS Case-Mix Adjustment Americans LRP-200507-09 Report: 2004 WR-332 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Men and Women PATIENT CARE PLANNING Visiting the Emergency Department? RP-1189 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Improvement Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to CAHPS* for Depression in Primary Care LRP-200107-17 Hospital Survey LRP-200512-01 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS ª Hospital Survey Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 LRP-200512-04 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the CAHPSª Hospital PATIENT CARE TEAM Survey LRP-200512-05 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment Improvement LRP-200510-01 of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) Instrument LRP-200501-08 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Used to Collect PATIENT CARE TEAM—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Care LRP-200512- Costs and Effects of Participation in Collaboratives to Improve 10 Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey Joyce WR-269 PATIENT SATISFACTION—ETHNOLOGY The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Illness Care RP-1162 Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Americans LRP-200507-09 PATIENT CARE—STANDARDS Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 PATIENT SATISFACTION—GREAT BRITAIN London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' PATIENT COMPLIANCE Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: Choice Data TR-230 A Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200505-05 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 PATIENT SATISFACTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 200510-12 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and PATIENT SATISFICATION Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- 200501-21 PATIENT SELECTION Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 61

Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: PERSONNEL STAFFING AND SCHEDULING Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure Research LRP-200309-22 Ulcer Rates LRP-200501-27

PATIENTS PERSONNEL TURNOVER Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Analysis LRP- The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure 200502-13 Ulcer Rates LRP-200501-27

PATIENTS—SAFETY MEASURES PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13

PATIENTS—SAFETY PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES MEASURES—EVALUATION—PENNSYLVANIA Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 17

PEACE-BUILDING—CASE STUDIES PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- PHARYNGITIS—DRUG THERAPY 304 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans LRP-200505-09 PEDIATRICS—SOCIAL ASPECTS—BOOK REVIEWS Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care LRP- PHILOSOPHY 200501-15 Alternative Philosophical and Investigatory Paradigms for Chiropractic LRP-199307-02 PEDIATRICS—TRENDS Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict and Manage PHOTIC STIMULATION Pediatric Health Care LRP-200508-23 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' PEER GROUP Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING Not) LRP-200500-01 Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 2 LRP-200504-06 PEER REVIEW, HEALTH CARE—METHODS Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- PHYSICAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES 200405-32 Treating Low Back Pain LRP-200506-09

PELVIC PAIN—ETIOLOGY PHYSICIAN AND PATIENT A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Men and Women Pain Syndrome LRP-200509-29 Visiting the Emergency Department? RP-1189 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES—EMPLOYMENT When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, the Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Netherlands, and the United States WR-280 Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Americans LRP-200507-09 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES—GOVERNMENT POLICY—CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on System MG-258 Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13 Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by General PERFORMANCE Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey LRP- Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and Its 200503-05 Applicability to the Military TR-192 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Active Antiretroviral PERFORMANCE—MEASUREMENT Therapy LRP-200501-22 De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Foundation of Freight Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- Policy): Een Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van 200502-05 Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Description for Performance Measurement Within the Policy Process) DB- PHYSICIAN'S ROLE 444 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in PERIODICITY Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Recent Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual Patients and Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And When It Does Distributive Justice in Health Care LRP-200501-23 Not) LRP-200500-01 PHYSICIAN-NURSE RELATIONS PERSONNEL SELECTION—ORGANIZATION & Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Communication and ADMINISTRATION Collaboration Among Physicians and Nurses LRP-200501- Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare 05 Workforce WR-312 62

PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS POLICY SCIENCES—JAPAN Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental and Military Alliances RGSD-191 Health Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness LRP- 200510-12 POLICY SCIENCES—METHODOLOGY How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in Nederland: Identificatie A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Communication Van Knelpunten En Oplossingrichtingen WR-277 Skills LRP-200403-20 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, POLICY SCIENCES—RESEARCH Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Foundation of Freight Americans LRP-200507-09 Policy): Een Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Description for PHYSICIANS—STANDARDS Performance Measurement Within the Policy Process) DB- Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: 444 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality POLICY SCIENCES—TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of Intelligence Analysis RGSD-186 PHYSICIANS—UTILIZATION Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for POLITICAL PLANNING Physicians' Services LRP-200310-08 High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives MG-256 PHYTOTHERAPY Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic POLITICAL STABILITY—EUROPE Review LRP-200109-01 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with Mood and Anxiety Disorders LRP-200504-08 POOR YOUTH Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth Homicide: PLANT EXTRACTS—THERAPEUTIC USE Assessing the Structural Covariates over Time LRP-200502- Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 23

PLANTS, MEDICINAL POPULATION DYNAMICS Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 Review LRP-200109-01 POPULATION FORECASTING—MALAYSIA POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Culture, Service Access and Service System Development in a Children's and Politics LRP-199612-05 Behavioral Health System of Care LRP-200505-16 POPULATION SURVEILLANCE POLICE ADMINISTRATION An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: Anticipating Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- Expanded Duties and a Changing Labor Pool OP-154 30 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare POLICE CRACKDOWNS—NEW YORK (N.Y.) Population LRP-200309-26 Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Alternative Approaches LRP-200506-04 POPULATION SURVEILLANCE—METHODS Syndromic Surveillance LRP-200503-23 POLICE DISCRETION Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen PORT OF LOS ANGELES—PROCUREMENT Stops LRP-200505-18 Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1 POLICE PATROL Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT Stops LRP-200505-18 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice WR-339 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Data Analysis POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS—CINCINNATI (OHIO) LRP-200112-16 Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati TR-333 PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT—MILITARY ASPECTS POLICE—CINCINNATI (OHIO)—PUBLIC OPINION A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense (PAT-MD): Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati TR-333 Methodology and Users Manual TR-262

POLICE—IRAQ POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Authority's Experience MG-365 Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 POLICE—RECRUITING Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: Anticipating Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 Expanded Duties and a Changing Labor Pool OP-154 POSTAL SERVICE POLICY SCIENCES In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Environment Anthrax LRP-200503-04 and Military Alliances RGSD-191 Shaping the Future LRP-200504-15 63

POSTAL SERVICES PRENATAL CARE—RESEARCH Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care on Birthweight Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Outcomes by Race LRP-199209-01 Practices RP-1174 PRESCHOOL CHILDREN—CARE—CALIFORNIA POSTWAR RECONSTRUCTION—AFGHANISTAN Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Los Angeles Establishing Law and Order After Conflict MG-374 County TR-116

POSTWAR RECONSTRUCTION—IRAQ PRESCRIPTION FEES Establishing Law and Order After Conflict MG-374 The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 Learn? RP-1197 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 POSTWAR RECONSTRUCTION—KOSOVO Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- Establishing Law and Order After Conflict MG-374 17 Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' POVERTY Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Men Treated for Prostate Cancer LRP-200508-24 PRESCRIPTION PRICING Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Coverage and Services? LRP-200412-24 Utilization in the Medicare Population RGSD-197 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low- for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 Income Housing LRP-200510-08 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG Cancer LRP-200504-03 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of Prescribing LRP-200510-13 POVERTY—ETHNOLOGY E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003: Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 Technology? LRP-200509-06 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription POVERTY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA for Diphenhydramine LRP-200209-19 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter Compensation Official Medical Fee Schedule WR-260-1 Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508

POWER (SOCIAL SCIENCES) PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG—ECONOMICS Exploring Religious Conflict CF-211 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs Measuring National Power CF-215 for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193

PRACTICE GUIDELINES PRESSURE ULCER—EPIDEMIOLOGY Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Guidelines LRP- The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure 200209-20 Ulcer Rates LRP-200501-27

PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, MEDICAL—ORGANIZATION & PREVALENCE ADMINISTRATION Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- Contracts LRP-200212-20 19

PRECISION GUIDED MUNITIONS—PURCHASING—COST PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS AGED—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to Precision Guided Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Munitions Planning RGSD-195 Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188

PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Question LRP-200210-13 Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 PREGNANCY Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and Older LRP- African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, 200409-37 Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons LRP-199704-04 PREGNANCY RATE—TRENDS The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- PRICES—ECONOMETRIC MODELS 200003-20 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy TR-292 PREJUDICE Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally PRIMARY CARE (MEDICINE) Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Health Care LRP-200509-08 Primary Care Outpatients LRP-200512-17 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 64

The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary PRIMARY PREVENTION—UTILIZATION Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- 484-1 PRISONERS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate into Health PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Disparities LRP-200511-17 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study LRP-200512-09 PRISONS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 14 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care Models for Delivering PRIVACY, RIGHT OF Mental Health Services LRP-200207-15 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Are? Case Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improve Panic Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in Workplace TR-197 the Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200511-14 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Physicians in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol PRIVACY, RIGHT OF—LAW AND LEGISLATION LRP-200511-06 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions to Unwanted Email LRP- Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Farmworkers: 200503-17 Reliability and Validity of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care Measure (P3C) LRP-200503-18 PRIVACY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 Disorder LRP-200507-10 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy PRIVATE SECTOR and Medication for Primary Care Panic Disorder LRP- The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their 200503-27 Feet? LRP-200412-28

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—GOVERNMENT POLICY—ASIA PRIVATIZATION IN EDUCATION—EVALUATION Policy and Health: Implications for Development in Asia Book- Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations and Achievement 999988 in Edison Schools MG-351

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—MANPOWER PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 30

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—METHODS PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with Mood and Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions with Depot-Level Anxiety Disorders LRP-200504-08 Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable MG-241

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & PRODUCTIVITY ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel: A Review of Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into Findings on the Contribution of Experience, Training, and the Mainstream LRP-200501-14 Aptitude to Military Performance TR-193

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS PRODUCTS LIABILITY—ASBESTOS Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Asbestos Litigation MG-162 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by General PROGNOSIS Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey LRP- The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate 200503-05 Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building 200405-32 Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions Provider Type and Depression Treatment Adequacy LRP- LRP-200506-01 200506-06 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care: Do Patients Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of with Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Long Run? Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 LRP-200506-11 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT—MIDDLE EAST Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan LRP- Strengthening the Palestinian Health System MG-311-1 200511-05 PROGRAM EVALUATION PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary Baseline Evaluation Report 1 TR-203 Care Clinics LRP-200512-28 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- 30 65

Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA—ECONOMICS Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 Sector LRP-200504-10 Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—EPIDEMIOLOGY The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate PROGRAM EVALUATION—ARKANSAS Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21

PROGRAM EVALUATION—METHODS PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—ETHNOLOGY Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Developing Countries MG-402 Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17

PROGRAM EVALUATION—STANDARDS PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Cancer LRP- 200506-18 PROJECT AIR FORCE (U.S.) RAND Project Air Force, Annual Report 2004 AR-7098 PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—PSYCHOLOGY PROSECUTION—DECISIONMAKING Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Prostate Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Cancer LRP-200504-03 Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing LRP- 200510-27 PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—SURGERY Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer: PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM Validation of the Italian Version of the University of California- Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Minimum Data Set-Post Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index LRP-200508-25 Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment System LRP-200402-20 PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—THERAPY Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Men Treated for Review of Policy Options WR-267 Prostate Cancer LRP-200508-24 Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of California LRP-200504-18 Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Cancer LRP- Payment System TR-207 200503-03 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Assistance Program LRP-200509-25 System TR-219 Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in PROSTATITIS—COMPLICATIONS the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic System TR-201 Pain Syndrome LRP-200509-29 Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment PROSTITUTES—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY System TR-213 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Prostitutes LRP-200400-12 PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM—UTILIZATION Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute PROSTITUTION—CASE STUDIES Care TR-259 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Prostitutes LRP-200400-12 PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN—BLOOD The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate PROSTITUTION—ETHNOLOGY Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Angeles County LRP-200500-08 Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 PROSTITUTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA PROSTATECTOMY Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Angeles County LRP-200500-08 Validation of the Italian Version of the University of California- Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index LRP-200508-25 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING—STANDARDS Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at PROSTATECTOMY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Structural Collapse Events TR-309 The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable PSYCHIATRY—ECONOMICS Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Departments, Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 1980–2001 LRP-200502-11

PROSTATE—CANCER—TREATMENT PSYCHIATRY—EDUCATION Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 Provider Type and Depression Treatment Adequacy LRP- 200506-06 PROSTATE—DISEASES Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 66

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS—CASE STUDIES Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Using Ordered Public Health Emergencies TR-249 Response Models with Classification Errors LRP-200407-17 Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness TR-239 Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Ready TR-224 PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and Its Jurisdictions CT-241 Applicability to the Military TR-192 Public Involvement in Community Health Improvement LRP- 200403-22 PSYCHOMETRICS Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS ª Hospital Survey PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION—METHODS LRP-200512-04 Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment 16 of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) Instrument LRP-200501-08 PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS—TRENDS PSYCHOMETRICS—METHODS The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies Adoption MG-409 LRP-200506-15 PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE PSYCHOMETRICS—STANDARDS Syndromic Surveillance LRP-200503-23 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Study Sleep Measure LRP-200501-10 PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY System MG-317 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- 200107-18 PUBLIC HEALTH—ARKANSAS Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and Its Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Applicability to the Military TR-192 Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT—PHYSIOLOGY Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of PUBLIC HEALTH—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions CT-241 PSYCHOTHERAPY Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and PUBLIC HEALTH—INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Anxiety Disorders LRP-200509-30 System MG-317

PSYCHOTHERAPY—METHODS PUBLIC HEALTH—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 14 PUBLIC HEALTH—METHODS PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS—THERAPEUTIC USE Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context RP-1177 Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Project Anxiety Disorders LRP-200509-30 LRP-200512-26 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200506- PUBLIC HEALTH—RESEARCH—METHODOLOGY 14 The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Probability Sample of System MG-317 Children in the Child Welfare System LRP-200503-16 PUBLIC HEALTH—STANDARDS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION—DECISIONMAKING In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in Nederland: Identificatie Anthrax LRP-200503-04 Van Knelpunten En Oplossingrichtingen WR-277 PUBLIC HEALTH—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA PUBLIC CONTRACTS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context RP-1177 and Department of Water and Power DB-471-1 PUBLIC HEALTH—TRENDS PUBLIC FACILITIES Public Involvement in Community Health Improvement LRP- The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A 200403-22 Conceptual Model LRP-200502-17 PUBLIC HOSPITALS—LOUISIANA—PLANNING PUBLIC HEALTH The Public Hospital System in Louisiana WR-314 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 PUBLIC OPINION Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness TR-239 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Alternative Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 Approaches LRP-200506-04 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of 67

PUBLIC POLICY Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Use: Evidence from of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- the National Youth Tobacco Survey LRP-200506-13 458 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's PUBLIC SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185 California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They Doing? MG-186 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Integrated Medical PUBLIC SCHOOLS—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION System LRP-200503-21 Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding and Facilities: Evidence from California LRP-200512-27 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the WR-306 Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operations of LRP-200500-02 Charter Schools Affect Performance WR-305 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Quality Improvement Collaboratives LRP-200508-04 Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-297 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report PUBLIC SCHOOLS—FINANCE—MATHEMATICAL MODELS LRP-200503-34 Unintended Consequence of Centralized Public School Funding in The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for Michigan Education LRP-200501-25 Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy LRP- 200507-11 PUBLIC Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, SCHOOLS—PENNSYLVANIA—PITTSBURGH—LONGITUDI Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" NAL STUDIES (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh WR- Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game LRP-200400-15 315-1 Developing Process Indicators to Improve Educational Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Care CT- PUBLIC SCHOOLS—TEXAS—EVALUATION 245 The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Composition An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care WR- WR-306 241 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for PUBLIC SECTOR Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200501-09 Assistance Program LRP-200509-25 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Long Run? PUBLIC WELFARE LRP-200506-11 Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public MG-341 Assistance Program LRP-200509-25 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Income LRP-200305-38 484-1 Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome Experience LRP-200502-21 Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change Book-998875 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—ECONOMICS PUBLIC WELFARE ADMINISTRATION Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US California LRP-200504-18 Experience LRP-200502-21 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—METHODS PUBLIC WELFARE ADMINISTRATION—CALIFORNIA Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload RP-1152 When Selecting a Primary Care Physician LRP-200508-02 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- PUBLIC WELFARE—CALIFORNIA 200405-32 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section 1931(b) in Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- California WR-249 200501-21 Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Answer the CPS Health Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Project Insurance Questions? WR-288 LRP-200512-26 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Current Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Population Survey WR-169-3 Competencies LRP-200508-06

PUBLIC WELFARE—CALIFORNIA—MATHEMATICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & MODELS ADMINISTRATION A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload RP-1152 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix WR- PUBLIC WELFARE—HEALTH ASPECTS 217 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access to Care Among Costs and Effects of Participation in Collaboratives to Improve the Uninsured WR-215 Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey Joyce WR-269 PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE—THERAPY Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Failure? RP-1173 200405-32 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder QAIDA (ORGANIZATION) LRP-200508-14 Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania LRP- The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic 200501-01 Illness Care RP-1162 68

QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—STATISTICS & Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment NUMERICAL DATA of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) Instrument LRP-200501-08 Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of The Public Hospital System in Louisiana WR-314 Individual Patient and Facility Factors LRP-200502-10 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients LRP-200508-09 People LRP-200510-05 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE California LRP-200502-02 Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life Health Care LRP-200507-15 Measures LRP-200503-31 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix WR- Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Project 217 LRP-200512-26 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Undergoing Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Abdominal Operations LRP-200512-21 Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- LRP-200501-18 484-1 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Important Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Difference in HRQOL Scores LRP-200410-18 Competencies LRP-200508-06 Public Involvement in Community Health Improvement LRP- Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer 200403-22 Preferences About Health Plan Design LRP-200510-17 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States LRP- 200501-21 QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—ECONOMICS RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Care for Children LRP-200407-18 484-1 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS Disparities LRP-200503-08 Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It LRP-200509-23 Developing Process Indicators to Improve Educational QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Care CT- "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Care 245 Quality and Cost LRP-200506-16 Development and Evaluation of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results LRP-200512-06 from a Prospective Cohort LRP-200512-09 An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care WR- Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer 241 Chemotherapy LRP-200508-27 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS—GREAT Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix WR- BRITAIN 217 Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews TR-243 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL LRP-200503-34 DATA Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Implications for The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for Health Care Quality and Cost CT-249 Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy LRP- The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Practice? 200507-11 LRP-200501-18 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma QUALITY OF LIFE Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally LRP-200505-14 Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of Measures LRP-200503-31 Prostate Cancer LRP-200511-03 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Survival Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action LRP-200508-18 Among Persons with HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially 200501-24 Missing Data LRP-200506-03 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Men Treated for Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Prostate Cancer LRP-200508-24 Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Commentary: Work, Well-Being, and a New Calling for Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Countercyclical Policy LRP-200512-11 Care? WR-194 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Health- Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal Related Quality of Life Among a National Sample of HIV- Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans LRP-200505-09 Positive Adults RP-1159 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An Illnesses LRP-200508-05 Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Cancer LRP- A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Chronic Illness Care: 200506-18 Technical Appendix WR-290 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Quality of Life Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS ª Hospital Survey Outcomes LRP-200503-14 LRP-200512-04 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health-Related Quality-of- A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site HIV Life Change in Individual Patients LRP-200506-12 Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Active Antiretroviral Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Important Therapy LRP-200501-22 Difference in HRQOL Scores LRP-200410-18 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 Provider Type and Depression Treatment Adequacy LRP- Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health-Related Quality of Life 200506-06 in HIV: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample LRP-200509-16 69

Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: A 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Are? Case Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment LRP- Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the 200504-19 Workplace TR-197 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care LRP-200107-17 RADIO FREQUENCY—IDENTIFICATION The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Generic 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Are? Case Core Scales and Asthma Module LRP-200503-06 Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Cancer LRP- Workplace TR-197 200503-03 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer: RAILROADS—NETHERLANDS—TRAFFIC Validation of the Italian Version of the University of California- Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature and Case Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index LRP-200508-25 Study WR-275 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical RAND CORPORATION.—HISTORY Trial LRP-200505-11 Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND (Dual-Version DVD) CP- Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict and Manage 501/1 Pediatric Health Care LRP-200508-23 Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND CP-501

QUALITY OF LIFE—EVALUATION—STATISTICAL METHODS RAND CORPORATION—PERIODICALS Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health-Related Quality-of- RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Life Change in Individual Patients LRP-200506-12 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 QUALITY OF LIFE—PSYCHOLOGY Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Examination LRP- Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity LRP- 200108-18 200504-05 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction LRP-200505-10 RAPID DEPLOYMENT The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Partnership MG-301

QUESTIONNAIRES REACTION TIME Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly Local Public Health Agencies TR-261 Outpatients LRP-200202-10 Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for Practices RP-1174 Public Health Emergencies TR-249 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Cancer LRP- Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in 200506-18 the United States TR-285 Development and Evaluation of the CAHPSª Hospital Survey Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- LRP-200512-06 16 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness LRP-200506-15 LRP-200509-01 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- RECONSTRUCTION—IRAQ 200502-12 Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module LRP-200503-06 RECORDING AND REGISTRATION Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 Prostitutes LRP-200400-12

QUESTIONNAIRES—STANDARDS RECRUITING AND ENLISTMENT Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania LRP- Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical 200501-01 Trial LRP-200505-11 REENGINEERING (MANAGEMENT) QUESTIONNAIRES—TRANSLATIONS INTO SPANISH Military Reengineering Between the World Wars MG-253 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Integrated Medical System LRP-200503-21 RACE RELATIONS How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 REFUGEES—MENTAL HEALTH Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After 200502-05 Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08

RADICALISM REGIONAL ECONOMIC DISPARITIES Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania LRP- Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for 200501-01 Energy TR-292 70

REGISTRIES—STANDARDS RELIGION AND MEDICINE Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study LRP-200508-21 LRP-200500-02 RELIGION AND PSYCHOLOGY REGISTRIES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement 200502-12 LRP-200500-02 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans LRP-200508-22 REHABILITATION Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute RELIGION AND SOCIOLOGY Care TR-259 Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and Changes Among Religious Adherents Across U.S. Counties WR-211 REHABILITATION CENTERS—COSTS Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related REMEDIES (LAW) Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Payment System TR-207 Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 System TR-219 Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under REMINDER SYSTEMS the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Ambulatory System TR-213 Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Approach LRP- 200400-17 REHABILITATION CENTERS—ECONOMICS Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Rates to Mailed Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Minimum Data Set-Post Study Consent Forms LRP-200507-20 Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment System LRP-200402-20 REMOTELY CONTROLLED VEHICLES Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Historical RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 Review of Policy Options WR-267 Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function-Related RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES—CONGRESSES Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Policy: A Draft Payment System TR-207 Conference Report CF-218 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES—NEPAL System TR-219 Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Comorbidities in Children in Nepal LRP-199707-03 the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System TR-201 REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix under Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Treatment and the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Outcomes, 1981 to 1996 LRP-200510-11 System TR-213 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Study Sleep Measure LRP-200501-10 REHABILITATION CENTERS—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED—PSYCHOLOGY Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from 271 Assisted Reproduction LRP-200505-10 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? LRP-200504-02 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Incentives LRP- REIMBURSEMENT MECHANISMS 200410-16 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? LRP-200401-17 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS, GOVERNMENT REIMBURSEMENT, INCENTIVE Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's Federally Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in Funded Research and Development Centers CP-485 California LRP-200504-18 RESEARCH DESIGN RELATIVE VALUE SCALES Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Minimally Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for Important Differences for Health-Related Quality of Life Physicians' Services LRP-200310-08 Measures LRP-200503-31 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200510-15 RELAXATION TECHNIQUES Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions LRP- Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP 200107-18 = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 RELIGION Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPSª Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Hospital Survey LRP-200512-08 Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and Changes Among RESEARCH GRANTS Religious Adherents Across U.S. Counties WR-211 Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans Research Campaign LRP-200507-06 LRP-200508-22 71

RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T RETIREES—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS—GREAT BRITAIN OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LRP-200510-18 Declines in Spending at Retirement WR-242

RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON–PUBLIC HEALTH RETIREMENT—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—ECONOMETRIC SERVICE MODELS Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual 200405-32 Declines in Spending at Retirement WR-242

RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, PUBLIC HEALTH RETIREMENT—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—GREAT BRITAIN SERVICE The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- Declines in Spending at Retirement WR-242 200405-32 REVIEW LITERATURE RESEARCH—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Complementary and Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Incentives LRP- Alternative Medicine Topics LRP-200506-10 200410-16 A Guide to This Supplement LRP-200506-07

RESEARCH—EVALUATION—ANALYSIS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS—TREATMENT—COSTS Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes Measuring Preference Weights for American College of from Health Research LRP-200500-09 Rheumatology Response Criteria for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200512-12 RESEARCH—EVALUATION—METHODOLOGY Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews TR-243 RISK (INSURANCE) Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis Distribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Attacks under the Research Campaign LRP-200507-06 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-427 Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes of Health National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Research: The Impact of Funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Losses RP-1168 Research Campaign' LRP-200407-19 Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good LRP-200403- Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Outcomes 19 from Health Research LRP-200500-09 Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-393 RESEARCH—FINANCE Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Incentives LRP- RISK ADJUSTMENT 200410-16 Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Mental Health LRP- 200000-47 RESEARCH—GREAT BRITAIN—FINANCE Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis RISK ASSESSMENT Research Campaign LRP-200507-06 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection in the United States LRP- RESEARCH—STATISTICAL METHODS 200501-24 Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Regression for Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population LRP- Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies RP-1164 200309-23 Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS United States LRP-200507-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical RESOURCE ALLOCATION Prostatectomy LRP-200506-21 OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice TR-264 RISK FACTORS Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty, RESPIRATORY SOUNDS and Fecundity WR-219 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on Children Who Wheeze LRP-200505-07 Societal Trends, Pt. 1 LRP-200501-03 Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and RESPONSE CONSISTENCY Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young Adult Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Women LRP-200501-20 Introduction to Time-Series Analysis LRP-200312-26 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort LRP- Data LRP-200312-25 200504-17 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Future RESPONSE SURFACES (STATISTICS) Elderly LRP-200509-13 Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 Individual Patient and Facility Factors LRP-200502-10 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors RESTORATIVE JUSTICE—CALIFORNIA—VENTURA COUNTY in Adolescents LRP-200412-31 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Supervision and Official Outcomes LRP-200501-19 Paralyzed Persons LRP-199902-10 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance RETIREES—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS—ECONOMETRIC Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter MODELS Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07 The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from Declines in Spending at Retirement WR-242 Assisted Reproduction LRP-200505-10 72

The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking SCHIZOPHRENIA—THERAPY Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 RISK MANAGEMENT Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Distribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Attacks under the Disorder LRP-200512-15 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-427 National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism SCHOOL ATTENDANCE Losses RP-1168 Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Longitudinal Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten Attendance WR-266-1 RISK TAKING HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30 SCHOOL CHILDREN—FOOD Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 Substance Use LRP-200505-12 SCHOOL CHOICE—CALIFORNIA RISK-TAKING Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: Are They Closing The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors the Achievement Gap? WR-282 Among Women and Men with HIV/AIDS LRP-200509-26 Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding and Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors Facilities: Evidence from California LRP-200512-27 Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the LRP-200512-22 Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-297 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 SCHOOL DISTRICTS Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement for Local School Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of Districts LRP-200410-20 Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 SCHOOL DISTRICTS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES ROBOTICS—MILITARY ASPECTS Options for Changing the Governance System of the Los Angeles RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005 CP-22-0508 Unified School District: Presented to the President's Joint Commission on LAUSD Governance WR-333 ROLE Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary SCHOOL DISTRICTS—MICHIGAN Care Clinics LRP-200512-28 Unintended Consequence of Centralized Public School Funding in Michigan Education LRP-200501-25 RURAL HEALTH SERVICES—INDIA Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India SCHOOL DISTRICTS—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES WR-294 The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE—THERAPEUTIC USE for Learning MG-361 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease LRP-200208-17 SCHOOL FACILITIES—EXTENDED USE Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action SAFETY Agenda MG-242 The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A Conceptual Model LRP-200502-17 SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT—ORGANIZATION & Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: ADMINISTRATION Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program TR-276 School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing Drug Use CT-237 SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS—TRENDS M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Departments, SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL 1980–2001 LRP-200502-11 DATA Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Stepped-Care SAN DIEGO (CALIF.)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused Interventions in Facing the Challenge of Implementing Proposition F in San Schools LRP-200509-31 Diego MG-411 SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—CALIFORNIA SARS (DISEASE) Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Educational Services WR-258 the United States TR-285 Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and Technical Assistance WR-257 SATISFACITION Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking 259 Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—CALIFORNIA—LOS SCARCITY—SOCIAL ASPECTS—NEPAL ANGELES Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform Children in Nepal LRP-199707-03 Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified School District RGSD-192 SCHIZOPHRENIA—EPIDEMIOLOGY Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200512-15 73

SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—GEORGIA SCIENCE—EXAMINATIONS Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Improving Inferences About Student Achievement LRP-200400- Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental 20 Educational Services WR-258 Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and SCIENCE—STUDY AND TEACHING Technical Assistance WR-257 Improving Inferences About Student Achievement LRP-200400- Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- 20 259 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—PENNSYLVANIA Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop Notebooks and Transcripts Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate WR-261 Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Relationship Educational Services WR-258 Between Reform Teaching and Mathematics Achievement Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and WR-262 Technical Assistance WR-257 Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- SCIENCE—STUDY AND 259 TEACHING—EUROPE—STATISTICS—COMPARATIVE STUDIES SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—PENNSYLVANIA— Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An PITTSBURGH International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh WR- Effectiveness MG-270 315-1 SCIENCE—STUDY AND TEACHING—PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—UNITED STATES— Math Science Partnership of Southwest Pennsylvania: Two Year CASE STUDIES Evaluation Report WR-270 The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute SCLERODERMA, SYSTEMIC—DIAGNOSIS for Learning MG-361 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION Trial LRP-200505-11 Assessment as a Policy Tool RP-1163 Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise for and SCLEROTHERAPY Old Idea? OP-153 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects RP-1165 Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION— A Meta-Analysis LRP-200502-19 CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Options for Changing the Governance System of the Los Angeles SECURITY, INTERNATIONAL Unified School District: Presented to the President's Joint National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Commission on LAUSD Governance WR-333 Reform TR-289 North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION— Consequences of Korean Unification MG-333 EVALUATION Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations and Achievement SEER PROGRAM in Edison Schools MG-351 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma LRP-200509-27

SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION—UNITED SELF CARE STATES—STATES Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: Choices and Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and Hypertension LRP- Consequences in Universal Pre-Kindergarten Efforts TR-237 200309-24 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for SCHOOL VIOLENCE—SOUTH CAROLINA Older Adults LRP-200509-19 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, Education, Self- Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Management, and Health Status for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE) LRP- SCHOOL-AGE CHILD CARE 200502-04 Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action Agenda MG-242 SELF CONCEPT Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The SCHOOLS Added Value of Combining Self-Reported and Performance- Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Based Measures LRP-200400-11 Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 SELF DISCLOSURE SCHOOLS—DECENTRALIZATION Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise for and in the Era of HAART LRP-200504-21 Old Idea? OP-153 SELF EFFICACY SCIENCE AND STATE Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Needs, Beliefs, and Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness TR-239 Utilization: A Prospective Study of Adolescents in Drug Talking Policy: An Examination of Public Dialogue in Science and Treatment LRP-200508-03 Technology Policy TR-268 SELF MEDICATION SCIENCE—ABILITY TESTING Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus Improving Inferences About Student Achievement LRP-200400- Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program LRP- 20 199600-07 74

SELF-CONTROL Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: Angeles County LRP-200500-08 Assessing the General Theory of Crime LRP-200503-33 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and SELF-EMPLOYED—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Substance Use LRP-200505-12 Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Sex on Television and Its Impact on American Youth: Background Retirement WR-196-1 and Results from the RAND Television and Adolescent Sexuality Study LRP-200507-04 SELF-SUFFICIENCY PROJECT (CANADA) Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project LRP- Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 200409-35 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of SENSITIVITY THEORY (MATHEMATICS)—STATISTICAL Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 METHODS Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR—PSYCHOLOGY Assumptions LRP-200206-14 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Men's SENTENCES (CRIMINAL PROCEDURE) Condom-Use Behavior: A Review LRP-200512-25 Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing LRP- Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach LRP- 200510-27 200503-13 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between SENTENCES (CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)—ARIZONA Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and Arizona MG-288 SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy SENTENCES (CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)—CALIFORNIA Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and Arizona MG-288 SEXUAL ORIENTATION—BOOK REVIEWS Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care LRP- SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS, 2001 200501-15 Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Threat? CT- 250-1 SEXUAL PARTNERS Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: SERVICE STATIONS—CALIFORNIA A Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200505-05 The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on California's Independent Repair Shops TR-235 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES—DIAGNOSIS Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional SEX CHARACTERISTICS Settings: A Personal View LRP-200508-19 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES—PREVENTION & 19 CONTROL Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 SEX FACTORS Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Men's Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Condom-Use Behavior: A Review LRP-200512-25 for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe Controlled Trial RP-1160 Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY—GREAT BRITAIN Differences Between Military and Commercial Shipbuilding: SEXISM—RESEARCH GRANTS Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs MG-236 TR-307 Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management in the United Kingdom's Military Shipbuilding Industry MG-198/1 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications for the Ministry The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes MG-198 Among Women and Men with HIV/AIDS LRP-200509-26 The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users Next Fifteen Years MG-294 Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, 200512-23 Sustaining Design and Production Resources MG-326/1 Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 Resources MG-326/2 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176 Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY—GREAT BRITAIN— LRP-200503-20 MANAGEMENT Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino American Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding Programmes: How Can Families: A Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Research LRP-200501-12 Progress? MG-235 75

SHOES SMOKING CESSATION—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Use: Evidence from Functional Status in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: the National Youth Tobacco Survey LRP-200506-13 A Randomized Trial LRP-200505-04 SMOKING CESSATION—METHODS SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum Versus Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked Prostate Cancer LRP-200505-17 Craving LRP-200511-16 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Generic Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Core Scales and Asthma Module LRP-200503-06 Cessation Counseling and Referral LRP-200509-02

SKILLED LABOR SMOKING CESSATION—PSYCHOLOGY Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Young Adult Smokers LRP-200508-01 SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute SMOKING—ECONOMICS Care TR-259 Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Use: Evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Survey LRP-200506-13 SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES—UTILIZATION Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for SMOKING—PREVENTION & CONTROL Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Replacements WR- Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program 271 Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: LRP-200504-02 Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Young SLEEP Adult Smokers LRP-200508-01 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Study Sleep Measure LRP-200501-10 SMOKING—PREVENTION & CONTROL—ARKANSAS Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: SLEEP DEPRIVATION—PSYCHOLOGY Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Who Has Time to Sleep LRP-200506-02 SMOKING—PSYCHOLOGY SMALL BUSINESS Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Adolescence to The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental Economic and Industry Analysis DB-478 Trajectories and Outcomes LRP-200507-13 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without Cessation SMALL BUSINESS—GOVERNMENT POLICY Plans LRP-200505-15 Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in Determining Thresholds for the Application of Federal Statutes WR-292 SMOKING—TRENDS A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Resources on Small The Accuracy of Teens' Expectations of Future Smoking LRP- Business WR-293 200504-01 Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors WR-300/1 in Adolescents LRP-200412-31 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from SMALL BUSINESS—LAW AND LEGISLATION Assisted Reproduction LRP-200505-10 Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in Determining Thresholds for the Application of Federal Statutes WR-292 SOCIAL CLASS Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health SMALL BUSINESS—RESEARCH Services? LRP-200412-24 A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Resources on Small The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Business WR-293 Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- 200511-09 SMALL BUSINESS—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Resources on Small Health Care LRP-200507-15 Business WR-293 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A 06 Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? Disparities LRP-200503-08 WR-300/1 SOCIAL CONFLICT—CHINA SMALLPOX VACCINE—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE Chinese Government Responses to Rising Social Unrest CT- Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting 240 Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL SMOG Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone Pollution LRP- Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" 200510-04 (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game LRP-200400-15 SMOKING CESSATION Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare SOCIAL INDICATORS Population LRP-200309-26 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Important Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without Cessation Difference in HRQOL Scores LRP-200410-18 Plans LRP-200505-15 76

SOCIAL JUSTICE Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants LRP- Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers 200511-04 LRP-200503-07 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate into Health Restructuring WR-310 Disparities LRP-200511-17 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual Patients and Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives LRP-200510-14 Distributive Justice in Health Care LRP-200501-23 Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Medical Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality Technologies WR-253 Disparities LRP-200503-08 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV LRP-200502- 06 SOCIAL MEDICINE Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity Restructuring WR-310 Model LRP-200502-18 Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical SOCIAL PERCEPTION and Empirical Examination LRP-200212-19 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' United States LRP-200509-07 Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity LRP-200505-01 SOCIAL POLICY Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence-Based Information SOFTWARE ENGINEERING—MANAGEMENT on Child and Family Policy RP-1178 Soup or Art? The Role of Evidential Force in Empirical Software Engineering LRP-200501-11 SOCIAL SCIENCES—STATISTICAL METHODS Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous SOLDIERS—EDUCATION, NON-MILITARY Data LRP-200312-25 Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Education: EArmyU Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T Level-1 and Effects of Possible Program Changes MG-293 Assumptions LRP-200206-14 SOLDIERS—HOUSING SOCIAL STATUS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Effective Capital Provision Within Government: Methodologies for Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Right-Sizing Base Infrastructure RGSD-190 Racial Minority Community Sample LRP-200503-12 SOLDIERS—JOB STRESS SOCIAL STATUS—HEALTH ASPECTS Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and Its The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Applicability to the Military TR-192 Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- 200511-09 SOLDIERS—MEDICAL CARE The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor Market WR-319 Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army The Impact of SES on Health over the Life-Course WR-318 Medical Department: Evaluation of Process and Effects MG- Unraveling the SES-Health Connection RP-1170 319

SOCIAL SUPPORT SOLDIERS—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Personnel Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Examination LRP- MG-385 200108-18 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: SOLDIERS—MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—EVALUATION A Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200505-05 Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Tricare Demonstration MG-330 Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Angeles LRP- 200502-12 SOLDIERS—TRAINING OF Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? Evidence from SOCIAL SURVEYS—CINCINNATI (OHIO) the US Navy LRP-200202-11 Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati TR-333 SOUTH CAROLINA SOCIAL SURVEYS—RESPONSE RATE The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Data LRP-200312-25 SOUTH DAKOTA SOCIALIZATION Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Sex on Television and Its Impact on American Youth: Background Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 and Results from the RAND Television and Adolescent Sexuality Study LRP-200507-04 SOUTH DAKOTA—EPIDEMIOLOGY Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS from a Longitudinal Assessment LRP-200502-15 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Lead Levels Among Mexican-American Children and Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 Adolescents in the United States LRP-200507-19 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 SPACE VEHICLES—DESIGN Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Procurement and R&D Question LRP-200210-13 Spending in the Aerospace Sector TR-263 Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? RP-1154 SPARE PARTS—COSTS Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Costs: A Study of Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 M1 Tanks TR-286 77

SPARE PARTS—MANAGEMENT STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—EPIDEMIOLOGY Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Parts Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and MG-205 Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN (U.S.) Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08 WIC Eligibility and Participation LRP-200306-29 STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—PSYCHOLOGY SPEECH DISORDERS—DIAGNOSIS Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Among Impoverished Women LRP-200508-26 Effusion LRP-200206-15 STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL SPINAL CORD—SURGERY—CALIFORNIA Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Procedures Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers WR-301 STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL—EPIDEMIOLOGY Who Has Time to Sleep LRP-200506-02 SPIRITUALITY Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL—PSYCHOLOGY LRP-200508-22 Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health LRP-200510-10 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After SPORTS—PHYSIOLOGY Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects LRP- and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity 200302-15 Model LRP-200502-18

SPOUSE ABUSE STRUCTURAL FAILURES—HEALTH ASPECTS The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Among Women and Men with HIV/AIDS LRP-200509-26 Structural Collapse Events TR-309

STAFF DEVELOPMENT—ECONOMICS STRUCTURAL FRAMES—DATA PROCESSING Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16 Prostitutes LRP-200400-12

STAFF DEVELOPMENT—METHODS STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAMS—EVALUATION—CASE Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- STUDIES Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Combat Team MG-267-1 STATISTICS—METHODS Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An STUDENT ACTIVITIES Introduction to Survival Analysis LRP-200409-34 Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Agenda MG-242 Introduction to Time-Series Analysis LRP-200312-26 STUDENT COSTS STEREOTYPING Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 STUDENTS—DRUG USE School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing STOCK OWNERSHIP Drug Use CT-237 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Data Analysis LRP-200112-16 STUDENTS—SOCIAL CONDITIONS Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Longitudinal Effects of STRATEGIC ALLIANCES (BUSINESS) Full-Day Kindergarten Attendance WR-266-1 Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Opportunities CF-221 SUBACUTE CARE—CLASSIFICATION STRATEGIC ASPECTS Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Minimum Data Set-Post Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Terrorism MG-184 Payment System LRP-200402-20

STREET FIGHTING (MILITARY SCIENCE)—PSYCHOLOGICAL SUBMARINES (SHIPS)—GREAT BRITAIN—DESIGN AND ASPECTS CONSTRUCTION Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 Sustaining Design and Production Resources MG-326/1 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, STRESS (PSYCHOLOGY) Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical Commentary: Work, Well-Being, and a New Calling for Resources MG-326/2 Countercyclical Policy LRP-200512-11 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary SUBMARINES (SHIPS)—GREAT BRITAIN—FUEL Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Conflict-Affected Countries WR-335 Options for Initial Fueling MG-326/3 78

SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT CENTERS SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—COMPLICATIONS State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach LRP- Disorders WR-119 200503-13 State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-344 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—ECONOMICS Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Privately Insured SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT CENTERS—METHODS Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- LRP-200412-27 Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—EPIDEMIOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low- Participating in California Syringe Exchange Programs LRP- Income Housing LRP-200510-08 200512-23 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and LRP-200503-20 Testing Rates LRP-200506-19 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Alternative Problems in Late Young Adulthood LRP-200511-10 Approaches LRP-200506-04 Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Marijuana Use LRP-200500-05 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California LRP-200501-04 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—ETHNOLOGY Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP- SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS—PSYCHOLOGY 200412-21 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State LRP-200503- LRP-200512-22 19

SUBSTANCE ABUSE—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES— SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—PREVENTION & STATISTICAL METHODS CONTROL Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Regression for Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies RP-1164 from Middle School Through College LRP-200503-11 Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: SUBSTANCE ABUSE—PREVENTION Effects of Project ALERT LRP-200503-02 Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De Responsabilidad a School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing Través De Métodos Y Herramientas De Planeación, Drug Use CT-237 Implementación Y Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Tools for SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—PSYCHOLOGY Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation TR-101/1 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing Use Among Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter Drug Use CT-237 Settings in Los Angeles County LRP-200510-07

SUBSTANCE ABUSE—PREVENTION & CONTROL SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—REHABILITATION Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De Responsabilidad a Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Needs, Beliefs, and Través De Métodos Y Herramientas De Planeación, Utilization: A Prospective Study of Adolescents in Drug Implementación Y Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Treatment LRP-200508-03 Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Tools for Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation TR-101/1 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—THERAPY Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible SUBSTANCE ABUSE—TREATMENT and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Identification and Treatment of Patients with Nicotine Problems in Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 Routine Clinical Psychiatry Practice LRP-200510-28 State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder Disorders WR-119 LRP-200508-14 State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Individuals with State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-344 Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-119 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Individuals with Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders WR-344 Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young Adult Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- Women LRP-200501-20 Occurring Disorders LRP-200504-16 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Alcohol Use in Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Privately Insured Young Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis LRP-200511-08 Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health LRP-200412-27 Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance Use LRP-200505-12 SUICIDE BOMBERS (TERRORISTS)—ISRAEL The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—ADOLESCENCE Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use SUICIDE BOMBINGS—ISRAEL Problems in Late Young Adulthood LRP-200511-10 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 79

SUICIDE—PSYCHOLOGY Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of TEACHERS—RATING OF Individual Patient and Facility Factors LRP-200502-10 Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers WR-199 SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Shoulder-Fired Missile TEACHERS—RATING OF—CALIFORNIA Threat OP-106 Examining the Validity Evidence for California Teacher Licensure Exams WR-334 SURVEYS—METHODOLOGY Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous TEACHERS—SUPPLY AND DEMAND Data LRP-200312-25 Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS (BIOMETRY) TEACHERS—TRAINING OF Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising Introduction to Survival Analysis LRP-200409-34 Indicators of Change WR-278

SURVIVAL RATE TEACHERS—TRAINING OF—CALIFORNIA The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Examining the Validity Evidence for California Teacher Licensure Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- Exams WR-334 200511-09 TEACHING—ECONOMICS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Departments, A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and Future Social 1980–2001 LRP-200502-11 Evolution RP-1169 TECHNICAL EDUCATION—EUROPE—STATISTICS— SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT—BANGLADESH COMPARATIVE STUDIES Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: An International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT—PAKISTAN Effectiveness MG-270 Disarming Development LRP-200410-15 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS—ENVIRONMENTAL SWARMING (MILITARY STRATEGY) ASPECTS Swarming and the Future of Warfare RGSD-189 A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and Future Social Evolution RP-1169 SWEDEN—POPULATION Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Comparison of TECHNOLOGY AND STATE Survey and Register Data WR-283 Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness TR-239 Talking Policy: An Examination of Public Dialogue in Science and SYSTEM ANALYSIS Technology Policy TR-268 Shaping the Future LRP-200504-15 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL TAIWAN—RELATIONS—CHINA Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Balance CT- Trajectories MG-408 247 Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Healthcare?" and TAX EXPENDITURES "Promoting Health Information Technology" WR-295 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts LRP- 200200-47 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT—CONGRESSES RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Policy: A Draft TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS Conference Report CF-218 Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers WR-199 TECHNOLOGY, MEDICAL Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18 Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Medical Technologies WR-253 TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS—CALIFORNIA Examining the Validity Evidence for California Teacher Licensure TECHNOLOGY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Exams WR-334 Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: How to Motivate It? LRP-200509-05 TEACHER SALARIES Quantity over Quality LRP-200212-18 TECHNOLOGY—TRENDS Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the TEACHERS FOR A NEW ERA Elderly LRP-200509-11 Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising Indicators of Change WR-278 TEENAGE GIRLS—CRIMES AGAINST Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender TEACHERS—ATTITUDES Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176 Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- 259 TEENAGE MARRIAGE—UNITED STATES—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES TEACHERS—CERTIFICATION—CALIFORNIA Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Alcohol Use in Examining the Validity Evidence for California Teacher Licensure Young Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis LRP-200511-08 Exams WR-334 TEENAGERS—DRUG USE Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Adulthood LRP-200511-10 80

School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing TERRORISM—FINANCE—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Drug Use CT-237 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185 TEENAGERS—SOUTH CAROLINA The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking TERRORISM—GOVERNMENT POLICY Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Threat? CT- 250-1 TELEPHONE Emerging Threats to National Security CT-234 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group TERRORISM—ISRAEL Practices RP-1174 How Does Terrorism Risk Vary Across Space and Time? An Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to CAHPS* Analysis Based on the Israeli Experience WR-289 Hospital Survey LRP-200512-01 Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Rates to Mailed TERRORISM—KENYA—PREVENTION Study Consent Forms LRP-200507-20 Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania LRP- 200501-01 TELEVISION Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on TERRORISM—PREVENTION Societal Trends, Pt. 1 LRP-200501-03 Analyzing Terrorism Risk CT-252 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against Childhood and Adolescence LRP-200507-01 Terrorism MG-184 Sex on Television and Its Impact on American Youth: Background Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Threat? CT- and Results from the RAND Television and Adolescent 250-1 Sexuality Study LRP-200507-04 Emerging Threats to National Security CT-234 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Estimating Terrorism Risk MG-388 Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 Sexual Behavior LRP-200512-24 Making Sense of Transnational Threats: Workshop Reports CF- 200 TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence OP-152 (PROGRAM) Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Shoulder-Fired Missile Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household Threat OP-106 Income LRP-200305-38 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism MG-394 TERMINAL CARE Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs TR-242 Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients LRP-200507- 14 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—CASE STUDIES End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement LRP- Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational 200502-16 Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332 End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism DB- TERMINAL CARE—ECONOMICS 458 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study LRP-200501-13 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—CALIFORNIA RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 TERMINAL CARE—STANDARDS End-of-Life Options LRP-200509-18 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—GOVERNMENT POLICY Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Learning in Terrorist TERMINOLOGY Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism MG- What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field LRP- 331 200503-28 Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in TERRORISM California and Arizona MG-288 Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror CF-212 Terrorism MG-184 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: TERRORISM—PREVENTION—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200508-11 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185 TERRORISM INSURANCE Distribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Attacks under the TERRORISM—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-427 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Losses RP-1168 TERRORISM—RISK ASSESSMENT Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States and the Future Analyzing Terrorism Risk CT-252 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-393 Estimating Terrorism Risk MG-388

TERRORISM INSURANCE—LAW AND LEGISLATION TERRORISM—SIMULATION METHODS Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good LRP-200403- Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's 19 Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185

TERRORISM—ECONOMIC ASPECTS TERRORISM—TANZANIA National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania LRP- Losses RP-1168 200501-01 Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-393 81

TERRORISM—UNITED STATES—STATES—SAFETY TORTS—ILLINOIS—COOK COUNTY—STATISTICS MEASURES Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness LRP-200509-01 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers TERRORISTS LRP-200503-07 Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism MG- TOXIC TORTS 331 Asbestos Litigation MG-162 Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups MG-332 TOXICOLOGY Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at TERRORISTS—ISRAEL Structural Collapse Events TR-309 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 TRAFFIC SAFETY—NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION TERRORISTS—SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR—ISRAEL Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Review and New The Logic of Suicide Terrorism RP-1187 Results for the Netherlands WR-268

TESTOSTERONE—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Immunodeficiency Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss LRP-200503-25 Stops LRP-200505-18

THERAPEUTICS TRAINING PLANES Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Aircraft in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 Requirements MG-348

THORACIC SURGERY TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Cardiologists LRP-200503-15 Who Loses? RP-1154 Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants LRP- THREATS—PREVENTION 200511-04 Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror CF-212 TRANSLATIONS TILT ROTOR AIRCRAFT Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options DB-472 Versions of the CAHPS* Hospital Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care LRP-200512-03 TIME FACTORS Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Societal Trends, Pt. 1 LRP-200501-03 Making Sense of Transnational Threats: Workshop Reports CF- Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including 200 Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 TRANSPORT PLANES TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options DB-472 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Time-Series Analysis LRP-200312-26 TRANSPORTATION—FORECASTING—MATHEMATICAL Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Continuous MODELS Data LRP-200312-25 Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Eindrapport WR- 274 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: TRANSPORTATION—METHODS Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Data on Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Societal Trends, Pt. 2 LRP-200504-06 Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 TRANSPORTATION—RESEARCH—NETHERLANDS TOBACCO INDUSTRY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Eindrapport WR- Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program 274 Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature and Case Study WR-275 TOBACCO INDUSTRY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE—ARKANSAS TREATMENT OUTCOME Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: TOBACCO USE DISORDER—PREVENTION & CONTROL A Meta-Analysis LRP-200502-19 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Outcome LRP- Advancement in 2005 WR-272-1 200012-02 Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 TOBACCO USE DISORDER—PREVENTION & Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and CONTROL—ARKANSAS Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 Progress from Program Inception to 2004 TR-221 Management of Acute Otitis Media LRP-200105-22 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality TORTS—CALIFORNIA—SAN FRANCISCO—STATISTICS Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200503-29 82

The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Children: UNITED STATES Trends and Differentials from 1986 to 1996 LRP-200503-01 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Quality Improvement Collaboratives LRP-200508-04 Inflammatory Bowel Disease LRP-200509-22 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness LRP-200306- TRUCKING—SAFETY 30 REGULATIONS—NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Review and New Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density LRP-200512-13 Results for the Netherlands WR-268 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics LRP-200506-10 TRUST Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Exposed to Contracts LRP-200212-20 Anthrax LRP-200503-04 Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic Conditions LRP-200406-23 TUITION Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation for the The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Future Elderly LRP-200509-15 Evidence from the U.S. Navy LRP-200504-09 Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy Prevention Among African Americans of Reproductive Age TURKEY—FOREIGN RELATIONS LRP-200508-13 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, TURKEY—FOREIGN RELATIONS—EUROPE Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy LRP-200503-26 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1155 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Health- Related Quality of Life Among a National Sample of HIV- TURKEY—FOREIGN RELATIONS—GREECE Positive Adults RP-1159 Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels Among Mexican-American Children and UBIQUINONE—THERAPEUTIC USE Adolescents in the United States LRP-200507-19 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of the Mainstream LRP-200501-14 Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Outcome LRP- Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin 200012-02 E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs LRP-200409-32 Cancer LRP-200308-12 Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers LRP-200503-07 UNCERTAINTY Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care LRP- for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized 200502-05 Controlled Trial RP-1160 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix WR-221 UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: Implications of Alternative Question LRP-200210-13 Protocols MG-244 Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health Services? LRP-200412-24 UNIFIED OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE) Economics and Physical Activity: A Research Agenda LRP- Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Management 200502-08 MG-306 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint for Chronically Ill Patients RGSD-193 Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births LRP- 200003-20 UNITED NATIONS—ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE—CASE The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO STUDIES Industry LRP-200409-31 The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States LRP- 304 200511-09 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation RP-1175 UNITED NATIONS—MILITARY POLICY—CASE STUDIES End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement LRP- The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 200502-16 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Minimum Data Set-Post The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective 304 Payment System LRP-200402-20 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits UNITED NATIONS—PEACEKEEPING FORCES—CASE (FEHB) Program: Final Report LRP-200412-32 STUDIES Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- Services LRP-200512-14 304 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize Alcohol- Related Prevention Services LRP-200507-07 UNITED NATIONS—TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE—CASE Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population LRP- STUDIES 200309-23 The RAND History of Nation-Building MG-304/1 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Primary Care Outpatients LRP-200512-17 The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq MG- HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior LRP-200405-30 304 Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action LRP-200508-18 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers RP-1161 83

How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate into Health UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH Disparities LRP-200511-17 AND QUALITY —STANDARDS How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Guidelines LRP- Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by General 200209-20 Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey LRP- 200503-05 UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review LRP-200512-16 ADMINISTRATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food and Drug a Multicenter Randomized Trial LRP-200108-17 Administration Reports of Adverse Events LRP-200501-02 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions LRP- Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ 200501-16 Counts in People Living with HIV LRP-200511-11 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas UNITED STATES—ARMY—INVENTORY CONTROL Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Major = HIV Interventions for African American and Latinos: Lessons Findings and Recommendations MG-342 Learned from Participatory Action Research LRP-200300-16 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded UNITED STATES—NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT OF 2001 Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and Older LRP- Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate 200409-37 Yearly Progress, School Choice, and Supplemental Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Educational Services WR-258 Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project WR-255 for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Interventions and LRP-200503-20 Technical Assistance WR-257 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Departments, Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the 1980–2001 LRP-200502-11 Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic from California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania WR-256 Disorder LRP-200507-10 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability WR- Resettlement in the United States LRP-200508-08 259 Moving Towards Better Formulary Management LRP-200501- 17 UNITED STATES—SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A in Routine Psychiatric Practice LRP-200503-09 Cross-Country Analysis WR-300-1 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go Private? to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder LRP-200508-07 WR-300/1 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) Instrument LRP-200501-08 UNITED STATES—TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ACT OF Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports LRP-200508- 2002 16 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction with Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States and the Future Health Care LRP-200507-15 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act MG-393 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans LRP-200508-22 UNITED STATES—ARMED FORCES—SUPPLY AND DEMAND Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co- Success of First-Term Soldiers: The Effects of Recruiting Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder Practices and Recruit Characteristics MG-262 LRP-200508-14 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit UNITED STATES—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Decisions LRP-200508-15 Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Opportunities CF-221 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services UNITED STATES—FOREIGN RELATIONS Research LRP-200309-22 Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: Implications for the Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Future Force Era MG-219 Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Americans LRP-200507-09 UNITED STATES—SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Quality CP- Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and Changes Among 484-1 Religious Adherents Across U.S. Counties WR-211 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy LRP-200506-05 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and 2002 Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Education: EArmyU LRP-200507-08 and Effects of Possible Program Changes MG-293 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Competencies LRP-200508-06 UNSOLICITED ELECTRONIC MAIL MESSAGES—LAW AND Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting LEGISLATION Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions to Unwanted Email LRP- Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Outcome 200503-17 Targets in Disease Management Programs LRP-200406-24 Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the URBAN HEALTH United States LRP-200509-07 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in Restructuring WR-310 UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY URBAN WARFARE Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Quality: Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century MG-181 Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report LRP-200503-34 84

URBAN WARFARE—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Education LRP-200507-17 Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 VICTIMS OF CRIMES URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Assessing the General Theory of Crime LRP-200503-33 Paralyzed Persons LRP-199902-10 VIOLENCE UROLOGIC DISEASES—ECONOMICS Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America LRP-200504-04 Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness RP-1176 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings LRP-200503-32 VIOLENCE—ADOLESCENCE The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking UTAH Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson LRP- 200301-23 VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project VACCINATION OF CHILDREN—INDIA Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India WR-294 VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project VACCINATION—ADVERSE EFFECTS Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self-Reporting Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data- Smallpox Vaccine Reactions LRP-200509-20 Driven Interventions WR-220 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal VACCINATION—METHODS Year 2003–2004 Report WR-218 Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in Developing Countries MG-402 VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project VACCINES Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Policy? LRP-200412-25 VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—PREVENTION—CASE STUDIES Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project VARIABLES (MATHEMATICS) Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Modeling (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis WR-224 VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of Five Project VEHICLES, REMOTELY PILOTED Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas WR-284 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Considerations MG-350 VIOLENCE—ETHNOLOGY Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT—DRUG THERAPY Violence Among Latino Youth LRP-200406-22 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Female, Black, and Diabetic VIOLENCE—MIDDLE EAST Patients, and Cost-Effectiveness LRP-200307-16 Law and Order in Palestine LRP-200412-23

VERDICTS—CALIFORNIA—SAN FRANCISCO—STATISTICS VIOLENCE—PREVENTION & CONTROL Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States VERDICTS——ILLINOIS LRP-200503-20 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts LRP-200403-21 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents LRP-200412-31 VETERANS Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? LRP- VIOLENCE—PSYCHOLOGY 200405-32 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused Interventions in VETERANS—EDUCATION Schools LRP-200509-31 Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Education LRP-200507-17 Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance Use LRP-200505-12 VETERANS—EDUCATION—LAW AND LEGISLATION Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College VIOLENCE—SOUTH CAROLINA Education LRP-200507-17 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 VETERANS—MEDICAL CARE RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005 CP-22-0504 VIOLENCE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Bipolar Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and Sexual Risk Disorder LRP-200512-15 for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States LRP-200503-20 VETERANS—MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—EVALUATION Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the VITAMIN E—THERAPEUTIC USE Tricare Demonstration MG-330 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of VETERANS—SCHOLARSHIPS, FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200307-21 85

Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin WAR—PUBLIC OPINION E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Cancer LRP-200308-12 Mogadishu to Baghdad MG-231 American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from VOCATIONAL EDUCATION—GREAT Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes TR-167 BRITAIN—GOVERNMENT POLICY Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will It Lead to WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT—DEVELOPING a Better System? LRP-200400-18 COUNTRIES Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Liquid Assets: How Demographic Changes and Water Literature LRP-200400-19 Management Policies Affect Freshwater Resources MG-358

VULNERABLE POPULATIONS WATER USE—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Liquid Assets: How Demographic Changes and Water Who Loses? RP-1154 Management Policies Affect Freshwater Resources MG-358

VULNERABLE POPULATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL WATER-SUPPLY—DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DATA Liquid Assets: How Demographic Changes and Water Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Management Policies Affect Freshwater Resources MG-358 People LRP-200510-05 WATER-SUPPLY—NEPAL WAGE SURVEYS Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of Reservists TR- Children in Nepal LRP-199707-03 274 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION—GOVERNMENT WAGES—EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS POLICY—CHINA ON—CALIFORNIA Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export Controls Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis: for WMD-Related Goods and Technologies MG-353 A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 California Hospital Industry WR-316 WEAPONS SYSTEMS—COSTS—FORECASTING WAGES—MALES Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to Precision Guided The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Age at First Munitions Planning RGSD-195 Marriage LRP-200205-07 WEB SITES—NETHERLANDS—EVALUATION WAR NEUROSES Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Government TR- Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 185

WAR ON TERRORISM, 2001- WEIGHT GAIN—ETHNOLOGY Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Operation Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the Enduring Freedom MG-166 United States LRP-200509-07 American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Century MG-404 WEIGHT GAIN—PHYSIOLOGY Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the Financial Infrastructures RGSD-185 United States LRP-200509-07 State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism MG-394 Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror CF-212 WEIGHT LOSS Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity LRP-200504-07 WARRANTY The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on WEIGHT LOSS—DRUG EFFECTS California's Independent Repair Shops TR-235 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss LRP-200503-25 WARSHIPS A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint WELFARE RECIPIENTS Forcible Entry Operations MG-179 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change Book-998875

WARSHIPS—GREAT BRITAIN—DESIGN AND WELFARE RECIPIENTS—CALIFORNIA CONSTRUCTION Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Answer the CPS Health Differences Between Military and Commercial Shipbuilding: Insurance Questions? WR-288 Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Current MG-236 Population Survey WR-169-3 The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years MG-294 WELFARE RECIPIENTS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS— CALIFORNIA WAR—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—IRAQ A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload RP-1152 Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq CT-246 WELFARE RECIPIENTS—EMPLOYMENT WAR—FORECASTING Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US Swarming and the Future of Warfare RGSD-189 Experience LRP-200502-21

WAR—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS WELFARE RECIPIENTS—EMPLOYMENT—CANADA Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project LRP- Implications for Urban Warfare MG-191 200409-35 86

WELFARE RECIPIENTS—EMPLOYMENT—LAW AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION—LAW AND LEGISLATION LEGISLATION—CALIFORNIA Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers Income LRP-200305-38 in California MG-400

WELFARE RECIPIENTS—HEALTH ASPECTS WORKERS' COMPENSATION—WASHINGTON Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access to Care Among Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation Bargain LRP- the Uninsured WR-215 199910-05

WEST NILE VIRUS WORKLOAD Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response to West Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Preventable Adverse Events LRP-200510-09 the United States TR-285 WORKPLACE WIND TUNNELS Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Feasibility and Potential Content LRP-200506-08 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities for American Aeronautics: Addendum CT-239/1 WORLD HEALTH Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions in WOMEN IN SCIENCE—RESEARCH GRANTS Developing Countries MG-402 Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking TR-307 System MG-317

WOMEN'S HEALTH WORLD POLITICS Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the Exploring Religious Conflict CF-211 United States LRP-200507-12 Measuring National Power CF-215

WOMEN'S HEALTH SERVICES WOUNDS AND INJURIES—CALIFORNIA Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Infant and Payments for Burn Patients under California's Official Medical Fee Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Health Insurance Schedule for Injured Workers WR-263-1 Mandates WR-330 YOUTH WOMEN'S HEALTH SERVICES—CALIFORNIA—LOS The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking ANGELES COUNTY Behaviors, and Youth Violence LRP-200511-01 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion RP-1188 YOUTH WITH SOCIAL DISABILITIES Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth Homicide: WOMEN—EMPLOYMENT—EUROPE Assessing the Structural Covariates over Time LRP-200502- Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe WR-273 23

WOMEN—EUROPE—SOCIAL CONDITIONS YOUTH—CRIMES AGAINST Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe WR-273 Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth Homicide: Assessing the Structural Covariates over Time LRP-200502- WORK ENVIRONMENT 23 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005 CP-22-0512 YOUTH—MENTAL HEALTH WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and 2002 How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation LRP-200507-08 Filing? WR-205-1 YUGOSLAVIA—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS—CALIFORNIA Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era RP-1198 Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California MG-400

WORKERS' COMPENSATION—CALIFORNIA—COST CONTROL Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California MG-400

WORKERS' COMPENSATION—CALIFORNIA—COSTS Payments for Burn Patients under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers WR-263-1 Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Procedures under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers WR-301

WORKERS' COMPENSATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Filing? WR-205-1

WORKERS' COMPENSATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS— CALIFORNIA An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating System MG-258 87 AUTHOR INDEX

AARON, D. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Terror. Findings.

AARONSON, N. K. AFIFI, A. A. LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in LRP-200511-03 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Quality of Life Outcomes. Treatment of Prostate Cancer.

ABBOTT, M. AFIFI, A. K. RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. U.S. Military. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. ABRAHAMSE, A. F. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and Findings. Alternatives. MG-311-1-DCR Strengthening the Palestinian Health System. MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. AGANI, F. ABRAMOVITCH, H. WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Countries. ADAM, R. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving AKINBAMI, L. J. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic LRP-200505-07 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Colorectal Cancer. Diagnosis Among Children Who Wheeze.

ADAMS, J. L. AKRAMOV, K. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Leadership, Incentives. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces MG-333-OSD North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. and Consequences of Korean Unification. LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons. ALBERTS, S. LRP-200209-19 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Colorectal Cancer. Managed Care Contracts. LRP-200306-30 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach ALEDORT, J. E. for Evaluating Disease Management Program LRP-200507-02 The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening Effectiveness. in Urban Emergency Departments. LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in ALESSIE, R. Health Services Research. LRP-200112-16 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel LRP-200312-26 Evaluating Disease Management Program Data Analysis. Effectiveness: An Introduction to Time-Series Analysis. ALEXANDER, J. A. LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient When, and How? Functional Improvement. LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? ALKIRE, B. LRP-200406-24 Using an Empirical Method for Establishing MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Clinical Outcome Targets in Disease Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Management Programs. Refueling. LRP-200409-34 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Survival ALPERT, A. Analysis. LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: ALPERT, G. P. Implications for Quality Measurement. LRP-200505-18 Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United Making During Citizen Stops. States. LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with AMOUZEGAR, M. A. Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat Managed Medicare. Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial Respondents with Partially Missing Data. Vehicles with Support Considerations. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Vulnerable Older Patients. Considerations. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older People. 88

ANDERSEN, R. MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They State. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral ANTON, S. Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV LRP-200400-15 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Patients. Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Game" (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in Probability Sample of Children in the Child 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a Welfare System. Seminar Game. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in Toward Integrative Medicine. the German Health Care System. LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV ANTÓN, P. S. Infection in the United States. CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities for American ANDERSON, M. Aeronautics. LRP-200207-15 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care CT-239/1 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Models for Delivering Mental Health Services. Propulsion Test Facilities for American LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Aeronautics: Addendum. Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. APPLEBY, J. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. ANDERSON, R. H. LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A LRP-200400-16 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves. Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project. ANDERSON, R. L. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug ARCHIBALD, R. W. Users. MG-411-BGASD Facing the Challenge of Implementing LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Proposition F in San Diego. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California. AREAN, P. LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late ANDRES, P. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Trial. Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment ARENA, M. V. System. RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They Be Applied to Warship Production in the United ANDREW, R. Kingdom? TR-288-SSDAT Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? Sector Reform. Challenges and Opportunities for the UK Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. ANDREYEVA, T. RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence LRP-200506-13 Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Use: Evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Progress? Survey. RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding LRP-200507-08 Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in in the United Kingdom. 1997 and 2002. RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. WR-331 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications Above. for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes. ANGELES, J. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project LRP-200512-03 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish Management in the United Kingdom's Military and English Versions of the CAHPS® Hospital Shipbuilding Industry. Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial ANTHONY, C. R. Shipbuilding: Implications for the United RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United Scientific Literature. Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Programme. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life State. Refueling. RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding State. Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key ARKES, J. Findings. LRP-200202-11 Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? Evidence from the US Navy. 89

MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They ATKINSON, S. W. Doing? LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and MG-202-OSD Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Enlistments. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Effectiveness. ARONOFF, J. RP-1176 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: AUGERSON, W. S. Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Program Effectiveness. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Literature. ARONSON, W. LRP-200512-16 Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review. AUGUSTINE, C. H. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity ARTERBURN, D. to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Training Infrastructure. Loss. WR-333-LA Options for Changing the Governance System of LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of the Los Angeles Unified School District: Obesity. Presented to the President's Joint Commission on LAUSD Governance. ASARNOW, J. R. LRP-200207-15 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care AUSINK, J. A. Models for Delivering Mental Health Services. RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Improve Air Force Service Contracts. Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary RB-164-AF How Well Is the Air Force Improving Services Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Acquisition? New Metrics Can Help. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. More of Cost Than of Capability. MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract ASCH, B. J. Expenditures. TR-127-OSD Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a MG-299-AF Air Force Procurement: Approaches for New Educational Benefit Needed? Measurement and Management. RB-9076-OSD Reserve Recruiting in the College Market: New MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Educational Benefits Could Attract High-Aptitude Trainer Aircraft Requirements. Recruits. DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of AVILA, C. Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Qualifications. Methods and Principal Findings. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives. AXELBAND, E. I. MG-324-OSD The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks. DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering ASCH, S. M. Command. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. There Yet? RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Failure? AZZONE, V. LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Review? Privately Insured Population under Managed LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United Care: Costs and Services Use. States. LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- BAAK, J. Infected Americans. WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Review and New Results for the Netherlands. Preparedness. LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- BACHMAN, J. Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a LRP-200501-14 Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Nationally Representative Sample. Health Care into the Mainstream. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California. BAKER, D. RP-1189 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of ASHWOOD, J. S. Men and Women Visiting the Emergency RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and Department? Alternatives. LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. Education, Self-Management, and Health Status MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). Evaluation. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline BAKER, D. W. in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Process and Effects. Chronic Heart Failure? 90

BAKER, J. C. RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet with the Institute for Learning. Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. for Combating Terrorism. WR-257-EDU Organizational Practices: School Improvement, MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Interventions and Technical Assistance. Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. WR-258-EDU Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School BAKER, L. C. Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services. LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with WR-278-EDU Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Teaching by Attendings: A National Survey. Promising Indicators of Change.

BALDWIN, L. H. BARTIS, J. T. RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Improve Air Force Service Contracts. Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. RB-164-AF How Well Is the Air Force Improving Services RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Acquisition? New Metrics Can Help. Industry. MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. Expenditures. MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United States: MG-299-AF Air Force Procurement: Approaches for Prospects and Policy Issues. Measurement and Management. BARTOLETTI, R. BALKOVICH, E. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate TR-197-RC 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the You Are? Case Studies of Radio Frequency University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Identification Usage in the Workplace. Cancer Index. RB-9107-RC Privacy in the Workplace: Case Studies on the Use of Radio Frequency Identification in Access BASOLO, V. Cards. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. Health? LRP-200400-16 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves. BASTANI, R. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to BALSA, A. I. Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a LRP-200502-05 Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Managed Care Health Plan. Care. BAUER, M. S. BAMEZAI, A. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans LRP-200505-08 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and with Bipolar Disorder. Its Relationship to Emergency Department Volume. BAUTISTA, D. E. H. RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United BANKES, S. C. States: A Review of the Literature and Its LRP-200504-15 Shaping the Future. Sociopolitical Context.

BANKS, J. BEACH, M. C. WR-280 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to England, the Netherlands, and the United States. Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in Health Care. BAO, Y. LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. BEARNE, S. TR-289-SSDAT National Security Decision-Making Structures and BARGER, D. G. Security Sector Reform. TR-242-CMS Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs. BECK, J. C. BARNATO, A. E. LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. Measures in Elderly Outpatients. LRP-200511-06 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary BARNES-PROBY, D. Care Physicians in Screening and Educating TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. Older Patients Who Use Alcohol. MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences BECKETT, M. on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and RB-9108-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter. Arizona. LRP-200209-18 Rating Best Places: Going Beyond Real Estate in Making Location Decisions. BARNEY, H. LRP-200502-07 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie Interaction in a Nationally Representative Corporation of New York. Sample. RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left MG-242-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for Behind: A Long Uphill Road. an Action Agenda. 91

BECKMAN, R. L. BERGER, M. L. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis HIV. Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with BERGMAN, J. HIV/AIDS. LRP-200509-25 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public Assistance Program. BEDIMO, A. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor BERLOWITZ, D. R. Health? LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure Ulcer Rates. BEDIMO-RUNG, A. L. LRP-200502-17 The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and BERNER, S. Public Health: A Conceptual Model. TR-184 Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road?

BEERBOHM, E. M. BERNSTEIN, M. LRP-200504-04 The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America. TR-292-NREL Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy. BELDING, M. A. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance CF-218-ISE RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Program. Policy: A Draft Conference Report. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. BELIN, T. R. LRP-200510-04 Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in Pollution. a Survey of Prostitutes. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? Findings.

BELL, D. S. BERREBI, C. RP-1175 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy WR-289-CTRMP How Does Terrorism Risk Vary Across Space Regulation. and Time? An Analysis Based on the Israeli CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. Experience. LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A BERRY, S. H. Field Study. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety LRP-200509-06 E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report Act of 2003: Paving the On-Ramp to Fully 1. Integrated Health Information Technology? TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs. BELL, J. RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant LRP-200511-17 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Programs? Translate into Health Disparities. LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a Survey of Prostitutes. BELMAN, M. J. LRP-200500-08 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Prostitution in Los Angeles County. Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a LRP-200503-22 HIV-Infected Population National Data. Managed Care Health Plan. LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship Between Exposure to Television's BENARD, C. Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Behavior. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on BERTHOLD, S. M. Terror. LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Decades After Resettlement in the United States. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings. BHALOTRA, S. WR-219 Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: BERENDS, M. Dynamics, Frailty, and Fecundity. MG-255-EDU Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. BHASIN, S. WR-154-EDU Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Longitudinal Survey of Schools. Weight Loss. WR-259-EDU Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based Accountability. BHATTACHARYA, J. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the BERGAMO, G. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. WR-263-1-ICJ Payments for Burn Patients under California's LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of- Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. Workers. LRP-200200-47 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending WR-301-ICJ Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Accounts. Procedures under California's Official Medical LRP-200210-13 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers Fee Schedule for Injured Workers. to an Old Question. 92

LRP-200301-23 A Response to the Points by Manton and CT-243 An Assessment of the Governor's Reorganization Williamson. Plan to Create a Department of Technology LRP-200400-14 Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic Services. Costs. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. BING, E. G. LRP-200505-01 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and LRP-200300-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas the Growth of Obesity. Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. LRP-200509-11 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP = HIV Spending by the Elderly. Interventions for African American and Latinos: LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Lessons Learned from Participatory Action Innovation for the Future Elderly. Research. WR-221 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix. LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. BIERMAN, A. S. LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to BIRBECK, G. L. Identify Quality Disparities. LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? BIGELOW, J. H. RB-9118-PF The Costs and Benefits of Universal Preschool in BIRD, C. E. California. RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Costs and Improve Quality? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled RB-9164/1-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Trial. California: Estimates for Los Angeles County. LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to RB-9164/2-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Identify Quality Disparities. California: Estimates for San Diego County. LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky RB-9164/3-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with California: Estimates for Orange County. HIV/AIDS. RB-9164/4-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in LRP-200510-14 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why California: Estimates for the Bay Area Region. We Need to Integrate Social and Biological RB-9164/5-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Perspectives. California: Estimates for the Capital Region. RB-9164/6-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in BIRD, S. T. California: Estimates for the Central Coast LRP-200503-26 Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Region. Control Among African Americans: Implications RB-9164/7-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in for the Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and California: Estimates for the Central Valley Unintended Pregnancy. Region. RB-9164/8-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in BIRKLER, J. L. California: Estimates for the Inland Empire RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They Region. Be Applied to Warship Production in the United CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. Kingdom? LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence There a Case for More-Aggressive Government Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Action? Progress? LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding Transform Health Care? Potential Health in the United Kingdom. Benefits, Savings, and Costs. RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. MG-349-PF The Economics of Investing in Universal MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications Preschool Education in California. for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding MG-349/1-PF The Economics of Investing in Universal Programmes. Preschool Education in California: Executive MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Summary. Management in the United Kingdom's Military MG-408-HLTH Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Shipbuilding Industry. Patient Trajectories. MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding WR-295 Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? Healthcare?" and "Promoting Health Information MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial Technology". Shipbuilding: Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. BIKSON, T. K. MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United TR-197-RC 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) You Are? Case Studies of Radio Frequency Programme. Identification Usage in the Workplace. MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: RB-9107-RC Privacy in the Workplace: Case Studies on the Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Use of Radio Frequency Identification in Access Refueling. Cards. MG-326/1-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and Production Resources. Training Infrastructure. MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical and Required Technical Resources. Guide for Researchers. MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. 93

BITKO, G. LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in TR-197-RC 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. You Are? Case Studies of Radio Frequency LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Identification Usage in the Workplace. Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe RB-169-AF The United States and Europe Should Work Exchange Programs. Together to Build a Multinational Global LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Navigation Satellite System. Drug Users Participating in California Syringe RB-9107-RC Privacy in the Workplace: Case Studies on the Exchange Programs. Use of Radio Frequency Identification in Access Cards. BOBERG, J. MG-284-AF Building a Multinational Global Navigation RB-9102-CF Withdrawing Liquid Assets: How Demographics Satellite System: An Initial Look. Trends Affect the Freshwater Supply. MG-358-CF Liquid Assets: How Demographic Changes and BITLER, M. Water Management Policies Affect Freshwater LRP-200003-20 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Resources. Births. LRP-200305-38 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and BODILLY, S. J. Household Income. RB-9108-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter. LRP-200306-29 WIC Eligibility and Participation. MG-242-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for LRP-200406-23 Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and an Action Agenda. Economic Conditions. LRP-200409-35 Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency BOGART, L. M. Project. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug WR-330 Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Users. Treatment on Infant and Child Health Outcomes: LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Evidence from Health Insurance Mandates. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California. BITO, S. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Severe Mental Illness and HIV. Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity LRP-200502-01 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. Prevention Among African Americans? LRP-200502-18 Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological BJERK, D. D. B. Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test LRP-200510-27 Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of of the Reserve Capacity Model. Prosecutorial Discretion under Mandatory LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Minimum Sentencing. Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach. BLAHUT, S. A. LRP-200503-26 Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth LRP-200512-03 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish Control Among African Americans: Implications and English Versions of the CAHPS® Hospital for the Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. Unintended Pregnancy. LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring BLAKE, D. J. Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance Logistics Pipeline. Use. LRP-200508-13 Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers BLANCHARD, J. C. to Pregnancy Prevention Among African LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Americans of Reproductive Age. Those Exposed to Anthrax. LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with BLICKSTEIN, I. HIV/AIDS. MG-179-NAVY/USMC LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. Analysis. LRP-200511-11 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress BLOOM, G. Disorder and Comorbid Depression on LRP-200503-17 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions to Unwanted Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in Email. People Living with HIV. LRP-200512-25 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining BLUTHENTHAL, R. N. Adult Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A Review. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users. BONDS, T. LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate California. Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. LRP-200503-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low-Income, Racial Minority Community Sample. BONOMI, A. E. LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Care Model in Quality Improvement Approach. Collaboratives. LRP-200506-04 Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic for Alternative Approaches. Care Model in Quality Improvement LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Integration in California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates. 94

BOOKER, K. BRADY, S. D. WR-306-EDU The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. Composition. MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained WR-315-1-EDU Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Operations. Pittsburgh. BRANCATO, K. BOON, J. E. RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior U.S. Military. Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's BRANNAN, D. Senior Leader Workforce. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9079-RC Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: Detecting RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Terrorist Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in Iraq. BORNEO, H. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Findings. Community-Based Participatory Research. MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience. BOTTRELL, M. RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and BRAR, R. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Guide for Researchers. Men Treated for Prostate Cancer.

BOWER, A. G. BRASLOW, J. T. RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Costs and Improve Quality? Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is There a Case for More-Aggressive Government BRAUNER, M. K. Action? RB-9113-A How to Improve the Army's Management of LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Reparable Spare Parts. Transform Health Care? Potential Health MG-205-A Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Benefits, Savings, and Costs. Spare Parts. LRP-200509-05 Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: How to Motivate It? BREUDER, T. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of BOWLER, S. M. Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System Persons Age 65 and Older. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health System of Care. BRIGGS, R. J. MG-255-EDU Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement BOWMAN, L. Among Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- BRODER, M. S. Reported and Performance-Based Measures. RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic Heart Failure? BOYLE, K. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in BRODSKY, M. the Medicare Population. LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health- Related Quality-of-Life Change in Individual BOZZETTE, S. A. Patients. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. BROMLEY, E. LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. Active Antiretroviral Therapy. LRP-200501-24 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life BROOK, R. H. with Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for in the United States. the Future Elderly. LRP-200502-03 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and LRP-200512-07 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the Cost-Effective. United States? LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a BROOKS, A. C. Nationally Representative Sample. RB-9106-WF Reframing the Debate About the Value of the LRP-200511-07 Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV Disease, Arts. Revisited. MG-290-PCT Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Challenges of a New Era. Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States. BROWN, A. F. LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with BRADBURY, T. N. Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and LRP-200508-17 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications Managed Medicare. for Policy and Intervention. 95

BROWN, H. BUNTIN, M. B. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD TR-207-CMS Possible Refinements to the Construction of Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment CP-505 Managing Change: China and the United States System. in 2025. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post-Acute Care. BROWN, J. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare RP-1174 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Expenditures for Physicians' Services. Patient Experiences in Receiving Care from LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Medical Group Practices. Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Education, Self-Management, and Health Status Availability? for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). Health Care Quality and Cost. LRP-200512-08 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of LRP-200510-17 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Consumer Preferences About Health Plan LRP-200512-10 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Design. Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Perceptions of Care. Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and BROWN, L. J. Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Joint Replacements. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. BURGARD, S. LRP-200503-01 The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among BUCHANAN, J. Brazilian Children: Trends and Differentials from LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the 1986 to 1996. Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment BURGE, P. System. TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from BUCK, C. Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Qualifications. Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project. BUDDIN, R. J. RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an BURNAM, M. A. Overall Force Management Approach. RP-1159 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems LRP-200410-20 Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement and Health-Related Quality of Life Among a for Local School Districts. National Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. LRP-200500-07 Student Achievement in Charter Schools: A LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Complex Picture. Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A LRP-200504-09 The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Prospective Examination. Job Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. Navy. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A HIV. Force Management Approach. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees MG-262-A Success of First-Term Soldiers: The Effects of Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. Recruiting Practices and Recruit Characteristics. LRP-200503-05 Identification of and Guidance for Problem MG-369-OSD An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation. Drinking by General Medical Providers: Results WR-282-EDU Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: from a National Survey. Are They Closing the Achievement Gap? LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment Recommendations for WR-297-EDU Is Charter School Competition in California Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety Improving the Performance of Traditional Public and Substance Use Disorder. Schools? LRP-200508-20 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical WR-305-EDU Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Services for Person with Human Operations of Charter Schools Affect Immunodeficiency Virus. Performance. LRP-200512-19 Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: WR-306-EDU The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer An Appropriate Extension of the Delphi Method? Composition. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems WR-334-EDU Examining the Validity Evidence for California of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental Teacher Licensure Exams. and Addictive Disorders. WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for BUGLIARI, D. the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Addictive Disorders. Practice: An Example from Mathematics and Science. BURTON, J. F. RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation Permanent BULLINGER, M. Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Post-Reform Evaluation. Quality of Life Outcomes. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating System. 96

BURWINKLE, T. M. CAMM, F. A. LRP-200503-06 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short- RB-9123-A Civilian or Military? Assessing the Risk of Using Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. Contractors on the Battlefield. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, BUSCEMI, N. Leadership, Incentives. LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of MG-282-A Risk Management and Performance in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. Balkans Support Contract. MG-296-A How Should the Army Use Contractors on the BUTTON, R. W. Battlefield? Assessing Comparative Risk in MG-179-NAVY/USMC Sourcing Decisions. A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. CAMPBELL, D. E. LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the BUTZ, W. P. Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy Responses in the European Union. CAMPBELL, N. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. Improve Air Force Service Contracts. MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract BUXTON, M. Expenditures. LRP-200407-19 Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes of Health Research: The Impact of Funding by CANNON, J. the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. RB-9144-PNC Children at Risk: Consequences for School LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When Readiness and Beyond. Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. RB-9145-PNC Proven Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. LRP-200507-06 Payback Arising from Research Funding: RP-1178 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence- Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign. Based Information on Child and Family Policy. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. BYSTRITSKY, A. MG-341-PNC Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- Future Promise. Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary WR-266-1 Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Care Panic Disorder. Longitudinal Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients Attendance. with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and CARBALLO-DI*EGUEZ, A. Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV with Anxiety Disorders. Medication Adherence: A Randomized LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Controlled Trial. Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients with Panic Disorder. CARINI, M. LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. University of California-Los Angeles Prostate LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Cancer Index. Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the CARPENTER, J. H. Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. CARROLL, P. R. CAI, T. LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Cancer Index. Prostatectomy.

CALDARONE, B. J. CARROLL, S. J. LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism Older Adults. Risk Insurance Act. RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and CALHOUN, E. A. Alternatives. LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They CALLAHAN, C. M. Doing? LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late MG-427-CTRMPDistribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. Trial. CARSON, S. CALOF, O. M. LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with LAMP Study. Weight Loss. 97

CARTER, G. M. CHAN, E. W. TR-201-CMS Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. Facility Prospective Payment System. TR-207-CMS Possible Refinements to the Construction of CHAN, K. S. Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Education, Self-Management, and Health Status System. for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving TR-213-CMS Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). Case Mix under the Inpatient Rehabilitation LRP-200503-06 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short- Facility Prospective Payment System. Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. TR-219-CMS Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient at Home Affect Management Practices and Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with System. Asthma? LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for CASTANEDA, L. W. Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: RB-9056-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges of Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Military Spouse Employment. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement CASTLE, N. Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Processes and Outcomes of Care? Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. LRP-200508-20 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical LRP-200512-10 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Services for Person with Human Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' Immunodeficiency Virus. Perceptions of Care. WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Region. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care?

CAULKINS, J. P. CHAN, L. S. RB-9110-DPRC Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Policy: A LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. Synthesis of the Evidence to Date. LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of OP-121-DPRC How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment Otitis Media with Effusion. of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy. LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents. CECCHINE, G. TR-253-A Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: CHANDLER, N. Results of the Army Medical Department CF-221-EC Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Transformation Workshop IV. Opportunities. TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. CHANG, J. T. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Population. Scientific Literature. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Vulnerable Older Patients. Industry. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United States: Vulnerable Older People. Prospects and Policy Issues. CHAO, B. CECIL, H. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200512-25 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in Adult Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A Review. the Medicare Population. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of CELLA, D. Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Persons Age 65 and Older. Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Cancer. CHASE, M. S. DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical CHALK, P. Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet RB-9129-CTRMP Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. Terrorism Threat. LRP-200503-30 The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al- CHAU, D. Qaeda? RB-9112-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational California and the Impact of SB 740. Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications MG-323-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in for Combating Terrorism. California and the Impact of SB 740. MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. CHAUDHRY, B. MG-393-CTRMPTrends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States WR-313 Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Standards and Interoperability. Act. 98

CHEETHAM, T. C. LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Illness Who Use Emergency Services. Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System Prescribing. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health System of Care. CHEN, J. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Agenda for Building Community Capacity for Progression in a Regional Veterans Effective Preventive Interventions. Administration Barrett's Cohort. LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Competencies. CHEN, R. LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United Community-Based Care for Adults with States. Psychiatric Disabilities. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco CHEN, W. Settlement Program: Program Advancement in LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for 2005. Respondents with Partially Missing Data. CHODOSH, J. CHERNEW, M. E. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, LRP-200509-12 Disability and Health Care Spending Among Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, Medicare Beneficiaries. and Hypertension. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- CHIANG, L. Management Programs for Older Adults. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Patients. CHOI, H. H. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human CHIAPELLI, F. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Weight Loss. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. CHOI, K. CHIESA, J. LRP-200206-14 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models RB-9110-DPRC Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Policy: A Employing T Level-1 Assumptions. Synthesis of the Evidence to Date. RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding CHOU, C. in the United Kingdom. LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. OP-121-DPRC How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy. CHOW, B. G. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism Management in the United Kingdom's Military Risk Insurance Act. Shipbuilding Industry. MG-427-CTRMPDistribution of Losses from Large Terrorist MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. Shipbuilding: Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. CHOW, J. MG-326/1-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. Production Resources. MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine CHRISTIANSON, J. B. Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles LRP-200409-31 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence and Required Technical Resources. from the HMO Industry. MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. CHRISTINA, R. TR-237-EDU Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: CHIESA, J. R. Choices and Consequences in Universal Pre- RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. Kindergarten Efforts. MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United RB-9101-EDU Scaling Up High-Quality Pre-K: What Can Be Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Learned from States' Efforts to Date? Programme. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life CHUN, C. Refueling. LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United States. CHINMAN, M. TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De CHUNG, P. J. Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Community-Based Participatory Research. Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Tools for Planning, Implementation, and CHYU, L. Evaluation. TR-116-FFLA Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Los Angeles County. Program: Progress from Program Inception to 2004. 99

CLAIR, S. COLEMAN, A. L. LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Drug Users Participating in California Syringe Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and Exchange Programs. Managed Medicare.

CLARK, J. A. COLLIER, D. H. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Prostate Cancer. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial.

CLARK, K. A. COLLINS, R. L. LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract RB-9160 Saturated in Beer. Infections in Paralyzed Persons. LRP-200406-22 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. CLARK, K. M. LRP-200410-19 Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and LRP-200511-02 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Physical Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Divorce. Young Adults. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with CLEARY, P. D. HIV. LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level LRP-200500-01 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of (CAHPS®) Instrument. Initiation Effects (And When It Does Not). LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site LRP-200501-20 Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Use and Intimate Partner Violence Among a Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Sample of Young Adult Women. LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- LRP-200502-15 Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Infected Americans. Drinking? Results from a Longitudinal LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® Assessment. Hospital Survey. LRP-200503-20 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Adults in the United States. Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. LRP-200503-22 HIV-Infected Population National Data. LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS® Hospital LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Survey. Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance CLEMENTS, P. J. Use. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Expectancies. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. LRP-200507-01 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Childhood and Adolescence. CLERKIN, B. LRP-200507-04 Sex on Television and Its Impact on American LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Youth: Background and Results from the RAND Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. Television and Adolescent Sexuality Study. LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a CLIFF, R. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending Through Adults Receiving Health Care. 2025. LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky RB-175-AF China's Defense Industry Is Emerging from Its Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with Troubled Past. HIV/AIDS. CT-247 China's Military Modernization and the Cross- LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Strait Balance. Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Analysis. Constraints. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to MG-334-AF A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Adulthood. COHEN, D. LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Health? Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual RB-9132 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds Behavior. for Preventing HIV. LRP-200502-17 The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and COMERFORD, W. Public Health: A Conceptual Model. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- LRP-200503-24 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. Resources. LRP-200507-05 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to CONIGLIARO, J. Prevent HIV Infection. LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans WR-310 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of with Bipolar Disorder. Communities in Restructuring. CONNELL, C. M. COLABELLA, L. P. LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System TR-286-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Development in a Children's Behavioral Health Costs: A Study of M1 Tanks. System of Care. 100

CONNOR, S. E. LRP-199307-02 Alternative Philosophical and Investigatory LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Paradigms for Chiropractic. Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions. COOK, C. R. LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A RB-172-AF Price-Based Acquisition May Have Only Limited Systematic Review. Benefits for the Purchase of Major Weapon LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Systems. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? Treatment of Cancer. Challenges and Opportunities for the UK LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Findings. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Plans. Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles Patients. and Required Technical Resources. LRP-200502-13 Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive MG-337-AF Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges Analysis. for Defense Department Procurement of Weapon LRP-200503-21 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Systems. Integrated Medical System. LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of COOPERBERG, M. R. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: Toward Integrative Medicine. A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Prostatectomy. Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. CORDOVA, A. DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. COWAN, M. Army Research, Development and Engineering LRP-200501-05 Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Command. Communication and Collaboration Among Physicians and Nurses. CORLEY, P. M. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. COX, A. G. LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External Otitis Media with Effusion. Grant Programs. RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant CORNELIS, M. Programs? LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving WR-249 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic 1931(b) in California. Colorectal Cancer. COYNE, K. S. CORNELIUS, J. R. LRP-200509-09 Application of Structural Equation Modeling to LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Health Outcomes Research. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. CRADOCK-O'LEARY, J. A. CORONA, R. LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental LRP-200502-07 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears Illness Who Use Emergency Services. About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally Representative CRAGIN, K. Sample. MG-184-RC Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Struggle Against Terrorism. Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications Content. for Combating Terrorism. MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of COTTON, S. K. Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the CRANE, K. Scientific Literature. RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending Through 2025. COULTER, A. RB-175-AF China's Defense Industry Is Emerging from Its LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- Troubled Past. Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Treatment of Cancer. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in COULTER, I. D. Iraq. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They CF-221-EC Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Opportunities. CT-246 Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq. 101

MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. CULLEN, F. T. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Findings. Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Crime. Constraints. MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the CUNNINGHAM, W. E. Congo to Iraq. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. MG-334-AF A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. LRP-200501-24 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition with Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection Provisional Authority's Experience. in the United States. LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a CRASKE, M. G. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- Adults Receiving Health Care. Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Care Panic Disorder. Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients HIV/AIDS. with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients Infection in the United States. with Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Primary Care Panic Disorder. Adulthood. LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients CURLEY, S. with Panic Disorder. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a Colorectal Cancer. Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral CURRIE, J. M. Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment LRP-200306-29 WIC Eligibility and Participation. Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Primary-Care Setting? CURRY, K. LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. U.S. Military.

CRETIN, S. CUTLER, D. M. RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. Improving Chronic Illness Care. MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice CZARNOWSKI, E. Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing Evaluation. on Pressure Ulcer Rates. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of D'AMICO, E. J. Process and Effects. TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to CROGHAN, T. W. 2004. RB-9084-OSD Pharmacy Benefits for Military Retirees. LRP-200500-01 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of Outcome. Initiation Effects (And When It Does Not). LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a LRP-200503-05 Identification of and Guidance for Problem Privately Insured Population under Managed Drinking by General Medical Providers: Results Care: Costs and Services Use. from a National Survey. LRP-200505-02 Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Health Care? Use Interventions from Middle School Through LRP-200506-06 Provider Type and Depression Treatment College. Adequacy. LRP-200507-07 Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to WR-314 The Public Hospital System in Louisiana. Utilize Alcohol-Related Prevention Services. LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective CROWLEY, J. C. Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in Los Angeles County. CRYSTAL, S. LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: LRP-200501-24 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using with Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income in the United States. Housing. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to CUFFEL, B. J. Substance-Use Problems in Late Young LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Adulthood. Privately Insured Population under Managed WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Care: Costs and Services Use. Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005. 102

DAIGLE, L. E. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Reporting Systems in Local Public Health Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of Agencies. Crime. TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health DALY, A. Agencies. WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health Review and New Results for the Netherlands. Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. Literature and Case Study. LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Adults. DALY, S. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees RB-165-AF Combating Nuclear Terrorism: Lessons from Aum Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. Shinrikyo, Al Quaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor. LRP-200502-10 Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of Individual Patient and Facility DALY, S. A. Factors. DB-458-AF Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa LRP-200508-16 Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports. Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism. DAVANZO, J. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy DAMBERG, C. Responses in the European Union. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. 1. RP-1195 Demographics and Security: The Contrasting CT-249 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost. LRP-199612-05 Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid LRP-200504-18 Paying for Performance: Implementing a Development, Culture, and Politics. Statewide Project in California. LRP-200410-15 Disarming Development. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Missing Data. DAVIDSON, L. LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Health Care Quality and Cost. Community-Based Care for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities. DARBY, C. LRP-200512-06 Development and Evaluation of the CAHPS® DAVIES, D. Hospital Survey. WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. DARILEK, H. TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a DAVIS, L. E. Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. Corporation of New York. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left Terror. Behind: A Long Uphill Road. CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered Leadership, Incentives. with the Institute for Learning. MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Operations. Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. DAVIS, L. M. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health DATAR, A. Preparedness. RB-9082 Delaying Kindergarten: Effects on Test Scores TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health and Childcare Costs. Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, LRP-200512-13 Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Density. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the WR-294 Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage Scientific Literature. in Rural India. MG-394-RC State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism. DAUGHERTY, M. DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical DAVIS, P. K. Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet TR-262-MDA A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. (PAT-MD): Methodology and Users Manual. RB-177-AF Modern Decision Science Suggests New DAUSEY, D. J. Methods and Tools to Support Military TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Decisionmaking. Program: Progress from Program Inception to MG-360-AF Implications of Modern Decision Science for 2004. Military Decision-Support Systems. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health WR-224 Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Preparedness. Modeling (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis. 103

DE LA TORRE, A. DEROSE, K. P. TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y Promotion. Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: RP-1189 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Men and Women Visiting the Emergency Tools for Planning, Implementation, and Department? Evaluation. LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the DEAMON, D. LAMP Study. DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. DESAI, R. A. DEB, P. LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and Older Adults. Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity LRP-200502-10 Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: Joint Replacements. The Role of Individual Patient and Facility Factors. DECKELBAUM, R. J. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. DESPRES, J. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. Findings. MG-311-1-DCR Strengthening the Palestinian Health System. DETMER, F. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map DECRISTOFARO, A. H. the Field. LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States. DETTI, B. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate DELAHANTY, D. L. Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the LRP-200511-11 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Disorder and Comorbid Depression on Cancer Index. Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV. DEVLIN, N. TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A DELITTO, A. M. Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from LRP-200506-09 Treating Low Back Pain. Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A DEMAINE, L. J. Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated RP-1156 "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute Preferences in the London Patient Choice Arbitration Clauses: The Average Consumer's Project. Experience. MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and DHANANI, N. Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Arizona. Service, California, 1991–1996. LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care- DEMBOSKY, J. W. Sensitive Conditions in California Medicare MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A HMO's. Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region. DIAL, T. H. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems LRP-200502-11 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental Faculty Departments, 1980–2001. and Addictive Disorders. LRP-200507-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for Satisfaction with Health Care. the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive Disorders. DIAMOND, A. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease DER-MARTIROSIAN, C. Reporting Systems in Local Public Health RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Agencies. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Agencies. Plans. LRP-200508-16 Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports. LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV DIAMOND, H. H. Patients. LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System LRP-200503-21 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental Integrated Medical System. Trajectory Approach. LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. DICK, A. W. LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult WR-308 The Level of State Involvement in the Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Reconstruction of the Municipal Healthcare Utilization Study. System. 104

DIEHL, D. L. DOLTER, K. J. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Toward Integrative Medicine. Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final Evaluation. DIENER, D. RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse DOSSETT, E. Logistics Pipeline. LRP-200502-12 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network DIETRICH, A. J. in Los Angeles. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a DOUGHERTY, D. Managed Care Health Plan. LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health Care for Children. DING, L. LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level DRACUP, K. A. Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, (CAHPS®) Instrument. Education, Self-Management, and Health Status LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). Active Antiretroviral Therapy. DREW, J. G. DIXON, L. S. RB-150-AF Improving Agile Combat Support for the U.S. Air TR-235-CARB The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Force: Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Warranties on California's Independent Repair RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air Shops. Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to Logistics Review. Improve Air Force Service Contracts. RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Vehicles with Support Considerations. Industry. MG-193-AF Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. RP-1168 National Security and Compensation Policy for MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Terrorism Losses. Considerations. MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures. DREYER, P. MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United States: TR-262-MDA A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense Prospects and Policy Issues. (PAT-MD): Methodology and Users Manual. OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the DIXON, M. C. Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. RB-158-AF Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the DREZNER, S. M. Decision? TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior RGSD-194 The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. Commercial Aviation. RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's MG-241-AF Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions Senior Leader Workforce. with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable. DRUSS, B. G. RB-9105 The Relationship Between Volume and Quality in DIXON, T. L. Mental Health Care. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. DUAN, N. DOBALIAN, A. RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial. DOBBINS, J. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Care. Congo to Iraq. LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. a Survey of Prostitutes. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement DOBRIN, A. Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Crime. Mental Health Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California. DOGNIN, J. S. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Medication Adherence: A Randomized Benefit in the Long Run? Controlled Trial. LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the DOLEZAL, C. LAMP Study. LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Medication Adherence: A Randomized Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. Controlled Trial. LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States. 105

LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among EDELSTEIN, M. A. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band DUCHANE, J. Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: Analysis. A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical EDEN, R. Prostatectomy. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives. DULAI, G. S. LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic EDLUND, M. J. Progression in a Regional Veterans LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Administration Barrett's Cohort. Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- with Panic Disorder. Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample. EDWARDS, C. A. LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the DULISSE, B. CAHPS® Hospital Survey. LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment WR-307-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Outcome. Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2003. DUMOND, J. WR-332-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service Leadership, Incentives. CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2004.

DUNHAM, R. G. EDWARDS, M. LRP-200505-18 Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. Making During Citizen Stops. EDWARDS, R. D. DUSTMANN, C. LRP-200512-11 Commentary: Work, Well-Being, and a New LRP-200407-17 An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Calling for Countercyclical Policy. Using Ordered Response Models with Classification Errors. EDWARDS, S. J. A. RGSD-189 Swarming and the Future of Warfare. DUTTA, A. MG-402-HLTH Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health EGNER, M. Interventions in Developing Countries. RB-177-AF Modern Decision Science Suggests New Methods and Tools to Support Military DYDEK, G. J. Decisionmaking. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline MG-360-AF Implications of Modern Decision Science for in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of Military Decision-Support Systems. Process and Effects. EIBNER, C. DYLAN, M. LRP-200412-24 Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American Mental Health Services? College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. EISEMAN, E. TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: DZEKOV, C. Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Exercises for Addressing Local and State Weight Loss. Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. MG-317-BMG The Challenges of Creating a Global Health DZEKOV, J. Resource Tracking System. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. Weight Loss. MG-385-OSD Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active- Duty Personnel. EASTMAN, K. L. LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote EISENMAN, D. Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A LRP-200508-11 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Content. Response. LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky EBENER, P. A. Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research HIV/AIDS. Agenda for Building Community Capacity for WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Effective Preventive Interventions. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Joint Project. Countries.

ECCLES, M. EISMAN, M. LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Guidelines. Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. 106

EL-BASSEL, N. RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Tested? Medication Adherence: A Randomized LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of- Controlled Trial. Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A ELDER, P. Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus with Bipolar Disorder. Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Care Physician. ELFENBAUM, P. D. LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Decades After Resettlement in the United States. Conditions. LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. ELKIN, E. P. LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Los Angeles County. Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Prostatectomy. Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income ELLICKSON, P. L. Housing. RB-4536-1 Stopping Violence Before It Starts: Identifying LRP-200511-06 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Early Predictors of Adolescent Violence. Care Physicians in Screening and Educating RB-9160 Saturated in Beer. Older Patients Who Use Alcohol. LRP-200410-19 Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to Physical Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Young Adults. LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the LRP-200500-01 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS® Hospital Initiation Effects (And When It Does Not). Survey. LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from Early LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual Marijuana Use. Behavior. LRP-200501-20 Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance WR-307-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Use and Intimate Partner Violence Among a Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service Sample of Young Adult Women. CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2003. LRP-200502-15 Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent WR-332-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Drinking? Results from a Longitudinal Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service Assessment. CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2004. LRP-200503-02 Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project ALERT. ELLIS, P. LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. Use Interventions from Middle School Through RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate College. Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. LRP-200503-19 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Young Adolescents in a ELLIS, P. S. H. Northern Plains State. RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an LRP-200503-20 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence Overall Force Management Approach. and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Adults in the United States. Force Management Approach. LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young ELLISON, M. A. Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Use. Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies. EMPTAGE, N. P. LRP-200507-01 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising LRP-200504-12 Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of in Late Childhood and Adolescence. Disability, Employment, Insurance Status, and LRP-200507-13 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Health Care Costs. Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental Trajectories and ENGBERG, J. Outcomes. TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement LRP-200508-01 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Program: Progress from Program Inception to Among Young Adult Smokers. 2004. LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental Analysis. Trajectory Approach. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to LRP-200405-31 Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Adulthood. Readmission Rate. LRP-200409-31 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence ELLIOTT, M. N. from the HMO Industry. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- Based Program That Works. 107

WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco FAIN, T. Settlement Program: Program Advancement in TR-291-LACPD Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment 2005. Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County WR-315-1-EDU Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Probation System. Pittsburgh. TR-297-CPOC Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in California over the Last Decade. ENTHOVEN, A. C. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. Book-998876 How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense RB-9130-CPOC Juvenile Probation Initiatives in California and Program, 1961–1969. Their Effects . LRP-200501-19 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile EPSTEIN, D. Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes. WR-333-LA Options for Changing the Governance System of LRP-200511-17 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May the Los Angeles Unified School District: Translate into Health Disparities. Presented to the President's Joint Commission MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and on LAUSD Governance. Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and ERNST, R. Arizona. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. ESCARCE, J. J. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access FAIR, C. C. to Post-Acute Care. RP-1195 Demographics and Security: The Contrasting RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Chronically Ill. LRP-200410-15 Disarming Development. RB-9121 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their Feet? FAN, C. LRP-199910-05 Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation TR-286-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Bargain. Costs: A Study of M1 Tanks. LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Contracts. FARIVAR, S. S. LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care LRP-200410-18 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Important Difference in HRQOL Scores. Health Services Research. LRP-200503-31 Approaches and Recommendations for LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare Estimating Minimally Important Differences for Expenditures for Physicians' Services. Health-Related Quality of Life Measures. LRP-200412-28 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their Feet? FARLEY, D. LRP-200502-09 How Does Race Matter, Anyway? TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report Teaching by Attendings: A National Survey. 1. LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Identify Quality Disparities. Program: Progress from Program Inception to LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its 2004. Availability? MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice LRP-200507-19 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final Associated with Blood Lead Levels Among Evaluation. Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline the United States. in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of LRP-200510-09 Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Process and Effects. Including Preventable Adverse Events. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Settlement Program: Program Advancement in Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. 2005. WR-215 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access to Care Among the Uninsured. FARLEY, T. WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Health? Joint Replacements. RB-9132 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds for Preventing HIV. ESCUDERO, P. LRP-200503-24 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- Resources. Based Program That Works. LRP-200507-05 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV Infection. ETON, D. T. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary FARMER, M. M. Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Prostate Cancer. Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health Plan. ETTNER, S. L. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary FAVREAU, J. Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Benefit in the Long Run? Conditions. LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A EVAN, M. S. Systematic Review. RB-175-AF China's Defense Industry Is Emerging from Its LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Troubled Past. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. 108

LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- FONG, D. S. Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Treatment of Cancer. Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? Managed Medicare.

FEDDERKE, J. FONKYCH, K. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Leadership, Incentives. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower FELDMAN, R. D. Costs and Improve Quality? LRP-200409-31 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is from the HMO Industry. There a Case for More-Aggressive Government Action? FERGUSON, T. B. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Findings. Results of a RAND Survey. MG-408-HLTH Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Patient Trajectories. Perspectives of Cardiologists. MG-409-HLTH The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Adoption. FIGUERAS, J. WR-295 Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Healthcare?" and "Promoting Health Information Colorectal Cancer. Technology".

FIGUEROA, R. FORD, D. E. LRP-200405-31 Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in Readmission Rate. Health Care.

FINK, A. FORGE, N. G. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Based Program That Works. Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Arizona. Measures in Elderly Outpatients. LRP-200504-03 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with FORQUER, S. Prostate Cancer. LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Provider Competencies. Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. LRP-200511-06 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary FOSSUM, D. Care Physicians in Screening and Educating TR-263-OSD Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Older Patients Who Use Alcohol. Procurement and R&D Spending in the LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Aerospace Sector. Undergoing Abdominal Operations. MG-317-BMG The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Tracking System. FINKLE, W. D. LRP-200209-19 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an FOULKES, E. C. Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the FIORE, M. Scientific Literature. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. FOWLER, F. J. LRP-200512-08 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of FIRTH, R. W. the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh FOX, S. A. Region. RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography FLANAGAN, A. Promotion. MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Doing? Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP Study. FLYNN, N. M. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug FRAME, I. Users. LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California. FRANK, R. G. LRP-199209-01 Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care FOLKESON, J. R. on Birthweight Outcomes by Race. RB-9113-A How to Improve the Army's Management of LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Reparable Spare Parts. Privately Insured Population under Managed MG-205-A Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Care: Costs and Services Use. Spare Parts. 109

FREEBORNE, N. E. FROMME, K. LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. Use Interventions from Middle School Through College. FREED, B. A. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They FUENTES, S. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. LRP-200502-12 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV in Los Angeles. Patients. LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of FUKUHARA, S. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. Utilization Study. FULTON, B. FREED, J. R. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. FUNG, C. H. LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Costs and Improve Quality? Plans. LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Care Physician. Patients. MG-408-HLTH Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Patient Trajectories. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult FURST, D. E. Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Utilization Study. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. FREMONT, A. M. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety GAASERUD, M. J. Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural 1. Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? GACCI, M. Results of a RAND Survey. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Guide for Researchers. Cancer Index. LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality Disparities. GAGNE, J. LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Perspectives of Cardiologists. Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects. FREY, J. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Community-Based Care for Adults with Treatment of Cancer. Psychiatric Disabilities. GALBICKA, G. FRICKER, R. D. LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Cessation Plans. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Literature. GALEGHER, J. R. RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and FRIEDMAN, H. S. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical LRP-200511-02 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Guide for Researchers. Divorce. GALLAGHER, M. E. FRIEDMAN, M. A. LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health LRP-200509-06 E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Preparedness. Act of 2003: Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health Information Technology? GALLO, L. C. LRP-200502-18 Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological FRIESEN, C. Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of of the Reserve Capacity Model. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. GALVAN, F. H. FRINKING, E. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with MG-270-OCW Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher HIV. Education: An International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Effectiveness. GALVIN, J. R. LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. 110

GALWAY, L. A. GENOVESE, B. J. RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Overall Force Management Approach. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Dollars. Force Management Approach. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. GAMBOA, C. LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United Conditions. States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context. GEORGE, D. RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air GANZ, P. Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Logistics Review. Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement. GEPPERT, J. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Managed Care Health Plan. GERWEHR, S. GARBER, A. M. MG-184-RC Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Struggle Against Terrorism. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical GESCHWIND, S. A. Innovation for the Future Elderly. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. GARCIA, C. A. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to GESTEN, F. C. Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Managed Care Health Plan. Quality of Health Care for Children.

GARCIA, F. GHASHGHAI, E. LRP-200202-11 Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? RB-169-AF The United States and Europe Should Work Evidence from the US Navy. Together to Build a Multinational Global Navigation Satellite System. GARCâIA, I. MG-284-AF Building a Multinational Global Navigation RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Satellite System: An Initial Look. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. GHOSH-DASTIDAR, B. GARLAND, R. H. TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Grant Programs. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Programs? Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, LRP-200312-25 Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Continuous Data. Osteoporosis. LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Use Interventions from Middle School Through Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological College. Diseases. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty GIAMBO, P. Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. Injured Workers in California. GIBRAN, D. GARTEN, A. D. CF-211 Exploring Religious Conflict. LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? GIBSON, S. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy GATES, S. M. Responses in the European Union. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. Training Infrastructure. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, GIFFORD, B. Leadership, Incentives. WR-299 The Spillover Effects of Military Communities on WR-292-ICJ Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in the Need for Health Care Safety-Net Services. Determining Thresholds for the Application of Federal Statutes. GIFFORD, D. R. LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, GELBACH, J. B. and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? LRP-200305-38 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and LRP-200503-34 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Household Income. Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First LRP-200409-35 Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency National Healthcare Quality Report. Project. GILBERT, M. L. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users. 111

LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users GOLDMAN, C. A. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. California. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. GILL, B. P. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A Findings. Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies and Their Effects on Student Achievement. GOLDMAN, D. P. LRP-200410-20 Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the for Local School Districts. Chronically Ill. MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the and Achievement in Edison Schools. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. WR-315-1-EDU Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in CP-484-1 U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and Pittsburgh. Quality. LRP-200103-18 Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials. GILMORE, J. LRP-200301-23 A Response to the Points by Manton and LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Williamson. Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in GILMORE, J. M. Health Services Research. LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare Joint Project. Expenditures for Physicians' Services. LRP-200405-30 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior. GIRARDINI, K. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. MG-342-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi LRP-200501-17 Moving Towards Better Formulary Management. Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations. LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. MG-344-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on the Future Elderly. Operations. LRP-200509-11 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the Elderly. GIROSI, F. LRP-200509-12 Disability and Health Care Spending Among RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Medicare Beneficiaries. Costs and Improve Quality? LRP-200509-13 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is Among the Future Elderly. There a Case for More-Aggressive Government LRP-200509-14 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among Action? the Elderly. LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Transform Health Care? Potential Health Innovation for the Future Elderly. Benefits, Savings, and Costs. LRP-200510-03 Health Costs of Katrina. MG-410-HLTH Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information LRP-200511-04 Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Technology Savings and Costs. Immigrants. WR-295 Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can WR-252 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Rising Health Insurance Costs. Healthcare?" and "Promoting Health Information WR-253 Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of Technology". New Medical Technologies. WR-325 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household GIUBILEI, G. Portfolio Choice. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate WR-339 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the Choice. University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index. GOLDMAN, W. LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a GLENN, R. W. Privately Insured Population under Managed MG-181-A Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century. Care: Costs and Services Use. MG-191-A Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare. GOLINELLI, D. RB-9056-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges of GLOVER, E. D. Military Spouse Employment. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Tested? Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary GODEMENT, F. Care Panic Disorder. CF-199-OSD China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky of Emerging Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with Consequences for Transatlantic Relations. HIV/AIDS. LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective GODGES, J. Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. Los Angeles County. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using GOLDIE, S. J. Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income LRP-200507-02 The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening Housing. in Urban Emergency Departments. 112

LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Analysis. Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a GOLOMB, B. A. Nationally Representative Sample. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the GRAMMICH, C. A. Scientific Literature. RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor GOMEZ GONZALEZ, J. Progress? TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De RP-1195 Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y LRP-200410-15 Disarming Development. Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Management in the United Kingdom's Military Tools for Planning, Implementation, and Shipbuilding Industry. Evaluation. MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement GOMPERT, D. C. Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. WR-211 Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Changes Among Religious Adherents Across CF-199-OSD China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis U.S. Counties. of Emerging Chinese Strategic Policies and Their WR-220-OJP Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Consequences for Transatlantic Relations. Developing Data-Driven Interventions. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key GRANT, J. Findings. TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from GONG, X. Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. LRP-200011-06 Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. Analysis for Mexico. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy Responses in the European Union. GONZALES, D. R. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. Stryker Brigade Combat Team. LRP-200407-19 Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes MG-268-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to- of Health Research: The Impact of Funding by Air Combat with and Without Link 16. the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A GOOD, C. B. Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans Preferences in the London Patient Choice with Bipolar Disorder. Project. LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When GORDON, J. Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. LRP-200507-06 Payback Arising from Research Funding: MG-179-NAVY/USMC Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign. A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. GRASER, J. C. RB-172-AF Price-Based Acquisition May Have Only Limited GORE, J. L. Benefits for the Purchase of Major Weapon LRP-200504-03 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Systems. Prostate Cancer. MG-337-AF Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges LRP-200509-27 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma. for Defense Department Procurement of Weapon Systems. GOVER, A. R. LRP-200502-23 Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth GRAU, L. E. Homicide: Assessing the Structural Covariates LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among over Time. Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Programs. GRAAFLAND-ESSERS, I. LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery Drug Users Participating in California Syringe Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information Exchange Programs. in the Dutch Government. WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature GRAY, P. B. Review and New Results for the Netherlands. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Literature and Case Study. Weight Loss.

GRABENSTEIN, J. D. GREEN, B. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected GRALNEK, I. M. Countries. LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band 113

GREEN, J. D. GRIFFIN, J. M. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. TR-292-NREL Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Demand for Energy. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key GRIGGS, J. J. Findings. RB-9141 Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy Are Often Undertreated. GREENBERG, M. D. LRP-200506-05 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety Breast Cancer Chemotherapy. Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report LRP-200508-27 Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast 1. Cancer Chemotherapy. RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. LRP-200509-24 Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and GRILL, B. Beliefs: A Longitudinal Analysis. TR-200-HE Measuring and Understanding Economic MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Interdependence in Allegheny County. Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh RB-9088-HE Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and Region. Regional Challenges in Allegheny County. MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. GRIMSHAW, J. MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Operations. Guidelines. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental GRISSOM, A. and Addictive Disorders. RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for Ground Partnership. the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Addictive Disorders. Ground Partnership.

GREENBERG, M. R. GROGGER, J. RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation Permanent Book-998875 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change. Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and RP-1087 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the Post-Reform Evaluation. 1990's? The Importance of Entry. RP-1175 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy LRP-200502-21 Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary Regulation. of the US Experience. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating System. GROSS, J. RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and GREENFIELD, S. F. Alternatives. LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. Privately Insured Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use. GROSSMAN, J. LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and GREENFIELD, V. A. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the RB-9123-A Civilian or Military? Assessing the Risk of Using Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Contractors on the Battlefield. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, MG-282-A Risk Management and Performance in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Balkans Support Contract. Osteoporosis. MG-296-A How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Assessing Comparative Risk in GROSSMAN, J. G. Sourcing Decisions. DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options.

GREENLAND, S. GROVES, D. G. LRP-200209-19 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. GREGG, H. S. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key CF-211 Exploring Religious Conflict. Findings.

GREGOR, P. GRUMAN, J. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. the Field. GUALLAR, E. GRESENZ, C. R. LRP-200506-07 A Guide to This Supplement. LRP-200400-21 Mental Health and Employment Transitions. LRP-200412-24 Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for GUARINO, C. M. Mental Health Services? RB-9112-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in WR-215 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access California and the Impact of SB 740. to Care Among the Uninsured. LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Teaching by Attendings: A National Survey. GRIFFIN, B. MG-323-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to California and the Impact of SB 740. Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. WR-199-EDU Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers. 114

WR-316 Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological HALEY, S. M. Change Hypothesis: A Study of Technology, LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the California Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Hospital Industry. Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment System. GUAY, A. LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in HALL, J. E. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Plans. Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction.

GUBENS, M. HALLER, D. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Colorectal Cancer. Effectiveness. HALLIDAY, J. M. GUNN, P. P. MG-342-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical MG-344-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Guide for Researchers. Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations. GURALNIK, J. M. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional HALPERN, J. Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Reported and Performance-Based Measures. Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in Health Care. GUTI*ERREZ, P. R. LRP-200507-19 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors HALVERSON, P. Associated with Blood Lead Levels Among LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in Preparedness. the United States. HAMBARSOOMIANS, K. GUTIERREZ, P. R. RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Tested? Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and RB-9160 Saturated in Beer. Managed Medicare. LRP-200502-15 Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results from a Longitudinal GUZMAN-BECERRA, N. Assessment. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They LRP-200507-01 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. in Late Childhood and Adolescence. LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. Plans. LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the LRP-200503-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Low-Income, Racial Minority Community Sample. WR-307-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2003. WR-332-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and GUZMáN-BECERRA, N. Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral CAHPS® Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2004. Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients. HAMER, R. DB-444-AVV De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The HAAS, G. L. Foundation of Freight Policy): Een LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Description for Performance Measurement Within HAAS,GRETCHEN L the Policy Process). LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans MG-270-OCW Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher with Bipolar Disorder. Education: An International Comparison of Policy Measure and Their Effectiveness. HAIDER, S. RP-1087 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the HAMILTON, L. S. 1990's? The Importance of Entry. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A RP-1152 A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload. Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies and Their Effects on Student Achievement. HALE, L. RP-1163 Assessment as a Policy Tool. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Responses in the European Union. Effects. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. Practice: An Example from Mathematics and LRP-200506-02 Who has Time to Sleep. Science. LRP-200400-20 Improving Inferences About Student Achievement. 115

MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Leadership, Incentives. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. and Achievement in Edison Schools. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation WR-199-EDU Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Toward Integrative Medicine. Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers. LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? WR-255-EDU Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Standards-Based Accountability HARLEY, N. H. (ISBA) Project. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: WR-259-EDU Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Accountability. Scientific Literature. WR-262-EDU A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Relationship Between Reform Teaching and HARMAN, J. Mathematics Achievement. LRP-200405-31 Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on HAN, X. Readmission Rate. LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. HARPOLE, L. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late with Bipolar Disorder. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized Trial. HANKS, C. H. MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We HARRELL, M. C. There Yet? RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the U.S. Military. HANLEY, J. M. RB-9056-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges of LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Military Spouse Employment. Methods and Principal Findings. RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Strategic Approach. HANNAH, G. MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer TR-288-SSDAT Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security Management. Sector Reform. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research HARRIS, A. Agenda for Building Community Capacity for WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Effective Preventive Interventions. Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report.

HANNEY, S. HARTMAN, S. LRP-200407-19 Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. of Health Research: The Impact of Funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. HAVILAND, A. LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. Health Care Quality and Cost. LRP-200507-06 Payback Arising from Research Funding: WR-293-ICJ A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign. Resources on Small Business.

HANSEN, J. S. HAVILAND, M. G. OP-153-EDU Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New LRP-200502-11 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Promise for and Old Idea? Faculty Departments, 1980–2001. LRP-200507-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and HANSER, L. M. Satisfaction with Health Care. TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. HAWES-DAWSON, J. RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Senior Leader Workforce. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Literature. HARBER, P. RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Injured Workers in California. Promotion.

HARDY, M. L. HAY, J. W. LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. Conditions. LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A HAYES, R. P. Systematic Review. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. Reported and Performance-Based Measures. LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical HAYS, R. D. Efficacy and Side Effects. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the RP-1174 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Treatment of Cancer. Patient Experiences in Receiving Care from LRP-200307-21 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Medical Group Practices. Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. 116

RP-1189 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of HAYWARD, G. Men and Women Visiting the Emergency LRP-200400-19 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: Department? A Review of the Literature. LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons. HAYWARD, R. A. LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. Measures in Elderly Outpatients. LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer LRP-200410-18 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Review? Important Difference in HRQOL Scores. LRP-200501-05 Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on HAYWOOD, Y. Communication and Collaboration Among LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Physicians and Nurses. Those Exposed to Anthrax. LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study HEGEL, M. T. (CAHPS®) Instrument. LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late LRP-200501-10 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized Study Sleep Measure. Trial. LRP-200501-24 The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection HEIDENREICH, P. in the United States. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Quality of Life Outcomes. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Effectiveness. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss. HEIMER, R. LRP-200503-31 Approaches and Recommendations for LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Estimating Minimally Important Differences for Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Health-Related Quality of Life Measures. Exchange Programs. LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Drug Users Participating in California Syringe Assessment. Exchange Programs. LRP-200504-20 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey. HELD, B. J. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Army Research, Development and Engineering Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Command. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Missing Data. HELFAND, M. LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health- LRP-200506-07 A Guide to This Supplement. Related Quality-of-Life Change in Individual Patients. HELMUS, T. C. LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus MG-191-A Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Their Implications for Urban Warfare. Care Physician. LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- HENSLER, D. R. Infected Americans. RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and LRP-200509-09 Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Alternatives. Health Outcomes Research. RP-1156 "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- Arbitration Clauses: The Average Consumer's Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a Experience. Nationally Representative Sample. CP-491 Institute for Civil Justice 25th Anniversary LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Celebration. Toward Integrative Medicine. MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV HEPNER, K. A. Infection in the United States. RP-1174 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to Patient Experiences in Receiving Care from CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Medical Group Practices. LRP-200512-03 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to and English Versions of the CAHPS® Hospital CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-10 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Perceptions of Care. LRP-200512-06 Development and Evaluation of the CAHPS® LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and LRP-200512-10 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Care. HERBECK, D. M. LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® LRP-200510-28 Identification and Treatment of Patients with Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical Psychiatry Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. Practice. 117

HESLIN, K. HILTON, L. G. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases. HIATT, L. LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United HIRNEISE, P. States. TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate HICKEY, E. C. Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on Pressure Ulcer Rates. HIRSCH, S. H. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional HICKEY, S. C. Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- LRP-200509-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated Reported and Performance-Based Measures. with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral. HIRT, M. HICKMAN, L. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of RP-1176 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention Persons Age 65 and Older. Program Effectiveness. OP-154-RC Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: HITTLE, D. F. Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing LRP-200503-34 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Labor Pool. Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report. HICKS, J. LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United HIX, W. M. States. RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained HIGASHI, T. Operations. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Patients. HOCHGUERTEL, S. LRP-200112-16 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel HILBORNE, L. H. Data Analysis. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the HOFER, T. P. Scientific Literature. LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Review? HILL, D. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A HOFFING, M. Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late and Their Effects on Student Achievement. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations Trial. and Achievement in Edison Schools. HOFFMAN, B. HILLESTAD, R. RB-9129-CTRMP Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is Terrorism Threat. There a Case for More-Aggressive Government RP-1187 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Action? CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Terror. Transform Health Care? Potential Health CT-250-1 Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Benefits, Savings, and Costs. Threat? MG-393-CTRMPTrends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States HILLESTAD, R. J. and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Act. Costs and Improve Quality? HOFFMAN, V. HILTON, L. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight the Medicare Population. Loss. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet HOGAN, M. M. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces Lose Weight. Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Obesity. Review? LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- HOGAN, T. Management Programs for Older Adults. TR-263-OSD Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Procurement and R&D Spending in the Use. Aerospace Sector. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. HOLLYWOOD, J. S. LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? RB-9079-RC Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: Detecting Terrorist Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. MG-268-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to- Air Combat with and Without Link 16. 118

HOMER, C. HU, A. LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Quality of Health Care for Children. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. HONESS-MORREALE, L. WR-314 The Public Hospital System in Louisiana. HUANG, F. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD HOOK, E. W. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China LRP-200507-02 The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. in Urban Emergency Departments. HUANG, R. HOORENS, S. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. Responses in the European Union. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y HUDSON, A. Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: WR-277 Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Nederland: Identificatie Van Knelpunten En Scientific Literature. Oplossingrichtingen. HUFBAUER, G. C. HORBAR, J. D. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003.

HORLINGS, E. HUI, K. MG-270-OCW Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health- Education: An International Comparison of Policy Related Quality-of-Life Change in Individual Measure and Their Effectiveness. Patients. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation HORSTMAN, T. Toward Integrative Medicine. LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality Disparities. HUIZAR, D. P. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among HOSEK, J. R. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. MG-385-OSD Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active- Duty Personnel. HUNKELER, E. LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late HOSEK, S. D. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External Trial. Grant Programs. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: HUNTER, R. E. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Scientific Literature. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant LRP-200507-03 Palestinians Need More Cash. Programs? MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. CT-242 Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings. HOTAMISLIGIL, S. LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple HUNTER, S. B. Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to HOUTSINGER, J. K. 2004. LRP-200501-14 Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral DB-471-1-LA Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Health Care into the Mainstream. Airports, Port, and Department of Water and Power. HOVERMAN, C. LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. to Post-Acute Care. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and Agenda for Building Community Capacity for Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Effective Preventive Interventions. Joint Replacements. LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety HOYNES, H. W. and Substance Use Disorder. LRP-200305-38 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Household Income. Joint Project. LRP-200409-35 Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Project. Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005. HSIAO, A. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation HURD, M. D. Toward Integrative Medicine. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Elderly: Implications for Medicare. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. 119

LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical IMM, P. Innovation for the Future Elderly. TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De WR-242 The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y Anticipated and Actual Declines in Spending at Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y Retirement. Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting Accountability Through Methods and HURLBURT, M. S. Tools for Planning, Implementation, and LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Evaluation. Mental Health Care for Common Childhood LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research Psychiatric Disorders in California. Agenda for Building Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions. HURTADO, M. P. LRP-200512-03 Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish INAGAMI, S. and English Versions of the CAHPS® Hospital WR-310 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. Communities in Restructuring.

HUSBAND, S. D. ISHWARAN, H. LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance a Survey of Prostitutes. Program. ISSA, A. M. HUSKAMP, H. LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Privately Insured Population under Managed Diseases. Care: Costs and Services Use. IVERSON, E. HYNES, M. LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Social Behaviors in Adolescents. Terror. JACKNOWITZ, A. IGUCHI, M. Y. WR-266-1 Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the RB-9110-DPRC Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Policy: A Longitudinal Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten Synthesis of the Evidence to Date. Attendance. OP-121-DPRC How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy. JACKSON, B. A. LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications Program. for Combating Terrorism. LRP-200412-25 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. Policy? LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis JACKSON, C. of Food and Drug Administration Reports of LRP-199209-01 Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care Adverse Events. on Birthweight Outcomes by Race. LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with LRP-199512-02 Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Workforce Requirements. Approach. LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without JAIN, A. K. Cessation Plans. TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Exercises for Addressing Local and State Use. Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. LRP-200511-17 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Translate into Health Disparities. Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Results of a RAND Survey. IKEMOTO, G. LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: Perspectives of Cardiologists. Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- with the Institute for Learning. Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional LRP-200509-24 Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Beliefs: A Longitudinal Analysis. Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. JAMISON, L. ILES, D. TR-234-A High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army. LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health Care for Children. JANG, T. LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with IMARA, J. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. JAYCOX, L. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- Based Program That Works. 120

RP-1176 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: MG-427-CTRMPDistribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. Program Effectiveness. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating JONES, J. T. Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200501-25 Unintended Consequence of Centralized Public Care. School Funding in Michigan Education. LRP-200200-49 Phoenix Academy at Lake View Terrace, California: Clinical Manual and Program JONES, S. G. Description of an Adolescent Therapeutic RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Community. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200207-15 Depression Among Youth in Primary Care RB-9135-RC What Have We Learned About Establishing Models for Delivering Mental Health Services. Internal Security in Nation-Building? LRP-200406-22 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes RP-1209 Arming Europe. About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. CF-215 Measuring National Power. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement LRP-200412-23 Law and Order in Palestine. Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Findings. Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. Congo to Iraq. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. MG-374-RC Establishing Law and Order After Conflict.

JAYES, R. L. JONG, G. DE LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. Review and New Results for the Netherlands. WR-274-AVV Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: JENKINS, B. M. Eindrapport. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Terror. Literature and Case Study.

JENSEN, D. M. JONG, J. DE LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Progression in a Regional Veterans Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Administration Barrett's Cohort. Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Countries. JINNETT, K. LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient JOYCE, G. Functional Improvement. RB-9084-OSD Pharmacy Benefits for Military Retirees. RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the JOE, L. Chronically Ill. TR-216-A Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Compression and Network Management Elderly: Implications for Medicare. Technologies. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. JOHNSON, D. E. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. TR-253-A Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: LRP-200501-17 Moving Towards Better Formulary Management. Results of the Army Medical Department LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. Transformation Workshop IV. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. JOHNSON, D. J. LRP-200504-10 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia TR-263-OSD Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal in the Private Sector. Procurement and R&D Spending in the LRP-200508-20 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Aerospace Sector. Services for Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. JOHNSON, M. P. LRP-200509-14 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System the Elderly. in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Trajectory Approach. Innovation for the Future Elderly. MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The WR-269-RWJF Costs and Effects of Participation in Stryker Brigade Combat Team. Collaboratives to Improve Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey JOHNSON, P. Joyce. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. JUNG, M. LRP-200503-07 Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal JOHNSTON, M. F. Policy Levers. LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health- Related Quality-of-Life Change in Individual JUNG, T. M. Patients. LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication Adherence: A Randomized JONES, G. S. Controlled Trial. RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. 121

JUNGVIG, L. KAHRAMANIAN, M. I. LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. States: A Review of the Literature and Its LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Sociopolitical Context. Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects. KAMAR, E. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- WR-300/1-ICJ How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Decisions to Go Private? . Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and KAMBERG, C. J. Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Infections in Paralyzed Persons. Effectiveness. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vulnerable Older Patients. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Vulnerable Older People. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, KAN, H. and Hypertension. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Expenditures for Physicians' Services. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel KANOUSE, D. E. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, LRP-200300-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. Osteoporosis. Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP = HIV LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Interventions for African American and Latinos: Obesity. Lessons Learned from Participatory Action LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis Research. of Food and Drug Administration Reports of LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in Adverse Events. a Survey of Prostitutes. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with KAGANOFF, T. HIV. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity LRP-200500-08 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and Prostitution in Los Angeles County. Training Infrastructure. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. KAGAWA-SINGER, M. LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Approach. Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. LRP-200503-22 HIV-Infected Population National Data. LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus KAHAN, J. P. Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary LRP-200400-15 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Care Physician. Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Game" (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Seminar Game. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in Adults Receiving Health Care. the German Health Care System. LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map Relationship Between Exposure to Television's the Field. Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Behavior. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. KANWAL, F. LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of KAHN, K. L. Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Assessment. Progression in a Regional Veterans LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- Administration Barrett's Cohort. Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Nationally Representative Sample. Respondents with Partially Missing Data. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic KAPTEYN, A. Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity WR-280 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. England, the Netherlands, and the United States. LRP-200507-20 Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response WR-283 Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Rates to Mailed Study Consent Forms. Comparison of Survey and Register Data. LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary KAPUR, K. Care Physician. LRP-200000-47 Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Mental Health. Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care Health Plan. Managed Care Contracts. LRP-200504-09 The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. Navy. 122

LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for KATAOKA, S. H. Health Care Quality and Cost. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- LRP-200510-17 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Based Program That Works. Consumer Preferences About Health Plan LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Design. Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. MG-369-OSD An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation. KATON, W. LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late KARACA-MANDIC, P. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized WR-300/1-ICJ How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Trial. Decisions to Go Private? . LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary KARASIK, T. W. Care Panic Disorder. OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. Primary Care Panic Disorder. LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety KARNEY, B. R. Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. LRP-200508-17 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Policy and Intervention. KAUFMAN, J. S. LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System KAROLY, L. A. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health Book-998875 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change. System of Care. TR-340-PF County-Level Estimates of the Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in California. KAVANAGH, J. RB-9118-PF The Costs and Benefits of Universal Preschool in TR-192-RC Stress and Performance: A Review of the California. Literature and Its Applicability to the Military. RB-9144-PNC Children at Risk: Consequences for School TR-193-OSD Determinants of Productivity for Military Readiness and Beyond. Personnel: A Review of Findings on the RB-9145-PNC Proven Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. Contribution of Experience, Training, and RB-9164/1-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Aptitude to Military Performance. California: Estimates for Los Angeles County. RB-9164/2-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in KEATING, E. G. California: Estimates for San Diego County. RB-158-AF Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do RB-9164/3-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the California: Estimates for Orange County. Decision? RB-9164/4-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. California: Estimates for the Bay Area Region. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity RB-9164/5-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and California: Estimates for the Capital Region. Training Infrastructure. RB-9164/6-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United California: Estimates for the Central Coast Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Region. Programme. RB-9164/7-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in MG-241-AF Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions California: Estimates for the Central Valley with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Region. Variable. RB-9164/8-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: California: Estimates for the Inland Empire Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Region. Refueling. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. LRP-200502-21 Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary KEATING, N. L. of the US Experience. LRP-200507-11 The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data MG-341-PNC Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Quality Standards for Studies That Impact Clinical Future Promise. Practice and Health Policy. MG-349-PF The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in California. KEEFE, R. MG-349/1-PF The Economics of Investing in Universal WR-292-ICJ Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in Preschool Education in California: Executive Determining Thresholds for the Application of Summary. Federal Statutes.

KARSAN, H. A. KEELER, E. B. LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band Elderly: Implications for Medicare. Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- Chronic Heart Failure? Analysis. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- KASUPSKI, A. Reported and Performance-Based Measures. RB-9129-CTRMP Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, Terrorism Threat. Education, Self-Management, and Health Status MG-393-CTRMPTrends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). Act. 123

LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken KENNEDY, M. at Home Affect Management Practices and RB-169-AF The United States and Europe Should Work Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Together to Build a Multinational Global Asthma? Navigation Satellite System. LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for MG-284-AF Building a Multinational Global Navigation Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Satellite System: An Initial Look. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? KENNY, M. LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic KERR, E. A. Care Model in Quality Improvement RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces Collaboratives. Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. LRP-200508-05 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer for Chronic Illnesses. Review? LRP-200509-14 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United the Elderly. States. WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: KERR, K. A. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic with the Institute for Learning. Care Model in Quality Improvement MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban WR-269-RWJF Costs and Effects of Participation in Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. Collaboratives to Improve Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey KEYSER, D. J. Joyce. LRP-200501-14 Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral WR-290-RWJF A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Health Care into the Mainstream. Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh KEESEY, J. Region. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. KHANDWALA, S. RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Chronic Heart Failure? Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Community-Based Participatory Research. Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model KHANNA, D. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Processes and Outcomes of Care? WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for KHANNA, P. Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, KELLER, A. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Osteoporosis. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Countries. KILBOURNE, A. M. KELLER, S. LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® with Bipolar Disorder. Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. KILBURN, M. R. RB-9144-PNC Children at Risk: Consequences for School KELLER, S. D. Readiness and Beyond. LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to RB-9145-PNC Proven Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. CAHPS® Hospital Survey. RP-1178 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence- Based Information on Child and Family Policy. KELLY, T. K. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in MG-202-OSD Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Iraq. Enlistments. MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition MG-341-PNC Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Provisional Authority's Experience. Future Promise. MG-388-RC Estimating Terrorism Risk. 124

KILGORE, M. LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from Early LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Health Services Research. Marijuana Use. LRP-200503-20 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence KILLINGSWORTH, P. S. and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. Adults in the United States. RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance KILPATRICK, S. D. Use. LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in LRP-200507-13 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An Community-Based Participatory Research. Examination of Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes. KINGSTON, G. LRP-200508-01 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation MG-181-A Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century. Among Young Adult Smokers. MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Stryker Brigade Combat Team. Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective MG-268-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to- Analysis. Air Combat with and Without Link 16. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use Problems in Late Young KINGTON, R. Adulthood. RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography KLEIN, K. Promotion. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. KIPKE, M. D. LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking KLEIN, S. P. Social Behaviors in Adolescents. RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: An Example from Mathematics and KIRBY, K. C. Science. LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without Cessation Plans. KLERMAN, J. A. TR-274-OSD Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of KIRBY, S. N. Reservists. TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a RP-1087 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie 1990's? The Importance of Entry. Corporation of New York. RP-1152 A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload. RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of Behind: A Long Uphill Road. Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment WR-154-EDU Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement Qualifications. under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Longitudinal Survey of Schools. Leadership, Incentives. WR-278-EDU Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some WR-169-3 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Promising Indicators of Change. Current Population Survey. WR-249 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section KISER, S. D. 1931(b) in California. RGSD-185 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to WR-288 Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Affect Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructures. Answer the CPS Health Insurance Questions?

KISSINGER, P. KLETKE, P. R. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor LRP-200512-06 Development and Evaluation of the CAHPS® Health? Hospital Survey.

KLAP, R. KLEYKAMP, M. LRP-200502-12 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment in Los Angeles. Qualifications.

KLAUTZER, L. KLITGAARD, R. E. LRP-200400-15 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Leadership, Incentives. Game" (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a KNAPP, P. Seminar Game. LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in Mental Health Care for Common Childhood the German Health Care System. Psychiatric Disorders in California.

KLEIN, D. J. KNAUSS, J. LRP-200500-01 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Initiation Effects (And When It Does Not). 125

KNIESNER, T. J. KROES, E. LRP-200506-06 Provider Type and Depression Treatment DB-444-AVV De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Adequacy. Foundation of Freight Policy): Een Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van KNIGHT, E. Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Description for Performance Measurement Within Provider Competencies. the Policy Process). WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature KNOPMAN, D. S. Review and New Results for the Netherlands. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature and Case Study. KO, C. Y. LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with KROP, C. S. Teaching by Attendings: A National Survey. RB-9112-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients California and the Impact of SB 740. Undergoing Abdominal Operations. LRP-200512-27 Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding and Facilities: Evidence from California. KOEGEL, P. MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Doing? Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A MG-323-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in Prospective Examination. California and the Impact of SB 740. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. KRUPSKI, T. L. LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental LRP-200504-03 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Illness Who Use Emergency Services. Prostate Cancer. LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, KOFNER, A. Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Grant Programs. Men Treated for Prostate Cancer. RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant LRP-200509-25 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Programs? Statewide Public Assistance Program. LRP-200511-03 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the KONG, B. W. Treatment of Prostate Cancer. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? KULICK, J. Results of a RAND Survey. RB-177-AF Modern Decision Science Suggests New LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Methods and Tools to Support Military Perspectives of Cardiologists. Decisionmaking. LRP-200400-13 Demand-Side Management and Energy KOOPMANS, C. Efficiency in the United States. WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: MG-360-AF Implications of Modern Decision Science for Literature and Case Study. Military Decision-Support Systems.

KORETZ, D. M. KUNG, F. RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher LRP-200503-05 Identification of and Guidance for Problem Effects. Drinking by General Medical Providers: Results from a National Survey. KORN, J. H. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health KUNSTLINGER, F. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. KOSLO, R. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine KURTIN, P. Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. Quality of Health Care for Children.

KOUWENHOVEN, M. KUSEK, J. W. WR-274-AVV Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Eindrapport. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

KRAL, A. H. KUSHNIR, M. M. RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Users. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Weight Loss. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in California. KVITKY, J. S. OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the KRANENKAMP, H. Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information KWAN, L. in the Dutch Government. LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality Measurement. 126

LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate LAMB, R. J. Cancer. LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. Program. LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without Men Treated for Prostate Cancer. Cessation Plans. LRP-200509-25 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public Assistance Program. LAMBETH, B. S. LRP-200509-27 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma. RB-9137-NAVY The New Face of Naval Strike Warfare. LRP-200511-03 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the RB-9148-CENTAF Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Operation Enduring Freedom: An Assessment. MG-166-CENTAF Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct LABOR, R. of Operation Enduring Freedom. TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and MG-404-NAVY American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. New Century.

LABOR, R. E. LANDIS, J. R. LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

LABORDE, A. P. LANDMAN, A. B. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Field Study. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. LANDON, B. E. LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site LACKEY, A. HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Logistics Pipeline. LANDON, C. LADD, H. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Mental Health Care for Common Childhood Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. LAI, J. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary LANDREE, E. Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in TR-200-HE Measuring and Understanding Economic Prostate Cancer. Interdependence in Allegheny County. RB-9088-HE Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and LAKDAWALLA, D. Regional Challenges in Allegheny County. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Elderly: Implications for Medicare. LANDSVERK, J. LRP-200210-13 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty to an Old Question. Mental Health Care for Common Childhood LRP-200212-18 Quantity over Quality. Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200212-19 Technological Change and the Growth of LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Obesity: A Theoretical and Empirical Probability Sample of Children in the Child Examination. Welfare System. LRP-200301-23 A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson. LANE, J. LRP-200305-37 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline LRP-200501-19 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile in Age Difference Between Spouses? Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes. LRP-200403-19 Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good. LRP-200405-30 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior. LANGLEY, A. K. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A LRP-200410-16 Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Incentives. Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. LRP-200505-01 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity. LANGSTON, C. A. LRP-200509-13 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Among the Future Elderly. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Trial. Innovation for the Future Elderly. LRP-200509-17 Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market. LAOURI, M. WR-205-1-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Compensation Filing? Chronically Ill. WR-221 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix. LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When WR-289-CTRMP How Does Terrorism Risk Vary Across Space Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: and Time? An Analysis Based on the Israeli Implications for Quality Measurement. Experience. LAPIN, P. LAL, R. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. Population. 127

LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, Be Applied to Warship Production in the United and Hypertension. Kingdom? LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? Challenges and Opportunities for the UK LAPUERTA, P. Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications States. for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes. LARA, M. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United Management in the United Kingdom's Military States: A Review of the Literature and Its Shipbuilding Industry. Sociopolitical Context. MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding LRP-200505-07 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. Diagnosis Among Children Who Wheeze. LEE, H. LARA-CINISOMO, S. LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple TR-116-FFLA Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. Los Angeles County. LEE, M. L. LARRABEE, F. S. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human RP-1155 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with RP-1198 Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era. Weight Loss. RP-1209 Arming Europe. LEE, P. P. LARSON, E. V. LRP-199512-02 Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and TR-167-A American Public Support for U.S. Military Workforce Requirements. Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad: LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Technical Appendixes. Managed Care Contracts. MG-231-A American Public Support for U.S. Military LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad. Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare. LATINI, D. M. LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco LEEDOM, D. Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Stryker Brigade Combat Team. Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy. LEFTWICH, J. RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air LATOURRETTE, T. Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Logistics Review. Industry. RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism LEIBOWITZ, A. A. Risk Insurance Act. LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United States: Probability Sample of Children in the Child Prospects and Policy Issues. Welfare System. MG-427-CTRMPDistribution of Losses from Large Terrorist WR-252 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. Rising Health Insurance Costs.

LAUGESEN, M. LEMPERT, R. J. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare LRP-200504-15 Shaping the Future. Expenditures for Physicians' Services. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives. LAVIZZO-MOUREY, R. J. LRP-200503-07 Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal LENHARDT, D. Policy Levers. DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options.

LE, V. LEUSCHNER, K. WR-262-EDU A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health the Relationship Between Reform Teaching and Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Mathematics Achievement. and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. WR-334-EDU Examining the Validity Evidence for California RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity Teacher Licensure Exams. to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and Training Infrastructure. LEAMER, E. E. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China LEVER, J. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. LRP-200500-08 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Angeles County. LEATHERMAN, S. LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the LEVINE, R. E. Quality of Health Care for Children. LRP-200512-08 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. LEE, G. T. 128

LEVY, D. G. LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the Results from a National Evaluation of Quality U.S. Military. Improvement Collaboratives. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and LINDEN, A. Training Infrastructure. LRP-200306-30 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Evaluating Disease Management Program LEWIS, M. W. Effectiveness. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. LRP-200312-26 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Time-Series LEWIS, R. Analysis. RB-167-AF Decisionmaking Checklists Reduce Uncertainties LRP-200406-24 Using an Empirical Method for Establishing in Estimating Software Costs. Clinical Outcome Targets in Disease RB-169-AF The United States and Europe Should Work Management Programs. Together to Build a Multinational Global LRP-200409-34 Evaluating Disease Management Program Navigation Satellite System. Effectiveness: An Introduction to Survival MG-269-AF Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Analysis. Issues, and Guidelines. MG-284-AF Building a Multinational Global Navigation LINDSAY, S. Satellite System: An Initial Look. MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We There Yet? LEWISON, G. LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When LING, T. Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. TR-268-CST Talking Policy: An Examination of Public LI, Z. Dialogue in Science and Technology Policy. RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Loss. LINGEL, S. L. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. Lose Weight. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of LISA RUBENSTEIN Obesity. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Obesity. Benefit in the Long Run? LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. LITWIN, M. S. LICHTENSTEIN, R. LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Cancer. Functional Improvement. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. LIERENS, A. LRP-200504-03 Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery Prostate Cancer. Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information LRP-200504-04 The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America. in the Dutch Government. LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. Review and New Results for the Netherlands. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in LIGHT, P. C. Prostate Cancer. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco Leadership, Incentives. Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative LIM, N. Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical RB-9056-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges of Prostatectomy. Military Spouse Employment. LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Men Treated for Prostate Cancer. Strategic Approach. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate LRP-200206-14 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the Employing T Level-1 Assumptions. University of California-Los Angeles Prostate MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Cancer Index. Management. LRP-200509-25 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public Assistance Program. LIM, Y. LRP-200509-27 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Injured Workers in California. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. WR-314 The Public Hospital System in Louisiana. LRP-200511-03 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. LIMBOS, M. A. LRP-200512-16 Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review. LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents. LIU, D. LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient LIN, M. K. Functional Improvement. RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Illness Care. 129

LIU, H. LOREDO, E. N. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They RB-158-AF Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the LRP-200410-18 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally Decision? Important Difference in HRQOL Scores. MG-241-AF Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Variable. Patients. LRP-200503-31 Approaches and Recommendations for LORELL, M. A. Estimating Minimally Important Differences for RB-159-AF The Challenges of Developing New Weapon Health-Related Quality of Life Measures. Systems: Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of F/A-18 E/F. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. RB-172-AF Price-Based Acquisition May Have Only Limited LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Benefits for the Purchase of Major Weapon Respondents with Partially Missing Data. Systems. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic MG-276-AF Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Development Programs. Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. MG-337-AF Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges for Defense Department Procurement of Weapon LIVI, L. Systems. LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the LORENZ, K. A. University of California-Los Angeles Prostate LRP-200502-16 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Cancer Index. Improvement. LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- LIVINGSTON, E. H. Infected Americans. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People LOTSTEIN, D. Lose Weight. LRP-200508-23 Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. and Manage Pediatric Health Care.

LOCKWOOD, J. R. LOUGHRAN, D. S. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A TR-127-OSD Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies New Educational Benefit Needed? and Their Effects on Student Achievement. TR-274-OSD Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Reservists. Effects. RB-9076-OSD Reserve Recruiting in the College Market: New MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations Educational Benefits Could Attract High-Aptitude and Achievement in Edison Schools. Recruits. WR-262-EDU A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of the Relationship Between Reform Teaching and Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment Mathematics Achievement. Qualifications. LRP-199707-03 Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and LOEB, S. the Demand for Children in Nepal. RGSD-195 Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to LRP-200205-07 The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Precision Guided Munitions Planning. Age at First Marriage. LRP-200400-13 Demand-Side Management and Energy LONGSHORE, D. Efficiency in the United States. LRP-200503-02 Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project ALERT. LOUIS, T. A. LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Use Interventions from Middle School Through Effects. College. LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for LRP-200503-19 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: American Indian Young Adolescents in a Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Northern Plains State. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement LOO, M. VAN HET Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy Processes and Outcomes of Care? Responses in the European Union. LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y Care Model in Quality Improvement Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. Collaboratives. LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge LOPEZ, D. M. Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Community-Based Participatory Research. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? LOPEZ, M. S. WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Care Model in Quality Improvement Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Service, California, 1991–1996. 130

LOVEJOY, S. LYNN, J. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Settlement Program: Program Advancement in Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. 2005. LRP-200502-16 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement. LOWELL, J. LRP-200507-14 Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients. CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. LRP-200509-18 End-of-Life Options.

LUCAS, S. R. MA, S. MG-255-EDU Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement WR-311 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Among Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. Louisiana.

LUI, C. MAAS, W. R. LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Community-Based Participatory Research. MAC, R. P. LUNDIN, P. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human TR-268-CST Talking Policy: An Examination of Public Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Dialogue in Science and Technology Policy. Weight Loss.

LURIE, N. MACDONALD, J. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease RB-9124-RC The Cost of Cleaning Up Unexploded Ordnance. Reporting Systems in Local Public Health MG-244-RC Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: Agencies. Implications of Alternative Protocols. TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health MACDONALD, J. M. Agencies. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health LRP-200502-23 Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Homicide: Assessing the Structural Covariates and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. over Time. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of Results of a RAND Survey. Crime. LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from LRP-200505-18 Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Those Exposed to Anthrax. Making During Citizen Stops. LRP-200503-07 Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal LRP-200511-01 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk- Policy Levers. Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence. LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The WR-284-OJP Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Perspectives of Cardiologists. Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Target Areas. Health Care Quality and Cost. LRP-200508-16 Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports. MACGILLIVRAY, S. LRP-200508-18 Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health the Field. Preparedness. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- MACIEJEWSKI, P. K. Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Adults. LUSSIER, F. M. RB-159-AF The Challenges of Developing New Weapon MACLEAN, A. Systems: Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and LRP-200507-17 Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and F/A-18 E/F. College Education. MG-276-AF Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Development Programs. MACLEAN, C. H. LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis LYMAN, G. H. Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. RB-9141 Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Chemotherapy Are Often Undertreated. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the LRP-200506-05 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Breast Cancer Chemotherapy. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and LYNCH, K. F. Osteoporosis. RB-150-AF Improving Agile Combat Support for the U.S. Air LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Force: Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air Diseases. Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's LRP-200507-20 Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Logistics Review. Rates to Mailed Study Consent Forms. RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vehicles with Support Considerations. Vulnerable Older Patients. MG-193-AF Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Considerations. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older People. 131

MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for MAIDA, C. A. Injured Workers in California. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. MADISON, R. LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Methods and Principal Findings. Patients. LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of MAESTAS, N. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. WR-196-1 Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Work After Retirement. Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services WR-325 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household Utilization Study. Portfolio Choice. WR-339 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio MALDONADO, N. Choice. RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography MAGEE, S. Promotion. TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie MALIK, R. Corporation of New York. MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left There Yet? Behind: A Long Uphill Road. MALIN, J. MAGGARD, M. A. LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Implications for Quality Measurement. Lose Weight. LRP-200507-11 The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Quality Standards for Studies That Impact Clinical Obesity. Practice and Health Policy. LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. MALISKI, S. MAGLIONE, M. LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. Loss. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet MALISKI, S. L. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Lose Weight. Cancer. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Men Treated for Prostate Cancer. Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects. MALKIN, J. D. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Dollars. Effectiveness. RB-9084-OSD Pharmacy Benefits for Military Retirees. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population. MANACAPILLI, T. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, More of Cost Than of Capability. and Hypertension. MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. Trainer Aircraft Requirements. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. MANGIONE, C. M. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Obesity. Managed Care Contracts. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of LRP-200504-20 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Regarding Aging Survey. Persons Age 65 and Older. LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and of Food and Drug Administration Reports of Managed Medicare. Adverse Events. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Respondents with Partially Missing Data. Obesity. LRP-200508-05 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. for Chronic Illnesses. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- WR-290-RWJF A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Management Programs for Older Adults. Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix. LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use. MANGIONE-SMITH, R. LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of MAGNABOSCO, J. L. Otitis Media with Effusion. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems LRP-200503-06 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short- of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. and Addictive Disorders. LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for at Home Affect Management Practices and the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Addictive Disorders. Asthma? 132

LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Health Care Quality and Cost. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model LRP-200508-15 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Benefit Decisions. LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A LRP-200510-17 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. Consumer Preferences About Health Plan LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Design. Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Processes and Outcomes of Care? Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for WR-311 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Louisiana. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? MARSH, J. A. RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: MARCUS, M. Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They with the Institute for Learning. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit and Their Effects on Student Achievement. Plans. MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral and Achievement in Edison Schools. Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Patients. Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. WR-258-EDU Accountability Elements of the No Child Left LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services. Utilization Study. MARSHALL, C. MARCUS, S. C. LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients Integration in California: An Innovative Approach with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates. Practice. MARSHALL, G. N. MARCY, S. M. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Literature. MARGOLIS, C. Z. LRP-200200-49 Phoenix Academy at Lake View Terrace, LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural California: Clinical Manual and Program Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. Description of an Adolescent Therapeutic Community. MARIANI, M. LRP-200406-22 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Decades After Resettlement in the United States. Cancer Index. LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. MARKEN, R. RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question MARSHALL, P. L. More of Cost Than of Capability. LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial Drug Users Participating in California Syringe Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A Exchange Programs. Field Study. LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Trainer Aircraft Requirements. Exchange Programs.

MARLOWE, D. H. MARSTELLER, J. A. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Improving Chronic Illness Care. Scientific Literature. LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a National Evaluation of Quality MARQUIS, J. P. Improvement Collaboratives. RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Challenges and Opportunities for the UK Care Model in Quality Improvement Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. Collaboratives. MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. MARQUIS, M. S. RB-9121 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers MARTIN, C. Vote with Their Feet? TR-274-OSD Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of LRP-200412-28 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Reservists. Vote with Their Feet? 133

MARTIN, C. W. MATTHEWS, K. A. RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism LRP-200502-18 Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Risk Insurance Act. Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test MG-427-CTRMPDistribution of Losses from Large Terrorist of the Reserve Capacity Model. Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. MATTKE, S. MARTIN, L. R. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for LRP-200511-02 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Injured Workers in California. Divorce. WR-308 The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of the Municipal Healthcare MARTIN, S. A. System. LRP-200501-10 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome WR-312 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Study Sleep Measure. Healthcare Workforce.

MARTINO, S. C. MATTOCK, M. G. LRP-200410-19 Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and MG-385-OSD Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active- Physical Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Duty Personnel. Young Adults. LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from Early MAYES, M. D. Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Marijuana Use. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. LRP-200501-20 Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence Among a MCCAFFREY, D. F. Sample of Young Adult Women. RB-9160 Saturated in Beer. LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol RP-1164 Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Expectancies. Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Observational Studies. Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Analysis. Effects. LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Substance-Use Problems in Late Young Practice: An Example from Mathematics and Adulthood. Science. LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the RP-1189 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Relationship Between Exposure to Television's Men and Women Visiting the Emergency Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual Department? Behavior. LRP-200200-48 Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of MARTORELL, F. Drug Use Initiation: Responses to Anthony, WR-312 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Kenkel, & Mathios and Lynskey. Healthcare Workforce. LRP-200502-15 Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? Results from a Longitudinal MASI, R. Assessment. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. LRP-200503-02 Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project ALERT. MASON, B. LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance RGSD-192 Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive Use Interventions from Middle School Through School Reform Designs Implemented in Los College. Angeles Unified School District. LRP-200503-19 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Indian Young Adolescents in a MASON, K. Northern Plains State. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Health? Expectancies. LRP-200507-01 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising MASON, W. in Late Childhood and Adolescence. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. MCCARTHY, K. F. MATSUI, D. H. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. RB-9106-WF Reframing the Debate About the Value of the Arts. MATSUMURA, J. CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key MATSUMURA, S. Findings. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic MG-290-PCT Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Challenges of a New Era. Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. MG-411-BGASD Facing the Challenge of Implementing Proposition F in San Diego. MATTHEW, R. A. LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® MCCOMBS, J. S. Hospital Survey. TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York. 134

RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left MCLAUGHLIN, R. Behind: A Long Uphill Road. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? WR-154-EDU Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement Results of a RAND Survey. under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Longitudinal Survey of Schools. Perspectives of Cardiologists. WR-256-EDU Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the Highly Qualified Teacher MCNAUGHTON-COLLINS, M. Provisions of NCLB: Perspectives from LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. WR-278-EDU Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising Indicators of Change. MCPHERSON, C. P. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary MCDONALD, L. L. Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Prostate Cancer. Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. MG-293-A Increasing Participation in Army Continuing MEAD, D. Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Program Changes. Obesity.

MCEVER, J. MEADE, B. MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease Stryker Brigade Combat Team. Reporting Systems in Local Public Health Agencies. MCGARVEY, R. G. TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. Agencies.

MCGINN, J. G. MEADE, C. MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. WR-309 Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures.

MCGLYNN, E. A. MEDBY, J. J. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces MG-388-RC Estimating Terrorism Risk. Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. CP-484-1 U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and MEDEIROS, E. S. Quality. RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending Through LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United 2025. States. CF-199-OSD China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus of Emerging Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Consequences for Transatlantic Relations. Care Physician. MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and LRP-200509-23 Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It. Constraints. LRP-200512-07 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the MG-334-AF A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. United States? MG-353 Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export Controls for WMD-Related Goods and MCGORY, M. L. Technologies. LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Undergoing Abdominal Operations. MEDSGER, T. A. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health MCGOWAN, J. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases. MEIKLE, A. W. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human MCGUIGAN, K. A. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with RB-4536-1 Stopping Violence Before It Starts: Identifying Weight Loss. Early Predictors of Adolescent Violence. MEILI, R. MCGUIRE, T. G. RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower LRP-200502-05 Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Costs and Improve Quality? Care. LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A MCKAY, K. Field Study. RB-9079-RC Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: Detecting LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Terrorist Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs. MCKINNON, E. MG-410-HLTH Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Technology Savings and Costs. Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and Hypertension. MELE, J. D. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an Expenditures for Physicians' Services. Overall Force Management Approach. MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force Management Approach. 135

MELFI, C. A. MICHAUD, P. LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment WR-273 Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Outcome. Europe. WR-331 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and MELMON, K. L. Above. LRP-200209-19 Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine. MILBURN, N. G. LRP-200300-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas MELNICK, G. Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP = HIV Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Interventions for African American and Latinos: Service, California, 1991–1996. Lessons Learned from Participatory Action LRP-200505-08 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Research. Its Relationship to Emergency Department Volume. MILLARES, M. LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care- LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Sensitive Conditions in California Medicare Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of HMO's. Prescribing.

MENDEL, P. MILLER, A. RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Improving Chronic Illness Care. Provider Competencies. LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a National Evaluation of Quality MILLER, C. L. Improvement Collaboratives. RB-9105 The Relationship Between Volume and Quality in LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Mental Health Care. Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives. MILLER, L. L. WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question Care Model in Quality Improvement More of Cost Than of Capability. Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. OP-154-RC Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing MENDES, M. Labor Pool. LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Preparedness. Trainer Aircraft Requirements.

MENDEZ, C. MILLER, S. RB-9124-RC The Cost of Cleaning Up Unexploded Ordnance. WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature MG-244-RC Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: Review and New Results for the Netherlands. Implications of Alternative Protocols. WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature and Case Study. MENTHA, G. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving MIN, L. C. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Colorectal Cancer. Vulnerable Older People.

MERCK, S. J. MINTZ, J. TR-264-NAVY OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: Illness Who Use Emergency Services. Law, Policy, Practice. LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Competencies. MEREDITH, L. S. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating MIOTTO, K. Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis Care. of Food and Drug Administration Reports of LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Adverse Events. Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Health Care. Use. LRP-200502-05 Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care. MIRANDA, J. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Benefit in the Long Run? Care. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. Benefit in the Long Run? LRP-200509-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral. MITCHELL, S. R. MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. HIV.

MERKEL, P. A. MITTMAN, B. S. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. 136

MIU, A. MOORE, A. A. LRP-200503-22 HIV-Infected Population National Data. LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons. MIZUTANI, W. LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Measures in Elderly Outpatients. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. MOORE, L. MOINI, J. S. TR-170-A The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the Quantify the Effects of Internetting of Fires to the U.S. Military. Future Force. RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and MOORE, N. Y. Training Infrastructure. DB-471-1-LA Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Airports, Port, and Department of Water and MOINPOUR, C. M. Power. LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary DB-478-OSD The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Business: An Economic and Industry Analysis. Prostate Cancer. MOORE, S. C. MOJICA, W. TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. Loss. RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet Senior Leader Workforce. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Lose Weight. MOPSIK, J. LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. Efficacy and Side Effects. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare MORALES, L. S. Population. RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, States: A Review of the Literature and Its Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, Sociopolitical Context. and Hypertension. LRP-200507-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in Satisfaction with Health Care. the Medicare Population. LRP-200507-19 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Associated with Blood Lead Levels Among Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel the United States. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Osteoporosis. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of MOREEN, A. Obesity. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Persons Age 65 and Older. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Findings. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases. MORELAND, L. W. LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Obesity. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- Management Programs for Older Adults. MORPHEW, T. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion. MOLANDER, R. C. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease MORRAL, A. R. Reporting Systems in Local Public Health RP-1164 Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Agencies. Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Observational Studies. Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Agencies. Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program. MONTGOMERY, M. J. LRP-200200-48 Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of Use Interventions from Middle School Through Drug Use Initiation: Responses to Anthony, College. Kenkel, & Mathios and Lynskey. LRP-200200-49 Phoenix Academy at Lake View Terrace, MONTOYA, I. D. California: Clinical Manual and Program LRP-200510-28 Identification and Treatment of Patients with Description of an Adolescent Therapeutic Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical Psychiatry Community. Practice. 137

LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Cessation Plans. Obesity. LRP-200508-03 Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Needs, Beliefs, and Utilization: A Prospective Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Study of Adolescents in Drug Treatment. Persons Age 65 and Older. LRP-200509-24 Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis Beliefs: A Longitudinal Analysis. of Food and Drug Administration Reports of MG-388-RC Estimating Terrorism Risk. Adverse Events. LRP-200501-16 Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy MORRISON, P. A. Decisions. MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Doing? Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of MORTON, S. C. Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety Analysis. Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive 1. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Diseases. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Obesity. Loss. LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet LRP-200506-07 A Guide to This Supplement. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Lose Weight. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract LRP-200508-05 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care Infections in Paralyzed Persons. for Chronic Illnesses. LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Conditions. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Adults Receiving Health Care. Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- Prospective Examination. Management Programs for Older Adults. LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Systematic Review. Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening WR-290-RWJF A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Measures in Elderly Outpatients. Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix. LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion. MORTON,SALLY C LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis LRP-200307-21 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice MOSHER, D. E. Guidelines. DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. Efficacy and Side Effects. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- MOWEN, A. J. Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the LRP-200502-17 The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Treatment of Cancer. Public Health: A Conceptual Model. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in MUELLER, K. P. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Effectiveness. Ground Partnership. LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Ground Partnership. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare MUKHERJI, A. Population. WR-294 Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, in Rural India. Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and Hypertension. MULROW, C. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200506-07 A Guide to This Supplement. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. MULVENON, J. C. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending Through Expenditures for Physicians' Services. 2025. LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, RB-175-AF China's Defense Industry Is Emerging from Its When, and How? Troubled Past. LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and CF-199-OSD China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the of Emerging Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Consequences for Transatlantic Relations. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Constraints. Osteoporosis. MG-334-AF A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. 138

MURATA, D. NEWBERRY, S. LRP-200000-47 Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Mental Health. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Dollars. Illness Who Use Emergency Services. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Elderly: Implications for Medicare. MURPHY, R. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles Treatment of Cancer. and Required Technical Resources. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Effectiveness. MURRAY, P. LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among Population. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and MYERS, S. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the TR-224-HLTH Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Ready. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Preparedness. Osteoporosis. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Obesity. and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. NAFTEL, S. LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive WR-154-EDU Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National Diseases. Longitudinal Survey of Schools. LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for WR-255-EDU Introduction to First-Year Findings from the the Future Elderly. Implementing Standards-Based Accountability LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty (ISBA) Project. Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. WR-278-EDU Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising Indicators of Change. NGUYEN, N. T. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet NAKAZONO, T. T. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Lose Weight. Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Infection in the United States. NIAURA, R. NARROW, W. E. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. Practice. NICHIPORUK, B. NAWATHE AMAR RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200505-08 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Its Relationship to Emergency Department RP-1195 Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Volume. Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. LRP-200410-15 Disarming Development. NELSON, C. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. TR-276-HLTH Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings. NELSON, M. I. MG-219-A Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: MG-402-HLTH Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Implications for the Future Force Era. Interventions in Developing Countries. NICHOLSON, C. NEU, C. R. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. NICHOLSON, G. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment Recommendations for MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety Findings. and Substance Use Disorder.

NEUHAUSER, F. NICHOLSON-GOODMAN, J. RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation Permanent TR-237-EDU Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and Choices and Consequences in Universal Pre- Post-Reform Evaluation. Kindergarten Efforts. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability RB-9101-EDU Scaling Up High-Quality Pre-K: What Can Be Rating System. Learned from States' Efforts to Date? 139

NICOSIA, N. LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS® Hospital Exercises for Addressing Local and State Survey. Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. RB-164-AF How Well Is the Air Force Improving Services OBENCHAIN, R. L. Acquisition? New Metrics Can Help. LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment DB-471-1-LA Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Outcome. Airports, Port, and Department of Water and Power. OCHMANEK, D. A. MG-299-AF Air Force Procurement: Approaches for OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Measurement and Management. Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat.

NIDES, M. ODA, K. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer.

NORDLINGER, B. OFMAN, J. J. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. Colorectal Cancer. LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for NORTON, D. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate OH, D. Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. Progression in a Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort. NORTON, T. R. LRP-200512-25 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining OH, S. Adult Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A Review. LRP-200400-19 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Literature. NOVAK, J. LRP-200206-14 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models OISHI, S. M. Employing T Level-1 Assumptions. LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized NUCKOLS, T. K. Trial. LRP-200510-09 Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Including Preventable Adverse Events. OLFSON, M. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients Injured Workers in California. with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric Practice. O'BRIEN, K. A. TR-288-SSDAT Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security OLIKER, O. Sector Reform. TR-289-SSDAT National Security Decision-Making Structures and TR-289-SSDAT National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Reform. Security Sector Reform. RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in Iraq. O'CONNELL, K. M. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror. Terror. MG-338-AF U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and Military Roles. O'CONNELL, M. MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Provisional Authority's Experience. Community-Based Care for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities. OLMSTED, S. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health O'LEARY, J. F. Preparedness. LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for OLMSTED, S. S. Service, California, 1991–1996. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care- Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Sensitive Conditions in California Medicare and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. HMO's. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. O'LEARY, M. P. WR-270-EDU Math Science Partnership of Southwest LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Pennsylvania: Two Year Evaluation Report. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. ONDAATJE, E. H. O'MALLEY, A. J. RB-9106-WF Reframing the Debate About the Value of the LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® Arts. Hospital Survey. MG-290-PCT Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a New Era. 140

OORTWIJN, W. J. OSHIRO, M. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A the Field. Strategic Approach. WR-277 Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Nederland: Identificatie Van Knelpunten En Management. Oplossingrichtingen. OVERHOLT, W. H. ORANJE, C. VAN RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending Through TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery 2025. Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information RP-1179 Hong Kong: The Perils of Semidemocracy. in the Dutch Government. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China ORECKLIN, J. R. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate CT-244 China and Globalization. Cancer. MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints. ORITZ, E. LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice OYE, R. K. Guidelines. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity ORLANDO, M. Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. RP-1159 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Health-Related Quality of Life Among a PACE, J. E. National Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: LRP-200307-20 Further Investigation of the Performance of S - RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the X2: An Item Fit Index for Use with Dichotomous Scientific Literature. Item Response Theory Models. RB-9084-OSD Pharmacy Benefits for Military Retirees. LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from Early RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Chronically Ill. Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Marijuana Use. Methods and Principal Findings. LRP-200503-02 Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project ALERT. LRP-200503-20 Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence PACE, N. M. and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young LRP-200403-21 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts. Adults in the United States. LRP-200507-13 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from PADDOCK, S. M. Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An TR-213-CMS Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Examination of Developmental Trajectories and Case Mix under the Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes. Facility Prospective Payment System. LRP-200508-01 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation TR-219-CMS Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Among Young Adult Smokers. Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient LRP-200508-03 Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment Needs, Beliefs, and Utilization: A Prospective System. Study of Adolescents in Drug Treatment. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access LRP-200508-20 Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical to Post-Acute Care. Services for Person with Human CT-237 School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Immunodeficiency Virus. Strategies for Reducing Drug Use. LRP-200200-48 Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway ORLETSKY, D. T. Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Drug Use Initiation: Responses to Anthony, Ground Partnership. Kenkel, & Mathios and Lynskey. MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Ground Partnership. Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment ORSHANSKY, G. System. LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. HIV. LRP-200503-05 Identification of and Guidance for Problem ORTIZ, D. S. Drinking by General Medical Providers: Results RB-9095-RC Assessing Container Security: A Framework for from a National Survey. Measuring Performance of the Global Supply LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Chain. Availability? WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and ORTIZ, E. Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for Joint Replacements. the Future Elderly. PADERO, C. ORVIS, B. R. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human MG-293-A Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible Weight Loss. Program Changes. 141

PADMAN, R. PASTA, D. J. LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Francisco in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: Trajectory Approach. A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Predictor of Disease Recurrence After Radical PAGLIARI, C. Prostatectomy. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field. PATEL, K. WR-311 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of PAINTER, G. Louisiana. WR-266-1 Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Longitudinal Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten PATHAK, M. Attendance. LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons. PAINTER, L. S. TR-263-OSD Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal PATRICK, D. L. Procurement and R&D Spending in the LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Aerospace Sector. Quality of Life Outcomes.

PAN, F. PATT, Y. LRP-200509-12 Disability and Health Care Spending Among LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Medicare Beneficiaries. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. PANE, J. F. TR-216-A Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data PEARSON, M. L. Compression and Network Management RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Technologies. Improving Chronic Illness Care. WR-270-EDU Math Science Partnership of Southwest LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Pennsylvania: Two Year Evaluation Report. Results from a National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Collaboratives. PANG, S. C. LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Care Model in Quality Improvement Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. Collaboratives. WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic PANIS, C. W. A. Care Model in Quality Improvement RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. PEBLEY, A. R. LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical TR-116-FFLA Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Innovation for the Future Elderly. Los Angeles County. RP-1154 Immigration Status and Health Insurance PARACHINI, J. Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? RB-165-AF Combating Nuclear Terrorism: Lessons from Aum Shinrikyo, Al Quaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor. PELTZ, E. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on TR-286-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Terror. Costs: A Study of M1 Tanks. DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Logistics Pipeline. Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. MG-342-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi DB-458-AF Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations. Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for MG-344-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Combating Nuclear Terrorism. Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Operations. Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism. PENCHARZ, J. N. MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel PARK, G. S. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Osteoporosis. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty LRP-200507-20 Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Rates to Mailed Study Consent Forms. PERNIN, C. G. PARKER, V. A. TR-170-A The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing Quantify the Effects of Internetting of Fires to the on Pressure Ulcer Rates. Future Force.

PARTRIDGE, J. M. PERRIN, J. M. LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the for Common Problems in Older Persons. Quality of Health Care for Children. 142

PERRY, S. LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment Recommendations for LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage and Substance Use Disorder. Approach. LRP-200510-28 Identification and Treatment of Patients with Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical Psychiatry PESCOSOLIDO, B. A. Practice. LRP-200505-02 Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans Health Care? with Bipolar Disorder. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A PETERSON, D. J. Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Region. Industry. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems LRP-200209-18 Rating Best Places: Going Beyond Real Estate in of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental Making Location Decisions. and Addictive Disorders. MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United States: WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for Prospects and Policy Issues. the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and MG-422-CC Russia and the Information Revolution. Addictive Disorders.

PETERSON, E. PINKERTON, S. D. RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic LRP-200512-25 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Adult Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A Review. Results of a RAND Survey. LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The PIQUERO, A. R. Perspectives of Cardiologists. LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of PFLEEGER, S. L. Crime. RB-167-AF Decisionmaking Checklists Reduce Uncertainties LRP-200511-01 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk- in Estimating Software Costs. Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence. LRP-200501-11 Soup or Art? The Role of Evidential Force in Empirical Software Engineering. PIRNIE, B. LRP-200503-17 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions to Unwanted RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Email. Ground Partnership. MG-269-AF Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Issues, and Guidelines. Ground Partnership.

PHILIPSON, T. J. PLASMEIJER, R. LRP-200212-19 Technological Change and the Growth of WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Obesity: A Theoretical and Empirical Review and New Results for the Netherlands. Examination. LRP-200505-01 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and PLATT, J. J. the Growth of Obesity. LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance PIEKLIK, S. Program. MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final POLICH, J. M. Evaluation. RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Process and Effects. Operations.

PIETERS, M. POLICH, S. M. WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Review and New Results for the Netherlands. Methods and Principal Findings. WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature and Case Study. POLLOCK, N. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety PINCUS, H. A. Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report RB-9105 The Relationship Between Volume and Quality in 1. Mental Health Care. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Region. LRP-200501-14 Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Care into the Mainstream. POLO, A. LRP-200502-11 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Faculty Departments, 1980–2001. Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric PONTARI, M. A. Practice. LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with LRP-200507-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Satisfaction with Health Care. LRP-200508-11 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of POPPER, S. W. Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health LRP-200504-15 Shaping the Future. Response. MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives. 143

MG-320-KISTEP Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United Korea in the Era of a Rising China. Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) MG-320/1-KISTEP Programme. Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Korea in the Era of a Rising China. Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine PORCHE, I. Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles TR-234-A High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army. and Required Technical Resources.

POSTON, G. J. PYNE, J. M. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. Colorectal Cancer. QUITER, E. S. POTENZA, M. N. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of Older Adults. Process and Effects.

POTTER, H. A. RABASA, A. RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A CT-251 Moderate and Radical Islam. Strategic Approach. MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer RAE, D. S. Management. LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric POWELL, M. M. Practice. LRP-200505-04 Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and Functional Status in Children with RAGHAVAN, R. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Randomized Trial. LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National LRP-200505-13 Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Probability Sample of Children in the Child Status in Children with Arthritis. Welfare System.

POWERS, R. H. RAMAN, R. LRP-200506-06 Provider Type and Depression Treatment MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Adequacy. Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling.

PRENTICE, J. C. RAMCHAND, R. N. RP-1154 Immigration Status and Health Insurance LRP-200511-17 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? Translate into Health Disparities.

PRIBESH, S. RAMICONE, E. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies and Their Effects on Student Achievement. RAMIREZ, L. R. MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants and Achievement in Edison Schools. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. PRIMROSE, J. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving RAMPHAL, N. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External Colorectal Cancer. Grant Programs. RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant PRITCHETT, L. Programs? LRP-199707-03 Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Demand for Children in Nepal. RASTEGAR, A. RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department PUNG, H. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They Dollars. Be Applied to Warship Production in the United Kingdom? RATHMELL, A. RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? TR-289-SSDAT National Security Decision-Making Structures and Challenges and Opportunities for the UK Security Sector Reform. Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding Iraq. in the United Kingdom. RB-9135-RC What Have We Learned About Establishing RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. Internal Security in Nation-Building? MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications RP-1197 Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding What Can We Learn? Programmes. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Terror. Management in the United Kingdom's Military MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Shipbuilding Industry. Congo to Iraq. MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. Shipbuilding: Implications for the United MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Provisional Authority's Experience. MG-374-RC Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. 144

RAUBE, K. REUBEN, D. B. LRP-200504-18 Paying for Performance: Implementing a LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Statewide Project in California. Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- Reported and Performance-Based Measures. RAYBURN, N. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Vulnerable Older Patients. Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Vulnerable Older People. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected REUTER, P. Countries. RB-9110-DPRC Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Policy: A Synthesis of the Evidence to Date. RAYMOND, B. CT-236 An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept. OP-154-RC Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: OP-121-DPRC How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy. Labor Pool. MG-293-A Increasing Participation in Army Continuing REVICKI, D. Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Program Changes. Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment. RAZQUIN, P. LRP-200509-09 Application of Structural Equation Modeling to DB-480-HF Education in Mexico: Challenges and Health Outcomes Research. Opportunities. REVILLE, R. T. REA, M. M. RB-9129-CTRMP Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Terrorism Threat. Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation Permanent Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among Post-Reform Evaluation. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. RP-1168 National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Losses. REARDON, E. CP-491 Institute for Civil Justice 25th Anniversary RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Celebration. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the LRP-199910-05 Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation Scientific Literature. Bargain. DB-478-OSD The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small LRP-200403-21 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts. Business: An Economic and Industry Analysis. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating System. RECTOR, T. S. MG-393-CTRMPTrends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to and the Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Identify Quality Disparities. Act. WR-205-1-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' REEVE, B. B. Compensation Filing? LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in REYES, C. Prostate Cancer. LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for REGIER, D. A. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric RHODES, J. C. Practice. LRP-200505-07 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Children Who Wheeze. REIS, E. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A RHODES, S. Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet Region. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Lose Weight. RELLES, D. A. LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and TR-207-CMS Possible Refinements to the Construction of Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient Efficacy and Side Effects. Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare System. Population. LRP-199512-02 Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Workforce Requirements. Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and Hypertension. REMIEN, R. H. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in Medication Adherence: A Randomized the Medicare Population. Controlled Trial. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services. RETTIG, R. A. LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: When, and How? RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Literature. 145

LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and RIEKER, P. P. Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the LRP-200510-14 Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel We Need to Integrate Social and Biological Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Perspectives. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis. RIET, O. VAN DE LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of DB-444-AVV De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Obesity. Foundation of Freight Policy): Een LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Diseases. Description for Performance Measurement Within LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. the Policy Process). LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. RIETVELD, P. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- WR-274-AVV Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Management Programs for Older Adults. Eindrapport. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. RILEY, D. LRP-200503-21 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an RICCI, K. Integrated Medical System. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report RILEY, K. J. 1. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Preparedness. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease RB-9135-RC What Have We Learned About Establishing Reporting Systems in Local Public Health Internal Security in Nation-Building? Agencies. LRP-200412-23 Law and Order in Palestine. TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Agencies. Findings. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Arizona. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care MG-374-RC Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. Dollars. MG-394-RC State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism. RICH, M. D. CP-491 Institute for Civil Justice 25th Anniversary RINGEL, J. S. Celebration. RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care RICH, M. W. Dollars. LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for LRP-200506-13 Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar the Future Elderly. Use: Evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. RICH-EDWARDS, J. W. WR-169-3 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Current Population Survey. Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. WR-288 Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Answer the CPS Health Insurance Questions? RIDGELY, M. S. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health RIPOSO, J. Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. Challenges and Opportunities for the UK RP-1175 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005–2020. Regulation. RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence LRP-200412-25 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public Progress? Policy? RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees MG-179-NAVY/USMC Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. RIDGEWAY, G. K. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project TR-207-CMS Possible Refinements to the Construction of Management in the United Kingdom's Military Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient Shipbuilding Industry. Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding System. Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? RP-1164 Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Observational Studies. Programme. MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and Arizona. 146

MG-326/1-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine ROCKWOOD, A. L. Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Production Resources. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss. ROBBERT, A. A. TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior RODRIGUEZ, N. Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences Senior Leader Workforce. on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Arizona. Leadership, Incentives. ROGOWSKI, J. A. ROBBINS, B. RB-9121 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Vote with Their Feet? Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving LRP-200412-28 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. Vote with Their Feet? LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in ROBBINS, M. L. Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. MG-342-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi WR-215 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations. to Care Among the Uninsured. MG-344-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on ROH, M. Operations. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic ROBBINS, S. Colorectal Cancer. LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative ROHR, C. Assessment. TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital from ROBERTS, N. Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. LRP-200306-30 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A for Evaluating Disease Management Program Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Effectiveness. Preferences in the London Patient Choice LRP-200312-26 Evaluating Disease Management Program Project. Effectiveness: An Introduction to Time-Series Analysis. ROHWEDDER, S. LRP-200406-24 Using an Empirical Method for Establishing WR-242 The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Clinical Outcome Targets in Disease Anticipated and Actual Declines in Spending at Management Programs. Retirement. LRP-200409-34 Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Survival ROLL, C. R. Analysis. RB-150-AF Improving Agile Combat Support for the U.S. Air Force: Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. ROBINSON, G. E. RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Logistics Review. RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat State. Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian MG-193-AF Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. State. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. ROLON, C. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Findings. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Diseases. State. ROMLEY, J. A. ROBINSON, P. L. MG-324-OSD The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks. LRP-200503-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a WR-302-ICJ Uncorporated Professionals. Low-Income, Racial Minority Community Sample. RONFELDT, D. F. ROBINSON, R. L. RP-1169 A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and LRP-200504-12 Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Future Social Evolution. Disability, Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs. ROSEN, J. LRP-200512-29 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans with Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. Depression and Pain. ROSEN, M. ROBYN, A. E. RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Improving Chronic Illness Care. Practice: An Example from Mathematics and RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Science. Chronic Heart Failure? WR-257-EDU Organizational Practices: School Improvement, LRP-200503-06 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short- Interventions and Technical Assistance. Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. 147

LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and at Home Affect Management Practices and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Asthma? Effectiveness. LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Population. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: and Hypertension. Results from a National Evaluation of Quality LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. Improvement Collaboratives. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement the Medicare Population. Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Processes and Outcomes of Care? Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Persons Age 65 and Older. Care Model in Quality Improvement WR-169-3 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Collaboratives. Current Population Survey. WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: ROTHENBERG, J. Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic in the Dutch Government. Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. ROTHERAM-BORUS, M. J. LRP-200300-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas ROSENAU, W. Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. RB-165-AF Combating Nuclear Terrorism: Lessons from Aum Lecciones Aprendidas a Través De La IAP = HIV Shinrikyo, Al Quaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor. Interventions for African American and Latinos: DB-458-AF Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Lessons Learned from Participatory Action Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Research. Combating Nuclear Terrorism. LRP-200501-01 Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and ROTHFIELD, N. Tanzania. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a ROSENBLATT, A. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Care for Common Childhood ROUGIER, P. Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic ROSENHECK, R. A. Colorectal Cancer. LRP-200502-10 Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Role of Individual Patient and Facility ROWE, M. K. Factors. CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve ROSKI, J. Provider Competencies. LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. ROY-BYRNE, P. LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- ROSS, E. Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System Care Panic Disorder. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients System of Care. with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and ROSSI, F. Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of with Anxiety Disorders. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic Disorder. ROTH, C. P. LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients Vulnerable Older Patients. with Panic Disorder. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Vulnerable Older People. Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. ROTH, E. A. LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Conditions. Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A Primary-Care Setting? Systematic Review. LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of ROZA, M. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. OP-153-EDU Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- Promise for and Old Idea? Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer. 148

RUBENSTEIN, L. V. LRP-200504-10 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces in the Private Sector. Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. LRP-200509-27 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary SALIBA, D. Care. LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer on Pressure Ulcer Rates. Review? LRP-200503-34 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for National Healthcare Quality Report. Persons Age 65 and Older. LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability? RUBENSTEIN, L. Z. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Vulnerable Older Patients. Population. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, SALKEVER, D. S. Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, LRP-199209-01 Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care and Hypertension. on Birthweight Outcomes by Race. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in SALLOUM, I. the Medicare Population. LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Undergoing Abdominal Operations. SAND, K. RUERS, T. LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Approach. Colorectal Cancer. SANGL, J. RUSHWORTH, D. LRP-200503-34 Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First in the United Kingdom. National Healthcare Quality Report. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management in the United Kingdom's Military SANSING, V. Shipbuilding Industry. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Shipbuilding: Implications for the United Region. Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. SANTESSO, N. RUSSELL, J. L. LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive WR-258-EDU Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School Diseases. Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services. SANTIBANEZ, L. RUSSO, J. E. DB-480-HF Education in Mexico: Challenges and LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients Opportunities. with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. WR-333-LA Options for Changing the Governance System of LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and the Los Angeles Unified School District: Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients Presented to the President's Joint Commission with Anxiety Disorders. on LAUSD Governance. LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Care Panic Disorder. SARKISIAN, C. A. LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic LRP-200504-20 Development of the 12-Item Expectations Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a Regarding Aging Survey. Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. SASTRY, N. RYAN, G. W. RP-1154 Immigration Status and Health Insurance LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A LRP-199809-07 The Los Angeles Study of Families and Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Communities. Content. LRP-199911-14 Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Demographic and Health Surveys Help to Toward Integrative Medicine. Understand the Determinants? LRP-200510-12 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in LRP-200503-01 The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among the Context of HIV Co-Infection: The Role of Brazilian Children: Trends and Differentials from Medical, Behavioral and Mental Health Factors in 1986 to 1996. Assessing Treatment Readiness. SAVYCH, B. SAIGAL, C. S. TR-167-A American Public Support for U.S. Military LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad: Cancer. Technical Appendixes. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical TR-194-OSD Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Methods and Principal Findings. Review of Economic Models of Compensation. LRP-200504-04 The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America. MG-231-A American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad. 149

WR-293-ICJ A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data SCHIRMER, P. Resources on Small Business. TR-264-NAVY OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: SAYETTE, M. Law, Policy, Practice. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving U.S. Military. Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Strategic Approach. SCHAEFER, J. MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Management. Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives. SCHMIDT, L. WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Care Model in Quality Improvement Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Refueling.

SCHAFER, J. L. SCHMOLL, H. J. LRP-200312-25 Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Continuous Data. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. SCHAIK, R. VAN TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for Discovery SCHNEIDER, D. A. Metadata: Improving Access to Digital Information RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They in the Dutch Government. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study.

SCHANK, J. F. SCHNEIR, A. RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Be Applied to Warship Production in the United Social Behaviors in Adolescents. Kingdom? RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence SCHNITTKER, J. Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor LRP-200505-02 Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Progress? Health Care? RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding in the United Kingdom. SCHOENBAUM, M. RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding Dollars. Programmes. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for Improving Project RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Management in the United Kingdom's Military RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Shipbuilding Industry. State. MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Programmes: How Can the Defence Procurement State. Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of- MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and Commercial Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. Shipbuilding: Implications for the United LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United Care. Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Programme. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Trial. Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life LRP-200200-47 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Refueling. Accounts. MG-326/1-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Production Resources. Health Services Research. MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles Quality of Health Care for Children. and Required Technical Resources. LRP-200504-01 The Accuracy of Teens' Expectations of Future MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Smoking. Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression SCHELL, T. L. Benefit in the Long Run? TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Expectancies. Findings. LRP-200508-03 Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment MG-311-1-DCR Strengthening the Palestinian Health System. Needs, Beliefs, and Utilization: A Prospective MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Study of Adolescents in Drug Treatment. State. LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 MG-385-OSD Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active- Decades After Resettlement in the United States. Duty Personnel.

SCHOENBAUM, S. C. LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of Health Care for Children. 150

SCHOENI, R. F. SCOGGINS, A. LRP-200305-37 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. in Age Difference Between Spouses? TR-268-CST Talking Policy: An Examination of Public Dialogue in Science and Technology Policy. SCHOLLE, S. H. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A SCOTT, A. Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Region. Users. LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users SCHOLZ, J. K. Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in LRP-200306-29 WIC Eligibility and Participation. California.

SCHONLAU, M. SCOTT, J. RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal External Alternatives. Grant Programs. RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant Chronic Heart Failure? Programs? LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in SCOTT, L. Health Services Research. TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. at Home Affect Management Practices and RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Senior Leader Workforce. Asthma? LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance SCOVILLE, R. P. Use Interventions from Middle School Through RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower College. Costs and Improve Quality? LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Transform Health Care? Potential Health Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Benefits, Savings, and Costs. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? MG-410-HLTH Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Technology Savings and Costs. Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? SCRIBNER, R. MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Health? Quality Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model SEABURY, S. A. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation Permanent Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and SCHULTZ, D. Post-Reform Evaluation. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco LRP-200304-22 Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Settlement Program: Program Advancement in Optimal Settlement Mechanisms: Theory and 2005. Evidence. LRP-200403-21 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts. SCHUSTER, M. A. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Rating System. Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of WR-205-1-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Community-Based Participatory Research. Compensation Filing? LRP-200501-15 Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care. SEEMAN, T. E. LRP-200502-07 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- Interaction in a Nationally Representative Reported and Performance-Based Measures. Sample. LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National SEHGAL, A. Probability Sample of Children in the Child TR-291-LACPD Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Welfare System. Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Probation System. Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A LRP-200501-19 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes. Content. WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care. SEIBOLD, J. R. LRP-200510-03 Health Costs of Katrina. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health LRP-200512-07 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a United States? Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial.

SCHWEITZER, S. O. SEID, M. LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 LRP-200503-18 Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of Farmworkers: Reliability and Validity of the Prescribing. Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care Measure (P3C). 151

LRP-200505-04 Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving SHANMAN, R. Pain and Functional Status in Children with LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Randomized Trial. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the LRP-200505-13 Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Status in Children with Arthritis. LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, LRP-200508-23 Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict When, and How? and Manage Pediatric Health Care. LRP-200512-09 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care SHAPIRO, M. F. Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Study /|Michael Seid and Gregory D. Stevens. Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. LRP-200501-05 Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on SELTZER, M. Communication and Collaboration Among LRP-200206-14 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Physicians and Nurses. Employing T Level-1 Assumptions. LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly SEONG, S. Active Antiretroviral Therapy. MG-320-KISTEP Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Korea in the Era of a Rising China. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. MG-320/1-KISTEP LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Infected Americans. Korea in the Era of a Rising China. LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services SESTI, A. M. Utilization Study. LRP-200501-10 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Study Sleep Measure. Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States. SEWALL, A. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional SHARP, J. Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Reported and Performance-Based Measures. Teaching by Attendings: A National Survey.

SHAD, M. SHAVER, R. D. LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Conditions Among RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Vehicles with Support Considerations. LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support with Bipolar Disorder. Considerations.

SHADEL, W. SHAW, R. N. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Injured Workers in California. Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. SHEEHE, J. SHAH, M. LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. Identify Quality Disparities. SHEKELLE, P. G. SHAH, S. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight System of Care. Loss. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet SHANG, B. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Lose Weight. Elderly: Implications for Medicare. RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the RGSD-197 The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Elderly: Implications for Medicare. Coverage and Utilization in the Medicare LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Population. Infections in Paralyzed Persons. LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. LRP-200509-11 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Spending by the Elderly. Conditions. LRP-200509-12 Disability and Health Care Spending Among LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A Medicare Beneficiaries. Systematic Review. LRP-200509-13 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Among the Future Elderly. Otitis Media with Effusion. LRP-200509-14 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis the Elderly. Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Innovation for the Future Elderly. Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice SHANLEY, M. G. Guidelines. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects. 152

LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Vulnerable Older People. Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Undergoing Abdominal Operations. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- Effectiveness. SHELANSKI, M. LRP-200307-21 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the SHELDON, J. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Agenda for Building Community Capacity for Population. Effective Preventive Interventions. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, SHEN, R. and Hypertension. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in Weight Loss. the Medicare Population. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Medicare SHERBOURNE, C. D. Expenditures for Physicians' Services. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the When, and How? Scientific Literature. LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and RP-1159 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the and Health-Related Quality of Life Among a Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel National Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Osteoporosis. Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Trial. Obesity. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Care. Persons Age 65 and Older. LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary Social Behaviors in Adolescents. Care Panic Disorder. LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients of Food and Drug Administration Reports of with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Adverse Events. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200501-18 The English Star Rating System: Failure of Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Theory or Practice? Benefit in the Long Run? LRP-200502-13 Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Analysis. Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and with Anxiety Disorders. Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Primary Care Panic Disorder. Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Analysis. Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive with Panic Disorder. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Diseases. Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. Obesity. LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Progression in a Regional Veterans Primary-Care Setting? Administration Barrett's Cohort. LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American LRP-200506-09 Treating Low Back Pain. College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Care Physician. SHERGOLD, M. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. Vulnerable Older Patients. LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for SHERMAN, S. E. the Future Elderly. LRP-200509-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Medical with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral. Innovation for the Future Elderly. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- SHI, L. Management Programs for Older Adults. LRP-200503-24 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Resources. Use. 153

SHIFFMAN, S. LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Obesity. Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in SHIH, S. 2005. RB-9105 The Relationship Between Volume and Quality in Mental Health Care. SHUKIAR, H. J. TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior SHINE, K. I. Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Senior Leader Workforce. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key SIGNORI, D. Findings. MG-268-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to- Air Combat with and Without Link 16. SHIRLEY, C. RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to SILVER, R. Improve Air Force Service Contracts. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures. SIMMONS, R. LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System SHLAPAK, D. A. Development in a Children's Behavioral Health MG-338-AF U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities System of Care. and Military Roles. SIMMONS, S. SHOPTAW, S. MG-270-OCW Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Education: An International Comparison of Policy Men into Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Measure and Their Effectiveness. Approach. SIMON, S. SHORT, P. F. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of- RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State. SHORTELL, S. M. RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in State. Improving Chronic Illness Care. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Results from a National Evaluation of Quality Findings. Improvement Collaboratives. MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian LRP-200504-18 Paying for Performance: Implementing a State. Statewide Project in California. LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic SIMPSON, L. Care Model in Quality Improvement LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Collaboratives. Quality of Health Care for Children. WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Quality Improvement SINGER, M. Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe SHUGARMAN, L. R. Exchange Programs. TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Program: Progress from Program Inception to Drug Users Participating in California Syringe 2004. Exchange Programs. TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons SINGH, A. B. Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Exercises for Addressing Local and State Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. Weight Loss. RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Loss. SINGH, B. B. RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet LRP-200503-21 Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Integrated Medical System. Lose Weight. RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and SINHA-HIKIM, I. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Guide for Researchers. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. Weight Loss. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity. SIU, A. L. LRP-200502-16 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening Improvement. for Common Problems in Older Persons. 154

SIVADASAN, S. SOLLFREY, W. RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. Responses in the European Union. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y SOLOMON, D. H. Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Patients. SLEDJESKI, E. M. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to LRP-200511-11 Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Vulnerable Older People. Disorder and Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in SOLOMON, L. S. People Living with HIV. LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study SLEEPER, S. (CAHPS®) Instrument. TR-200-HE Measuring and Understanding Economic Interdependence in Allegheny County. SOLOMON, M. D. RB-9088-HE Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Regional Challenges in Allegheny County. Chronically Ill. RGSD-193 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of SLOAN, D. Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with the Field. Managed Care Contracts.

SLOSS, E. M. SOLOMON, V. TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Loss. and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Obesity. Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and Obesity. Alternatives. LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid SOMMER, G. Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for TR-234-A High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army. Service, California, 1991–1996. RGSD-184 Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care- Cosmic Impact Hazard. Sensitive Conditions in California Medicare HMO's. SONG, J. MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? SMALLMAN, L. MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine SONN, G. A. Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. LRP-200512-16 Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review.

SMITH, G. K. SOOD, N. MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Outcome. Refueling. LRP-200200-47 Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts. SMITH, J. P. LRP-200400-14 Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic RP-1170 Unraveling the SES-Health Connection. Costs. LRP-200511-04 Legal Status and Health Insurance Among LRP-200405-30 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior. Immigrants. LRP-200410-16 Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation WR-253 Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of Incentives. New Medical Technologies. LRP-200509-17 Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market. WR-280 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in LRP-200511-04 Legal Status and Health Insurance Among England, the Netherlands, and the United States. Immigrants. WR-318 The Impact of SES on Health over the Life- WR-252 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Course. Rising Health Insurance Costs. WR-319 The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Spending and Market. Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity WR-321 Immigrants and the Labor Market. Joint Replacements. WR-294 Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage SMITH, K. W. in Rural India. Book-998876 How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, 1961–1969. SORBERO, M. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety SNYDER, D. Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report RB-158-AF Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do 1. Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Decision? Program: Progress from Program Inception to RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial 2004. Vehicles with Support Considerations. RB-9141 Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Chemotherapy Are Often Undertreated. Considerations. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. LRP-200506-05 Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy. 155

SORRENTINO, J. SRIKANTHAN, P. LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. Persons Age 65 and Older.

SORTOR, R. E. STAEHELI, M. RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Community-Based Care for Adults with Operations. Psychiatric Disabilities.

SPAR, M. STAIGER, D. LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. STARKS, S. L. SPATZ, E. S. LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. STASZ, C. SPEAR, S. LRP-200400-18 Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor England: Will It Lead to a Better System? Health? LRP-200400-19 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: LRP-200503-19 Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and A Review of the Literature. American Indian Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State. STECHER, B. M. RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional SPEKTOR, D. M. Practice: An Example from Mathematics and RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: Science. RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of the CT-245 Developing Process Indicators to Improve Scientific Literature. Educational Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Care. SPENCE, M. M. WR-241-EDU An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Health Care. Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of WR-255-EDU Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Prescribing. Implementing Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project. SPIEGEL, B. M. R. WR-259-EDU Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Accountability. Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band WR-261-EDU Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop Notebooks and Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Transcripts. Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- WR-262-EDU A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining Analysis. the Relationship Between Reform Teaching and LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Mathematics Achievement. Progression in a Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort. STEEB, R. LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment. STEELE, B. D. LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health- MG-253-OSD Military Reengineering Between the World Wars. Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We Nationally Representative Sample. There Yet? MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the SPRANCA, M. D. Congo to Iraq. LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of- MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. LRP-200500-04 RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of STEEN, V. D. Information When Making Treatment Decisions. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Care Physician. STEERS, W. N. SPRINGGATE, B. LRP-200504-20 Development of the 12-Item Expectations WR-311 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Regarding Aging Survey. Louisiana. STEIN, B. D. SPRITZER, K. L. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey Based Program That Works. (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Measures in Elderly Outpatients. Those Exposed to Anthrax. LRP-200501-10 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome LRP-200508-11 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Study Sleep Measure. Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health- Response. Related Quality-of-Life Change in Individual LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Patients. Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. 156

STEIN, J. A. STORER, T. W. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Loss. STEIN, M. B. LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- STOTO, M. A. Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary TR-224-HLTH Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Care Panic Disorder. Ready. LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Preparedness. LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients Reporting Systems in Local Public Health with Anxiety Disorders. Agencies. LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Primary Care Panic Disorder. Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Agencies. Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health with Panic Disorder. Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a LRP-200403-22 Public Involvement in Community Health Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. Improvement. LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Those Exposed to Anthrax. Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the LRP-200503-23 Syndromic Surveillance. Primary-Care Setting? LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Preparedness. Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. STRAUS, J. B. STEM, D. E. LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial RB-159-AF The Challenges of Developing New Weapon Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A Systems: Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and Field Study. F/A-18 E/F. MG-276-AF Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F STRAUS, S. Development Programs. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System.

STERN, S. STRAUS, W. L. TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant Exercises for Addressing Local and State STREJA, L. Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a STEVENS, G. D. Managed Care Health Plan. LRP-200512-09 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective Cohort STROBINO, D. M. Study /|Michael Seid and Gregory D. Stevens. LRP-199209-01 Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care on Birthweight Outcomes by Race. STIRRATT, M. J. LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV STURM, R. Medication Adherence: A Randomized LRP-200400-21 Mental Health and Employment Transitions. Controlled Trial. LRP-200412-24 Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health Services? STOCKDALE, S. E. LRP-200501-03 Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Community-Based Existing Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 1. Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the LRP-200502-08 Economics and Physical Activity: A Research LAMP Study. Agenda. LRP-200504-06 Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from STOCKLY, S. Existing Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 2. MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School System. LRP-200504-12 Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Employment, Insurance Status, and STONE, E. G. Health Care Costs. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in LRP-200507-08 Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in the Medicare Population. 1997 and 2002. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of LRP-200509-07 Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Groups in the United States. Persons Age 65 and Older. LRP-200512-13 Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet STOPKA, T. J. Density. LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing LRP-200512-29 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability Integration in California: An Innovative Approach Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans with to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates. Depression and Pain.

SU, C. K. LRP-200509-11 Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending by the Elderly. 157

SUAREZ-ALMAZOR, M. E. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for and Hypertension. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, When, and How? SUGARMAN, H. J. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet Obesity. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Lose Weight. Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic Band LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta- SUISMAN, D. R. Analysis. RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of State. Obesity. RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. State. LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. Findings. LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self- MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian Management Programs for Older Adults. State. MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban SULLIVAN, F. Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field. SUâAREZ, A. MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: SULLIVAN, G. Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A SVIKIS, D. S. Prospective Examination. LRP-200510-28 Identification and Treatment of Patients with LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical Psychiatry Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients Practice. with Panic Disorder. SWANGER, R. M. SULLIVAN, J. G. MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. SYMOND, T. LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary Quality of Life Outcomes. Care Panic Disorder. LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental SYNDER, D. Illness Who Use Emergency Services. RB-9079-RC Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: Detecting LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Terrorist Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. Primary Care Panic Disorder. MG-241-AF Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions LRP-200510-10 Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health. with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Variable. Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. SZANTO, A. SULLIVAN, T. MG-290-PCT Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the MG-255-EDU Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Challenges of a New Era. Among Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. SZER, I. S. SUTTORP, M. J. LRP-200505-04 Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Pain and Functional Status in Children with of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Randomized Trial. Dollars. RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight TAKAHIRO, H. Loss. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet Vulnerable Older People. and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Lose Weight. TAKATA, G. S. RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of with the Institute for Learning. Otitis Media with Effusion. LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. TALCOTT, J. A. LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Efficacy and Side Effects. Prostate Cancer. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in TALLEY, E. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- LRP-200304-22 Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Effectiveness. Optimal Settlement Mechanisms: Theory and LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Evidence. Population. 158

WR-292-ICJ Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in TAYLOR, S. L. Determining Thresholds for the Application of RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Federal Statutes. Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? WR-300/1-ICJ How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Results of a RAND Survey. Decisions to Go Private? . LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The WR-302-ICJ Uncorporated Professionals. Perspectives of Cardiologists. LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring TANANIS, C. A. Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young WR-270-EDU Math Science Partnership of Southwest Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance Pennsylvania: Two Year Evaluation Report. Use.

TANG, B. TAYLOR, W. W. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. More of Cost Than of Capability. MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on TANG, L. Trainer Aircraft Requirements. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary TEBES, J. K. Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Development in a Children's Behavioral Health Mental Health Care for Common Childhood System of Care. Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among TEITELBAUM, L. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. RGSD-186 The Impact of the Information Revolution on Policymakers' Use of Intelligence Analysis. TANIELIAN, T. L. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health TELEKI, S. S. Preparedness. TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient Safety LRP-200503-04 In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report Those Exposed to Anthrax. 1. LRP-200508-11 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. Response. LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. Prescribing.

TANNER, M. S. TELTSCHIK, R. CT-240 Chinese Government Responses to Rising Social MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Unrest. Congo to Iraq. MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. TARN, D. M. LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic TEUTSCH, S. M. Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. Chronically Ill.

TATE, D. THIE, H. LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System TR-264-NAVY OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower Development in a Children's Behavioral Health and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: System of Care. Law, Policy, Practice. RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for Officers in the TATSIRAMOS, K. U.S. Military. WR-273 Employment Dynamics of Married Women in RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Europe. Strategic Approach. RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. TATUM, A. MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Programme. Promotion. MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Management. TAYLOR, D. B. LRP-200503-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a THIRTLE, M. R. Low-Income, Racial Minority Community Sample. RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an Overall Force Management Approach. TAYLOR, R. RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower More of Cost Than of Capability. Costs and Improve Quality? MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information Technology: Is Force Management Approach. There a Case for More-Aggressive Government MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Action? Trainer Aircraft Requirements. LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health THISSEN, D. Benefits, Savings, and Costs. LRP-200307-20 Further Investigation of the Performance of S - MG-409-HLTH The State and Pattern of Health Information X2: An Item Fit Index for Use with Dichotomous Technology Adoption. Item Response Theory Models. 159

THOMAS, S. B. TRAVIS, R. MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Blueprint for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Filipino American Families: A Demonstration of Region. Community-Based Participatory Research.

THOMSON, J. A. TREGLIA, M. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Terror. Outcome.

THORBURN, S. TREVERTON, G. F. LRP-200502-01 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV CF-200 Making Sense of Transnational Threats: Prevention Among African Americans? Workshop Reports. LRP-200508-13 Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers CF-211 Exploring Religious Conflict. to Pregnancy Prevention Among African CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Americans of Reproductive Age. Terror. CF-215 Measuring National Power. TIAN, H. CT-234 Emerging Threats to National Security. LRP-200512-29 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability OP-152-RC The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence. Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans with MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: Structure, Depression and Pain. Leadership, Incentives. MG-394-RC State and Local Intelligence in the War on TIMILSINA, A. R. Terrorism. RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. TRIPP, R. S. MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian State. RB-150-AF Improving Agile Combat Support for the U.S. Air MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Force: Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Findings. RB-153-AF Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's Congo to Iraq. Logistics Review. MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation-Building. RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. TISNADO, D. M. MG-193-AF Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Missing Data. TROST, R. LRP-200202-11 Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? TITA, G. Evidence from the US Navy. WR-220-OJP Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing Data-Driven Interventions. TRUAX, S. R. WR-284-OJP Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Integration in California: An Innovative Approach Target Areas. to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates.

TOMIZAWA, T. TRUJILLO, H. R. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications Persons Age 65 and Older. for Combating Terrorism. MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of TONDORA, J. Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community-Based Care for Adults with TRUONG, K. D. Psychiatric Disabilities. LRP-200509-07 Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the United States. TONSHOFF, S. LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in TSAI, A. the German Health Care System. LRP-200508-05 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses. TOTTEN, M. WR-290-RWJF A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve TR-201-CMS Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix. Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System. TSAI, M. C. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey to Post-Acute Care. (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Measures in Elderly Outpatients. Availability? LRP-200511-06 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary MG-324-OSD The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks. Care Physicians in Screening and Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol. TRAINA, S. LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive TSENG, M. S. Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Diseases. Stryker Brigade Combat Team.

TRAINA, S. B. TU, W. LRP-200507-20 Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- Rates to Mailed Study Consent Forms. Based Program That Works. 160

RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Loss. Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in TURRISI, R. Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Effectiveness. Use Interventions from Middle School Through LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants College. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. TÖNSHOFF, S. LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and LRP-200400-15 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Game" (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, 2012, Individual Responsibility in Light of a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Seminar Game. Osteoporosis. LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of UDANI, J. Obesity. LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno- LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the Obesity. Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Adults Receiving Health Care. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ULLOA, E. C. MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice LRP-200406-22 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. Evaluation. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline UNÜTZER, J. in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Process and Effects. Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Long Run? TUCKER, J. S. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Tested? Care. RP-1159 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late and Health-Related Quality of Life Among a Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized National Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. Trial. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from Early VAIDYANATHAN, K. Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Logistics Pipeline. Marijuana Use. LRP-200507-12 Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for VALDEZ, R. O. B. HIV/AIDS in the United States. LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health LRP-200507-13 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Preparedness. Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An Examination of Developmental Trajectories and VALENTINE, D. Outcomes. LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants LRP-200508-01 Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Among Young Adult Smokers. Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. When, and How? LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished VALLS, C. Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Los Angeles County. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Colorectal Cancer. Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income VALOIS, R. F. Housing. LRP-200511-01 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk- LRP-200511-02 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence. Divorce. VAN SOEST, A. TURNER, S. LRP-200011-06 Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data TR-291-LACPD Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Analysis for Mexico. Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County LRP-200112-16 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Probation System. Data Analysis. TR-297-CPOC Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in WR-219 Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: California over the Last Decade. Dynamics, Frailty, and Fecundity. TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. WR-280 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in RB-9130-CPOC Juvenile Probation Initiatives in California and England, the Netherlands, and the United States. Their Effects . WR-331 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and LRP-200501-19 Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Above. Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes. 161

VARNI, J. W. LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to LRP-200503-06 The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short- CAHPS® Hospital Survey. Form Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. LRP-200503-18 Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino VUOLLO, M. Farmworkers: Reliability and Validity of the WR-333-LA Options for Changing the Governance System of Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care Measure the Los Angeles Unified School District: (P3C). Presented to the President's Joint Commission LRP-200508-23 Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict on LAUSD Governance. and Manage Pediatric Health Care. WACHSMAN, L. VAUGHN, G. LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. WAGNER, A. W. LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and VAUTHEY, N. J. Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving with Anxiety Disorders. Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Colorectal Cancer. Medication and Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients with Anxiety Disorders. VAZIRANI, S. LRP-200501-05 Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on WAGNER, E. F. Communication and Collaboration Among LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Physicians and Nurses. Use Interventions from Middle School Through College. VENTEVOGEL, P. WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health WAGNER, G. J. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Medication Adherence: A Randomized Countries. Controlled Trial. LRP-200510-12 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in VENUTURUPALLI, S. the Context of HIV Co-Infection: The Role of LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus|: A Medical, Behavioral and Mental Health Factors in Systematic Review. Assessing Treatment Readiness. LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. WALKER, W. LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Review and New Results for the Netherlands. VERNEZ, G. DB-480-HF Education in Mexico: Challenges and WALLACE, D. J. Opportunities. LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Evaluation. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline WALLACE, P. in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Process and Effects. Chronic Heart Failure? LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty VICK, A. Mental Health Care for Common Childhood RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Psychiatric Disorders in California. Ground Partnership. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Injured Workers in California. Ground Partnership. WALLACE, R. B. VICKREY, B. G. LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Status: The Added Value of Combining Self- Infections in Paralyzed Persons. Reported and Performance-Based Measures. LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? WANDERSMAN, A. TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De VILLAGOMEZ, E. Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y LRP-200011-06 Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y Analysis for Mexico. Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting Accountability Through Methods and VOGEL, H. Tools for Planning, Implementation, and LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Evaluation. Provider Competencies. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Building Community Capacity for VRANCEANU, A. Effective Preventive Interventions. LRP-200502-18 Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test WANG, C. J. of the Reserve Capacity Model. CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of Commercial VRIES, H. DE Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: A LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in Field Study. the German Health Care System. 162

WANG, J. WEBB, V. RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Costs and Improve Quality? Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Arizona. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. MG-408-HLTH Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change WEED, J. C. Patient Trajectories. RGSD-190 Effective Capital Provision Within Government: Methodologies for Right-Sizing Base WANG, M. Infrastructure. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. WEINE, S. WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health WANG, M. Y. D. Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for DB-471-1-LA Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected Airports, Port, and Department of Water and Countries. Power. WEINREB, B. WANG, Y. LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. WEINSTEIN, M. C. LRP-200507-02 The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening WARF, C. in Urban Emergency Departments. LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents. WEISMAN, M. H. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health WARSOFSKY, A. L. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for American Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for Content. Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

WASSERMAN, J. WEISS, R. TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Exercises for Addressing Local and State Trial. Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease WELLS, K. B. Reporting Systems in Local Public Health RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Agencies. Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health Trial. Agencies. LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The Public Health Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, Care. and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dollars. LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to CT-241 Public Health Preparedness in California: Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions. Health Care. LRP-200506-13 Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Use: Evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Mental Health Care for Common Childhood Survey. Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200502-12 Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental WATKINS, K. E. Health Services Through a Faith-Based Network LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to in Los Angeles. Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment Recommendations for Care: Do Patients with Subthreshold Depression Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety Benefit in the Long Run? and Substance Use Disorder. LRP-200510-10 Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health. LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment Among Joint Project. Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics.

WEATHERFORD, B. WELLS, R. MG-411-BGASD Facing the Challenge of Implementing LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Proposition F in San Diego. Functional Improvement.

WEBB, D. S. WENGER, N. S. LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Integration in California: An Innovative Approach Communication Skills / Joel Rosen ... Et Al. to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates. 163

LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic WILK, J. E. Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Practice. Vulnerable Older Patients. LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV- WILKINSON, A. M. Infected Americans. LRP-200507-14 Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients. LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward Integrative Medicine. WILLIAMS, J. W. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Vulnerable Older People. Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized Trial. WENZEL, S. L. RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets WILLIAMS, T. Tested? LRP-200504-18 Paying for Performance: Implementing a LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Statewide Project in California. Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. LRP-200507-12 Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for WILLIAMS, V. L. HIV/AIDS in the United States. WR-270-EDU Math Science Partnership of Southwest LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Pennsylvania: Two Year Evaluation Report. Service Seeking Among Impoverished Women. LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective WILLIAMSON, S. Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in Factors for Substance Use Among Impoverished Los Angeles County. Women Living in Temporary Shelter Settings in LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Los Angeles County. Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance-Using Housing. Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Housing. Joint Project. WILLIS, H. H. WERMUTH, M. A. TR-200-HE Measuring and Understanding Economic CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Interdependence in Allegheny County. Terror. TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health CT-233 The Department of Homeland Security: The Preparedness. Road Ahead. TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events. WEST, J. C. RB-9088-HE Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients Regional Challenges in Allegheny County. with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric RB-9095-RC Assessing Container Security: A Framework for Practice. Measuring Performance of the Global Supply Chain. WHITMAN, D. CT-252 Analyzing Terrorism Risk. LRP-200510-04 Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone MG-388-RC Estimating Terrorism Risk. Pollution. WILSON, I. B. WHOLEY, D. LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site LRP-200409-31 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly from the HMO Industry. Active Antiretroviral Therapy.

WICKIZER, T. WILSON, J. M. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. Injured Workers in California. RB-9135-RC What Have We Learned About Establishing Internal Security in Nation-Building? WICKSTROM, S. L. LRP-200409-36 A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Community Policing Implementation. Identify Quality Disparities. MG-374-RC Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. MG-394-RC State and Local Intelligence in the War on WICKSTROM, S. L. Terrorism. LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with WR-220-OJP Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Managed Care Contracts. Developing Data-Driven Interventions. WR-284-OJP Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An WIGLEY, F. M. Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Target Areas. Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. WILSON, P. A. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on WILDGEN, J. Terror. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. Health? MG-179-NAVY/USMC A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. 164

WINCHELL, C. WRIGHT, S. LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to LRP-200400-18 Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a England: Will It Lead to a Better System? Managed Care Health Plan. LRP-200400-19 Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Review of the Literature. WISEMAN, S. DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. WU, F. Army Research, Development and Engineering RB-167-AF Decisionmaking Checklists Reduce Uncertainties Command. in Estimating Software Costs. MG-269-AF Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: WOLF, C. Issues, and Guidelines. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD MG-293-A Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. Program Changes. MG-333-OSD North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean Unification. WU, S. RB-9132 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds WOLF, J. for Preventing HIV. LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A Improving Chronic Illness Care. Prospective Examination. LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Population. WOLFOWITZ, P. LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, Terror. and Hypertension. LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. WONG, A. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. the Medicare Population. Army Research, Development and Engineering LRP-200503-24 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Command. Resources. LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: WONG, J. S. Results from a National Evaluation of Quality OP-154-RC Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: Improvement Collaboratives. Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Labor Pool. Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? WONG, L. LRP-200507-05 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Prevent HIV Infection. Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Quality Improvement WONG, M. Collaboratives. RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Based Program That Works. Care Model in Quality Improvement LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Collaboratives: Methods Appendix. Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care. WYNN, B. O. LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Community: A TR-219-CMS Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System. WOODHOUSE, L. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human to Post-Acute Care. Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Weight Loss. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care Dollars. WOODING, S. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. Injured Workers in California. TR-268-CST Talking Policy: An Examination of Public MG-402-HLTH Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Dialogue in Science and Technology Policy. Interventions in Developing Countries. LRP-200407-19 Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes WR-260-1-ICJ Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the of Health Research: The Impact of Funding by California Workers' Compensation Official the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. Medical Fee Schedule. LRP-200507-06 Payback Arising from Research Funding: WR-263-1-ICJ Payments for Burn Patients under California's Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign. Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers. WOOLF, S. H. WR-267-MEDPAC Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Services: A Historical Review of Policy Options. Guidelines. WR-301-ICJ Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Procedures under California's Official Medical WRIGHT, D. Fee Schedule for Injured Workers. LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through WYRWICH, K. W. College. LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Quality of Life Outcomes. 165

YAMAMOTO, J. M. YOUNG, R. LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Vulnerable Older Patients. Plans. LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Vulnerable Older People. Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. YOUNG, T. LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations When YANO, E. Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. YOUNOSSI, O. LRP-200509-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated RB-159-AF The Challenges of Developing New Weapon with Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral. Systems: Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F. YARDLEY, R. J. MG-276-AF Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F TR-264-NAVY OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower Development Programs. and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice. YOUNOSSI, Z. RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Strategic Approach. Life: A Systematic Review and Quantitative RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. Assessment. MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) YPMA, J. Y. Programme. WR-283 Measurement Error and Misclassification: A MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer Comparison of Survey and Register Data. Management. YU, H. YEGIAN, J. M. LRP-200508-23 Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict LRP-200510-17 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess and Manage Pediatric Health Care. Consumer Preferences About Health Plan Design. ZABORSKI, L. LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS® Hospital YEH, K. C. Survey. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China ZAKARAS, L. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. RB-9106-WF Reframing the Debate About the Value of the Arts. YODA, T. RGSD-191 Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing ZANJANI, G. Policy Environment and Military Alliances. LRP-200403-19 Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good.

YOON, J. ZARAGOZA, C. LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School- Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a Based Program That Works. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. ZASLAVSKY, A. YOST, C. W. LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the CF-211 Exploring Religious Conflict. Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment YOUNAI, F. S. System. RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National Sample of (CAHPS®) Instrument. Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult HIV Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Utilization Study. LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. YOUNG, A. LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS® LRP-200000-47 Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and Mental Health. Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS® Hospital Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. Survey. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. ZAVODNY, M. LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental LRP-200003-20 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Illness Who Use Emergency Services. Births. LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve LRP-200406-23 Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Provider Competencies. Economic Conditions.

YOUNG, G. J. ZAZZALI, J. LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient on Pressure Ulcer Rates. Functional Improvement. 166

ZENG, F. WR-306-EDU The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care- Composition. Sensitive Conditions in California Medicare HMO's. ZIMMERMAN, S. R. LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- ZHENG, B. Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China ZULLIG, K. J. Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. LRP-200511-01 The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk- Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence. ZHENG, K. LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System ZWANZIGER, J. in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department Trajectory Approach. of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care MG-320-KISTEP Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Dollars. Korea in the Era of a Rising China. MG-320/1-KISTEP ZYCHER, B. Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Korea in the Era of a Rising China. Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. ZHOU, A. J. TR-219-CMS Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System. LRP-200502-07 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction in a Nationally Representative Sample.

ZIERLER, S. LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care.

ZIMA, B. T. LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California. LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Probability Sample of Children in the Child Welfare System.

ZIMMER, R. W. RB-9112-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact of SB 740. RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies and Their Effects on Student Achievement. LRP-200410-20 Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement for Local School Districts. LRP-200500-07 Student Achievement in Charter Schools: A Complex Picture. LRP-200501-25 Unintended Consequence of Centralized Public School Funding in Michigan Education. LRP-200512-27 Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding and Facilities: Evidence from California. MG-323-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact of SB 740. MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations and Achievement in Edison Schools. MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. WR-282-EDU Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: Are They Closing the Achievement Gap? WR-297-EDU Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Performance of Traditional Public Schools? WR-305-EDU Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operations of Charter Schools Affect Performance. 167 TITLE INDEX

9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss Knows Where You Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Are? Case Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Operation Enduring Freedom. MG-166-CENTAF Usage in the Workplace. TR-197-RC Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania. Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. LRP-200501-01 LRP-200412-21 Alleviating Air Force Workforce Shortages with an Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq. CT-246 Overall Force Management Approach. RB-160-AF Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Alternative Futures and Army Force Planning: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. Implications for the Future Force Era. MG-219-A LRP-200512-09 Alternative Philosophical and Investigatory Paradigms for Accomplishments in Juvenile Probation in California over Chiropractic. LRP-199307-02 the Last Decade. TR-297-CPOC American Carrier Air Power: At the Dawn of a New Accountability Elements of the No Child Left Behind Act: Century. MG-404-NAVY Adequate Yearly Progress, School Choice, and American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations Supplemental Educational Services. WR-258-EDU from Mogadishu to Baghdad. MG-231-A Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical from Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical Appendixes. Context. RP-1177 TR-167-A Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, and Attitudes About Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS© Case-Mix LRP-200406-22 Adjustment Report: 2003. WR-307-CMS Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data When Treatment Is in Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and Recommendations the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Quality for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS© Case-Mix Measurement. LRP-200500-02 Adjustment Report: 2004. WR-332-CMS The Accuracy of Teens' Expectations of Future Analysis of Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient Smoking. LRP-200504-01 Trajectories. MG-408-HLTH Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School An Analysis of Military Disability Compensation. Reform Designs Implemented in Los Angeles Unified MG-369-OSD School District. RGSD-192 An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of Immigrants Using Achieving State and National Literacy Goals, a Long Ordered Response Models with Classification Errors. Uphill Road: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of LRP-200407-17 New York. TR-180-1-EDU Analyzing Terrorism Risk. CT-252 Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It. LRP-200509-23 Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Department of Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care Dollars. Chemotherapy. LRP-200508-27 RB-9065-DVA An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Outcomes Research. LRP-200509-09 Approach. LRP-200400-17 Approaches and Recommendations for Estimating Advancing Systemwide Instructional Reform: Lessons Minimally Important Differences for Health-Related from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute Quality of Life Measures. LRP-200503-31 for Learning. RB-9142-EDU Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. Organizational Learning in Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions with Depot- Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable. Terrorism. MG-331-NIJ MG-241-AF Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case Studies of Air Force Procurement: Approaches for Measurement and Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups. Management. MG-299-AF MG-332-NIJ 168

The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State. Assessment of the National Patient Safety Initiative: MG-327-GG Context and Baseline Evaluation Report 1. © Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health TR-203-AHRQ Care? LRP-200505-02 An Assessment of the Total Population Approach for Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? Evaluating Disease Management Program LRP-200510-15 Effectiveness. LRP-200306-30 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Prevention Among African Americans? Survival Among Persons with HIV Infection in the LRP-200502-01 United States. LRP-200501-24 Arming Europe. RP-1209 The Association of Partner Abuse with Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men with HIV/AIDS. Army Forces for Sustained Operations. RB-9125-A LRP-200509-26 An Army Transforming While at War: Annual Report Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework for the Cosmic 2004. AR-7099-A Impact Hazard. RGSD-184 Asbestos Litigation Costs, Compensation, and Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Alternatives. RB-9155-ICJ Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Asbestos Litigation. MG-162-ICJ Nuclear Terrorism. DB-458-AF Assessing Container Security: A Framework for Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Measuring Performance of the Global Supply Chain. Systematic Review. LRP-200109-01 RB-9095-RC Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Policy: A Synthesis of After Retirement. WR-196-1 the Evidence to Date. RB-9110-DPRC Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial Assessing the Effectiveness of the Terrorism Risk Vehicles with Support Considerations. RB-176-AF Insurance Act. RB-9153-CTRMP Base Realignment and Closure: An Opportunity to Assessing the Impact of Future Operations on Trainer Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and Training Aircraft Requirements. MG-348-AF Infrastructure. RB-9131-OSD Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and in Quality Improvement Collaboratives. Psychotherapy Among Primary Care Patients with LRP-200508-04 Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200506-14 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic Care Model Best-Case Series for the Use of Immuno-Augmentation in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Methods Therapy and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cancer. Appendix. WR-217 LRP-200304-23 Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Pittsburgh. WR-315-EDU Partnership. MG-301-AF Assessment as a Policy Tool. RP-1163 Bioterrorism Preparedness Training and Assessment An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Exercises for Local Public Health Agencies. Expenditures. MG-274-AF TR-261-DHHS Assessment of Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Psychotherapy: Development of a Measure for Patients Frailty, and Fecundity. WR-219 with Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200509-30 Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options. Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet DB-472-NAVY Density. LRP-200512-13 An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept. CT-236 Building Ships on Time: How Can the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Assessment of the Equivalence of the Spanish and English Progress? RB-9116-MOD Versions of the CAHPS© Hospital Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. LRP-200512-03 Building a Multinational Global Navigation Satellite System: An Initial Look. MG-284-AF An Assessment of the Governor's Reorganization Plan to Create a Department of Technology Services. Building a Successful Palestinian State. MG-146-DCR CT-243 169

Burden of General Medical Conditions Among Individuals Charter School Type Matters When Examining Funding with Bipolar Disorder. LRP-200410-17 and Facilities: Evidence from California. The Burden of Urologic Diseases in America. LRP-200512-27 LRP-200504-04 Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export California's K-12 Public Schools: How Are They Controls for WMD-Related Goods and Doing? MG-186-EDU Technologies. MG-353 California's Workers' Compensation Permanent Disability Child Maltreatment, Abortion Availability, and Economic Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and Post-Reform Conditions. LRP-200406-23 Evaluation. RB-9163-ICJ Child Survival in Developing Countries: Can Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Demographic and Health Surveys Help to Understand Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs. the Determinants? LRP-199911-14 LRP-200509-04 Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its Naval Fleet? Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 1. LRP-200501-03 Challenges and Opportunities for the UK Shipbuilding Childhood Obesity: What We Can Learn from Existing Industrial Base, 2005–2020. RB-9096-MOD Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 2. LRP-200504-06 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions to Unwanted Email. Children at Risk: Consequences for School Readiness and LRP-200503-17 Beyond. RB-9144-PNC Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients. China and Globalization. CT-244 LRP-200507-14 China on the Move: A Franco-American Analysis of A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Men with Emerging Chinese Strategic Policies and Their Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. LRP-200509-29 Consequences for Transatlantic Relations. Case-Mix Adjustment of the CAHPS© Hospital Survey. CF-199-OSD LRP-200512-18 China's Defense Industry Is Emerging from Its Troubled Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Past. RB-175-AF Quality: Lessons from the First National Healthcare China's Military Modernization and the Cross-Strait Quality Report. LRP-200503-34 Balance. CT-247 Challenges in Program Evaluation of Health Interventions Chinese Government Responses to Rising Social in Developing Countries. MG-402-HLTH Unrest. CT-240 Challenges in Systematic Reviews of Complementary and Chiropractic in North America: A Descriptive Alternative Medicine Topics. LRP-200506-10 Analysis. LRP-200502-13 The Challenges of Creating a Global Health Resource Chronic Disease Self-Management for Diabetes, Tracking System. MG-317-BMG Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction Care, and The Challenges of Developing New Weapon Systems: Hypertension. LRP-200309-24 Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F. Civilian or Military? Assessing the Risk of Using RB-159-AF Contractors on the Battlefield. RB-9123-A Changes in Quality of Life Among Low-Income Men Coercive Use of Vaccines Against Drug Addiction: Is It Treated for Prostate Cancer. LRP-200508-24 Permissible and Is It Good Public Policy? Changes in Subjective Quality of Life Among Homeless LRP-200412-25 Adults Who Obtain Housing: A Prospective Combating Nuclear Terrorism: Lessons from Aum Examination. LRP-200108-18 Shinrikyo, Al Quaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor. Characteristics of Eye Care Practices with Managed Care RB-165-AF Contracts. LRP-200212-20 Combination Endoscopic Band Ligation and Sclerotherapy Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Compared with Endoscopic Band Ligation Alone for Who Use Emergency Services. LRP-200504-11 the Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis. LRP-200502-19 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer Drinkers in a Low- Income, Racial Minority Community Sample. Commentary: Work, Well-Being, and a New Calling for LRP-200503-12 Countercyclical Policy. LRP-200512-11 Charter School Performance in Urban Districts: Are They Closing the Achievement Gap? WR-282-EDU 170

Commercial Shipbuilding Techniques: Can They Be The Cost and Health Effects of Prescription Drug Applied to Warship Production in the United Coverage and Utilization in the Medicare Population. Kingdom? RB-9085-MOD RGSD-197 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid-Release Nicotine Gum The Cost of Cleaning Up Unexploded Ordnance. Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Relieving Smoking RB-9124-RC Cue-Provoked Craving. LRP-200511-16 The Cost of an Emergency Department Visit and Its Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) Relationship to Emergency Department Volume. to Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly LRP-200505-08 Outpatients. LRP-200202-10 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds for Comparison of Mail and Telephone in Assessing Patient Preventing HIV. RB-9132 Experiences in Receiving Care from Medical Group Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Funds to Practices. LRP-200512-02 Prevent HIV Infection. LRP-200507-05 Comparison of Medicare Spending and Outcomes for The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Beneficiaries with Lower Extremity Joint Standards for Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Replacements. WR-271-MEDPAC Health Policy. LRP-200507-11 Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-on-Youth The Costs and Benefits of Universal Preschool in Homicide: Assessing the Structural Covariates over California. RB-9118-PF Time. LRP-200502-23 Costs and Effects of Participation in Collaboratives to Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes from Improve Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An Examination of /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey Joyce. WR-269-RWJF Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes. LRP-200507-13 The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights from Commercial Aviation. RGSD-194 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users Participating in California Syringe Exchange Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical Trials. Programs. LRP-200512-23 LRP-200103-18 Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: Detecting Terrorist County-Level Estimates of the Effects of a Universal Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. RB-9079-RC Preschool Program in California. TR-340-PF Consequences of Health Trends and Medical Innovation Couple-Focused Support to Improve HIV Medication for the Future Elderly. LRP-200509-15 Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200505-05 Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth Control: Barriers to Pregnancy Prevention Among African Americans of Creating New Career Options for Officers in the U.S. Reproductive Age. LRP-200508-13 Military. RB-7569-OSD Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Criteria Used to Define a Small Business in Determining Among African Americans: Implications for the Thresholds for the Application of Federal Statutes. Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and Unintended WR-292-ICJ Pregnancy. LRP-200503-26 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Vulnerable: Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research on Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves. Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost. LRP-200400-16 CT-249 Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Implications for Health Improvement. LRP-200510-01 Care Quality and Cost. LRP-200506-16 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric Problems and Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Health-Related Quality of Life Among a National Policy and Intervention. LRP-200508-17 Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. RP-1159 Contingent Reinforcement of Group Participation Versus Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Substance Use and Abstinence in a Methadone Maintenance Program. Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Young LRP-199600-07 Adult Women. LRP-200501-20 The Cost Effectiveness of Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical Practice Guidelines. Emergency Departments. LRP-200507-02 LRP-200209-20 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Jahr 2012, Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar Game" 171

(Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, A Description and Analysis of Evolving Data Resources Individual Responsibility in Light of a Seminar on Small Business. WR-293-ICJ Game. LRP-200400-15 Designing a National Standard for Discovery Metadata: Data Pooling and Analysis to Build a Preliminary Item Improving Access to Digital Information in the Dutch Bank: An Example Using Bowel Function in Prostate Government. TR-185-BZK Cancer. LRP-200506-18 Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Outcome. Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An Examination of LRP-200012-02 Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Target Areas. Determinants of Increases in Medicare Expenditures for WR-284-OJP Physicians' Services. LRP-200310-08 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel: A Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness. Review of Findings on the Contribution of Experience, RP-1176 Training, and Aptitude to Military Performance. De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = (The Foundation of TR-193-OSD Freight Policy): Een Procesbeschrijving Voor Het Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Gebruik Van Beleidsinhoudelijke Gegevens (A Process Provisional Authority's Experience. MG-365-OSD Description for Performance Measurement Within the Policy Process). DB-444-AVV Developing Process Indicators to Improve Educational Governance: Lessons for Education from Health Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches and Women Care. CT-245 for a Randomized Trial of Mammography Promotion. RP-1188 Developing Quality Indicators for Elderly Patients Undergoing Abdominal Operations. LRP-200512-21 A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Education: A Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Strategies and Their Developing a Community Science Research Agenda for Effects on Student Achievement. RB-9149-EDU Building Community Capacity for Effective Preventive Interventions. LRP-200506-01 Decentralized Decision-Making for Schools: New Promise © for and Old Idea? OP-153-EDU Development and Evaluation of the CAHPS Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-06 Decisionmaking Checklists Reduce Uncertainties in Estimating Software Costs. RB-167-AF Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey. LRP-200504-20 Delaying Kindergarten: Effects on Test Scores and Childcare Costs. RB-9082 Developmental Considerations for Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through College. Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the LRP-200503-11 United States. LRP-200400-13 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Media with Effusion. LRP-200206-15 Blood Lead Levels Among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States. Differences Between Military and Commercial LRP-200507-19 Shipbuilding: Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. MG-236-MOD Demographics and Security: The Contrasting Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. RP-1195 The Diffusion and Value of Healthcare Information Technology. MG-272-HLTH The Department of Defense and Its Use of Small Business: An Economic and Industry Analysis. DB-478-OSD Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of Prescribing. The Department of Homeland Security: The Road LRP-200510-13 Ahead. CT-233 Disability Forecasts and Future Medicare Costs. Depression Among Youth in Primary Care Models for LRP-200409-32 Delivering Mental Health Services. LRP-200207-15 Disability and Health Care Spending Among Medicare Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Beneficiaries. LRP-200509-12 Employment, Insurance Status, and Health Care Costs. LRP-200504-12 Disarming Development. LRP-200410-15 Depression and Role Impairment Among Adolescents in Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Primary Care Clinics. LRP-200512-28 Levers. LRP-200503-07 Depression in Primary Care: Bringing Behavioral Health Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence and the Struggle Care into the Mainstream. LRP-200501-14 Against Terrorism. MG-184-RC 172

Distribution of Losses from Large Terrorist Attacks under Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care for Chronic the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. MG-427-CTRMP Heart Failure? RP-1173 Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project. Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Opportunities. LRP-200409-35 CF-221-EC Diversifying the Customer Base for Shipbuilding in the Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Beliefs: United Kingdom. RB-9117-MOD A Longitudinal Analysis. LRP-200509-24 Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Dynamic Effects Among Patients' Treatment Needs, Expertise from the Former Soviet Union: Beliefs, and Utilization: A Prospective Study of Understanding an Evolving Problem. DB-457-AF Adolescents in Drug Treatment. LRP-200508-03 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Disparities in Dysplasia and Risk of Further Neoplastic Progression in a the Treatment of Heart Patients? Results of a RAND Regional Veterans Administration Barrett's Cohort. Survey. RB-9120 LRP-200504-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment Mechanisms, and E-Prescribing and the Medicare Modernization Act of Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering Decisions? 2003: Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Integrated Health LRP-200401-17 Information Technology? LRP-200509-06 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A Meta-Analysis ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity. RP-1155 Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia Definitions. Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future LRP-200208-15 Promise. MG-341-PNC Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Treatment? A Early Results on Activations and the Earnings of Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Reservists. TR-274-OSD Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project. LRP-200500-03 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Private Sector. LRP-200504-10 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. RB-9067 Economics and Physical Activity: A Research Agenda. LRP-200502-08 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Results of a Group- The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Level Randomized Controlled Trial. RP-1160 Education in California. MG-349-PF Does Alcohol Advertising Promote Adolescent Drinking? The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Results from a Longitudinal Assessment. Education in California: Executive Summary. LRP-200502-15 MG-349/1-PF Does Employer-Financed General Training Pay? Evidence Education in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities. from the US Navy. LRP-200202-11 DB-480-HF Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix. WR-221 An Educator Looks at Quality Improvement in Health Care. WR-241-EDU Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? New Answers to an Old Question. LRP-200210-13 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Patients. Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor Health? RGSD-193 RB-9074 The Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Match the Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. Navy. Threat? CT-250 LRP-200504-09 Does Physician Gender Affect Satisfaction of Men and The Effect of Male Wage Inequality on Female Age at Women Visiting the Emergency Department? First Marriage. LRP-200205-07 RP-1189 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Births. LRP-200003-20 Health Services? LRP-200412-24 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy HMO Industry. LRP-200409-31 Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Primary-Care Setting? The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of LRP-200511-14 People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States. LRP-200511-09 173

Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention and California: Estimates for San Diego County. Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. RB-9164/2-PF LRP-200307-21 The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on California: Estimates for the Bay Area Region. Communication and Collaboration Among Physicians RB-9164/4-PF and Nurses. LRP-200501-05 The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Effect of the Supplemental Use of Antioxidants Vitamin California: Estimates for the Capital Region. C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the Prevention RB-9164/5-PF and Treatment of Cancer. LRP-200308-12 The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Effective Capital Provision Within Government: California: Estimates for the Central Coast Region. Methodologies for Right-Sizing Base Infrastructure. RB-9164/6-PF RGSD-190 The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for California: Estimates for the Central Valley Region. Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A RB-9164/7-PF Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200501-09 The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in The Effects of Changes in Nursing Home Staffing on California: Estimates for the Inland Empire Region. Pressure Ulcer Rates. LRP-200501-27 RB-9164/8-PF The Effects of Charter Schools on School Peer Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and Composition. WR-306-EDU Functional Status in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Effects of Early and Later Marriage on Women's Alcohol Arthritis: A Randomized Trial. LRP-200505-04 Use in Young Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis. Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy Regulation. LRP-200511-08 LRP-200412-26 The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare Parts Costs: A Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will Study of M1 Tanks. TR-286-A It Lead to a Better System? LRP-200400-18 Effects of Increased Access to Infertility Treatment on Emerging Threats to National Security. CT-234 Infant and Child Health Outcomes: Evidence from Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Health Insurance Mandates. WR-330 Planning a Public Health Response. LRP-200508-11 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe. with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases. WR-273 LRP-200502-22 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for Policy Improvement. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic LRP-200502-16 Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, End-of-Life Options. LRP-200509-18 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus The English Star Rating System: Failure of Theory or Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis. LRP-200403-24 Practice? LRP-200501-18 Effects of Payment Changes on Trends in Access to Post- Enhancing Public Health Preparedness: Exercises, Acute Care. TR-259-CMS Exemplary Practices, and Lessons Learned: Assessing Effects of Public Policy on Adolescents' Cigar Use: the Adequacy of Extant Exercises for Addressing Local Evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. and State Readiness for Public Health Emergencies. LRP-200506-13 TR-249-DHHS Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Human Environmental Scarcity, Resource Collection, and the Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with Weight Demand for Children in Nepal. LRP-199707-03 Loss. LRP-200503-25 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side California: Estimates for Los Angeles County. Effects. LRP-200302-15 RB-9164/1-PF Equivalence of Mail and Telephone Responses to © The Effects of a Universal Preschool Program in CAHPS Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-01 California: Estimates for Orange County. Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. MG-374-RC RB-9164/3-PF 174

Estimating Clinically Significant Differences in Quality of Examining Possible Causes of Gulf War Illness: RAND Life Outcomes. LRP-200503-14 Policy Investigations and Reviews of the Scientific Estimating Eye Care Provider Supply and Workforce Literature. RB-7544-OSD Requirements. LRP-199512-02 Examining the Validity Evidence for California Teacher Estimating Terrorism Risk. MG-388-RC Licensure Exams. WR-334-EDU Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness. An Introduction to Survival Analysis. TR-239-DHHS LRP-200409-34 Expanding Access to Mental Health Counselors: Evaluating Disease Management Program Effectiveness: Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. An Introduction to Time-Series Analysis. MG-330-OSD LRP-200312-26 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Louisiana. Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured WR-311 Workers in California. MG-400-ICJ Experiencing Interpersonal Violence: Perspectives of Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Program: Sexually Active, Substance-Using Women Living in Supervision and Official Outcomes. LRP-200501-19 Shelters and Low-Income Housing. LRP-200510-08 © Evaluating the Planned Substitution of the Minimum Data Exploratory Factor Analyses of the CAHPS Hospital Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the Rehabilitation Pilot Survey Responses Across and Within Medical, Hospital Prospective Payment System. Surgical, and Obstetric Services. LRP-200512-14 LRP-200402-20 Exploring Possibilities for Consumer Choice in the Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Health-Related German Health Care System. LRP-200500-06 Quality-of-Life Change in Individual Patients. Exploring Religious Conflict. CF-211 LRP-200506-12 Exploring the Business Case for Improving the Quality of An Evaluation of California's Permanent Disability Rating Health Care for Children. LRP-200407-18 System. MG-258-ICJ Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Savings and Costs. MG-410-HLTH Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Report. Facing the Challenge of Implementing Proposition F in LRP-200412-32 San Diego. MG-411-BGASD Evaluation of a Patient Safety Training Program. Factors That Impact Adolescents' Intentions to Utilize TR-276-HLTH Alcohol-Related Prevention Services. Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in LRP-200507-07 Asthma Care: Does It Improve Processes and Falls Prevention Interventions in the Medicare Outcomes of Care? LRP-200505-14 Population. LRP-200309-23 An Evaluation of an Intervention to Assist Primary Care Federal Investment in Health Information Technology: Physicians in Screening and Educating Older Patients How to Motivate It? LRP-200509-05 Who Use Alcohol. LRP-200511-06 Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation to Affect Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructures. RGSD-185 Progress from Program Inception to 2004. TR-221-ATSC Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV Disease, Revisited. LRP-200511-07 Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005. WR-272-1-ATSC Forecasting China's Military Spending Through 2025. RB-162-AF Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana Gateway Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of Drug Use Initiation: Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts. LRP-200403-21 Responses to Anthony, Kenkel, & Mathios and A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Strategic Lynskey. LRP-200200-48 Approach. RB-9114-OSD Examining Federal Impact Aid's Reimbursement for Local Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint Officer School Districts. LRP-200410-20 Management. MG-306-OSD Examining Gaps in Mathematics Achievement Among Functional Characteristics of Commercial Ambulatory Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. MG-255-EDU Electronic Prescribing Systems: A Field Study. LRP-200505-03 175

Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption - in Primary Care Outpatients. LRP-200512-17 Standards and Interoperability. WR-313 Further Investigation of the Performance of S - X2: An Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Costs Item Fit Index for Use with Dichotomous Item and Improve Quality? RB-9136-HLTH Response Theory Models. LRP-200307-20 Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural Future Health and Medical Care Spending of the Elderly: India. WR-294 Implications for Medicare. RB-9146-1-CMS The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Industry. Privacy Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers. RB-9143-NETL RP-1161 Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Health Insurance, Obesity and Its Economic Costs. Programs. TR-307-NSF LRP-200400-14 Generalizability of Studies on Mental Health Treatment Health Plan Choice and Information About Out-of-Pocket and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. LRP-200510-11 Costs: An Experimental Analysis. LRP-200103-17 Geographic and Socioeconomic Variation in the Health Risk Appraisals and Medicare. LRP-200309-25 Treatment of Prostate Cancer. LRP-200511-03 The Health and Cost Consequences of Obesity Among the Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Future Elderly. LRP-200509-13 Operations of Charter Schools Affect Performance. Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Low-Income, Uninsured WR-305-EDU Men with Prostate Cancer. LRP-200505-17 Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Helping Children Cope with Violence: A School-Based Pipeline. RB-9091-A Program That Works. RB-4557-1 Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Education: Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: Key Findings. Choices and Consequences in Universal Pre- MG-146/1-RC Kindergarten Efforts. TR-237-EDU Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decision-Making in the Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of Context of HIV Co-Infection: The Role of Medical, 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis. WR-300-ICJ Behavioral and Mental Health Factors in Assessing Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic Era. RP-1198 Treatment Readiness. LRP-200510-12 A Guide to This Supplement. LRP-200506-07 High-Altitude Airships for the Future Force Army. HCV AND HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in TR-234-A California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Counseling and Testing Rates. LRP-200506-19 Incentives. MG-256-PRGS HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior. Homicide in the LASD Century Station Area: Developing LRP-200405-30 Data-Driven Interventions. WR-220-OJP HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets Hong Kong: The Perils of Semidemocracy. RP-1179 Tested? RB-9103 Hospitalization Rates for Ambulatory Care-Sensitive HIV-Infected Population National Data. Conditions in California Medicare HMO's. LRP-200503-22 LRP-200511-15 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of the Minimally How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by the Important Difference in HRQOL Scores. Chronically Ill. RB-9109 LRP-200410-18 How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health. LRP-200510-10 into Health Disparities. LRP-200511-17 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access to Care How Do Ethnicity and Primary Language Spoken at Home Among the Uninsured. WR-215 Affect Management Practices and Outcomes in Health Correlates of Recreational Gambling in Older Children and Adolescents with Asthma? Adults. LRP-200409-33 LRP-200503-10 Health Costs of Katrina. LRP-200510-03 How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Filing? WR-205-1-ICJ Health Disparities - Less Talk, More Action. LRP-200508-18 How Does Race Matter, Anyway? LRP-200502-09 176

How Does Sarbanes-Oxley Affect Firms' Decisions to Go The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult Labor Private? . WR-300/1-ICJ Market. WR-319 How Does Terrorism Risk Vary Across Space and Time? Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on Health-Related An Analysis Based on the Israeli Experience. Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a Nationally WR-289-CTRMP Representative Sample. LRP-200509-16 How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An Assessment of U.S. Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: A Review. Drug Programs and Policy. OP-121-DPRC LRP-200512-16 How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on States? LRP-200512-07 California's Independent Repair Shops. How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, TR-235-CARB 1961–1969. Book-998876 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health Related Quality of Life: How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its A Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment. Availability? LRP-200504-02 LRP-200504-19 How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? The Impact of SES on Health over the Life-Course. Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions. WR-318 MG-296-A The Impact of the Information Revolution on How Well Is the Air Force Improving Services Policymakers' Use of Intelligence Analysis. Acquisition? New Metrics Can Help. RB-164-AF RGSD-186 How to Improve the Army's Management of Reparable Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Spare Parts. RB-9113-A Army Medical Department: Evaluation of Process and Effects. MG-319-A Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected Parents' Fears About Contagion and the Effects on Parent-Child Interaction Implementation of the Diabetes Practice Guideline in the in a Nationally Representative Sample. Army Medical Department: Final Evaluation. LRP-200502-07 MG-277-A The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Some Promising of Primary Healthcare Providers for Trauma-Exposed Indicators of Change. WR-278-EDU Populations in Conflict-Affected Countries. WR-335 Implications of Modern Decision Science for Military Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND (Dual-Version Decision-Support Systems. MG-360-AF DVD). CP-501/1 (12/05) Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y Las Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND. CP-501 (12/05) Medidas Tomadas En La Union Europea. RB-9126/1-EC Identification and Treatment of Patients with Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical Psychiatry Practice. Improving Agile Combat Support for the U.S. Air Force: LRP-200510-28 Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. RB-150-AF Identification of and Guidance for Problem Drinking by Improving Contracting at the City of Los Angeles General Medical Providers: Results from a National Airports, Port, and Department of Water and Power. Survey. LRP-200503-05 DB-471-1-LA Identifying Churches for Community-Based Improving Inferences About Student Achievement. Mammography Promotion: Lessons from the LAMP LRP-200400-20 Study. LRP-200508-21 Improving Maternal and Child Health Care: A Blueprint Identifying Likely Duplicates by Record Linkage in a for Community Action in the Pittsburgh Region. Survey of Prostitutes. LRP-200400-12 MG-225-HE Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Future Elderly. LRP-200509-10 Design of a Multicenter Randomized Trial. LRP-200108-17 Illinois Homeland Security Economic Development Initiative: Scoping Study. WR-222-IL Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Outpaces Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. RB-9100 Immigrants and the Labor Market. WR-321 Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the U.S. Air Force: Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who An Analytic Approach for the Chief's Logistics Gains? Who Loses? RP-1154 Review. RB-153-AF 177

Improving the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Introduction to Multiresolution, Multiperspective Parts. MG-205-A Modeling (MRMPM) and Exploratory Analysis. Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with WR-224 Partially Missing Data. LRP-200506-03 Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned from Those Performance of Traditional Public Schools? Exposed to Anthrax. LRP-200503-04 WR-297-EDU Incidence and Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the Longitudinal Comorbid Depression on Adherence to HAART and Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten Attendance. CD4+ Counts in People Living with HIV. WR-266-1 LRP-200511-11 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected by the Decline in Age Increased Risk of Serious Injury Following an Initial Difference Between Spouses? LRP-200305-37 Prescription for Diphenhydramine. LRP-200209-19 Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant Programs? Increasing Participation in Army Continuing Education: RB-9147-NSF EArmyU and Effects of Possible Program Changes. Is the Individual Market More Than a Bridge Market? An MG-293-A Analysis of Disenrollment Decisions. Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs. CT-242 LRP-200512-30 Inpatient Utilization by Dual Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles Isolating the Nexus of Substance Use, Violence and in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among Young Adults in California, 1991–1996. LRP-200412-29 the United States. LRP-200503-20 Insights and Strategies for Improving Project Management Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? TR-184 in the United Kingdom's Military Shipbuilding Just Cause or Just Because? Prosecution and Plea- Industry. MG-198/1-MOD Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low- Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: Operations and Level Drug Charges in California and Arizona. Achievement in Edison Schools. MG-351-EDU MG-288-RWJ Institute for Civil Justice 25th Anniversary Celebration. Juvenile Probation Initiatives in California and Their CP-491 Effects . RB-9130-CPOC Insurance and Innovation in Health Care Market. Labor Market, Financial, Insurance and Disability LRP-200509-17 Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans with Depression and Pain. LRP-200512-29 Integrated Planning for the Air Force Senior Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. TR-175-AF Law and Order in Palestine. LRP-200412-23 Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security Sector Learning from Experience: The Public Health Response Reform. TR-288-SSDAT to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. TR-285-DHHS Interprofessional Referral Patterns in an Integrated Medical System. LRP-200503-21 Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants. LRP-200511-04 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones Aprendidas a Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18 E/F Través De La IAP = HIV Interventions for African Development Programs. MG-276-AF American and Latinos: Lessons Learned from Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. MG-193-AF Participatory Action Research. LRP-200300-16 Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare- Education. LRP-200507-17 Funded Preventive Services for Persons Age 65 and The Level of State Involvement in the Reconstruction of Older. LRP-200409-37 the Municipal Healthcare System. WR-308 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the The Lifetime Burden of Chronic Disease Among the Medicare Population. LRP-200309-26 Elderly. LRP-200509-14 Introduction to First-Year Findings from the Implementing Liquid Assets: How Demographic Changes and Water Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) Project. Management Policies Affect Freshwater Resources. WR-255-EDU MG-358-CF The Logic of Suicide Terrorism. RP-1187 178

London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Maximizing Local Effect of HIV Prevention Resources. Patients' Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed LRP-200503-24 Preference Choice Data. TR-230-DOH Measurement Error and Misclassification: A Comparison A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and Future Social of Survey and Register Data. WR-283 Evolution. RP-1169 A Measurement Model Approach to Estimating Long-Term Effectiveness of Disseminating Quality Community Policing Implementation. Improvement for Depression in Primary Care. LRP-200409-36 LRP-200107-17 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Expectancies. LRP-200506-15 Divorce. LRP-200511-02 Measuring National Power. CF-215 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet Need for Oral Measuring Preference Weights for American College of Treatment in a National Sample of Medical HIV Rheumatology Response Criteria for Patients with Patients. LRP-200501-06 Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200512-12 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Measuring Primary Care for Children of Latino Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 Report. WR-218-LACPD Farmworkers: Reliability and Validity of the Parent's The Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities. Perceptions of Primary Care Measure (P3C). LRP-199809-07 LRP-200503-18 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry and all Faculty Measuring and Understanding Economic Interdependence Departments, 1980–2001. LRP-200502-11 in Allegheny County. TR-200-HE Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data Compression and Measuring the Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Network Management Technologies. TR-216-A Improvement in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Making Out-of-School-Time Matter. RB-9108-WF Implementing the Chronic Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? WR-194-RWJ Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: Evidence for an Action Agenda. MG-242-WF Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers. WR-199-EDU Making Sense of Transnational Threats: Workshop Reports. CF-200 Measuring the Quality of Care for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. LRP-200505-09 Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air Forces. Sentencing. LRP-200510-27 TR-150-AF Malaysia's Demographic Transition: Rapid Development, Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Culture, and Politics. LRP-199612-05 Program: Effects of Project ALERT. LRP-200503-02 The Managed Care Backlash: Did Consumers Vote with Their Feet? LRP-200412-28 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household Portfolio Choice. WR-325 Managed Care and the Workers' Compensation Bargain. LRP-199910-05 Medical Expenditure and Household Portfolio Choice. WR-339 Management of Acute Otitis Media. LRP-200105-22 Medical Illness and Response to Treatment in Primary Managing Change: China and the United States in 2025. Care Panic Disorder. LRP-200507-10 CP-505 Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of Action: Results Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities and Changes of the Army Medical Department Transformation Among Religious Adherents Across U.S. Counties. Workshop IV. TR-253-A WR-211 Medicare Payment for Hospital Outpatient Services: A Marijuana Use and Later Problems: When Frequency of Historical Review of Policy Options. Recent Use Explains Age of Initiation Effects (And WR-267-MEDPAC When It Does Not). LRP-200500-01 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for Evidence-Based Marriage and Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma. Information on Child and Family Policy. RP-1178 LRP-200509-27 Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left Behind: A Math Science Partnership of Southwest Pennsylvania: Long Uphill Road. RB-9081-1-EDU Two Year Evaluation Report. WR-270-EDU 179

Mental Health Service Delivery and Suicide Risk: The Monitoring the Progress of Shipbuilding Programmes: Role of Individual Patient and Facility Factors. How Can the Defence Procurement Agency More LRP-200502-10 Accurately Monitor Progress? MG-235-MOD Mental Health Status and Use of General Medical Services More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to Improve for Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Air Force Service Contracts. RB-163-AF LRP-200508-20 Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Mental Health and Employment Transitions. Hospitals Serving Minority Populations. LRP-200400-21 LRP-200512-20 Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Motivation to Change Chronic Illness Care: Results from a Resettlement in the United States. LRP-200508-08 National Evaluation of Quality Improvement Mental Health of Low Income Uninsured Men with Collaboratives. LRP-200504-14 Prostate Cancer. LRP-200504-03 Moving Towards Better Formulary Management. A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for LRP-200501-17 Chronic Illnesses. LRP-200508-05 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid Section 1931(b) in A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Chronic California. WR-249 Illness Care: Technical Appendix. WR-290-RWJF Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Continuous Data. LRP-200312-25 Programs for Older Adults. LRP-200509-19 National Defense Research Institute Annual Report, Fiscal Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity. Year 2004. AR-7101-OSD LRP-200504-05 National Security Decision-Making Structures and Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Security Sector Reform. TR-289-SSDAT LRP-200504-07 National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Meta-Regression Approaches: What, Why, When, and Losses. RP-1168 How? LRP-200403-23 A National Study of the Relationship of Care Site HIV Methods Used to Streamline the CAHPS© Hospital Specialization to Early Adoption of Highly Active Survey. LRP-200512-04 Antiretroviral Therapy. LRP-200501-22 Military Reengineering Between the World Wars. Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults with Diabetes MG-253-OSD Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare. LRP-200505-06 Mind-Body Interventions for Gastrointestinal Conditions. LRP-200107-18 Needs for Services Reported by Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. LRP-200501-26 The Mission Day: A New Metric to Evaluate Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. RB-149-AF Neighborhood Effects and the Role of Communities in Restructuring. WR-310 Mobility in the Urban Labor Market: A Panel Data Analysis for Mexico. LRP-200011-06 Network-Centric Operations Case Study: The Stryker Brigade Combat Team. MG-267-1-OSD Modeling Reserve Recruiting: Estimates of Enlistments. MG-202-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Study: Air-to-Air Combat with and Without Link 16. MG-268-OSD Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects. RP-1165 New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas Combat Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. RB-154-AF Moderate and Radical Islam. CT-251 A New Approach to Developing Cross-Cultural Modern Decision Science Suggests New Methods and Communication Skills. LRP-200403-20 Tools to Support Military Decisionmaking. RB-177-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air Force's Senior Leader Workforce. RB-147-AF Modernizing China's Military: Opportunities and Constraints. MG-260-AF A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. MG-334-AF Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Refueling. The New Face of Naval Strike Warfare. RB-9137-NAVY MG-289-NAVY The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence. OP-152-RC 180

Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds: A Panel Data the Impact of SB 740. MG-323-EDU Analysis. LRP-200112-16 North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Palestinians Need More Cash. LRP-200507-03 Consequences of Korean Unification. MG-333-OSD Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex in Filipino OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: Officer Manpower and American Families: A Demonstration of Community- Personnel Governance in the U.S. Navy: Law, Policy, Based Participatory Research. LRP-200501-12 Practice. TR-264-NAVY Patients' Preferences for Technical Versus Interpersonal Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy Quality When Selecting a Primary Care Physician. Are Often Undertreated. RB-9141 LRP-200508-02 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 and Above. Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with WR-331 Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric Practice. Obstacles and Opportunities in Providing Mental Health LRP-200503-09 Services Through a Faith-Based Network in Los Patterns of Child Care Use for Preschoolers in Los Angeles. LRP-200502-12 Angeles County. TR-116-FFLA Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Promoción De Patterns of Unit and Item Nonresponse in the CAHPS© Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y Herramientas Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-05 De Planeación, Implementación Y Evaluación = Payback Arising from Research Funding: Evaluation of Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting Accountability the Arthritis Research Campaign. LRP-200507-06 Through Methods and Tools for Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. TR-101/1-CDC Paying for Performance: Implementing a Statewide Project in California. LRP-200504-18 Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues. MG-414-NETL Paying for Repackaged Drugs under the California Workers' Compensation Official Medical Fee OncoSurge: A Strategy for Improving Resectability with Schedule. WR-260-1-ICJ Curative Intent in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. LRP-200510-18 Payments for Burn Patients under California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers. Operation Enduring Freedom: An Assessment. WR-263-1-ICJ RB-9148-CENTAF Payments for Hardware Used in Complex Spinal Optimal Contributions to Flexible Spending Accounts. Procedures under California's Official Medical Fee LRP-200200-47 Schedule for Injured Workers. WR-301-ICJ Options for Changing the Governance System of the Los The PedsQL: Reliability and Validity of the Short-Form Angeles Unified School District: Presented to the Generic Core Scales and Asthma Module. President's Joint Commission on LAUSD LRP-200503-06 Governance. WR-333-LA Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. TR-243-MRC Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Options for Reducing Costs in the United Kingdom's Receiving Health Care. LRP-200509-08 Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) Programme. Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment and MG-240-MOD Barriers to Care Among Patients with Panic Oral Health Findings for HIV-Infected Adult Medical Disorder. LRP-200508-07 Patients from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure and Left Study. LRP-200510-16 Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Effect in Female, Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost-Effectiveness. Patients in the Era of HAART. LRP-200504-21 LRP-200307-16 Organizational Practices: School Improvement, Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Interventions and Technical Assistance. LRP-200407-05 WR-257-EDU Pharmacy Benefits for Military Retirees. RB-9084-OSD Outcomes and Processes in Vocational Learning: A Phoenix Academy at Lake View Terrace, California: Review of the Literature. LRP-200400-19 Clinical Manual and Program Description of an Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: Implications for the Adolescent Therapeutic Community. LRP-200200-49 Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding Programmes. MG-198-MOD 181

Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Among Brazilian Patients and Distributive Justice in Health Care. Children: Trends and Differentials from 1986 to LRP-200501-23 1996. LRP-200503-01 Placing a Value on the Health Benefit for Active-Duty Prevalence of Substance Use Among White and American Personnel. MG-385-OSD Indian Young Adolescents in a Northern Plains State. Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can LRP-200503-19 We Learn? RP-1197 Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures. WR-309 Behaviors in Adolescents. LRP-200412-31 Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, and the Need for Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Alternative Approaches. LRP-200506-04 Paralyzed Persons. LRP-199902-10 Police Personnel Challenges After September 11: Price-Based Acquisition May Have Only Limited Benefits Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing Labor for the Purchase of Major Weapon Systems. Pool. OP-154-RC RB-172-AF Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and Challenges for During Citizen Stops. LRP-200505-18 Defense Department Procurement of Weapon Systems. MG-337-AF Police-Community Relations in Cincinnati. TR-333-CC Primacy of Affect over Cognition in Determining Adult Policy and Health: Implications for Development in Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A Review. Asia. Book-999988 LRP-200512-25 Population Implosion? Low Fertility and Policy Responses Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are Associated with in the European Union. RB-9126-EC Smoking Cessation Counseling and Referral. A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense (PAT- LRP-200509-02 MD): Methodology and Users Manual. TR-262-MDA Privacy in the Workplace: Case Studies on the Use of Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a Radio Frequency Identification in Access Cards. New Era. MG-290-PCT RB-9107-RC Possible Refinements to the Construction of Function- Private Information, Self-Serving Biases, and Optimal Related Groups for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Settlement Mechanisms: Theory and Evidence. Prospective Payment System. TR-207-CMS LRP-200304-22 Possible Refinements to the Facility-Level Payment Proceedings of the 6th Annual RAND-China Reform Adjustments for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Forum Conference, August 28–29, 2003. Prospective Payment System. TR-219-CMS CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Predictors of Attempted Quitting and Cessation Among Process Evaluation of Project Public Health Ready. Young Adult Smokers. LRP-200508-01 TR-224-HLTH Predictors of Fatigue After Treatment for Prostate Processes Linking Adolescent Problems to Substance-Use Cancer. LRP-200503-03 Problems in Late Young Adulthood. LRP-200511-10 Predictors of Overall Quality of Care Provided to Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a Role for Peer Vulnerable Older People. LRP-200510-05 Review? LRP-200405-32 Predictors of Surgery Resident Satisfaction with Teaching Progress in Implementing Standards, Assessments, and the by Attendings: A National Survey. LRP-200502-14 Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions of NCLB: Preliminary Analyses for Refinement of the Tier Perspectives from California, Georgia, and Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Pennsylvania. WR-256-EDU Prospective Payment System. TR-201-CMS Promoting Health Information Technology: Is There a Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Coding and Case Mix Case for More-Aggressive Government Action? under the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective LRP-200509-03 Payment System. TR-213-CMS Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted Regression for A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies. for Joint Forcible Entry Operations. RP-1164 MG-179-NAVY/USMC Proposed Methods for Reviewing the Outcomes of Health Research: The Impact of Funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. LRP-200407-19 182

Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Quality of Life After Radical Treatment of Prostate Research, Development and Engineering Command. Cancer: Validation of the Italian Version of the DB-465-A University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Index. LRP-200508-25 Substance Use Among Impoverished Women Living in The Quality of Personnel in the Enlisted Ranks. Temporary Shelter Settings in Los Angeles County. MG-324-OSD LRP-200510-07 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care in a Statewide Public Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Shoulder- Assistance Program. LRP-200509-25 Fired Missile Threat. OP-106-RC Quality of Publicly-Funded Outpatient Specialty Mental Proven Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. Health Care for Common Childhood Psychiatric RB-9145-PNC Disorders in California. LRP-200502-02 Provider Type and Depression Treatment Adequacy. Quantity over Quality. LRP-200212-18 LRP-200506-06 RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology and Policy: A Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: An Analysis of Food Draft Conference Report. CF-218-ISE and Drug Administration Reports of Adverse Events. The RAND History of Nation-Building. MG-304/1-RC LRP-200501-02 RAND Project Air Force, Annual Report 2004. Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Ephedra Use. AR-7098-AF LRP-200509-21 RAND Report Summary: Consumer Use of Information Psychometric Properties of a Group-Level Consumer When Making Treatment Decisions. LRP-200500-04 Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS©) Instrument. LRP-200501-08 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring 2005. CP-22-0504 Psychometric Properties of the Medical Outcome Study Sleep Measure. LRP-200501-10 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 2005. CP-22-0508 Psychosocial Risks Associated with Multiple Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. CP-22-0512 LRP-200505-10 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Satisfaction Psychosocial and Behavioral Differences Among Drug with Health Care. LRP-200507-15 Injectors Who Use and Do Not Use Syringe Exchange Racial Differences in the Treatment of Veterans with Programs. LRP-200512-22 Bipolar Disorder. LRP-200512-15 Psychotropic Medication Use in a National Probability Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Sample of Children in the Child Welfare System. Among Children Who Wheeze. LRP-200505-07 LRP-200503-16 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Cardiologists. LRP-200503-15 Seven Jurisdictions. CT-241 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Public Health Response to Urgent Case Reports. Los Angeles County. LRP-200500-08 LRP-200508-16 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Cognitive- The Public Hospital System in Louisiana. WR-314 Behavioral Therapy and Medication for Primary Care Public Involvement in Community Health Panic Disorder. LRP-200503-27 Improvement. LRP-200403-22 A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Last 3 Common Problems in Older Persons. Years of Life: A Pilot Study. LRP-200501-13 LRP-199704-04 Quality Improvement for Depression in Primary Care: Do Rating Best Places: Going Beyond Real Estate in Making Patients with Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Location Decisions. LRP-200209-18 Long Run? LRP-200506-11 Rebuilding Security Forces and Institutions in Iraq. Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable RB-9134-OSD Older Patients. LRP-200508-09 Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: Changing Policy Quality of Care for Hypertension in the United States. Environment and Military Alliances. RGSD-191 LRP-200501-21 183

Recovery Guides: An Emerging Model of Community- Residency Work-Hours Reform: A Cost Analysis Based Care for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities. Including Preventable Adverse Events. LRP-200509-28 LRP-200510-09 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men into Responding to the Needs of the Community: A Stepped- Behavioral Interventions: A Two-Stage Approach. Care Approach to Implementing Trauma-Focused LRP-200503-13 Interventions in Schools. LRP-200509-31 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality Healthcare A Response to the Points by Manton and Williamson. Workforce. WR-312 LRP-200301-23 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users. Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment RB-9104-1 Questionnaire Disability Index in a Systemic Sclerosis Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier Acquisition. Clinical Trial. LRP-200505-11 RB-9122-MOD Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Reemphasizing the Context of Women's Risk for Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Health HIV/AIDS in the United States. LRP-200507-12 Plan. LRP-200511-05 Reexamining Military Acquisition Reform: Are We There Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need Yet? MG-291-A to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives. LRP-200510-14 Refining the Categorization of Physical Functional Status: The Added Value of Combining Self-Reported and The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Performance-Based Measures. LRP-200400-11 Actual Declines in Spending at Retirement. WR-242 Reframing the Debate About the Value of the Arts. A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health RB-9106-WF Preparedness. LRP-200509-01 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Energy. TR-292-NREL Effects at Structural Collapse Events. TR-309-NIOSH Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased Technological Change Review of Treatment Recommendations for Persons with Hypothesis: A Study of Technology, Firm Size, and a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Wage Inequality in the California Hospital Industry. Use Disorder. LRP-200508-14 WR-316 Review of the Literature on Survey Instruments Used to The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Collect Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Behaviors, and Youth Violence. LRP-200511-01 Care. LRP-200512-10 The Relationship Between Volume and Quality in Mental Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in Nederland: Health Care. RB-9105 Identificatie Van Knelpunten En Oplossingrichtingen. WR-277 Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Eindrapport. WR-274-AVV Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers of Public Mental Health. LRP-200000-47 Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop Notebooks and Transcripts. WR-261-EDU Risk Management and Performance in the Balkans Support Contract. MG-282-A Religiousness and Spirituality Among HIV-Infected Americans. LRP-200508-22 Role of Cognitive Testing in the Development of the CAHPS© Hospital Survey. LRP-200512-08 Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the The Role of Districts in Fostering Instructional Decision? RB-158-AF Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question More of MG-361-EDU Cost Than of Capability. RB-174-AF The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Research-Practice Partners Assess Their First Joint Chronic Illness Care. RP-1162 Project. LRP-200512-26 The Role of the Safety Net in Employer Health Benefit Reserve Recruiting and the College Market: Is a New Decisions. LRP-200508-15 Educational Benefit Needed? TR-127-OSD Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Reserve Recruiting in the College Market: New Test Facilities for American Aeronautics. CT-239 Educational Benefits Could Attract High-Aptitude Recruits. RB-9076-OSD 184

Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Service Access and Service System Development in a Test Facilities for American Aeronautics: Children's Behavioral Health System of Care. Addendum. CT-239/1 LRP-200505-16 Routine Screening for HIV Infection—Timely and Cost- Sex on Television and Its Impact on American Youth: Effective. LRP-200502-03 Background and Results from the RAND Television Russia and the Information Revolution. MG-422-CC and Adolescent Sexuality Study. LRP-200507-04 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease. LRP-200208-17 Care. LRP-200501-15 Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Syringe Exchange Programs in California. Services Research. LRP-200309-22 LRP-200501-04 Saturated in Beer. RB-9160 Shaping Reduced Smoking in Smokers Without Cessation Plans. LRP-200505-15 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of Beer Advertising in Late Childhood and Adolescence. LRP-200507-01 Shaping the Future. LRP-200504-15 Saving the Government Money: Examples from RAND's The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Federally Funded Research and Development Health: A Conceptual Model. LRP-200502-17 Centers. CP-485 Smog Alert: The Challenges of Battling Ozone Scaling Up High-Quality Pre-K: What Can Be Learned Pollution. LRP-200510-04 from States' Efforts to Date? RB-9101-EDU Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Between Exposure to Television's Sexual Content and Reducing Drug Use. CT-237 Adolescents' Sexual Behavior. LRP-200512-24 Schools Identified as in Need of Improvement under Title Social Insurance and the Design of Innovation I: Recent Evidence from the National Longitudinal Incentives. LRP-200410-16 Survey of Schools. WR-154-EDU Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Scope of HIV Risk and Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Medical Technologies. WR-253 Problems Among Young Adults: Violence, A Socioeconomic Profile of Older Adults with HIV. Victimization, and Substance Use. LRP-200505-12 LRP-200502-06 Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal Procurement and Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological R&D Spending in the Aerospace Sector. Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test of the TR-263-OSD Reserve Capacity Model. LRP-200502-18 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Non- Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues, and Traditional Settings: A Personal View. Guidelines. MG-269-AF LRP-200508-19 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform, and Household Selected Rand Abstracts. Vol. 42 (Jan. - Dec. 2004): A Income. LRP-200305-38 Guide to RAND Publications. CPU-0-SRA Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Loss. Selecting Performance Measures by Consensus: An RB-9139 Appropriate Extension of the Delphi Method? Soup or Art? The Role of Evidential Force in Empirical LRP-200512-19 Software Engineering. LRP-200501-11 Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide The Spillover Effects of Military Communities on the Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of Need for Health Care Safety-Net Services. WR-299 Crime. LRP-200503-33 State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care A Self-Report Measure of Clinicians' Orientation Toward for Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Integrative Medicine. LRP-200510-02 Addictive Disorders. WR-119-CSAT Self-Reported Oral Health of Enrollees in Capitated and State Efforts to Improve Practice and Policy for the Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and Addictive LRP-200411-11 Disorders. WR-344-RWJ Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical Models Employing T State Efforts to Insure the Uninsured: An Unfinished Level-1 Assumptions. LRP-200206-14 Story. RB-4558-1 185

State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism. Teachers' Responses to Standards-Based MG-394-RC Accountability. WR-259-EDU The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Technical Executive Summary in Support of "Can Adoption. MG-409-HLTH Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Statistical Collaboration to Impact Policy Decisions. Healthcare?" and "Promoting Health Information LRP-200501-16 Technology". WR-295 Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Technological Advances in Cancer and Future Spending Implications for Urban Warfare. MG-191-A by the Elderly. LRP-200509-11 Stimulating Science and Technology in Higher Education: Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity: A An International Comparison of Policy Measure and Theoretical and Empirical Examination. Their Effectiveness. MG-270-OCW LRP-200212-19 A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload. Telephone Reminder Calls Increased Response Rates to RP-1152 Mailed Study Consent Forms. LRP-200507-20 Stopping Violence Before It Starts: Identifying Early A Telephone Survey to Measure Communication, Predictors of Adolescent Violence. RB-4536-1 Education, Self-Management, and Health Status for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving Chronic Strategic Choices in Science and Technology: Korea in the Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). LRP-200502-04 Era of a Rising China. MG-320-KISTEP Terrorism Insurance Policy and the Public Good. Strengthening the Palestinian Health System. LRP-200403-19 MG-311-1-DCR Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving Terrorism Threat. Stress and Performance: A Review of the Literature and RB-9129-CTRMP Its Applicability to the Military. TR-192-RC Testing for Statistical Discrimination in Health Care. Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations. LRP-200502-05 MG-362-A Tests to Evaluate Public Health Disease Reporting Student Achievement in Charter Schools: A Complex Systems in Local Public Health Agencies. Picture. LRP-200500-07 TR-260-DHHS Studying Large-Scale Reforms of Instructional Practice: Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror. An Example from Mathematics and Science. CF-212-RC RP-1171 Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees Answer the Substance Use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to CPS Health Insurance Questions? WR-288 Emerging Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Marijuana Use. LRP-200500-05 Toward Incentives for Military Transformation: A Review of Economic Models of Compensation. Substance Use and Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical TR-194-OSD Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults. LRP-200410-19 Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs. TR-242-CMS Success of First-Term Soldiers: The Effects of Recruiting Practices and Recruit Characteristics. MG-262-A Training Substance Abuse Treatment Staff to Care for Co- Occurring Disorders. LRP-200504-16 Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations. Transformation and the Army School System. MG-344-A MG-328-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Trauma, Depression, Coping, and Mental Health Service Major Findings and Recommendations. MG-342-A Seeking Among Impoverished Women. LRP-200508-26 Swarming and the Future of Warfare. RGSD-189 Treating Low Back Pain. LRP-200506-09 Syndromic Surveillance. LRP-200503-23 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in a Privately Systematic Review of the Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids in Insured Population under Managed Care: Costs and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. LRP-200509-22 Services Use. LRP-200412-27 Talking Policy: An Examination of Public Dialogue in Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the United States and the Science and Technology Policy. TR-268-CST Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. MG-393-CTRMP 186

Trust in One's Physician: The Role of Ethnic Match, Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century. MG-181-A Autonomy, Acculturation, and Religiosity Among Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical Methods Japanese and Japanese Americans. LRP-200507-09 and Principal Findings. LRP-200503-32 The U.S. Agricultural System: A Target for Al-Qaeda? Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of LRP-200503-30 Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Readmission Rate. U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, Access, and LRP-200405-31 Quality. CP-484-1 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and Quality Disparities. LRP-200503-08 Military Roles. MG-338-AF Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary Care Patients with The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Mood and Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200504-08 Iraq. MG-304-RC Use of Mental Health Care Among Youths in 1997 and Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: Literature Review and 2002. LRP-200507-08 New Results for the Netherlands. WR-268-AVV Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention to Improve Provider Uncorporated Professionals. WR-302-ICJ Competencies. LRP-200508-06 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare in the Current Use of an Electronic Monitoring System for Self- Population Survey. WR-169-2 Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force LRP-200509-20 Management Approach. MG-131-AF Using Categorisations of Citations When Assessing the Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Outcomes from Health Research. LRP-200500-09 Cancer Chemotherapy. LRP-200506-05 Using Contingent Choice Methods to Assess Consumer Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: Implications of Preferences About Health Plan Design. Alternative Protocols. MG-244-RC LRP-200510-17 Unintended Consequence of Centralized Public School Using Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict and Funding in Michigan Education. LRP-200501-25 Manage Pediatric Health Care. LRP-200508-23 The United Kingdom's Naval Shipbuilding Industrial Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and Function Status in Base: The Next Fifteen Years. MG-294-MOD Children with Arthritis. LRP-200505-13 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Using an Empirical Method for Establishing Clinical Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and Production Outcome Targets in Disease Management Programs. Resources. MG-326/1-MOD LRP-200406-24 The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Using the Logsum as an Evaluation Measure: Literature Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles and Required and Case Study. WR-275-AVV Technical Resources. MG-326/2-MOD Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Tool for The United Kingdom's Nuclear Submarine Industrial Base. Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation Vol. 3, Options for Initial Fueling. MG-326/3-MOD System. TR-291-LACPD The United States and Europe Should Work Together to A Value-Added Modeling Approach for Examining the Build a Multinational Global Navigation Satellite Relationship Between Reform Teaching and System. RB-169-AF Mathematics Achievement. WR-262-EDU The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through Predispute Prostate Risk Assessment Score: A Straightforward Arbitration Clauses: The Average Consumer's and Reliable Preoperative Predictor of Disease Experience. RP-1156 Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy. WIC Eligibility and Participation. LRP-200306-29 LRP-200506-21 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to Rising Health Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End Support Insurance Costs. WR-252 Considerations. MG-350-AF The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify Unraveling the SES-Health Connection. RP-1170 the Effects of Internetting of Fires to the Future Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and Regional Force. TR-170-A Challenges in Allegheny County. RB-9088-HE Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in Updated Estimates of the Impact of Prenatal Care on the United States. LRP-200509-07 Birthweight Outcomes by Race. LRP-199209-01 187

Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective Than Diet and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People Lose Weight. RB-9140 Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: A Summary of the US Experience. LRP-200502-21 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change. Book-998875 Welfare-Enhancing Technological Change and the Growth of Obesity. LRP-200505-01 What Factors Affect the Military Enlistment of Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment Qualifications. DB-484-OSD What Have We Learned About Establishing Internal Security in Nation-Building? RB-9135-RC What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field. LRP-200503-28 Who Has Time to Sleep. LRP-200506-02 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the 1990's? The Importance of Entry. RP-1087 Will Smallpox Vaccinations Save Lives? RB-4554-1 Withdrawing Liquid Assets: How Demographics Trends Affect the Freshwater Supply. RB-9102-CF Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, the Netherlands, and the United States. WR-280 Working Around the Military: Challenges of Military Spouse Employment. RB-9056-OSD Worksite-Based Parenting Programs to Promote Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Content. LRP-200506-08 Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Alternative to Precision Guided Munitions Planning. RGSD-195 188 ABSTRACTS

BOOKS form the basis for major decisions. Most of the decisions that inspired great controversy in the 1960s are taken as bedrock defense policy today, and the methods adopted Book-998875 Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade with such pain have become embedded as the DoD’s of Change. J. Grogger, L. A. Karoly. 2005. approach to defining and resolving issues. This book was During the 1990s the United States undertook the greatest originally published with the same title, New York, N.Y., social policy reform since the Social Security Act of 1935. Harper & Row, 1971, and includes a new foreword by In Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change, Kenneth J. Krieg and David S. C. Chu. Ordering Jeffrey Grogger and Lynn Karoly assemble evidence from information online at http://www.rand.org/publications/ numerous studies, including nearly three dozen social CB/CB403/. experiments, to assess how welfare reform has affected behavior. To broaden our understanding of this wide- ranging policy reform, the authors evaluate the evidence in relation to an economic model of behavior. The evidence MONOGRAPHS they collect reveals the trade-offs that policymakers face in achieving the conflicting goals of promoting work, reducing dependency, and alleviating need among the MG-131-AF Understrength Air Force Officer Career poor. Finally, the authors identify numerous areas where Fields: A Force Management Approach. L. A. Galway, important gaps remain in our understanding of the effects R. J. Buddin, M. R. Thirtle, P. S. H. Ellis, J. D. Mele. of welfare reform. The book will be a crucial resource for 2005. policy economists, social policy specialists, other Generating and projecting aerospace power in the 21st professionals concerned with welfare policy, and students. century are technologically complex, requiring a myriad of (Published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, different skills. Recruiting, training, and retaining people Mass., 2005. Available only from booksellers or the with the necessary mix of skills are major challenges for publisher.) Ordering information online at http://www. the U.S. Air Force's personnel community. Many career rand.org/publications/CB/CB398/. fields have been under strength for several years. This condition, together with the recent sharp increases in Book-998876 How Much Is Enough? Shaping the deployments (especially after the September 2001 attacks), Defense Program, 1961–1969. A. C. Enthoven, K. W. has resulted in "stressed" career fields: too much work for Smith. 2005. too few people. This study's original charter was to A work of enduring value and lasting relevance, this book examine career fields that have been "chronically and is both a classic account of the application of powerful critically" under strength over time, and to look for root ideas to the problem of managing the Department of causes and potential solutions. We initially pursued a case- Defense (DoD) and a cautionary history of the study approach, focusing on five varied career fields from controversies inspired by that successful effort. Robert S. the set of non-rated line officers. Although each selected McNamara took office in 1961 convinced that the career field had its own set of problems, the details of Secretary of Defense, rather than the services, should those problems and potential solutions were widely known control the evaluation of military needs and should choose to the managers. However, the managers had little or no among alternatives for meeting those needs. His device access to relevant policy levers, such as accession and was a new system for allocating defense resources, the retention policy, which are the basic components of force Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS), management. This systemic disconnect in force which was based on six fundamental ideas: (1) Decisions management lies at the root of many of the current should be based on explicit criteria of national interest, not understrength problems. After consulting with our on compromises among institutional forces. (2) Needs and sponsor, the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel costs should be considered simultaneously. (3) Major (AF/DP), we reoriented the project to develop an overall decisions should be made by choices among explicit, framework for force management that would identify roles balanced, feasible alternatives. (4) The Secretary of and organizations that could provide analysis and Defense should have an active analytic staff to provide diagnosis of understrength conditions and could also him with relevant data and unbiased perspectives. (5) A execute appropriate policy interventions to solve the multiyear force and financial plan should project the problems. Determination of personnel requirements, consequences of present decisions into the future. (6) accessions, retention, education and training, assignments, Open and explicit analysis, available to all parties, should and promotions must be managed closely and attentively, 189 and such management must be performed at three different MG-146/1-RC Helping a Palestinian State Succeed: levels, which we denote by the familiar military terms of Key Findings. S. Simon, C. R. Anthony, G. E. Robinson, tactical (assignments of individual officers and their D. C. Gompert, J. D. Green, R. E. Hunter, C. R. Neu, K. I. individual careers), operational (individual career fields, or Shine, J. L. Adams, A. K. Afifi, C. Benard, M. Bernstein, a set of closely related fields), and strategic (the total Air D. Brannan, C. R. Cook, K. Crane, R. J. Deckelbaum, K. Force workforce, including overall force size, Fonkych, C. A. Goldman, D. G. Groves, S. G. Jones, K. F. officer/enlisted and component mix, and the balance McCarthy, A. Moreen, B. Nichiporuk, K. J. Riley, M. between individual career fields). We contend that the root Schoenbaum, A. R. Timilsina, D. R. Suisman. 2005. of understrength problems is gaps in force management, The United States, the European Union, Russia, and the particularly at the operational and strategic levels, and that United Nations-along with Israel and the Palestinian operational-level force management is the key to force Authority-all officially support the establishment of an management as a whole-providing both the policy independent Palestinian state. This book summarizes framework that guides tactical-level management and the research conducted by the RAND Corporation from basic informational input for strategic-level decisions. Our September 2002 to September 2004 to develop recommendation for the operational-level job is to make recommendations, based on rigorous analysis, about steps the career field manager a full-time position and to put a that Palestinians, Israel, the United States, and the senior functional officer in the position, as well as international community could take to promote the success providing career field managers with dedicated and of a new state if it is established. The first study identified standardized analytic support. Online access: the requirements for a successful Palestinian state. The http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG131/. study team surveyed a broad array of political, economic, social, resource, and environmental challenges that a new MG-146-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian Palestinian state would face. They also estimated the State. S. Simon, C. R. Anthony, G. E. Robinson, D. C. investment required over the first ten years of statehood to Gompert, J. D. Green, R. E. Hunter, C. R. Neu, K. I. help ensure security, build infrastructure, and facilitate the Shine, J. L. Adams, A. K. Afifi, C. Benard, M. Bernstein, success of the new state. The second study explored D. Brannan, C. R. Cook, K. Crane, R. J. Deckelbaum, K. options for addressing the housing, transportation, and Fonkych, C. A. Goldman, D. G. Groves, S. G. Jones, K. F. related infrastructure needs of a burgeoning Palestinian McCarthy, A. Moreen, B. Nichiporuk, K. J. Riley, M. population. The study explicitly considered issues related Schoenbaum, A. R. Timilsina. 2005. to potential immigration to a new Palestinian state of a The United States, the European Union, Russia, and the substantial number of diaspora Palestinian refugees. The United Nations-along with Israel and the Palestinian research team developed initial cost estimates for Authority-all officially support the establishment of an implementing their recommendations. The cost estimates independent Palestinian state. This study focuses on a developed in these studies suggest that the funding single analytical question: How can an independent necessary to implement RAND's recommendations is Palestinian state, if created, be made successful? This within the capacity of combined international resources book, a collaboration between two units of the RAND and private investors. RAND's analyses assume a peace Corporation-RAND Health and the RAND Center for accord, but many of the recommendations in both studies Middle East Public Policy-examines what it will take to could be implemented constructively prior to Palestinian put the new state on the road to stability and economic, independence. Readers in search of more information political, and social prosperity over the first decade of its should consult the respective volumes: The RAND independence. The authors examine options for Palestinian State Study Team, Building a Successful strengthening the governance of the new state and the Palestinian State, Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND structures and processes that will ensure its public safety Corporation, MG-146-DCR, 2005; and Doug Suisman, and security. They describe approaches for promoting the Glenn E. Robinson, Steven N. Simon, C. Ross Anthony, state's economic development, access to safe and adequate and Michael Schoenbaum, The Arc: A Formal Structure supplies of water, health and health care, and education, for a Palestinian State, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND identifying ways that leverage Palestine's many strengths Corporation, MG-327-GG, 2005. Online access: and address the many challenges a new state will face. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG146.1/. Finally, the authors estimate the investment required over the first ten years of statehood to help ensure security, MG-162-ICJ Asbestos Litigation. S. J. Carroll, D. R. build infrastructure, and facilitate the success of the new Hensler, J. Gross, E. M. Sloss, M. Schonlau, A. F. state. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Abrahamse, J. S. Ashwood. 2005. MG/MG146/. Asbestos litigation is the longest-running mass tort litigation in U.S. history. Through 2002, approximately 730,000 individuals who had been exposed to asbestos 190 have brought claims against some 8,400 business entities, serious inefficiency had to do with strict rules of and almost as many more future claims are likely. engagement and a resultant target-approval bottleneck at Defendants and insurers have spent a total of $70 billion CENTCOM that often allowed many important but on asbestos litigation through 2002, more than half of fleeting attack opportunities to slip away. The author which was consumed by claimants' and defendants' emphasizes, however, several distinctive achievements in litigation expenses. This monograph presents the most this war, including the use of SOF-enabled precision comprehensive description to date of asbestos litigation. It weapons that were effective irrespective of weather, the offers detailed analyses of asbestos litigation through 2002 first combat use of Predator unmanned aerial vehicles and, in some respects, to summer 2004. The authors report armed with Hellfire missiles, and the integrated on what happened to those who have claimed injury from employment of high-altitude drones and other air- and asbestos, what happened to the defendants in those cases, space-based sensors that gave CENTCOM unprecedented and how lawyers and judges have managed the cases, with round-the-clock awareness of enemy activity. Online an overall focus on how the litigation system has been access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG166/. performing in resolving asbestos claims. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG162/. MG-179-NAVY/USMC A Preliminary Investigation of Ship Acquisition Options for Joint Forcible Entry MG-166-CENTAF Air Power Against Terror: Operations. R. W. Button, I. Blickstein, J. Gordon, P. A. America's Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom. B. S. Wilson, J. Riposo. 2005. Lambeth. 2005. In the global security environment of the future, sea basing The terrorist attacks of 9/11 plunged the United States into (loosely speaking, the ability to assemble, equip, and a determined counteroffensive against Osama bin Laden support forces from sea platforms without relying on land and his al Qaeda terrorist network. This report details the bases) will be critical to the Navy and Marine Corps' initial U.S. military response to those attacks, namely, the ability to project-and sustain-forces ashore. With sea destruction of al Qaeda’s terrorist infrastructure and the basing, Marine combat power can build up more quickly removal of the ruling Taliban regime in Afghanistan. It in a littoral area, and the need to move large amounts of first outlines the efforts of the Bush administration to supplies ashore will be minimized. As such, sea basing prepare for war, including pulling together an effective clearly will be useful in the event of joint forcible entry coalition, crafting a war strategy, moving forces and operations (JFEOs). This monograph describes the global materiel to the region, forging alliances with indigenous environment in which JFEOs might occur and the role of anti-Taliban elements in Afghanistan, laying the naval power in that environment. It also examines and groundwork for a target-approval process, and planning analyzes various options for substituting naval ships built for humanitarian relief operations. It then follows the to commercial standards (so-called black hulls) for those unfolding of Operation Enduring Freedom from its built to military specifications (so-called gray hulls) to beginning, starting with air strikes against Taliban early achieve cost savings or enhanced performance. Online warning radars, airfields, ground force facilities, and other access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG179/. fixed targets. The author also explains how allied Special Operations Forces (SOF) were successfully inserted into MG-181-A Urban Battle Command in the 21st Afghanistan and how those forces, enabled by U.S. air Century. R. W. Glenn, G. Kingston. 2005. power, were eventually able to work with indigenous Urban areas are notorious for complicating operational friendly Afghan fighters in defeating and routing the planning, command, control, and the communications that Taliban. He then outlines problems that were later facilitate the three. Frequent interruptions of line of sight encountered in Operation Anaconda- an initiative by U.S. due to the prolificacy of man-made structures interfere Army forces to push into the high mountains of with radio and global positioning system signals. They Afghanistan where hard-core al Qaeda holdouts were often combine with extreme noise, dust, smoke, and light known to be regrouping. This was to be a conventional conditions to impede leader control at all echelons. The ground force operation, but unexpected resistance and density of noncombatants and their potentially crucial resultant fierce fighting required the emergency influence on friendly force success further demand summoning of fixed-wing air power. This air involvement effective employment and synchronization of proved pivotal in producing a successful outcome and, in psychological operations, civil affairs, public affairs, and hindsight, pointed to the failure of Operation Anaconda’s other resources. Savvy use of existent systems, employing planners to make the most of the potential synergy of air, decentralized control procedures, and innovation all have space, and land power that was available to them. The their place in overcoming these inherent limitations in the author describes some of the friction and conflicts that service of achieving objectives across the spectrum of arose within U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) over conflict. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ how best to use air power in the war. Perhaps the most MG/MG181/. 191

MG-184-RC Dissuading Terror: Strategic Influence Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ and the Struggle Against Terrorism. K. Cragin, S. MG186/. Gerwehr. 2005. MG-191-A Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress U.S. government decisionmakers face a number of Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare. T. challenges as they attempt to form policies that aim to C. Helmus, R. W. Glenn. 2005. dissuade terrorists from attacking the United States, divert youths from joining terrorist groups, and persuade the Combat stress casualties are not necessarily higher in city leaders of states and nongovernmental institutions to operations than operations on other types of terrain. withhold support for terrorists. The successes or failures of Commanders and NCOs in the U.S. military should such policies and campaigns have long-lasting effects. develop the necessary skills to treat and prevent stress This report attempts to help these decisionmakers see the casualties and understand their implications for urban potential use of influence campaigns in the war on operations. Consequently, the authors provide an overview terrorism. To do this, the authors gauge the lessons learned of combat stress reaction (CSR) in the form of a review of from past U.S. operations, analyzing the "de-Nazification" its known precipitants, its battlefield treatment, and the efforts of postwar Germany, the psychological operations preventive steps commanders can take to limit its extent conducted during the Vietnam War, and the support of and severity. In addition, to enhance the understanding of anticommunist movements and resources in Poland the risks that urban operations pose to the development of throughout the Cold War. Although stipulating that CSR, the authors interviewed participants in former urban influence campaigns are highly sensitive to their operations and reviewed historical and contemporary respective operational environments, the authors arrive at documents. Many of those interviewed suggest that urban the following general guidelines for the use of persuasion operations are inordinately stressful and that the risk of in the struggle against terrorism: match objectives, CSR may be high. But historical data from the battles of message, and delivery to the audience; incorporate Brest, Manila, and Hue, as well as others, show no feedback mechanisms in the planning stage; and set evidence of increased rates of stress casualties. The realistic expectations. They then apply these guidelines to authors also review treatment and prevention steps from three different types of audiences in the Muslim world- the perspective of military operations on urbanized terrain. Yemen, Indonesia, and diaspora communities in Germany. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ The authors note that the use of strategic influence is not MG191/. and probably never will be a "silver bullet" to removing the threat of terrorism; however, the research herein MG-193-AF Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. should help bring U.S. decisionmakers closer in refining K. F. Lynch, J. G. Drew, R. S. Tripp, C. R. Roll. 2005. how and in what circumstances such campaigns can best Since 1997, RAND has studied options for configuring an be applied. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Agile Combat Support (ACS) system that would enable publications/MG/MG184/. the achievement of Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) goals. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) offered an MG-186-EDU California's K-12 Public Schools: How opportunity to examine the implementation of new ACS Are They Doing? S. J. Carroll, C. S. Krop, J. Arkes, P. A. concepts in a wartime environment. In 2000, Project AIR Morrison, A. Flanagan. 2005. FORCE helped evaluate combat support lessons from California's public schools, once considered to be among Joint Task Force Noble Anvil (JTF NA), the U.S. the nation's best, are now being questioned as to their component of Operation Allied Force, in Serbia. In 2002, condition, performance, and ability to meet the needs of Project AIR FORCE evaluated combat support lessons the state's diverse student population. This report describes from Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), in Afghanistan. the condition and performance of California's K-12 public Some of the concepts and lessons learned from JTF NA schools. It describes the schools' student population, the and OEF were implemented in supporting OIF. Supporting resources provided to the schools (finances, teachers, and Air and Space Expeditionary Forces: Lessons from facilities), and the schools' outcomes. In looking at the Operation Iraqi Freedom presents an analysis of combat outcomes, it first focuses on student academic support experiences associated with Operation Iraqi achievement, as measured by standardized tests, and then Freedom, the war in Iraq, and compares these experiences turns to outcomes that schools may influence and that are with those associated with JTF NA, in Serbia, and the first inadequately captured in test scores. These include both 100 days of OEF. The analysis offered an opportunity to educational attainment measures (high school graduation compare findings and implications from JTF NA, OEF, and continuation on to college) and nonacademic measures and OIF. Its objectives were to indicate how combat (teenage pregnancy, substance abuse, and delinquency). support performed in the OIF scenario; examine how ACS The report analyzes trends within the state and compares concepts were implemented in OIF; and compare JTF NA, California to other states and to the nation as a whole. OEF, and OIF experiences to determine similarities and 192 applicability of lessons across experiences and to and to subsequently include them in the design process. determine whether some experiences are unique to Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ particular scenarios. The report focuses on experiences MG198/. from OIF and what those experiences imply for combat support system design to ensure that AEF goals can be MG-198/1-MOD Insights and Strategies for achieved. Combat support planning and execution (CSC2) Improving Project Management in the United Kingdom's processes and command and control organizational Military Shipbuilding Industry. J. F. Schank, H. Pung, G. alignments have improved since JTF NA and OEF. The T. Lee, M. V. Arena, J. L. Birkler, D. Rushworth, J. implementation of pieces of the future, or TO-BE, CSC2 Chiesa, J. Riposo, C. A. Grammich. 2005. operational architecture aided in this development, After a decade of reduced demand for naval ships, the although integrating deliberate planning processes and United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MOD) is crisis planning activities requires more work. As well, preparing to embark on an ambitious plan to modernize a austere forward operation locations (FOLs) and an large portion of its fleet. This increase in naval immature theater infrastructure made early planning, shipbuilding will present a challenge to the shipbuilding knowledge of the theater, and FOL preparation more industrial base, which consolidated and reduced resources important. Survey information to develop FOLs was more due to the decreased demand for naval ships and the loss readily available during OIF because of other ongoing of a commercial market. With an eye to bettering the operations in the region. The Commander, Air Combat processes of military shipbuilding, the MOD's Defence Command (ACC/CC), sponsored this research, which was Procurement Agency (DPA) asked the RAND Corporation conducted in the Resource Management Program of to look at ways in which the agency could gain insights RAND's Project AIR FORCE, in coordination with the Air and understanding into shipbuilding issues with the aim of Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Installations and Logistics strengthening project planning, promoting efficiencies, (AF/IL). The research for this report was completed in and improving management. The series herein provides August 2003. This report should be of interest to insights and answers the following specific questions: logisticians, operators, and mobility planners throughout —How could greater use of advanced outfitting to reduce the Department of Defense, especially those in the Air shipyard workload and of outsourcing to expand the Force. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ organizations in the shipbuilding industrial base in the MG/MG193/. Future Aircraft Carrier Programme increase the likelihood of on-schedule completion of that and other DPA MG-198-MOD Outsourcing and Outfitting Practices: programmes? —What metrics would keep DPA informed Implications for the Ministry of Defence Shipbuilding on the progress towards completion of ship construction Programmes. J. F. Schank, H. Pung, G. T. Lee, M. V. projects and why do DPA funded programs tend to lag Arena, J. L. Birkler. 2005. commercial projects in on-time completion rates? —How The United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MOD) is are military and commercial shipbuilding different, and preparing for the construction of the Royal Navy's two what are the implications for diversifying the UK new Future Aircraft Carriers (CVFs), slated to enter shipbuilding industry's customer base? These reports service in 2012 and 2015, respectively. The CVFs could should be of special interest not only to the DPA, but also be the largest warships ever built in the United Kingdom. to service and defence agency managers and policymakers But what will the best construction strategies be, and will involved in shipbuilding on both sides of the Atlantic. It the UK workforce be able to meet the demands posed by should also be of interest to shipbuilding industrial the CVF in addition to the Royal Navy's other ongoing executives in the United Kingdom. programmes? At the request of the MOD, the RAND Corporation looked at the risks of current UK shipbuilding MG-202-OSD Modeling Reserve Recruiting: practices and estimated the cost implications of using Estimates of Enlistments. J. Arkes, M. R. Kilburn. 2005. alternative manufacturing options. The researchers Reserve components are increasingly being called upon to gathered information primarily via surveys sent to major provide support across the entire spectrum of military shipbuilders in the United Kingdom, the United States, operations and have been key to operations in Iraq and and across Europe. They find, generally, that UK Afghanistan. Therefore, the issue of their readiness is shipbuilders should continue to use their current critical for national military strategy. The authors examine subcontracting practices but also take advantage of reserve recruiting and the likely challenges facing the standards such as those used in commercial outfitting in reserve components in the future. The authors make a the rest of Europe and Asia, which focus on installation methodological contribution by separately examining and assembly at the earliest possible construction phase. prior-service and non-prior-service recruits into the The researchers also encourage MOD shipbuilding reserves, with the justification that the two types of programmes to identify subcontractors as early as possible recruits are typically at different stages of life and face 193 different choices. With an emphasis on non-prior-service MG-219-A Alternative Futures and Army Force recruits, the authors estimate a model that incorporates the Planning: Implications for the Future Force Era. B. simultaneous decisions of recruits to join the reserves, Nichiporuk. 2005. active duty, or neither. The authors find that several To help the U.S. Army with force planning for the 2025 policy, demographic, and economic factors had sizeable era, this study uses the tool of alternative futures analysis. and significant effects on both active duty and reserve It bounds the future the Army will face by laying out a recruiting. States with educational incentives for National representative spectrum of different "future worlds" that Guard members have higher numbers of both reserve and hopefully illustrate the complete universe of future active duty recruits. In general, at lower levels of recruiter missions. By mixing and matching possible trends across density, both active duty and reserve recruiting benefit five key areas (geopolitics, economics, demographics, from the addition of another recruiter, but as the number of technology, and environment), six alternative futures are recruiters rise, this benefit becomes successively smaller. created: "U.S. unipolarity" and "democratic peace" (best In addition, higher unemployment rates boosted both cases), "major competitor rising" and "competitive reserve and active duty recruiting, and larger portions of multipolarity" (medium-good cases), "transnational web" minority populations (including black and Hispanic) are (medium-bad case), and "chaos/anarchy" (worst case). also strong predictors of recruiting success. The authors After explaining the main features of each future, the examined other variables, including state rates of college study creates an appropriate "Army type" for each, education, state tuition rates, varying characteristics of through a three-step process: (1) a representative combat civilian employers, and demand of home and family scenario was created for each future, (2) the strategies-to- activities on men's time. The authors found that new tasks methodology was used to set out the raw capabilities approaches for models that estimate prior-service reserve needed for a given scenario, and (3) the force recruiting need to be developed that do not rely so heavily characteristics and size required to meet the needs on identifying a state for prior active duty members. presented in the capability statements were formulated. All Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ the needed characteristics were then bundled together to MG202/. form a basic Army type for a given future. The report concludes with a review and discussion of the common MG-205-A Improving the Army's Management of desired characteristics found across the six types. Online Reparable Spare Parts. J. R. Folkeson, M. K. Brauner. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG219/. 2005. This report addresses initial efforts to expand the Army's MG-225-HE Improving Maternal and Child Health logistics-process improvement efforts initiative by Care: A Blueprint for Community Action in the applying an integrative approach to improving the Pittsburgh Region. H. A. Pincus, S. B. Thomas, D. J. responsiveness, reliability, and efficiency of the Army's Keyser, N. Castle, J. W. Dembosky, R. W. Firth, M. D. national-level inventory management and depot-level Greenberg, N. Pollock, E. Reis, V. Sansing, S. H. Scholle. component-repair processes. The goal of these processes is 2005. to repair sufficient assets to replenish serviceable Community leaders in the Pittsburgh region have long inventories to meet the needs of requirements determined recognized the critical importance of the health and well- to support equipment readiness. The examination of the being of mothers, infants, and young children and have reparable-management process identified three key issues made intensive efforts to develop effective community- that need to be addressed: (1) the impact of uncertainty based early childhood interventions and support services. and variability in customer demands on long-term Despite these efforts, in several key areas, mothers and planning forecasts; (2) the need for increased emphasis on young children in this community are not receiving the near-term replanning for execution; and (3) the inability of health care services they need, and the result is premature repair responsiveness to meet changing requirements. A illness and preventable death. In 2002, The Heinz case study of the M88A1 armored recovery vehicle engine Endowments commissioned the RAND Corporation and is used to illustrate the integrated process-improvement the University of Pittsburgh, in partnership with the approach, and a variety of alternatives for improving both Department of Health and Department of Human Services planning and repair activities are presented. It is suggested in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, to establish a learning that a pilot effort be undertaken to develop and test collaborative of local stakeholders to (1) catalyze new alternative approaches to the implementation of thinking around the best evidence and practice for improvement initiatives. The results obtained in a pilot maternal and child health care; (2) assess the strengths, implementation could be measured, rules could be weaknesses, and barriers to improvement in the current adjusted, and confidence would be developed in the system; (3) identify targets for local policy reform; and (4) selected improvement approaches. Online access: develop a blueprint for action. This report provides an http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG205/. overview of the community-based approach through 194 which this work was undertaken, highlights key study reduce cost and improve schedule performance. Online findings, and outlines a vision, strategy, and action plan access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG235/. for achieving systemwide improvements in maternal and child health care processes and outcomes. Online access: MG-236-MOD Differences Between Military and http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG225/. Commercial Shipbuilding: Implications for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. J. L. Birkler, D. MG-231-A American Public Support for U.S. Military Rushworth, J. Chiesa, H. Pung, M. V. Arena, J. F. Schank. Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad. E. V. Larson, B. 2004. Savych. 2005. In the United Kingdom, the shipbuilding industry is The support of the American public is widely held to be a sustained largely by the government's purchases of naval critical prerequisite for undertaking military action abroad. and naval auxiliary vessels. The desire for a continuing This monograph examines American public opinion about efficient and robust shipbuilding industry has prompted the use of military force in support of the global war on the UK Ministry of Defence to ask: Can the United terrorism (GWOT). Its purpose is to describe public Kingdom's shipbuilding industry compete more broadly in attitudes toward wars and other large military operations commercial or foreign military markets? The prospects for over the last decade, to delineate the sources of support broadening UK shipyards' customer base appear to be and opposition for each war or operation, to identify the poor. The United Kingdom would face strong competitors principal fault lines in support, and to illuminate the in attempting to re-enter the commercial shipbuilding factors that are consistent predictors of support for and market. Japan and South Korea dominate the market for opposition to military operations. Although the focus is on ships of low and moderate complexity, mostly cargo ships public opinion toward U.S. military operations in and tankers of varying types. EU shipyards dominate the Afghanistan, Iraq, and other GWOT-related theaters of market for more-complex ships such as passenger vessels, action, the authors also examine public opinion on a although that market segment is also under pressure from number of military operations conducted before the attacks Asian shipbuilders. The United Kingdom certainly has a of September 11, 2001, including the final stages of the stronger industrial base to support military sales than it U.S. military intervention in Somalia and the U.S. does in the commercial arena, but the match between most interventions in Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo. Online access: current UK military ship products and global demand is http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG231/. not a close one. The military export market is largely a market for modestly priced frigates and small MG-235-MOD Monitoring the Progress of conventionally powered attack submarines. It is not clear Shipbuilding Programmes: How Can the Defence that a UK shipyard could build a conventional submarine Procurement Agency More Accurately Monitor Progress? at a competitive price; UK warships are, in general, too M. V. Arena, J. L. Birkler, J. F. Schank, J. Riposo, C. A. sophisticated and expensive to make them interesting to Grammich. 2005. potential importers. Furthermore, export contracts often require that most ships in an order be built in the importing As part of the annual assessment of its large projects, the country, thus limiting the benefit such sales may have for Defence Procurement Agency (DPA), part of the UK the exporter's construction workforce. Online access: Ministry of Defence, measures 'slippage'-the delay http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG236/. between a promised in-service date and the actual or projected in-service date. In response to the slippage of MG-240-MOD Options for Reducing Costs in the some recent shipbuilding programmes, the DPA asked United Kingdom's Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF) RAND to analyze how major shipbuilders and contractors Programme. J. F. Schank, R. J. Yardley, J. Riposo, H. monitor programme progress, to consider what Thie, E. G. Keating, M. V. Arena, H. Pung, J. L. Birkler, J. information would be useful for shipbuilders to provide R. Chiesa. 2005. the agency,and to understand why ships are delivered late and why commercial shipbuilders maintain a much better In 2012 and 2015, respectively, the United Kingdom's schedule performance than do military builders. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) will replace its three researchers surveyed major US, UK, and other European Invincible-class aircraft carriers with two Future Aircraft shipbuilders and found that earned value management was Carriers (CVFs), the largest ships ever constructed for the the more common method used to monitor progress. From Royal Navy. In preparation for this project, the MOD this and other metrics and procedures observed, the asked RAND to look at the economic implications, researchers recommend that the DPA consider adapting schedule impact, and technical risks of adopting new some of the current commercial practices, including technologies and alternative manufacturing options. The incentives for on-time deliveries and the use of on-site research described in this report, based on the design and representatives to quickly resolve late decision changes. manning data available at the time, focuses on possible The implementation of such recommendations could reductions in whole-life costs and manpower requirements 195 of the carriers. Concerning reduced acquisition costs-based ranging literature review intended to identify, frame, and on figures from various cost analysis models-the assess relevant OST issues. Drawing on recent studies the researchers suggest options such as using construction authors provide an objective view of the politicized debate practices from the commercial shipbuilding industry plus over the future of the field. They identify and address the commercial systems and equipment in place of military level of demand for OST services, the effectiveness of standard equipment wherever there is no adverse impact offerings, what constitutes quality in OST programs, how on operations or safety. Regarding personnel cost savings to encourage participation, and how to build further and complement-reducing initiatives, the researchers look community capacity. The report provides towards the practices of private-sector shipbuilding recommendations for improving the current debate companies and of navies around the globe. Based on this over provision. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ analysis, they recommend, for example, promoting a publications/MG/MG242/. cross-trained workforce with broad skills and using civilians to augment the ship's crew for nonwarfare MG-244-RC Unexploded Ordnance Cleanup Costs: responsibilities. Options for reducing the complement Implications of Alternative Protocols. J. MacDonald, C. examine the trade-offs of increased up-front investments Mendez. 2005. in technology with the corresponding manpower With continued military downsizing and base closures, reductions. As the CVF Integrated Project Team continues cleanup of unexploded ordnance (UXO) at former to explore its many options, the researchers remain weapons ranges has become one of the most costly optimistic that, given several factors indicated, the CVF's environmental problems the military faces. This study targets can be reached. Online access: http://www. examines cost estimation for UXO remediation conducted rand.org/publications/MG/MG240/. at closed military installations, the difficulties of accurately estimating cleanup costs, and the major effects MG-241-AF Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement that different cleanup requirements and methods can have Decisions with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice on cost. It assesses previous estimates of UXO cleanup Variable. E. G. Keating, D. Synder, M. C. Dixon, E. N. costs and evaluates the strengths and limitations of the Loredo. 2005. military's preferred cost-estimation tool, the remedial Continuing a sequence of RAND Corporation reports Action Cost Engineering Requirements (RACER) considering aging aircraft and the decision whether to software package. Using a modified method of repair or to replace them, this report presents a model of implementing RACER, the study shows how costs change the repair-replace decision and data describing the C-5A depending on which cleanup protocol is followed. The cargo aircraft. In the report, the authors examine the results show that the choice of cleanup protocol has major decision whether to modify or retire the C-5A fleet. They cost implications. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ also extend the modeling approach to evaluate prospective publications/MG/MG244/. investment in additional depot-level capacity. The study's preliminary conclusions are that the C-5A's planned MG-253-OSD Military Reengineering Between the reliability enhancement and re-engining program World Wars. B. D. Steele. 2005. modification is worthwhile if it occurs soon, as are This study analyzes the contrasting military responses of investments in its depot-level capacity. The U.S. Air Force various militaries to the internal combustion engine highly values an available C-5A year. Hence, the model is between World War I and World War II. The Italian, averse to large-scale queuing and delay in the C-5A British, and American armies adopted the tank but left maintenance system. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ basic military processes intact. The French army, virtually publications/MG/MG241/. all of the naval forces, and the U.S. Army Air Corps changed their processes (i.e., reengineered) but based their MG-242-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter: work on fallacious strategic assumptions. The Red Army, Evidence for an Action Agenda. S. J. Bodilly, M. Beckett. the German Wehrmacht, and the U.S. Marine Corps, 2005. despite relatively successful reengineering attempts, A loosely connected set of providers, clients, sponsors, discovered serious shortfalls when their new forces were and intermediaries make up the local markets referred to exposed to combat but were able to use feedback to as the out-of-school-time (OST) field. This field and the correct the errors of their peacetime reengineering efforts. actors in it have been evolving in response to shifts in the For the Germans, however, such feedback came too late to economy, the growing demand for services associated avoid catastrophic defeat. Five conditions are necessary with increased numbers of working mothers in the labor for successful military reengineering: a willingness to force, concerns over youth development or the lack exploit new technological opportunities systematically; the thereof, and increased academic expectations for youth ability to anticipate and prepare for the range of future programs. This report presents the findings of a broad- strategic demands; securing sufficient resources (financial, 196 material, and human) for the reengineering process-both this book, RAND experts in public policy and externally from civilian political authorities and internally management suggest practical ways to implement the from the military ranks; the ability to balance the skilled, recommendations and define a research agenda for the traditional warrior and the scientific or rational analyst; future. This volume comprises thirteen essays that address and the ability to objectively diagnose weaknesses in the the primary problem areas identified by the Volcker reengineered processes and to proceed to correct them Commission, along with the text of the commission report expeditiously. The countries' experiences have lessons for itself. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ modern-day efforts to transform U.S. military forces. MG/MG256/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ MG253/. MG-258-ICJ An Evaluation of California’s Permanent Disability Rating System. R. T. Reville, S. A. Seabury, F. MG-255-EDU Examining Gaps in Mathematics Neuhauser, J. F. Burton, M. R. Greenberg. c2005. Achievement Among Racial Ethnic Groups, 1972–1992. The process for evaluating the severity of permanent M. Berends, S. R. Lucas, T. Sullivan, R. J. Briggs. 2005. disabilities due to workplace injuries for the purpose of As schools in the United States become more output determining workers' compensation benefits has long been driven, students, educators, administrators, and a matter of considerable controversy in California. The policymakers are being held accountable for improving the state's disability rating system has been criticized as being academic achievement of all students. Federal education inconsistent and prone to promote disputes over the policy now mandates that states, districts, and schools appropriate level of permanent disability benefits. This monitor achievement gaps among students of different monograph follows up on an earlier interim briefing on socioeconomic, racial-ethnic, and language groups. This California's permanent disability rating schedule. Here, the book examines several nationally representative senior authors provide a systematical evaluation of California's high school student cohorts between the early 1970s to permanent disability ratings system that was used prior to early 1990s to understand trends in the mathematics scores the state's 2004 workers' compensation reform efforts. of these different racial-ethnic groups, and analyzes how They examine the extent to which workers with higher changes in family, school, and schooling measures help disability ratings experience higher earnings losses, and explain changes in the test score gaps over time. The the extent to which workers with similar ratings for authors find that there were positive changes in some impairments in different parts of the body experience socioeconomic family background characteristics for black similar earnings losses. Among other analyses, they and Latino students, helping them narrow the gap with examine the consistency with which physicians evaluate white students. Moreover, although there were few the same injuries. They discuss the implication of these positive changes between schools, the within-school results, for California and potentially for other states, with experiences of black and Latino students changed for the a focus on interpreting the results in light of the recent better compared with white students when measured by reforms. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ student self-reported academic track placement. Despite MG/MG258/. some beneficial changes for black and Latino students, inequalities persist. The authors point out the possibilities MG-260-1-AF Modernizing China's Military: of various policies that address improving the Opportunities and Constraints. K. Crane, R. Cliff, E. S. socioeconomic and educational opportunities of students. Medeiros, J. C. Mulvenon, W. H. Overholt. 2005. Policymakers should think in more creative, coordinated, To help the U.S. Air Force assess the resources the and comprehensive ways if the nation is to more government of the People's Republic of China is likely to effectively address student achievement gaps. Online spend on its military over the next two decades, this study access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG255/. projects future growth in Chinese government expenditures as a whole and the military in particular, MG-256-PRGS High-Performance Government: evaluates the current and likely future capabilities of Structure, Leadership, Incentives. R. E. Klitgaard, P. C. China's defense industries, and compares likely future Light, G. F. Treverton, R. J. Lempert, S. W. Popper, S. M. Chinese expenditures on defense with recent expenditures Gates, L. E. Davis, F. A. Camm, J. Dumond, R. Eden, A. by the United States and the U.S. Air Force. Although A. Robbert, B. J. Asch, J. A. Klerman, L. S. Hamilton, J. economic growth in China is destined to slow, output will Fedderke, K. Akramov. 2005. still triple by 2025. In addition, government reforms hold In 2003, the National Commission on the Public Service, the promise of improving the weak performance of China's chaired by Paul Volcker, issued a report detailing the defense industries. Although the researchers' high-end serious problems within the federal government today and forecast of military expenditures is based on the presenting a series of recommendations calling for assumption that the Chinese government would be able to changes in its organization, leadership, and operations. In spend 5.0 percent of GDP on defense, they believe that 197 pressures within China to increase social spending on Gonzales, M. P. Johnson, J. McEver, D. Leedom, G. health care, pensions, education, and the environment, Kingston, M. S. Tseng. 2005. coupled with the costs of paying the Chinese government's The authors of this report seek to understand how liabilities, make it more likely that military spending will network-centric operations (NCO) capabilities are a source not rise above 2.3 percent of GDP. Using a combination of of combat power for the Army's Stryker brigade and to projected market and purchasing power parity exchange determine the extent to which the tenets of NCO are rates, the authors forecast that Chinese military spending is realized by the unit. Using a broad range of measures of likely to rise from an estimated $69 billion in 2003 to $185 effectiveness, the authors compared the performance of a billion by 2025-approximately 61 percent of what the Stryker brigade with that of a nondigitized light infantry Department of Defense spent in 2003. Online access: brigade in certification exercises at the Joint Readiness http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG260-1/. Training Center and found that the Stryker brigade's superior networking capabilities, superior shared MG-262-A Success of First-Term Soldiers: The situational awareness, speed of command, and ability to Effects of Recruiting Practices and Recruit Characteristics. control the speed of command vastly improved the R. J. Buddin. 2005. brigade's performance in these exercises. Using NCO This monograph examines the relationship between measures of effectiveness, this analysis shed light on the recruiting practices and conditions and the first-term NCO capabilities that made the Stryker brigade a more success of Army soldiers. Success in the first term is agile and effective combat force. The authors conclude by important to the Army because recruiting soldiers is discussing the potential implications of future NCO expensive. If soldiers fail to complete their first terms, the capabilities for future Army forces. Online access: Army must recruit others to replace them, effectively http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG267–1/. doubling the cost. Given the expense of recruiting, the Army should reassess whether some management MG-268-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case strategies could improve the success rates for first-term Study: Air-to-Air Combat with and Without Link 16. D. soldiers. Events in a soldier's first term that show a R. Gonzales, J. S. Hollywood, G. Kingston, D. Signori. statistically significant relation to early loss include length 2005. of time in the Delayed Entry Program, gender (women The Link 16 communications system enables network- have consistently higher rates of attrition at each stage of centric operations (NCO) in ways that voice-only the first enlistment), and education (soldiers without high communications cannot. How does Link 16 increase the school diplomas drop out at an increased rate beginning mission effectiveness of U.S. air forces in combat translate with advanced individual training). Attrition can also vary into success in the air-to-air battle? More than 12,000 depending on the training installation, but high loss rates sorties were flown in the Joint Tactical Information during basic training have no effect on subsequent Distribution System Operational Special Project, where attrition. Thus, it does not appear that applying higher Link 16 and voice-only communications systems were standards in basic training reduces subsequent attrition in evaluated. Using a series of NCO performance metrics, the the enlistment cohort. All other things being equal, authors measured results and determined which areas were soldiers in combat arms have higher attrition rates than do improved by the use of Link 16 and by how much those in other occupations. Finally, promotion correlates compared to the voice-only system. They employed the positively with retention. Equally interesting are the NCO Conceptual Framework to assess the results of the influences that do not appear to make a major difference. project and found the framework's inference chains These include participation in the Army College Fund, consistent with the observations of experienced pilots. The term of enlistment, the recruiting environment, and almost threefold increase in force effectiveness with the characteristics of recruiters. Recommendations include Link 16 shows the merits of the system and NCO shorter time in the Delayed Entry Program for high school concepts. The authors conclude that further case studies seniors, a revisiting of the fitness training unit concept, should be conducted to examine more complex mission and imposition of consistent training standards and areas and provide further understanding of NCO concepts. policies. The monograph also recommends exploring Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ policies to help at-risk demographic groups such as MG268/. women and recruits who hold GEDs, as well as a review of the promotion program to ensure that the most able MG-269-AF Software Cost Estimation and Sizing soldiers are getting promoted. Online access: Methods: Issues, and Guidelines. S. L. Pfleeger, F. Wu, http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG262/. R. Lewis. 2005. MG-267-1-OSD Network-Centric Operations Case Accurate estimates of the software cost are a critical part Study: The Stryker Brigade Combat Team. D. R. of effective program management, particularly for large, 198 complex systems. Predicting the cost of software has from Air Force contracting officers on a sample of fiscal evolved, but the practice of cost prediction is far from year 2002 (FY02) DD350 records to assess the adequacy perfect. Military and commercial programs alike are and accuracy of DD350 data for conducting expenditure replete with examples of software cost estimates that differ analyses. The authors then extrapolated their findings from significantly from the actual costs at completion. Software the sample to reflect all Air Force FY02 DD350 contract Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods: Issues and actions. Among other findings, the authors determined that Guidelines recommends an approach to improving the the Product Service Codes (PSCs) used in the DD350 utility and accuracy of software cost estimates by exposing forms are not detailed enough to capture the full range of uncertainty (in understanding the project) and reducing the various goods and services purchased by the Air Force and risks associated with developing the estimates. The the PSCs for nearly 50 percent of contract actions are approach focuses on characteristics of the estimation coded inaccurately. Online access: http://www.rand. process (such as which methods and models are most org/publications/MG/MG274/. appropriate for a given situation) and the nature of the data used (such as software size). It describes risks in each of MG-276-AF Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and these factors in terms of symptoms and warning signs, and F/A-18 E/F Development Programs. O. Younossi, D. E. mitigation strategies for each. The techniques described in Stem, M. A. Lorell, F. M. Lussier. 2005. this report are based on a literature review and on analysis How can the Air Force and the other services profit from of software estimation and risk, in addition to general the experience of these two very different development lessons and guidance adapted from selected programs. programs? The F/A-18E/F is a new platform, but it This report should be of particular interest to those incorporates some of the key components of the legacy organizations or agencies that use software estimates in platform. The F/A-22, on the other hand, is completely the planning, budgeting, developing, or purchasing of new, but the authors believe the divergent histories of the software-intensive systems. It should also be of value to two-the F/A-22 has been delayed 52 months and has those involved in research and analysis of estimation experienced cost overruns while the F/A-18E/F was models and techniques. Online access: http://www. developed on time and on budget-have lessons to teach rand.org/publications/MG/MG269/. future acquisition decisionmakers. In this report, the authors present a detailed history of the two programs and MG-270-OCW Stimulating Science and Technology conclude that these decisionmakers can take several steps in Higher Education: An International Comparison of to reduce risk and improve the acquisition process, Policy Measure and Their Effectiveness. R. Hamer, E. including setting realistic schedule and cost estimates, Frinking, E. Horlings, S. Simmons. 2005. establishing a stable and experienced development team, RAND Europe has performed a study for the Dutch being aware of the risks entailed in concurrent Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. This study development of new technology, and carefully monitoring aims to increase the understanding regarding the influence airframe weight. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ of societal developments and policy initiatives on the publications/MG/MG276/. attractiveness and uptake of science and technology in higher education. This study consists of an international MG-277-A Implementation of the Diabetes Practice comparison across six European countries, examining how Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Final students make decisions about entering a certain study and Evaluation. D. Farley, G. Vernez, K. J. Dolter, S. Pieklik, assessing whether and how policies are addressing W. Tu, J. S. Ashwood, S. Cretin. 2005. these factors. The report concludes with a set of In partnership with the Army Medical Department recommendations to improve the low uptake of S&T in (AMEDD), RAND researchers have been working to the Netherlands. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ implement clinical practice guidelines in treatment of three publications/MG/MG270/. common ailments (diabetes, asthma, and low back pain). This report is an evaluation of the diabetes practice MG-274-AF An Assessment of Air Force Data on guideline demonstration. It documents the extent to which Contract Expenditures. L. S. Dixon, C. Shirley, L. H. intended actions were implemented, assesses short-term Baldwin, J. A. Ausink, N. Campbell. c2005. effects on clinical practices, and measures the quality and For the past several years, the U.S. Air Force has been limitations of available data for monitoring practice using data from the Individual Contracting Action Report improvements and clinical outcomes. The authors found form, also known as the DD350, to analyze its goods and that, although the implementation scored some notable services expenditures. This analysis is part of the Air successes, resource limitations and organizational barriers Force's efforts to develop new purchasing and supply curbed overall progress. They conclude that allowing for management strategies for important categories of goods flexibility, providing adequate resources, and learning and services. For this study, the authors collected data from experience are the keys to implementing practice 199 guidelines throughout AMEDD. Online access: In recent years, Arizona and California overwhelmingly http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG277/. passed ballot initiatives that were expected to divert minor, nonviolent drug offenders from incarceration-jail and MG-282-A Risk Management and Performance in the prison-to treatment. With respect to the prison population, Balkans Support Contract. V. A. Greenfield, F. A. Camm. it was unknown whether low-level drug offenders had a 2005. violent or lengthy criminal history that made prosecutors reluctant to drop the low-level drug charge, whether the Is the Army getting what it needs and managing risks quantity or type of drug involved influenced the appropriately in its combat service support contracts? This prosecution pattern, and whether there were differences report uses the Army's Balkans Support Contract and a across racial groups in the prosecution of low-level drug continuous risk-management framework to answer these offenders. This study was designed to fill those knowledge questions. On the basis of this case study, the authors gaps. The evidence from the period before the conclude that the Army has been getting what it needs, implementation of the initiatives supports prosecutors' though it might, at times, be bearing too much cost-related hypotheses that offenders sent to prison on low-level drug risk, and that few risks arise directly from the use of charges generally had more severe criminal histories, were contractors. They also see a need for more training for the involved with harder drugs, or were caught with Army's contracting personnel to better plan, coordinate, substantial quantities. The report's findings also show that and manage contracts. Online access: http://www.rand. marijuana offenders are not first- or second-time offenders org/publications/MG/MG282/. and are not treated more "harshly" or more "leniently" than other drug offenders. The authors generally found no MG-284-AF Building a Multinational Global differences in treatment of racial/ethnic groups, though in Navigation Satellite System: An Initial Look. R. Lewis, some cases small sample sizes made it difficult to reach M. Kennedy, E. Ghashghai, G. Bitko. 2005. definitive conclusions. Plea-bargaining for prison-bound The European Union plans to have its positioning, low-level drug offenders appears to be used in a manner navigation, and timing (PNT) system, Galileo, in initial consistent with prosecutorial practices aimed at operation in 2008. As envisioned, Galileo will function incarcerating drug offenders who are perceived to present and perform similarly to the U.S. Global Positioning a greater threat to the community. Online access: System (GPS), the preeminent PNT system now in http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG288/. existence. Policy leaders and technical experts have been attempting to find cooperative ways to provide users with MG-289-NAVY Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier the benefits of both systems in the future, but there is Fleet: Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life concern about the kinds of effects the existence of this Refueling. J. F. Schank, G. K. Smith, B. Alkire, M. V. new system may have on U.S. economic and security Arena, J. L. Birkler, J. R. Chiesa, E. G. Keating, L. interests. The authors concentrate on the economic impact Schmidt. 2005. of competition and cooperation that could result from the As the Navy builds the last of its Nimitz-class carriers, it implementation and operation of Galileo in the presence of asked RAND to study the trade-offs involved in GPS. The competitive environment is defined in terms of accelerating the production of its new CVN 21 carrier system interoperability and/or compatibility, strategies that while hastening the retirement of some of the Nimitz fleet. could be used to foster Galileo adoption, and schedules for What are the trade-offs involved in terms of cost, GPS modernization and Galileo development. The capability, and fleet size? RAND researchers looked at the cooperative environment is characterized as variation on Navy's existing plan and compared it with several the competitive environment. Information for the study alternatives and discovered that the Navy could modernize was gathered through literature reviews, discussions with its fleet with the higher-performance, lower-cost CVN 21 domain experts, and industry surveys. Recommendations at a cost premium no greater than 12 percent over its for the United States to consider now in anticipation of current plan. Allowing for the CVN's greater capability Galileo becoming a reality are offered. Online access: might permit the Navy to justify a smaller fleet size while http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG284/. it modernizes, and aggressive cost-cutting moves could reduce the cost premium significantly. The authors find no MG-288-RWJ Just Cause or Just Because? industrial base impediments to accelerating the program Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison and conclude that the importance the Navy attaches to the Sentences on Low-Level Drug Charges in California and increased fleet value premium should determine whether Arizona. K. J. Riley, N. Rodriguez, G. K. Ridgeway, D. the increased cost is a good investment. Online access: Barnes-Proby, T. Fain, N. G. Forge, V. Webb, L. J. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG289/. Demaine. 2005 200

MG-290-PCT Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting Program Changes. B. R. Orvis, L. L. McDonald, B. the Challenges of a New Era. K. F. McCarthy, E. H. Raymond, F. Wu. 2005. Ondaatje, A. C. Brooks, A. Szanto. 2005. The eArmyU continuing education program allows The third in a series that examines the state of the arts in enlisted soldiers to earn college credits while on active America, this analysis shows, in addition to lines around duty. This study sought to determine how to make the block for special exhibits, well-paid superstar artists, eArmyU available to more individuals while controlling flourishing university visual arts programs, and a global program costs. Historically, the primary cost of eArmyU expansion of collectors, developments in the visual arts had been attributed to the laptop computer provided also tell a story of rapid, even seismic change, systemic through the program. This study examined the effects of imbalances, and dislocation. Using the performing arts as the existing eArmyU program and of removing the laptop a comparison, this book shows that the visual arts appear or other provisions on outcomes including soldiers' better suited to the changing consumption and life styles of participation in the program, retention, duty performance, American consumers. Their visual character, for example, and quality of life. Four analytical approaches were used: makes them easily and readily experienced. They require a pilot test of alternative eArmyU programs, focus groups less time commitment than other art forms and their at pilot test sites, analysis of personnel records of enrollees appreciation can be tailored to Americans’ patterns of and nonenrollees in eArmyU, and an educational interest leisure consumption. But is the current picture as rosy as and career plans survey of 8,000 enlisted soldiers. Those rising attendance figures and art price indices suggest? especially likely to enroll in eArmyU include: African And will this success continue into the future? Using a Americans, females, AFQT Category I-IIIA soldiers, systemwide approach to examine the visual arts in the married soldiers, soldiers with dependents, and senior context of the broader arts environment and to identify the soldiers. The fully funded laptop is an important element major challenges they face, this book examines the underlying soldiers' participation in eArmyU; without it, possible answers to these questions. Earlier books in the eArmyU participation rates and the retention benefits of series include The Performing Arts in a New Era (MR- eArmyU are likely to decline significantly. Personnel 1367-PCT, 2001) and From Celluloid to Cyberspace: The records indicate that the current eArmyU program is Media Arts and the Changing Arts World (MR-1552-RF, associated with increased retention: eArmyU participants 2002). Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ have one year longer to their ETS date than MG/MG290/. demographically similar nonparticipants and 25 to 30 percent of participants extend or reenlist to participate. MG-291-A Reexamining Military Acquisition Study recommendations include ways to achieve the goals Reform: Are We There Yet? C. H. Hanks, E. I. Axelband, of increasing enlisted access to education opportunities, S. Lindsay, R. Malik, B. D. Steele. 2005. constraining eArmyU costs, and limiting soldiers' risk of recoupment. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ In the Department of Defense, 63 distinct acquisition publications/MG/MG293/. reform (AR) initiatives were undertaken in the 1989–2002 period. This monograph classifies the initiatives according MG-294-MOD The United Kingdom's Naval to various criteria: basic AR theme; relationship to Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The Next Fifteen Years. M. acquisition functions; Army recognition; coverage in the V. Arena, H. Pung, C. R. Cook, J. P. Marquis, J. Riposo, DoD 5000 series; relationship to Under Secretary G. T. Lee. 2005. Aldridge's five goals; coverage in Defense Acquisition University curricula; and relationship to industry The United Kingdom has many contracted and prospective attractiveness and return-on-investment models. The naval shipbuilding programmes on the horizon over the analysis made use of interviews with industry and Army next two decades, ranging from the Astute-class attack Program Management personnel, who were asked: What submarine to the Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF). The UK has been good about acquisition reform? What has been Ministry of Defence (MOD) wants to know whether the bad? What would you change? In general, industry and United Kingdom's existing naval shipbuilding industrial Army Program Management personnel acknowledge that base will be able to meet the requirements of the MOD's some good has come from some AR initiatives, but they future acquisition plan. Using extensive surveys and a argue that many serious structural and cultural breadth of data, RAND researchers looked at the capacity impediments still remain that hinder the ability of the of the UK naval shipbuilding industrial base and how acquisition process to deliver desired outcomes in terms of alternative acquisition requirements, programmes, and cost, schedule, and performance. Online access: schedules might affect this capability. Using the MOD's http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG291/. current plan, they focused on its potential impact in the areas of labour, facilities, and supplier demand. Overall, MG-293-A Increasing Participation in Army the researchers find that, using the 2004 planning Continuing Education: EArmyU and Effects of Possible assumptions, the overlap of certain large programmes 201 would cause a near-term peak in workload demand, commercial firms rely on results-oriented metrics that followed by a steady decline. To minimise such focus on how acquisition activities support corporate inconsistencies, they suggest that the MOD in the near objectives to manage their service acquisition activities. term consider, among other options, shifting the While not a commercial firm, the Air Force can learn from scheduling of the labour demand (known as "level- commercial firms' experiences in managing its service loading"); reexamining the current UK Defence Industrial acquisitions. The authors recommend a balanced portfolio Policy to allow non-UK firms to meet peak demand; and of performance metrics for the Air Force based on the five using alternative facilities to assist major construction major categories of results-oriented metrics that appeared during peak workload times. For the long term, the most often in their research: cost, quality, supplier researchers recommend, among other alternatives, that the satisfaction, implementation of new initiatives, and special MOD make long-term industrial planning outlooks of this interest items. Commercial firms indicated that in addition report's nature a regular occurrence, define an appropriate to the results-oriented metrics, internal management role for the United Kingdom's supporting offshore metrics that track internal customer satisfaction, personnel industry, and explore the advantages of interoperable training and retention, and ethics violations are also technologies for sharing design work. Online access: important. Selected metrics are reported to top-level http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG294/. executives on a regular basis. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG299/. MG-296-A How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield? Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing MG-301-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a Decisions. F. A. Camm, V. A. Greenfield. 2005. New Air-Ground Partnership. B. Pirnie, A. Vick, A. Grissom, K. P. Mueller, D. T. Orletsky. 2005. Can the Army improve the way it measures the risks of using civilian contractors in combat? This report proposes Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have a method for comparing the "residual risks" of using reawakened interest in the close air support (CAS) mission military and contract sources to perform specific support and have led to new efforts to improve the integration of activities on the battlefield. It applies the Army's standard air power and land power. The Army increasingly views approach to risk assessment, which identifies sources of air power as indispensable to its future warfighting risk, or "threat"; the risks the threats present; the concepts; the Air Force acknowledges the increasing opportunities to mitigate these risks; and the risk that importance of counterland operations but wants to ensure remains-the residual risk-when the Army chooses a that air power's unique flexibility and versatility are not particular course of action to mitigate risks. The approach lost in efforts to provide on-call fires to ground forces. considers choices of military and contract sources, with Whether air power or land power should predominate appropriate mitigation strategies, as alternative courses of depends on the situation. In particular situations, either action and compares the residual risks associated with might predominate, and their relationship is likely to shift each choice. The approach offers an orderly way to over the course of a campaign. This report examines translate relative inherent capabilities of military and alternative approaches to integrating air and land power, contract sources, terms of applicable status-of-forces addressing three major policy questions: (1) How should agreements, and threats at any particular place and time on air attack and ground maneuver be integrated? (2) How the battlefield into a comparison of the residual risks should the terminal attack control function be executed? associated with military outcomes, the safety of contract (3) How should ground maneuver/fires and air attack be personnel, resource costs, and other policy factors of deconflicted? The study recommends that the Army and greatest importance outside a particular contingency the Air Force work together to develop new concepts and setting. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ technologies to enhance the effective partnering of air and MG/MG296/. ground forces. New processes are needed to effectively designate targets while ensuring that essential oversight MG-299-AF Air Force Procurement: Approaches for remains with the terminal air controller, and improved Measurement and Management. L. H. Baldwin, J. A. control mechanisms should be developed to exploit the Ausink, N. Nicosia. 2005. benefits of the digital battlefield. As adversaries adapt and move away from massed motorized forces operating in the This research is based on a series of interviews with open to dispersed, smaller forces exploiting difficult commercial sector purchasing professionals who are terrain, a well practiced and developed air-ground respected by their peers for their successful creation and partnership will be increasingly necessary. Online access: implementation of what are widely accepted as best http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG301/. purchasing and supply management practices, particularly in the area of service acquisitions. The authors also MG-304-RC The UN's Role in Nation-Building: examine such practices through conference participation From the Congo to Iraq. J. Dobbins, S. G. Jones, K. and a review of the business literature. They find that 202

Crane, A. Rathmell, B. D. Steele, R. Teltschik, A. R. MR/MR1753 and http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ Timilsina. 2005. MG304/. Reviews nearly 50 years of UN nation-building efforts to MG-306-OSD Framing a Strategic Approach for Joint transform unstable countries into democratic, peaceful, Officer Management. H. Thie, M. C. Harrell, R. J. and prosperous partners. The authors examine the UN's Yardley, M. Oshiro, H. A. Potter, P. Schirmer, N. Lim. experience in the Congo, Namibia, El Salvador, c2005. Cambodia, Mozambique, Eastern Slavonia, Sierra Leone, and East Timor, as well as the U.S. experience in Iraq. The The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 forged a cultural book complements the authors' earlier study, America's revolution in the U.S. armed forces by improving the way Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq (MR- in which the Department of Defense (DoD) prepares for 1753-RC), which focuses on U.S.-led nation-building and executes its mission, in part by addressing joint officer efforts. UN missions are nearly always undermanned and personnel policies and management requirements. In the underfunded, with uneven troop quality and late-arriving past 15 years, successes in Iraq (Operations Desert components. But despite these handicaps, the UN success Shield/Storm), Bosnia, and Afghanistan, and more rate among missions studied-seven out of eight societies recently in Operation Iraqi Freedom, testify to the left peaceful, six out of eight left democratic-substantiates effectiveness of the joint military force and its warfighting the view that nation-building can be an effective means of potential. However, recent studies and assessments have terminating conflicts, insuring against their reoccurrence, suggested that a strategic approach for joint officer and promoting democracy. The authors conclude that the management in terms of education, assignment, and UN provides the most suitable institutional framework for promotion is necessary to address the challenges that DoD nation-building missions that require fewer than 20,000 confronts in preparing officers to serve in joint men-one with a comparatively low cost structure, a organizations and leadership positions. This RAND comparatively high success rate, and the greatest degree of research, sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary international legitimacy. American or other major power of Defense (Personnel and Readiness), revisits Goldwater- leadership is, by contrast, needed for operations which Nichols and defines and frames a strategic approach to require forced-entry operations or force levels in excess of further officers' development in joint matters. Online 20,000 soldiers. Unfortunately, the United States has been access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG306/. less successful than the UN in learning from its mistakes and improving its nation-building performance over time, MG-311-1-DCR Strengthening the Palestinian Health and this is reflected in the lower success rate among US- System. M. Schoenbaum, A. K. Afifi, R. J. Deckelbaum. led missions studied in this series. Online access: 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG304/. The Palestinian Authority, Israel, the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations all MG-304/1-RC The RAND History of Nation- officially support the establishment of an independent Building. J. Dobbins, K. Crane, S. G. Jones, J. G. Palestinian state. This study examines strategies for McGinn, A. Rathmell, R. Lal, B. D. Steele, R. M. strengthening the health system of a potential independent Swanger, R. Teltschik, A. R. Timilsina. 2005. Palestinian state. Successful development of the This two-volume set examines United States and United Palestinian health system is worthwhile in its own right, Nations nation-building missions since World War II. Its and it may be a relatively cost-effective way to help purpose is to analyze military, political, humanitarian, and demonstrate the tangible benefits of independence and economic activities in post-conflict situations, determine peaceful relations with neighboring countries. Moreover, key principles for success, and draw implications for implementation of many of the strategies described can future nation-building missions. The first volume, begin prior to independence. Research for this study was America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to mainly conducted between December 2002 and July 2003. Iraq, draws lessons from America's experiences in This study represents one component of a broader RAND rebuilding Germany, Japan, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Corporation analysis of options for structuring the Kosovo, and Afghanistan and suggests how these lessons institutions of a potential Palestinian state; all of the might be applied to the reconstruction of Iraq. Volume components are included in Building a Successful two, The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo Palestinian State, MG-146-DCR, 2005. Online access: to Iraq, contains the lessons learned from eight UN cases: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG311-1/. Belgian Congo, Namibia, El Salvador, Cambodia, Mozambique, Eastern Slavonia, Sierra Leone, and East MG-317-BMG The Challenges of Creating a Global Timor, and also examines the nation-building effort in Health Resource Tracking System. E. Eiseman, D. Iraq. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Fossum. 2005. 203

In recognition of the enormous health needs of developing MG-320-KISTEP Strategic Choices in Science and countries-most notably stemming from infectious diseases Technology: Korea in the Era of a Rising China. S. and the lack of basic health care, clean water, adequate Seong, S. W. Popper, K. Zheng. 2005. sanitation, and food-and, more recently, of the Millennium Active investment in China, finding more market Development Goals (MDGs)-which call for a dramatic opportunities in China, and strengthening the cooperative reduction in poverty and marked improvements in the relationship with China have so far been successful paths health of the poor by the year 2015-governments, for Korean companies and the government to take in international organizations, for-profit corporations, and response to China's new economic might. It is uncertain nonprofit organizations throughout the world regularly whether Korea can maintain its market position in both provide both cash and in-kind health resources to Chinese and world markets in the future as China becomes developing countries. These health resources are not more competitive in many industries where Korea tracked on a global level, however, which means that currently has a relative advantage. What should Korea do policymakers do not have the comprehensive, accurate, to confront these uncertainties and to maintain its and timely data they need to identify resource gaps, target economic dynamism? What would be appropriate assistance, avoid duplication of effort, and track progress strategies and policies for Korea to pursue, particularly in toward the MDGs. The RAND Corporation assessed science and technology? This study develops a simple existing systems for tracking health resource flows to and model of the Korean economy and four alternative S&T within developing countries to determine the purpose, strategies that Korea could follow and shows how those content, strengths, and limitations of these systems, with strategies may affect Korean prosperity, explicitly the objective of determining the characteristics that a truly considering the many uncertainties that Korea confronts. global health resource tracking system must have to meet Using the metric of average annual rate of growth in GDP the needs of potential users and address the limitations of per capita for Korea during the period leading to 2015, the current systems. The study involved extensive interviews authors assess each strategy for performance across an with people key to the operation and/or management of all ensemble of 100 future scenarios. Online access: major health resource data collections, detailed analyses of http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG320/. these data collections, literature reviews, and a technical consultation with experts involved in health resource MG-320/1-KISTEP Strategic Choices in Science and tracking. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Technology: Korea in the Era of a Rising China (Korean MG/MG317/. language version). S. Seong, S. W. Popper, K. Zheng. 2005. MG-319-A Implementation of the Asthma Practice Guideline in the Army Medical Department: Evaluation of Active investment in China, finding more market Process and Effects. D. Farley, S. Cretin, G. Vernez, S. opportunities in China, and strengthening the cooperative Pieklik, G. J. Dydek, E. S. Quiter, J. S. Ashwood, W. Tu. relationship with China have so far been successful paths c2005. for Korean companies and the government to take in response to China's new economic might. It is uncertain In partnership with the Army Medical Department whether Korea can maintain its market position in both (AMEDD), RAND researchers worked to implement Chinese and world markets in the future as China becomes clinical practice guidelines in treatment of three common more competitive in many industries where Korea ailments (asthma, diabetes, and low back pain). This report currently has a relative advantage. What should Korea do is an evaluation of the asthma practice guideline to confront these uncertainties and to maintain its demonstration. It documents the extent to which intended economic dynamism? What should Korea do to maintain actions were implemented, assesses short-term effects on its economic dynamism in light of these uncertainties? clinical practices, and measures the quality and limitations What would be appropriate strategies and policies for of available data for monitoring practice improvements Korea to pursue, particularly in science and technology? and clinical outcomes. The authors found that, although This study develops a simple model of the Korean the implementation scored some notable successes, economy and four alternative S&T strategies that Korea resource limitations and organizational barriers curbed could follow and shows how those strategies may affect overall progress. They conclude that allowing for Korean prosperity, explicitly considering the many flexibility, monitoring the facilities consistently, and uncertainties that Korea confronts. Using the metric of training providers thoroughly are the keys to implementing average annual rate of growth in GDP per capita for Korea the practice guidelines throughout AMEDD. The also during the period leading to 2015, the authors assess each concluded that patient education was an area in need of strategy for performance across an ensemble of 100 future improvement. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ scenarios. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ pubs/monographs/MG319/. publications/MG/MG320.1/. 204

MG-323-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools but is instead revealed on the job. Online access: in California and the Impact of SB 740. C. M. Guarino, R. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG324/. W. Zimmer, C. S. Krop, D. Chau. 2005. MG-326/1-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear Charter schools are publicly funded schools that have the Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 1, Sustaining Design and flexibility to operate outside normal district control. They Production Resources. J. F. Schank, J. Riposo, J. L. are designed to provide greater educational choice to Birkler, J. Chiesa. 2005. families, reduce bureaucratic constraints on educators, and provide competitive pressure to induce improvement in The complexity and uniqueness of a nuclear submarine conventional public schools while remaining publicly require special skills, facilities, and oversight not accountable. This document reports on an evaluation of supported by other shipbuilding programmes. In fact, a the legislatively mandated (under SB 740) process of single shipyard, Barrow-in-Furness, designs and builds the evaluating California's nonclassroom-based (NCB) charter United Kingdom's nuclear submarines, and many of the schools, in which instruction generally takes the form of vendors that support submarine construction are sole- independent study, home study, or some combination of source providers. With such specialisation, in addition to a these two with classroom-based instruction. The report limited design and production demand, there is concern concludes that the impact of SB 740 has been significant about whether the submarine industrial base can maintain and largely in accordance with the explicit goals of the its viability into the future. This report seeks to determine legislation. However, despite the financial savings to the what actions should be taken to maintain nuclear state and adaptations on the part of NCB charter schools to submarine design capabilities and how nuclear submarine the requirements of SB 740, the success of the legislation production should be scheduled for efficient use of the as a mechanism for improving education for California industrial base. Based on their findings, the authors students is unclear, and it may have had some harmful as recommend that the Ministry of Defence determine the well as beneficial effects. SB 740 has sent a strong and scheduling of construction for future submarine contracts important message to NCB schools that they must be as soon as possible; plan to retain a design core of careful regarding the ways in which they use resources or designers, engineers, and draughtsmen during periods of face strong sanctions. But the regulations need to be reduced demand; and take steps towards collaboration reshaped to fit a newly acquired understanding of how with other countries. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ these schools operate within the context of all public publications/MG/MG326.1/. education and to serve the needs of students more effectively. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ MG-326/2-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear publications/MG/MG323/. Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence Roles and Required Technical Resources. J. F. Schank, C. MG-324-OSD The Quality of Personnel in the R. Cook, R. Murphy, J. Chiesa, H. Pung, J. L. Birkler. Enlisted Ranks. B. J. Asch, J. A. Romley, M. Totten. 2005. 2005. For most of its history in submarine building, the United As the armed services transform to develop capabilities to Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MOD) exercised meet a spectrum of uncertain threats, a constant objective significant authority and responsibility in design and will be to ensure the military's compensation and development and performed the integration role for the personnel systems are structured to attract, retain, and acquisition programme. However, political changes in the promote high-quality personnel. This monograph provides 1980s and 1990s-mainly the push for a smaller role of evidence on the military's ability to meet these goals in the government-forced the MOD to transfer as much of its past. We regenerate the quality index for a set of three- submarine acquisition responsibilities as possible to a digit DoD occupations, and use it to examine whether prime contractor (BAE Systems for the Astute programme high-quality personnel are enlisted, retained, and promoted currently under way). Now, with cost and schedule to their early and midcareers, specifically to year of problems confronting the Astute programme, the MOD is service (YOS) 4, YOS8, and YOS12. We use longitudinal trying to reengage in the process of effectively overseeing data provided by the Defense Manpower Data Center submarine design and production. In light of history and (DMDC). Using the quality index, we find that those who the recent experience drawn from the Astute programme, complete their first terms, who stay until YOS8 or YOS12, the authors of this book suggest appropriate roles for the and those who are promoted to higher grades are MOD in its partnership with the prime contractor for each significantly higher quality. Our conclusions differ from phase of future submarine acquisition. Based on those drawn from traditional measures because our management best practices, they propose a middle-ground measure, the quality index, is designed to include alternative approach-a 'partnership' model-between the information about quality that cannot be predicted at entry hands-on and hands-off acquisition models used in the past. They propose changes to the evolving MOD 205 acquisition structure, new staffing levels, and ways to population growth in Palestine by linking current urban address some potential impediments, such as the loss of centers to new neighborhoods via new linear submarine expertise within the MOD. Online access: transportation arteries that support both commercial and http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG326.2/. residential development. The Arc avoids the environmental costs and economic inefficiencies of MG-326/3-MOD The United Kingdom's Nuclear unplanned, unregulated urban development that might Submarine Industrial Base. Vol. 3, Options for Initial otherwise accompany Palestine's rapid population growth. Fueling. R. Raman, R. Murphy, L. Smallman, J. F. Constructing the key elements of the Arc will require very Schank, J. L. Birkler, J. Chiesa. 2005. substantial investment of economic resources. It will also employ substantial numbers of Palestinian construction Currently in the United Kingdom, BAE Systems' Barrow- workers. It seems plausible that key aspects of the Arc in-Furness shipyard builds and fuels new submarines, design can be pursued, with great benefit, even before an while Devonport Management Limited (DML) refuels independent Palestinian state is established. Online access: existing submarines-once their initial fuel load is depleted- http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG327/. and defuels them at retirement. Cost increases in maintaining regulating licenses at both facilities have led MG-328-A Transformation and the Army School the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) to consider the System. M. G. Shanley, J. C. Crowley, M. W. Lewis, R. possibility of consolidating its nuclear fuel-handling Masi, S. Straus, K. Leuschner, S. Hartman, S. Stockly. capabilities at the existing refuelling site at DML. 2005. Consolidation would, however, have complex implications for cost and scheduling of the Astute programme, which is Army Transformation and wider operational demands are already under way. The authors of this report compare placing increased demands on Army training and The various aspects of the two shipyards, including facility Army School System (TASS), which is responsible for the conflicts, workload, nuclear regulation, and contractual vast majority of institutional training in both the Active issues, in regard to three cases hypothesized for Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC). This distributing the share of Astute's fuelling between the report identifies policies and options for increasing TASS's yards. As a result of this analysis, it is recommended that contribution to Army readiness while improving the the MOD not consider refuelling the Astute first of class at integration of the AC and RC training systems. The study DML. The authors also look briefly at BAE Systems' recommends, first, that TASS adopt private sector recent proposal to fuel the submarines at Barrow in a way practices, organizational models, and technologies to that reduces the risks of nuclear accidents and recommend improve its approach for developing interactive media that the MOD take immediate action in reviewing this instruction (IMI) training (a key form of future training). proposal. They also suggest that the MOD promptly The study also recommends that TASS expand its training examine the transportation challenges associated with delivery options by developing a more effective local moving the Astute submarines from the Barrow docks to training system to conduct selected courses and support the open sea. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ other unit training needs. Finally, TASS should seek to publications/MG/MG326.3/. leverage available training resources to improve integration of AC-RC training institutions and provide MG-327-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a additional training options. Suggestions are presented for Palestinian State. D. R. Suisman, S. Simon, G. E. three potential pilot studies-low-cost demonstration Robinson, C. R. Anthony, M. Schoenbaum. 2005. projects-that would help assess the costs and tradeoffs involved in the overall change strategy. Online access: An exploration of options for strengthening the physical http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG328/. infrastructure for a new Palestinian state, this study builds on analyses that RAND conducted between 2002 and 2004 MG-330-OSD Expanding Access to Mental Health to identify the requirements for a successful Palestinian Counselors: Evaluation of the Tricare Demonstration. L. state. That work, Building a Successful Palestinian State, S. Meredith, T. L. Tanielian, M. D. Greenberg, A. surveyed a broad array of political, economic, social, Suâarez, E. Eiseman. 2005. resource, and environmental challenges that a new Palestinian state would face. This study, The Arc: A TRICARE, the program through which military health Formal Structure for a Palestinian State, examined a range system beneficiaries access health care services, provides of approaches to siting and constructing the backbone of coverage for most medically necessary mental health care infrastructure that all states need, in the context of a large delivered by qualified providers. Federal legislation in and rapidly growing Palestinian population. The research 2001 required the Department of Defense to conduct a team develop a detailed vision for a modern, high-speed demonstration project involving expanded access under transportation infrastructure, referred to as the Arc. This TRICARE to a particular type of mental health service transportation backbone accommodates substantial provider—the licensed or certified mental health counselor 206

(LMHC). Under the demonstration, LMHCs could provide MG-332-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 2. Case services to covered beneficiaries without physician referral Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist or adherence to physician supervision requirements, both Groups. B. A. Jackson, J. C. Baker, K. Cragin, J. of which are otherwise required. This report describes and Parachini, H. R. Trujillo, P. Chalk. c2005 presents findings from RAND Corporation's evaluation of Continuing conflicts between violent groups and states the demonstration. The authors present detailed findings, generate an ever-present demand for higher-quality and based on surveys and interviews with various more timely information to support operations to combat stakeholders, on the demonstration's impact on health care terrorism. Better ways are needed to understand how utilization, cost, and outcomes of health care services. The terrorist and insurgent groups adapt over time into more- authors examine and compare pre-demonstration and post- effective organizations and increasingly dangerous threats. demonstration data, and compare results from military Because learning is the link between what a group wants catchment areas that participated in the demonstration and to do and its ability to gather the needed information and catchment areas that did not participate but were studied resources to actually do it, a better understanding of the for comparison purposes. Online access: group learning process could contribute to the design of http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG330/. more-effective measures for combating terrorism. This study analyzes current understanding of that process and MG-331-NIJ Aptitude for Destruction V. 1. the factors that influence organizational learning. Part I Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its presents detailed case studies of learning in five terrorist Implications for Combating Terrorism. B. A. Jackson, J. organizations: Aum Shinrikyo, The Radical Environ- C. Baker, K. Cragin, J. Parachini, H. R. Trujillo, P. Chalk. mentalist Movement, Hizballah, Jemaah Islamiyah, and c2005 the Provisional Irish Republican Army. In Part II, a Continuing conflicts between violent groups and states methodology is developed for ascertaining what and why generate an ever-present demand for higher-quality and groups learned, gaining insights into their learning more timely information to support operations to combat processes, and discerning ways in which the law terrorism. Better ways are needed to understand how enforcement and intelligence communities might apply terrorist and insurgent groups adapt over time into more- that understanding. Insights drawn from the organizational effective organizations and increasingly dangerous threats. learning literature are then applied to the case studies. A Because learning is the link between what a group wants companion report, Aptitude for Destruction, Volume 1: to do and its ability to gather the needed information and Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and its resources to actually do it, a better understanding of the Implications for Combating Terrorism, MG-331-NIJ, group learning process could contribute to the design of focuses on the application of the concepts developed in more-effective measures for combating terrorism. This this study to policy for combating terrorism. That report study collects and analyzes the available information on presents an abbreviated overview of the research presented terrorist groups' learning behavior, combining input from here and explores the application of the results by law the organizational learning literature, published literature enforcement and intelligence activities. Online access: on terrorist and insurgent groups, and insights drawn from http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG332/. case studies and workshop discussions. It describes a model of learning as a four-part process, comprising MG-333-OSD North Korean Paradoxes: acquiring, interpreting, distributing, and storing Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean information and knowledge. This analytical framework, by Unification. C. Wolf, K. Akramov. 2005. providing a fuller picture of how terrorist groups try to Analyzes the economic, political, and security issues adapt and evolve over time, may help in understanding the associated with Korean unification and considers what the behavior of individual groups and the level of threat they capital costs of unification would be under differing pose; in developing effective counterstrategies to detect circumstances and assumptions The authors focus on the and thwart their efforts; and in appropriately allocating capital costs of doubling the North Korean GDP in a short resources to counter potential and proven adversaries. A period of time (four to five years) on the premise that such companion report, Aptitude for Destruction, Volume 2: a rapid improvement could allow the embryonic unified Case Studies of Learning in Five Terrorist Organizations, regime to endure despite the persistence of substantial MG-332-NIJ, examines in detail the learning activities of income and other disparities between North and South. five major terrorist organizations and develops a They estimate that the total costs of unification could vary methodology for ascertaining what and why groups have from about $50 billion to $670 billion. dependent on how learned. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ unification would occur. The authors also compare points MG/MG331/. of relevance and nonrelevance between the German experience with unification in the 1990s and what might occur in Korea. Finally they briefly assess the problems 207 that a unified Korea would confront relating to possession Supporters of PBA argue that this approach will eliminate of weapons of mass destruction, its relations with the "regulatory premium" paid by DoD, motivate suppliers neighboring countries, especially China, and its alliance to cut costs, and encourage civil-commercial firms to bid with the United States. Online access: http://www. on DoD contracts for military-unique systems. The end rand.org/publications/MG/MG333/. result, according to PBA advocates, is that DoD will be able to procure more-capable, cheaper systems in less MG-334-AF A New Direction for China's Defense time. DoD has had relatively little real-world experience Industry. E. S. Medeiros, R. Cliff, K. Crane, J. C. with "pure" PBA, but it has undertaken many programs Mulvenon. 2005. with numerous PBA-like characteristics. The most important goal of this research was to systematically Since the early 1980s, a prominent and consistent review the available evidence to determine whether PBA conclusion drawn from research on China’s defense- offers the benefits its advocates claim, to ascertain industrial complex has been that China’s defense- possible pitfalls inherent in PBA, and to identify the most production capabilities are rife with weaknesses and appropriate circumstances and strategies for implementing limitations. This study argues for an alternative approach: PBA. The findings are based on extensive structured From the vantage point of 2005, it is time to shift the focus interviews with government and private-sector individuals of current research to the gradual improvements in and the involved in major PBA-like programs and on a review of future potential of China’s defense-industrial complex. more than thirty case studies of programs having The study found that China’s defense sectors are designing important PBA-like features. A systematic taxonomy of and producing a wide range of increasingly advanced PBA-like approaches used by DoD in the past was weapons that, in the short term, are relevant to a possible developed as an aid for the case study assessment and for conflict over Taiwan but also to China’s long-term integrating the interview findings. All findings and lessons military presence in Asia. Part of a larger RAND Project learned are enumerated. Online access: http://www.rand. AIR FORCE study on Chinese military modernization, org/publications/MG/MG337/. this study examines the current and future capabilities of China’s defense industry. The goals of this study are to (1) MG-338-AF U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy assess recent trends in China’s 25-year-long effort to Priorities and Military Roles. O. Oliker, D. A. Shlapak. reform its defense industry; (2) analyze the individual 2005. strengths and weaknesses of four specific defense- industrial sectors: missile, aircraft, shipbuilding, and The republics of Central Asia, which received information technology; (3) explain variations in comparatively little attention from the United States in performance among different defense-industry sectors, their first ten years of independence, suddenly increased in with a focus on differences in institutional arrangements, value when the United States deployed forces and set up incentives, and exposure to market forces; and (4) evaluate bases of operation in the region in support of Operation the prospects for China’s defense industry and its ability to Enduring Freedom. In that context, the U.S. government contribute to military modernization. The information stepped up its cooperation programs with the host presented in this report is based on previous RAND countries. Although the short-term needs of OEF have Project AIR FORCE work, and on primary and secondary seemed clear, long-term U.S. interests in the region require English and Chinese sources. Online access: http://www. careful consideration and analysis. This document rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG334/. identifies the implications for the U.S. Air Force of the trends in the region and of U.S. and other nations’ interests MG-337-AF Price-Based Acquisition: Issues and in Central Asia. The authors conclude that the U.S. Challenges for Defense Department Procurement of military should have a relatively minor, but still important, Weapon Systems. M. A. Lorell, J. C. Graser, C. R. Cook. role in U.S. security policy toward the area. An effective 2005. strategy for future U.S. military engagement in Central Asia would have three main components: maintenance of Price-based acquisition (PBA) is a major acquisition a “semi-warm” basing infrastructure; a carefully chosen reform measure being used by the Department of Defense program of military-to-military interactions; and (DoD) in an effort to reduce costs and enhance acquisition encouraging basic interoperability between local militaries efficiency. The essence of PBA is the simple but radical and the West. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ notion that DoD should establish "fair and reasonable" pubs/monographs/MG338/. prices for goods and services without obtaining extensive cost data from suppliers. The thinking is that PBA, with its MG-341-PNC Early Childhood Interventions: Proven more commercial-like market pricing strategy, is more Results, Future Promise. L. A. Karoly, M. R. Kilburn, J. beneficial to the government than the traditionally used, Cannon. 2005. heavily regulated cost-based acquisition method, which bases prices on contractor-provided certified cost data. 208

Parents, policymakers, business leaders, and the general The major combat operations of Operation Iraqi Freedom public increasingly recognize the importance of the first (OIF) have been judged from virtually all quarters as a few years in the life of a child for promoting healthy remarkable success, although accompanied by some physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. perceptions that this success was achieved in the face of Nonetheless, many children face deficiencies between severe logistics problems. This monograph describes how ages 0 and 5 that can impede their ability to develop to Army forces were sustained during Operation Iraqi their fullest potential. The PNC Grow Up Great initiative, Freedom, examines how well this support performed, and a program financed by PNC Financial, Inc., asked RAND discusses the effects on operations with an emphasis on to prepare a thorough, objective review and synthesis of the period from the start of ground combat to the fall of current research that addresses the potential for various Baghdad. The findings should be of interest throughout the forms of early childhood intervention to improve Army as well as the broader Department of Defense outcomes for participating children and their families. The supply chain, deployment planning, and force authors consider the potential consequences of not development communities. The findings have implications investing additional resources in the lives of children, the for the design of the logistics system, logistics process range of early intervention programs, the demonstrated improvement efforts, future force design and warfighting benefits of interventions with high-quality evaluations, the concepts, and the acquisition of end items such as vehicles features associated with successful programs, and the as well as logistics enablers such as those that provide returns to society associated with investing early in the logistics situational awareness. Online access: http:// lives of disadvantaged children. Their findings indicate www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG344/. that a body of sound research exists that can guide resource allocation decisions. This evidence base sheds MG-348-AF Assessing the Impact of Future light on the types of programs that have been Operations on Trainer Aircraft Requirements. J. A. demonstrated to be effective, the features associated with Ausink, R. Marken, L. L. Miller, T. Manacapilli, W. W. effective programs, and the potential for returns to society Taylor, M. R. Thirtle. 2004. that exceed the resources invested in program delivery. Developing the requirements and securing the funding for Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/ modern military aircraft can take a significant amount of MG341/. time. Given emerging operational demands and the age of some current Air Force trainer aircraft, it is time to MG-342-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation examine how the skills needed to perform future military Iraqi Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations. E. missions might affect the capabilities required of new Peltz, M. L. Robbins, K. Girardini, J. M. Halliday. 2005. aircraft and ground-based systems used in pilot training. By virtually every account, the major combat operations of From 1962 until 1992, Air Force pilots learned to fly in an Operation Iraqi Freedom that toppled Saddam Hussein‚s Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) program in which all regime in the spring of 2003 were a remarkable success. students first flew the subsonic T-37 jet aircraft and then Yet there is a general belief within the Army and the the supersonic T-38. In 1992 the Air Force began a broader defense community, supported by RAND Arroyo transition to Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training Center‚s analysis, that this success was achieved despite (SUPT), which tracked students after the T-37 phase of logistics problems that hampered materiel sustainment. training. Students selected to fly fighters or bombers now However, moving beyond the initial impressions that train in the T-38, while those selected to fly tanker or emerged quickly following operations, Arroyo‚s research transport aircraft train in the T-1A, a military derivative of has indicated that forces and sustainment capabilities were a commercial business jet. The Air Force began replacing sufficiently robust to overcome the problems and the T-37 with a new aircraft in 2001, but in the next few effectively execute missions. This monograph describes years, it must decide to replace or extend the lives of the how well the Department of Defense logistics system aging T-38 and the newer, but tiring, T-1A. The timing of supported Army forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom, these decisions matters not only because the Air Force documents the major reasons for shortfalls in performance, aircraft inventory will change dramatically in the next 25 provides recommendations for improvement, and points to years with the planned introduction of two new fighter questions raised with respect to the design of future forces. aircraft and more unmanned combat aerial vehicles Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/ (UCAVs), but also because of changes in the demands of MG342/. flying missions. Air Force pilots face a future characterized by around-the-clock global operations MG-344-A Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation requiring near real-time implementation of airpower Iraqi Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on against an enemy, incorporation of precision weapons to Operations. E. Peltz, J. M. Halliday, M. L. Robbins, K. increase mission effectiveness while minimizing exposure Girardini. 2005. of manned aircraft to threats, mobility missions taking 209 place closer to the enemy, integration of large amounts of estimated costs. This study aims to inform such information from disparate sources in real-time conditions, deliberations by conducting an analysis of the economic and flight profiles involving greater physiological returns from investing in preschool education in the state demands. This monograph addresses the question of how of California. The benefit-cost analysis undertaken in this the need to acquire skills necessary for future missions study indicates that there can be positive returns for might affect what is taught in undergraduate flying California society from investing in a one-year high- training. It also addresses what impact the answer to this quality universal preschool program. The authors' baseline question has on decisions to replace or extend the lives of estimate, which is arguably conservative, is that every current Air Force trainer aircraft. Online access: dollar invested by the public sector beyond current http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG348/. spending will generate $2.62 in returns. And this estimate does not account for an array of other benefits not MG-349-PF The Economics of Investing in Universal captured in their analysis because of data limitations. Preschool Education in California. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Those other potential benefits include lower intangible Bigelow. 2005. losses from crime and child abuse and neglect averted, reduced reliance on public welfare programs, improved There is increased interest in California and other states in labor market outcomes for parents of preschoolers, providing universal access to publicly funded high-quality improved health and well-being of preschool participants, preschool education for one or two years prior to and the intergenerational transmission of favorable kindergarten entry. In considering such a program, benefits. Broader economic and noneconomic benefits policymakers and the public focus on the potential benefits may accrue in other areas as well, including labor force from a universal preschool program, as well as the recruitment and participation rates, workforce estimated costs. This study aims to inform such performance, economic growth, international deliberations by conducting an analysis of the economic competitiveness, and the distribution of economic and returns from investing in preschool education in the state social well-being. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ of California. The benefit-cost analysis undertaken in this publications/MG/MG349.1/. study indicates that there can be positive returns for California society from investing in a one-year high- MG-350-AF Unmanned Aerial Vehicle End-to-End quality universal preschool program. The authors' baseline Support Considerations. J. G. Drew, R. D. Shaver, K. F. estimate, which is arguably conservative, is that every Lynch, M. A. Amouzegar, D. Snyder. 2005. dollar invested by the public sector beyond current spending will generate $2.62 in returns. And this estimate Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used does not account for an array of other benefits not successfully in recent combat operations, such as captured in their analysis because of data limitations. operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. These Those other potential benefits include lower intangible successes have confirmed the military utility of UAVs and losses from crime and child abuse and neglect averted, portend that a greater number of such vehicles may reduced reliance on public welfare programs, improved become part of the DoD's future force posture. However, labor market outcomes for parents of preschoolers, because of the rapid acquisition strategy used to get these improved health and well-being of preschool participants, UAVs into the field as quickly as possible, the and the intergenerational transmission of favorable implications for their long-term support needs are unclear. benefits. Broader economic and noneconomic benefits The authors examine current support postures for UAV may accrue in other areas as well, including labor force systems, such as Global Hawk and Predator. Through this recruitment and participation rates, workforce examination, it became clear that there is a gap between performance, economic growth, international traditional methods of determining logistics requirements competitiveness, and the distribution of economic and and rapid acquisition processes. A balance needs to be social well-being. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ struck between providing a new capability rapidly and the publications/MG/MG349/. effects of that on long-term support of that capability. Some of the areas the Air Force will need to consider for MG-349/1-PF The Economics of Investing in future developments are budgeting to resolve issues that Universal Preschool Education in California: Executive arise during testing and evaluation, training issues, and Summary. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. planning for standardization with future use of spiral development. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ There is increased interest in California and other states in monographs/MG350/. providing universal access to publicly funded high-quality preschool education for one or two years prior to MG-351-EDU Inspiration, Perspiration, and Time: kindergarten entry. In considering such a program, Operations and Achievement in Edison Schools. B. P. policymakers and the public focus on the potential benefits from a universal preschool program, as well as the 210

Gill, L. S. Hamilton, J. R. Lockwood, J. A. Marsh, R. W. the interactions among government organizations involved Zimmer, D. Hill, S. Pribesh. 2005. in vetting sensitive exports. The author assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the system's ability to New forms of governing and managing public schools implement and enforce government export controls and have proliferated in recent years, spawning the identifies several challenges that the Chinese government establishment and growth of companies contracted to currently faces in improving the current functioning of its operate public schools. Among these education nascent export control system. Online access: http://www. management organizations (EMOs), the largest and most rand.org/publications/MG/MG353/. visible is Edison Schools. In 2000, Edison asked RAND to analyze its achievement outcomes and design MG-358-CF Liquid Assets: How Demographic implementation. RAND designed an evaluation to address Changes and Water Management Policies Affect the following research questions: What are Edison's Freshwater Resources. J. Boberg. 2005. strategies for promoting student achievement in the schools it manages? How are Edison's strategies Human beings' powerful effect on the environment is implemented in those schools? How does Edison's becoming increasingly clear. Demographic factors are management of schools affect student achievement? What commonly recognized as a primary global driver of factors explain differences in achievement trends among human-induced environmental change, along with Edison schools? The resources and accountability systems biophysical, economic, sociopolitical, technological, and that constitute Edison's design represent a coherent, cultural factors. Concerns about demographic effects on comprehensive, and ambitious strategy to address key the environment are fueled by demographic trends such as elements relevant to providing high-quality education. The global population growth and the exponential growth of best-functioning Edison schools demonstrate the promise urban areas. These trends have spawned a body of inherent in Edison's model, but this monograph reports literature regarding the connections between demographic considerable variation in the extent to which the schools trends and natural resources, such as water, much of which realize the Edison ideal. Average rates of student has taken an alarmist view. These reports often limit proficiency in Edison schools improve over time. On themselves to looking at the effects of population growth, average, gains of Edison schools during the first three and treat water supplies as static and population as ever years of Edison operation do not exceed the gains of increasing, inexorably leading to a water-availability matched conventional public schools, but Edison results crisis. This report attempts to present a more holistic view improve in years four and five. Edison's average long-term of the interaction between demographic factors and water gains are comparable to or better than those of matched resources by considering a wider range of demographic conventional public schools. Analysis of a number of case- variables as well as a set of mitigating factors that study Edison schools suggests that schools that effectively influence water availability at the local level. The report implement the wide-ranging Edison curriculum, establish focuses primarily on conditions in developing countries, Edison's professional environment, and operate with since that is where the forces of demographics and natural strong instructional leaders under limited constraints have resources intersect with the fewest social and economic positive achievement results. Given that Edison's results resources to mediate their impacts. Online access: have not been uniformly positive, this monograph suggests http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG358/. some actions that Edison and its current and future clients can take to promote greater consistency of results, in terms MG-360-AF Implications of Modern Decision of both implementation and student achievement. Online Science for Military Decision-Support Systems. P. K. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG351/. Davis, J. Kulick, M. Egner. 2005. Decision science concerns understanding human MG-353 Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's decisionmaking and methods and tools to assist it. The System of Export Controls for WMD-Related Goods and first concern includes the distinction between descriptive Technologies. E. S. Medeiros. 2005. and prescriptive: how humans actually decide, versus how China's export controls on sensitive equipment, materials, they should decide. Much of the early literature prescribed and technologies used to produce weapons of mass rational-analytic methods, such as embodied in systems destruction (WMD) have evolved significantly since the analysis and policy analysis. The descriptive literature, early 1980s. This monograph examines the structure and however, has long noted that humans use heuristics operation of the Chinese government's system of controls (cognitive shortcuts), which are usually quite valuable, but on exports of items that could be used in the production of which sometimes introduce unintended biases. Efforts WMD and WMD-related delivery systems. The author have been made to improve decision support by identifies the key organizations involved in export control "debiasing" the presentation of information. A newer decisionmaking, the laws and regulations that form the literature on "naturalistic" decisionmaking, however, basis of the Chinese government's system of controls, and emphasizes the strengths of intuitive decisionmaking 211 based on heuristics and questions the desirability of are trained for warfighting and stability operations, and to debiasing. Our study contrasts the schools of thought and preserve the quality of life for its soldiers and families. suggests steps toward a synthesis. Ultimately, decision The authors found the Army's plans for transforming its support should appeal to both the rational-analytic and the active and reserve brigades and employing its reserves at intuitive capabilities of the decisionmaker, with a balance reasonable rates help ameliorate the stresses but still leave of "cold" and story-based presentation of analysis and shortfalls. Steps available to improve the situation all recommendations. The particular balance should depend involve significant risks or costs. Unless these overseas on characteristics of the decision, the decision requirements recede considerably, the nation is faced with environment, and the decisionmaker. Our study also an Army stretched thin, with no quick fix or discusses new tools emerging for decision support, which straightforward solution. Online access: http://www.rand. include increasingly realistic models and simulations, such org/publications/MG/MG362/. as virtual worlds, and new methods to help in the creative and imaginative aspects of strategic planning. Most MG-365-OSD Developing Iraq's Security Sector: important, we note modern methods, such as exploratory The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience. A. analysis, to encourage decisions and strategies that are Rathmell, O. Oliker, T. K. Kelly, D. Brannan, K. Crane. flexible, adaptive, and robust so as to deal well with 2005. uncertainty. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Following the war in Iraq, the United States and its allies publications/MG/MG360/. found that their prewar expectations of security did not match the actual postwar environment. Iraqi security MG-361-EDU The Role of Districts in Fostering forces had largely disappeared, and those that remained Instructional Improvement: Lessons from Three Urban were incapable of countering a rising tide of political Districts Partnered with the Institute for Learning. J. A. violence and crime. From May 2003 to June 28, 2004 Marsh, K. A. Kerr, G. Ikemoto, H. Darilek, M. J. Suttorp, (when it handed over authority to the Iraqi Interim R. W. Zimmer, H. Barney. 2005. Government), the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) The current high-stakes accountability environment sought to field Iraqi security forces and to develop security brought on by the federal No Child Left Behind Act places sector institutions. This book-all of whose authors were great pressure on school districts to demonstrate success advisors to the CPA-breaks out the various elements of by meeting yearly progress goals for student achievement Iraq‚s security sector, including the defense, interior, and and eventually demonstrating that all students achieve at justice sectors, and assesses the CPA‚s successes and high standards. Many urban school districts, in particular, failures. Furthermore, the book identifies six problems face great challenges in meeting these goals. This study underlying the coalition‚s approach that need to be analyzes three urban districts' efforts to face these addressed if Iraq is to recover from past mistakes. Iraq challenges and assesses the contribution to those efforts needs capable security forces in the near term and made by an intermediary organization, the Institute for sustainable security institutions for the long term. The Learning. It describes the districts' work in four areas: authors emphasize that the onus must remain on the promoting principals' instructional leadership; supporting United States and its international partners to ensure that teachers' professional learning, in particular through long-term institution-building remains on the Iraqi agenda. school-based coaching models; specifying curriculum; and Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/ promoting data-based decisionmaking for planning and MG365/. instructional improvement. For each area, it identifies constraints and enablers of district success, assesses the MG-369-OSD An Analysis of Military Disability nature and effect of district-intermediary partnerships, and Compensation. R. J. Buddin, K. Kapur. 2005. makes recommendations for districts undertaking similar Disability payments for military personnel have received instructional reforms. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ much attention recently, in part because of concern over publications/MG/MG361/. the long-term economic consequences of injuries in Afghanistan and Iraq. This research reviews the goals and MG-362-A Stretched Thin: Army Forces for effectiveness of current policies for compensating veterans Sustained Operations. L. E. Davis, J. M. Polich, W. M. with military-related disabilities. It identifies trends in Hix, M. D. Greenberg, S. D. Brady, R. E. Sortor. 2005. veterans' disabilities, compares the military disability The United States faces very difficult trade-offs in system with that used by civilian firms, and describes the responding to the demanding calls now being made on effect of military disability on civilian labor market Army forces for overseas operations in Iraq and outcomes. The results show that military disability Afghanistan. This report describes the effects of large- payments are adequate to offset most labor-market losses scale deployments on the Army's ability to provide ready from military-related disabilities-many of the severely forces for other contingencies, to ensure that its soldiers injured retirees receive substantially larger disability 212 benefits y than their estimated economic losses in the labor compensation. The end result is that military members market. In addition, many retirees with a VA disability may be unaware of the full value of the health care benefit rating report no health or disability problem that limits they receive. RAND used relevant calendar year 2000 data their work in the civilian labor market. These findings from Fortune 500 employers from Ingenix, a private health suggest that the military disability rating system may no information company, to quantify military health care longer be valid. The system is based on the ability to benefits. The accessed claims came from many different perform physical tasks that may have limited effects on employers, insurance carriers, and health plans, and they labor market success in today's service- and knowledge- included beneficiaries in most U.S. states. The authors use based economy. A more coherent and less complex system these data to describe methods for quantifying the value of is needed to identify the criteria for measuring the military health care benefits from the perspective of economic loss from an injury and target payments to better active-duty members and their families. Even using reflect the economic consequences of a military- conservative estimates, the authors find that the value can related disability. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ be quite considerable, ranging from hundreds of dollars publications/MG/MG369/. per year for healthy single members, who use little health care but would face health insurance premiums in the MG-374-RC Establishing Law and Order After civilian sector that they do not face in the military, to Conflict. S. G. Jones, J. M. Wilson, A. Rathmell, K. J. thousands of dollars for military families. Online access: Riley. 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG385/. In a nation-building operation, outside states invest much MG-388-RC Estimating Terrorism Risk. H. H. of their resources in establishing and maintaining the host Willis, A. R. Morral, T. K. Kelly, J. J. Medby. 2005. country's police, internal security forces, and justice system. Strengthening all these elements is crucial for The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is achieving sustainable law and order. This book examines responsible for protecting the United States from in detail the post-Cold War reconstruction efforts of Iraq, terrorism. It achieves this goal partly through the Urban Afghanistan, and Kosovo, three major cases in which the Areas Security Initiative, which allocates resources to United States and its allies have attempted to reconstruct states and urban areas. Until DHS can know the security institutions. It then compares them with similar effectiveness of available risk-reduction alternatives or but smaller projects in Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, determine reasonable minimum standards for community Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor. In doing so, the authors preparedness, allocating homeland security resources make three main arguments. First, establishing security based on risk is the next best approach; areas at higher risk during the "golden hour"—the period immediately are likely to have more and larger opportunities for risk following major combat operations—should be the most reduction than areas at lower risk. This monograph offers significant concern of policymakers. Second, building a a method for constructing an estimate of city risk shares, functioning justice system is a critical and often designed to perform well across a wide range of threat overlooked task of rebuilding security. Third, the authors scenarios and risk types. It also proposes and demonstrates provide rough guidelines for successfully reconstructing a framework for comparing the performance of alternative security after a major combat operation, including risk estimates given uncertainty in measuring the elements recommended force-to-population ratios, financial of risk. Finally, it makes five recommendations for assistance, and duration of reconstruction. For future improving the allocation of homeland security resources: policy recommendations, the authors encourage DHS should consistently define terrorism risk in terms of decisionmakers to consider such principal elements as expected annual consequences; DHS should seek robust negotiating formal peace treaties or surrenders, risk estimators that account for uncertainty about terrorism establishing of comprehensive post-conflict doctrine, and risk and variance in citizen values; DHS should develop using outcome-based metrics to measure success. Online event-based models of terrorism risk; until reliable event- access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG374/. based models are constructed, DHS should use density- weighted population rather than population as a simple MG-385-OSD Placing a Value on the Health Benefit risk indicator; and DHS should fund research to bridge the for Active-Duty Personnel. J. R. Hosek, M. G. Mattock, gap between terrorism risk assessment and resource M. Schoenbaum, E. Eiseman. 2005. allocation policies that are cost-effective. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG388/. The availability of health care for active-duty military personnel and their families is a fundamental component MG-393-CTRMP Trends in Terrorism: Threats to the of the services' commitment to support their personnel. It United States and the Future of the Terrorism Risk represents a substantial benefit to military members and Insurance Act. P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, R. T. Reville, A. families, but, despite this clear value, military health care Kasupski. 2005. benefits are not routinely counted as an element of military 213

The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) requires about which guidelines to adopt for the long term. This insurers to offer commercial insurance that will pay on report presents an evaluation of the medical guidelines that claims that occur from a terrorist attack, and for losses on might be used to determine the appropriateness of care the scale of 9/11, TRIA provides a "backstop" in the form provided California's injured workers. The study identified of free reinsurance. The authors describe the evolving 72 guidelines for work-related injuries, which were then terrorist threat with the goal of comparing the underlying screened using multiple criteria. Five comprehensive risk of attack to the architecture of financial protection that guideline sets were found to satisfy the requirements of the has been facilitated by TRIA, which will "sunset" in legislation and the preferences of the state. A comparative December 2005. While TRIA was originally justified evaluation was made of both the technical quality and primarily as a measure to stimulate the economy, clinical content of the selected guidelines. Based on the insurance also has the effect of promoting resilience in the results of the evaluation, recommendations are presented aftermath of an attack. Thus, a functioning terrorism for actions the state might take in the short term, the insurance system, at least in the context of economic intermediate term, and the longer term. Online access: targeting by al Qaeda, should be thought of as not just an http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG400/. economic development mechanism but also as a counterterrorism tool. Online access: http://www.rand. MG-402-HLTH Challenges in Program Evaluation of org/publications/MG/MG393/. Health Interventions in Developing Countries. B. O. Wynn, A. Dutta, M. I. Nelson. 2005. MG-394-RC State and Local Intelligence in the War Health interventions that are effective in developed on Terrorism. K. J. Riley, G. F. Treverton, J. M. Wilson, countries may not be as effective in developing countries L. M. Davis. 2005. given the differing social, economic, cultural, and One aspect of combating terrorism that is often discussed infrastructure factors that may affect how an intervention but seldom examined in detail concerns the overlap of program is implemented and its outcomes. However, intelligence and law enforcement and the role of state and rigorous evaluation of public health intervention programs local law enforcement agencies as the ultimate "eyes and in various resource-limited settings is needed to determine ears" in the war on terrorism. This report helps fill that gap which interventions will work most effectively and to by examining how state and local law enforcement spend scarce resources wisely. This monograph is agencies conducted and supported counterterrorism intended to promote an understanding of why program intelligence activities after 9/11. It analyzes data from a evaluation is a critical component of any health 2002 survey of law enforcement preparedness in the intervention and to stimulate discussion on ways to make context of intelligence and reports the results of case evaluation of health interventions in developing countries studies showing how eight local law enforcement agencies more rigorous. The authors provide an overview of various handle intelligence operations. Finally, it suggests ways approaches, methodologies, and issues related to program that the job of gathering and analyzing intelligence might evaluation for health projects in developing countries, and best be shared among federal, state, and local agencies. they identify future research and actions by funding Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ organizations that would facilitate evaluations of the MG394/. impact of large-scale health interventions. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG402/. MG-400-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California. T. K. MG-404-NAVY American Carrier Air Power: At the Nuckols, B. O. Wynn, Y. Lim, R. N. Shaw, S. Mattke, T. Dawn of a New Century. B. S. Lambeth. 2005. Wickizer, P. Harber, P. Wallace, S. M. Asch, C. H. The terrorist attacks against the United States on MacLean, R. H. Garland. 2005. September 11, 2001, heralded the start of a fundamentally In recent years, the California workers' compensation new era for American carrier-based air power. The system has been encumbered by rising costs and high ensuing war in Afghanistan required a deep-strike utilization of medical care. To address these concerns, the capability in the remotest part of Southwest Asia where California legislature passed a series of initiatives that call the United States maintained virtually no regional access. for the use of evidence-based medical-treatment guidelines In that war, U.S. carrier-based fighters substituted almost concerning, at a minimum, the frequency, duration, entirely for land-based theater air forces because of an intensity, and appropriateness of all treatment procedures absence of suitable forward operating locations for the and modalities commonly performed in workers' latter. Barely more than a year later, the Navy's carriers compensation cases. The American College of again played a key role in conducting around-the-clock Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) operations against Saddam Hussein's forces in Iraq. Six of guidelines were adopted as presumptively correct until 12 carriers and their air wings were surged to contribute to alternative plans could be evaluated and a decision made the campaign, with a seventh carrier battle group held in 214 reserve in the Western Pacific and an eighth also deployed population health outcomes (workdays or schooldays at sea and available for tasking. As borne out by those missed, days spent sick in bed, mortality). These experiences, American carrier air power now operates as a interventions generally affect trajectories by improving massed force able to conduct coordinated deep-strike health and thereby reducing healthcare utilization, or by missions well beyond coastal reaches when aided by reducing a costly form of utilization (e.g., inpatient stays) nonorganic tanking. The Navy's performance over and increasing a more economical form (e.g., office visits Afghanistan and Iraq further showed how far the nation's to physicians, or prescription medications). The report carrier force has advanced since the end of the cold war in should be of interest to healthcare IT professionals, other providing around-the-clock target coverage, consistently healthcare executives and researchers, and officials in the accurate target attack, and-for the first time in its history- government responsible for health policy. Online access: multiple successful target attacks per sortie. A new Fleet http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG408/. Response Plan validated during Operation Iraqi Freedom promises to nearly double the number of carriers that can MG-409-HLTH The State and Pattern of Health be surged and made ready for tasking on short notice. By Information Technology Adoption. K. Fonkych, R. the time U.S. naval aviation celebrates its 100th Taylor. 2005. anniversary in 2011, it will have gained even greater Innovations in information technology (IT) have improved combat leverage with the introduction of a new carrier- efficiency and quality in many industries. Healthcare has based stealth fighter and an ever-tighter fusion of sensors, not been one of them. Although some administrative IT information networks, and weapons. Online access: systems, such as those for billing, scheduling, and http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG404/. inventory management, are already in place in the healthcare industry, little adoption of clinical IT, such as MG-408-HLTH Analysis of Healthcare Interventions Electronic Medical Record Systems (EMR-S) and Clinical That Change Patient Trajectories. J. H. Bigelow, K. Decision Support tools, has occurred. Government Fonkych, C. H. Fung, J. Wang. 2005. intervention has been called for to speed the adoption This report is one of several that document a broad, two- process for Healthcare Information Technology (HIT), year study by RAND Health to better understand the role based on the widespread belief that its adoption, or and importance of Electronic Medical Record Systems diffusion, is too slow to be socially optimal. In this report, (EMR-S) in improving health and reducing healthcare we estimate the current level and pattern of HIT adoption costs, and to help inform government actions that could in the different types of healthcare organizations, and we maximize EMR-S benefits and increase its use. It provides evaluate factors that affect this diffusion process. First, we the technical details and results of one component of that make an effort to derive a population-wide adoption level study that analyzes interventions in the healthcare system of administrative and clinical HIT applications according that use EMR-S to affect patient trajectories-i.e., the to information in the Healthcare Information and sequence of encounters a patient has with the healthcare Management Systems Society (HIMSS)-Dorenfest system. The interventions are to improve patient safety, database (formerly the Dorenfest IHDS+TM Database, increase preventive services, expand chronic disease Second release, 2004) and compare our estimates to management, and foster healthier lifestyles. We identified alternative ones. We then attempt to summarize the current four classes of trajectory-changing interventions and we state and dynamics of HIT adoption according to these selected some important interventions in each class: data and briefly review existing empirical studies on the —Implement Computerized Physician Order Entry HIT-adoption process. By comparing adoption rates across (CPOE) as a means to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs). different types of healthcare providers and geographical —Increase the provision of the following preventive areas, we help focus the policy agenda by identifying services: influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations and which healthcare providers lag behind and may need the screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. most incentives to adopt HIT. Next, we employ regression —Enroll people with one of four chronic illnesses-asthma, analysis to separate the effects of the provider's chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characteristics and factors on adoption of Electronic congestive heart failure (CHF), or diabetes-in disease Medical Records (EMR), Computerized Physician Order management programs. —Persuade people to adopt Entry (CPOE), and Picture Archiving Communications healthy lifestyles and estimate the health outcomes if Systems (PACS), and compare the effects to findings in everyone did so: controlled their weight, stopped smoking, the literature. Online access: ate a healthy diet, exercised, and controlled their blood http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG409/. pressure and cholesterol as necessary with medications. We estimated the effects of each intervention on MG-410-HLTH Extrapolating Evidence of Health healthcare utilization (e.g., hospital stays, office visits, Information Technology Savings and Costs. F. Girosi, R. prescription drug use), healthcare expenditures, and Meili, R. P. Scoville. 2005. 215

In 2003, RAND Health began a broad study to better ongoing process rather than a short-term exercise and that understand the role and importance of Electronic Medical resolution mechanisms should be put into effect before Record Systems (EMR-S) in improving health and specific issues are decided. Given San Diego's current reducing healthcare costs, and to help inform government fiscal difficulties and political culture, it is also important actions that could maximize EMR-S benefits and increase that the transition process be as transparent and inclusive its use. This report provides the technical details and as possible. To the greatest extent possible, the executive results of one component of that study: national-level and legislative branches should reallocate resources rather efficiency savings brought about by using Healthcare than simply appropriating new funds for the transition and Information Technology (HIT). We quantify those the new governmental units to be created. Finally, the savings—what results from the ability to perform the same critical ingredient for successful City governance is task with fewer resources (money, time, personnel, etc.)— executive leadership, which depends not just on the by providing a methodological framework to scale Mayor's use of the formal powers of the position but even empirical evidence on the effect of HIT to the national more importantly on the Mayor's leadership skills and the level and to project it into the future. A key element of this Mayor's ability to use the "soft powers" of the Mayor's framework is a projection of the rates of adoption of HIT office. Of particular importance is the Mayor's ability to in the inpatient setting and in the ambulatory/outpatient set the overall direction for city policy and to control the setting. Next, from the evidence found in our search of pace of issue development. Online access: peer-reviewed and gray literature (the body of reports and http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG411/. studies produced by local government agencies, private organizations, and educational facilities that have not been MG-414-NETL Oil Shale Development in the United reviewed and published in journals or other standard States: Prospects and Policy Issues. J. T. Bartis, T. research publications), we considered savings from 10 LaTourrette, L. S. Dixon, D. J. Peterson, G. Cecchine. different sources (5 inpatient; 5 outpatient). Then, we 2005. compared the efficiency savings with the costs the nation In the late 1970s and early 1980s, when crude oil prices has to incur in order to be able to realize those savings, were high, government and private-sector energy experts using a modeling framework analogous to the one took a hard look at the costs and benefits of extracting oil developed for the extrapolation of savings and cost data from the vast deposits of oil shale that lie beneath the from the literature or given to us by providers. We found western United States (much of it under government land). that savings outweigh costs by a factor of 5, which implies Oil prices soon subsided, and interest in the topic waned. that, even if a large portion of savings is not realized, the With oil prices again spiking and global demand showing ratio of benefit to cost is still larger than 1. Finally, we no signs of abating, it makes sense to reexamine the costs studied what might be the effect of those financial and benefits of oil shale development. In this report, the incentives presented to providers that lower the cost of authors describe the oil shale resources (estimated at more EMR-S and quicken the pace of HIT adoption. A general than triple the proven oil reserves of Saudi Arabia); the result that does not depend on the size of the behavioral suitability, cost, and performance of technologies for response of physicians is that incentive programs are more developing these resources; and the key energy, likely to be cost-effective if they start early and do not last environmental, land-use, and socioeconomic policy issues long, but are sizable. The report concludes with a that need to be addressed by government decisionmakers. summary chapter. The report should be of interest to The authors conclude by outlining both the challenges and healthcare IT professionals, other healthcare executives opportunities for early action with regard to those policy and researchers, and officials in the government issues. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ responsible for health policy. Online access: MG/MG414/. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG410/. MG-422-CC Russia and the Information Revolution. MG-411-BGASD Facing the Challenge of D. J. Peterson. 2005. Implementing Proposition F in San Diego. K. F. McCarthy, R. W. Archibald, B. Weatherford. 2005. This work sheds light on Russia's role in the global Information Revolution. It examines the sources, In November 2004, the voters of San Diego approved dynamics, and consequences of Russia's increasing use of Proposition F, which involves a switch from a Council- and reliance on information and communications Manager to a Mayor-Council form of government, technologies (IT) to improve the performance of its effective January 1, 2006. This report lays out the issues government institutions, to modernize business and facing the Mayor and the City Council, explores the industry and stimulate economic growth, to broaden choices they will have to make, and makes information access and sharing of ideas, and to enhance recommendations about how best to proceed with the quality of life for Russian people. The findings reported transition. The authors caution that transition will be an here are drawn from a RAND Corporation research project 216 conducted in Russia from 1999 to 2005, which included TECHNICAL REPORTS interviews with more than 90 individuals who are knowledgeable about IT trends. The author examines TR-101/1-CDC Obteniendo Resultados 2004, Russia's emerging IT sector, how business and industry in Promoción De Responsabilidad a Través De Métodos Y Russia are seeking to use IT to enhance productivity and Herramientas De Planeación, Implementación Y profitability, the impact of IT on government operations, Evaluación = Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting and the course of the Information Revolution in Russian Accountability Through Methods and Tools for Planning, society. A conclusion that emerges is that while the Implementation, and Evaluation. M. Chinman, P. Imm, A. Internet, cell phones, and e-mail have greatly impacted the Wandersman, A. De la Torre, J. Gomez Gonzalez. 2005. lives of many Russians, an Information Revolution in Russia's government, economy, and society-such as many Substance abuse prevention can improve community of its supporters have anticipated and hoped for-remains in health, but only when implemented well. Good the future. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ implementation is difficult given the significant amount of publications/MG/MG422/. knowledge and skills required, the large number of steps that need to be addressed (e.g., needs assessment, setting MG-427-CTRMP Distribution of Losses from Large of priorities, planning and delivering programs, Terrorist Attacks under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. monitoring, and evaluation), and the wide variety of S. J. Carroll, T. LaTourrette, B. G. Chow, G. S. Jones, C. contexts in which prevention programs need to be W. Martin. 2005. implemented. These challenges have resulted in a large gap between the positive outcomes often achieved by Following the 9/11 attacks and the substantial losses prevention science and the lack of these outcomes by incurred, insurers questioned their ability to pay claims in prevention practice at the local level. Common future attacks and began to exclude terrorism coverage mechanisms within the United States to address this gap from commercial insurance policies. The fear that a lack are available (e.g., Internet and training), but these of insurance coverage would threaten economic stability mechanisms lack outcomes. A new model, emphasizing and growth, urban development, and jobs led the federal collaboration between science and practice is needed. government to adopt the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act Incorporating traditional evaluation, empowerment (TRIA) of 2002. The pending expiration of TRIA requires evaluation, results-based accountability, and continuous that policymakers assess the effectiveness of TRIA and quality improvement, this manual's ten-step process decide whether to extend, modify, or terminate it. A enhances practitioners' prevention skills while central issue for this assessment is how TRIA will empowering them to plan, implement, and evaluate their redistribute losses among the different parties under own programs. The manual's text and worksheets address different circumstances. To provide an accurate basis on needs and resources assessment; goals and objectives; which to determine the effects of TRIA, the authors choosing programs; ensuring program "fit"; capacity, simulate the expected losses and the distribution of losses planning, process, and outcome evaluation; continuous among stakeholder groups for each of three attack modes: quality improvement; and sustainability. The model an aircraft impact on a major office building, an indoor presented in the manual is meant to be a best practice anthrax attack on a major office building, and an outdoor process—prescriptive, yet flexible enough to facilitate any anthrax attack in a major urban area. The study's results prevention program. Online access: http://www. show that the ultimate distribution of losses under TRIA rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR101.1/. depends on the attack mode and cumulative annual losses. The authors also estimate the loss distribution that would TR-116-FFLA Patterns of Child Care Use for result when different provisions of TRIA are changed. Preschoolers in Los Angeles County. L. Chyu, A. R. Based on this analysis, overall, the role of taxpayers is Pebley, S. Lara-Cinisomo. 2005. expected to be minimal in all but very rare cases, such as serial large attacks on major buildings, highly effective Child care has an important impact on children's large outdoor anthrax releases, or nuclear detonations. In development. High quality child care is especially addition, while TRIA helps reduce uninsured terrorism important for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. losses by making coverage available and by limiting target In this report we examine non-parental child care for insurers' exposure, the analysis in this study shows that, children in Los Angeles County in 2000–2001, based on even with TRIA in place, a high fraction of losses would the first wave of the Los Angeles Family and go uninsured in each of the attack scenarios examined. Neighborhood Survey. In Los Angeles County, non- Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ parental child care was used by only a minority (37 MG427/. percent) of children ages 0 to 5 who were not yet in kindergarten or school. Among the target group for universal preschool (UPS) initiative (children 3 to 5) only 217

39 percent received any type of non-parental child care. benefits that appeal to this population. The authors do not Only about 14 percent of 0- to 5-year olds and 21 percent explicitly test how a new educational benefit program of 3- to 5-year olds attended child care centers or would affect reserve recruiting. The authors then examine preschools at the time of the survey. If these figures how reservists currently combine reserve service with continue to characterize preschools currently - as seems college attendance and civilian employment and describe likely - than less than one quarter of the target age group how the nature of college attendance has changed over for UPS is currently in center care. UPS is intended to be a time and varies according to cognitive ability. The authors voluntary program. However, if UPS succeeds in next step is to review the principal types of educational attracting and providing preschools for even half of the benefits available to reservists and provide information on four-year-olds in Los Angeles County, it will be a very their usage and on how satisfied reservists are with those major change in the experiences of young children and benefits. The authors also compare the educational families. Three key results from this study suggest that benefits available to reservists with those available to initiatives such as UPS and expansion of high-quality, civilians and other military personnel. Finally, the authors developmentally oriented child care programs may be synthesize the descriptive analyses of the college market especially important for children from poorer families. and the way in which reservists combine work and First, children in poor families are less likely than others to college. The nature of college attendance has changed over attend child care centers, despite the availability of time, in part because college demand is rising among less subsidized care. Second, children who receive exclusively skilled youth. Among reservists ages 19 to 24, 64 percent parental care are more likely to have mothers with lower of those attending college reported working in a civilian educational attainments than other children. Third, poor job, compared to 52 percent of all civilian males in this families who did use child care were likely to have had a age range attending college. Of reservists ages 19 to 30 difficult time paying for it. Our results also show that, with enrolled in college, 70 percent are using military education two exceptions, child care use patterns do not differ benefits. Of these individuals, about 65 percent reported in significantly by ethnicity or maternal nativity. One the 2000 Reserve Component Personnel Survey that their exception is that Latino children are less likely to receive education benefits were an important influence on their non-parental child care than other children. Second, decision to stay in the Reserves. The authors conclude that African American children were considerably more likely existing educational benefit programs used by reservists to use center-based care than whites. Contrary to are generally adequate in terms of reported satisfaction conventional wisdom, African American children in Los with these benefits and in terms of how they compare to Angeles were less likely to be cared for by relatives than benefits available to other populations. However, to be in center care, compared with white children. Online activation disrupts schooling in a number of ways, and this access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR116/. risk of disruption and loss may be unacceptable to some potential recruits, especially those higher aptitude youth TR-127-OSD Reserve Recruiting and the College who wish to pursue their college studies intensively and Market: Is a New Educational Benefit Needed? B. J. continuously. To the extent that the reserve components Asch, D. S. Loughran. 2005. seek to attract more high-aptitude recruits in the future, they may wish to experiment with recruiting programs that Rising college enrollment may put college attendance in minimize the risk of activation while these individuals direct competition with the reserve components. attend college. Such programs should be targeted at high- Individuals can easily join a reserve unit while attending aptitude recruits and recruits training in hard-to-fill reserve college because reservists are generally only obligated to occupations; and such programs must also offer greater drill one weekend per month and two weeks during the protection from activation than is currently available to summer. However, reserve participation entails an non-prior service recruits following their initial reserve increasingly high risk of activation of uncertain length. training period. Implementation of such programs should Individuals who want to attend college full time and finish entail an evaluation component similar in nature to the quickly may believe that such a risk is unacceptable. ongoing evaluation of the Army's College-First program. RAND was asked to provide a preliminary assessment of Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ whether new programs, such as those offered by some TR127/. active components, could help the reserve components attract high-quality recruits, with or without prior service, TR-150-AF Measuring the Tempo of the Mobility Air and whether the potential of these programs warrants a Forces. T. Bonds, D. Norton, P. Hirneise, P. Ellis, P. S. more extensive evaluation, including randomized field Killingsworth. 2005. trials. The approach the authors take to this assessment is largely qualitative and descriptive, because the The authors provide a new metric—the mission-day—to composition of the college-bound population and how it is assess the ability of the mobility air forces (MAF) to changing is relevant to the issue of designing educational conduct missions, train its forces, and maintain readiness. 218

The mission-day metric measures the availability of this tool to screen for good mixes of weapons, munitions, crewmembers to fly missions while continuing training and sensors for the Army future force. Online access: and other activities. It can detect problems arising from the http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR170/. operations tempo of MAF personnel as they take part in major theater operations and support U.S. forces engaged TR-175-AF Integrated Planning for the Air Force in peacetime operations around the world. Continuing Senior Leader Workforce: Background and Methods. A. operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have placed heavy A. Robbert, S. M. Drezner, J. E. Boon, L. M. Hanser, S. C. demands on the MAF, and the MAF has risen to the Moore, L. Scott, H. J. Shukiar. 2005. challenge. However, the Air Force must ensure that the RAND Project Air Force and the Air Force Senior Leader resources allocated to mobility operations remain Management Office undertook a study to help improve the sufficient to meet the continuing high level of demand. In development of senior Air Force personnel. This report this report, the authors apply the metric to an illustrative provides background information to put the methods airlift wing and discuss how the metric might be used in developed into context and describes how the methods planning operations at other command levels and in were developed and used to address the need for an identifying potential or actual problems. Online access: improved leadership development program. The authors http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR150/. established a competency framework, ascertained competency requirements for individual positions, TR-167-A American Public Support for U.S. Military determined optimal competency mixes in the inventory of Operations from Mogadishu to Baghdad: Technical senior leaders, and examined the effects of making the Appendixes. E. V. Larson, B. Savych. 2005. usage boundary between general officers and Senior This document supplies the technical appendixes for a Executive Service members more flexible. Online access: study that describes American public opinion toward the http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR175/. use of military force in support of the global war on terrorism (GWOT), delineates the sources of support and TR-180-1-EDU Achieving State and National opposition, and identifies potential fault lines in support. Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to The final report is Eric V. Larson and Bogdan Savych, Carnegie Corporation of New York. J. S. McCombs, S. N. American Public Support for U.S. Military Operations Kirby, H. Barney, H. Darilek, S. Magee. 2005. from Mogadishu to Baghdad, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, To succeed in post-secondary education or employment, MG-231-A, 2004. These appendixes describe bivariate students must emerge from high school possessing high and multivariate statistical analyses of respondent-level levels of literacy skills that enable them to construct public opinion data from polling during the final stages of meaning from a variety of texts and convey that meaning the U.S. military intervention Somalia, the peace to others. Recent reform efforts have yielded positive operations in Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo, the war against results in improving reading achievement for the nation's the Taliban and Al Qaeda Organization in Afghanistan, children in the primary grades. However, many children and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime in are not moving beyond basic decoding skills, even as they Iraq. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ advance to the fourth grade and classes in history, TR/TR167/. mathematics, and science. To focus national attention on the problem of adolescent literacy, Carnegie Corporation TR-170-A The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math started a new initiative-Advancing Adolescent Literacy: Model to Quantify the Effects of Internetting of Fires to Reading to Learn-the aim of which is to promote policy the Future Force. C. G. Pernin, L. Moore. 2005. practice and research in the field of adolescent literacy, For the Army's future force, what is the appropriate mix of which encompasses reading and writing in grades 4 weapons to provide a given outcome, and how might these through 12. As a first step in its new initiative Carnegie weapons be employed? This research offers some initial Corporation asked the RAND Corporation to convene a observations into the internetting of fires (IOF) process small study group for one year to lay the foundation for and a foundation for understanding its relationship to the work of a larger Advisory Council. Carnegie also combat outcome. IOF is "the ability to engage a particular asked RAND to produce a comprehensive, quantitative target using any number of potential firers who are able to survey of the state of adolescent reading and writing engage due to being on the network which provides achievement in the United States. RAND gathered targeting information." A key problem with implementing information from the 50 states and the District of the IOF concept is to determine how to allocate fires Columbia (DC) on state assessment systems and the among a collection of shooters on a network. The authors performance of students in reading, English language arts, describe and demonstrate an analytic tool based on a and writing on state assessments. To examine the relative mathematical optimization to determine that allocation. performance of students against national standards, the The authors also describe how the project sponsor used RAND team also used data from the 2003 state National 219

Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in reading NASDA was a significant player in international space and the 2002 state NAEP in writing. Achieving State and activities, having flown its first astronaut on the space National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to shuttle in 1992, and having development responsibility for Carnegie Corporation of New York documents the results the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) for the of this research and provides a portrait of the state of International Space Station. The Institute for Space and adolescent literacy as measured by these national and state Astronautical Science (ISAS) had successfully developed assessments. The appendices contain individual state a family of smaller solid propellant launchers and, on a write-ups for the 50 states and the District of Columbia budget of approximately 20 to 25 billion yen (about $200 (DC) that describe the assessment systems; the content, million), was developing an international reputation for its format, and performance levels of reading, writing, and space science program. Japanese industry was consistently English/language arts assessments between 4th and 12th increasing its role as a subcontractor in international grades; and student performance on those assessments. It procurements of communications satellites. Ten years is clear that while states are operating under a common later, the Japanese space program may be undergoing a mandate for proficiency, there are large differences in the crisis of confidence. NASDA has had a succession of rigor of the assessment and states' definitions of satellite and launcher failures. ISAS' Mars probe, Nozomi, proficiency, leading to quite disparate outcomes. Compare, failed to reach orbit around Mars. Japanese companies for instance, South Carolina, Missouri, North Carolina, have yet to compete successfully as prime contractors in and Texas. At the 8th grade level, 21 percent of students in the international satellite communications market. The South Carolina and 33 percent of students in Missouri space program has been reorganized, a new Japanese passed the state assessment, compared with 86–87 percent space policy is emerging, and Japan has launched its first of 8th-graders in North Carolina and Texas. However, military and intelligence reconnaissance satellites. What when one looks at the 8th-grade NAEP scores, 24 percent has brought about these changes? Is Japan's space program of students in South Carolina and 34 percent of students in confronting a crisis, or is it just experiencing the growing Missouri scored at the proficient level, compared with 26 pains that all space programs at some point must confront? percent of students in Texas and 29 percent of students in And what future directions might the Japanese space North Carolina. Clearly, even if each state were to meet its program take? This paper addresses these questions. It 100-percent-proficiency goal for reading, students in those briefly reviews the history of Japan's space program. It states would likely have quite disparate abilities, explores the program's organization and its recent changes. knowledge, and skills. Overall, the data show that our It reviews the origins and status of Japan's satellite nation faces a tremendous challenge to raise the literacy reconnaissance program. It then examines several factors skills of its adolescents. Simply mandating standards and affecting Japan's space program. Finally, it explores assessments is not going to guarantee success. Unless we, possible directions the program may take in the next as a nation, are prepared to focus attention and resources several years. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ on this issue, our schools are likely to continue producing publications/TR/TR184/. students who lack skills and are ill-prepared to deal with the demands of post–secondary education and the TR-185-BZK Designing a National Standard for workplace. Policymakers, schools, and teachers need to Discovery Metadata: Improving Access to Digital step up and accept the "orphaned responsibility" of Information in the Dutch Government. J. Rothenberg, I. teaching students to read to learn. The costs of inattention Graafland-Essers, H. Kranenkamp, A. Lierens, C. van are very high, both in personal and economic terms. This Oranje, R. van Schaik. 2005. report should be of interest to educational researchers and This report presents the results of a short project on the use education policymakers at the national, state, and local of metadata (i.e., information that describes other levels who are working to improve educational information) to enhance the transparency of government in opportunities and learning for all students. Online access: the Netherlands. The purpose of this project was to http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR180-1/. evaluate the risks and issues involved in introducing a nationwide standard for metadata to describe online TR-184 Japan's Space Program: A Fork in the Road? government information in the Netherlands and to propose S. Berner. 2005. such a standard, based on the Dublin Core (DC) metadata In 1969, Japan had not yet successfully launched a standard, which has served as the basis for a number of satellite. By 1994, it was an emerging space power. The similar initiatives in other countries. This report presents National Space Development Agency (NASDA) had the results of our analysis, organized according to the three launched 30 rockets without a failure, and had a string of major phases in which the project was conducted. The first successes with its satellites. It was developing the phase examined the needs of government information indigenous H-2 launcher that would allow Japan to providers, to enable us to understand their concerns and compete in the international launch-services market. what a metadata standard should offer them. The second 220 phase examined the Dublin Core and a number of other score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (as a national metadata standards, to enable us to understand measure of ability) seems to be positively correlated with their capabilities and limitations and to propose a higher levels of performance on both individual and discovery metadata standard for the Netherlands. The third group-based military tasks. Because most of this literature phase explored implementation issues that had emerged in is now somewhat outdated, issues relating the the first two phases. Online access: http://www. determinants of personnel productivity should be rand.org/publications/TR/TR185/. reevaluated in the context of transformation and the developments associated with it. An appendix summarizes TR-192-RC Stress and Performance: A Review of the studies, describes the method used in each, and the Literature and Its Applicability to the Military. J. provides qualitative and quantitative results in tabular Kavanagh. 2005. form. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ TR/TR193/. There are many stressors associated with military life, particularly with deployments, and it is important to TR-194-OSD Toward Incentives for Military understand how such stressors affect individual Transformation: A Review of Economic Models of functioning and performance. This report reviews Compensation. B. Savych. 2005. literature on how stress affects performance generally and applies the most relevant findings to military operations Two of the military's transformation goals have particular and training. While some literature suggests a negative significance when considering its compensation system: linear relationship between stress and performance, other (1) assuring that the system provides flexibility in literature implies that performance may in fact be optimal managing personnel, and (2) assuring that the system at moderate levels of stress. This is in contrast to low induces innovatory activities and well-calculated risk- levels of stress, in which activation and alertness may be taking. In addition, the system needs to provide incentives too low to foster effective performance, and high levels of for performance, retention, and skill acquisition. This stress, in which arousal is too high to be conducive to task report reviews four models of compensation: (a) performance. While stress may contribute to reduced task promotion tournaments, in which a fixed number of people performance and weakened decisionmaking processes, compete for a fixed number of rewards, (b) deferred there are intervening variables, or moderators, that can compensation, (c) pay-for-performance mechanisms, and help offset some the negative effects of stress on (d) nonmonetary rewards. It analyzes how each of these individual and group functioning. The author concludes works in a hierarchical organization and identifies factors that stress exposure training, in which individuals are within the military compensation system that might affect exposed to simulated stressors and forced to perform its transformation efforts. Online access: http://www.rand. target skills under them, can be the most important org/publications/TR/TR194/. moderator in the military context. Groups that undergo this type of training tend to have better communication, TR-197-RC 9 to 5: Do You Know if Your Boss teamwork, and feedback strategies that help them to work Knows Where You Are? Case Studies of Radio Frequency together under stress. Online access: http://www.rand. Identification Usage in the Workplace. E. Balkovich, T. org/publications/TR/TR192/. K. Bikson, G. Bitko. 2005. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are finding TR-193-OSD Determinants of Productivity for their way into a broad range of new applications that have Military Personnel: A Review of Findings on the raised concerns about privacy that demonstrate how Contribution of Experience, Training, and Aptitude to emerging information technologies can upset the balance Military Performance. J. Kavanagh. 2005. of privacy, personal benefits, and public safety and Reviews the primary literature and empirical findings security. Although proposed retail uses are new, RFID related to three major factors that affect military personnel tags have been used to control access in the workplace for productivity: experience, training, and ability. The over a decade. The authors conducted a case study of six majority of studies concerning the relationship between enterprises to understand their policies for collecting, productivity and experience, training, or aptitude find that retaining, and using personally identifiable records each of these three factors contributes significantly to obtained by sensing RFID-based access cards. They found personnel productivity. Most studies confirm that that RFID usage in the surveyed workplaces has a number careerists are several times as productive as first-term of common features (data are used for more than access personnel, although the size of the experience differential control, access control system records are linked with is likely to vary based on the nature and requirements of a other enterprise databases, and security and employment given occupation. Additional training can improve practices trump privacy concerns), but that policies are not proficiency, reduce performance error, and lead to a higher generally written down or communicated to employees. technical skill level among personnel. Finally, a higher They conclude that although employees ought to be 221 informed about uses of access control system records and 2003. On balance, however, they judged the performance have the right to inspect and correct records about their of the system to be acceptably stable, especially in the face activities, implementing traditional fair information of the large change in coding (or case mix). Online access: practices for access control systems records would be http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR201/. impractical for some situations, such as the individual's ability to correct an erroneous record. Thus there is a need TR-203-AHRQ Assessment of the National Patient for a modified notion of fair information practices with Safety Initiative: Context and Baseline Evaluation Report regard to this use of RFID technology. Online access: 1. D. Farley, S. C. Morton, C. Damberg, A. M. Fremont, http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR197/. S. H. Berry, M. D. Greenberg, M. Sorbero, S. S. Teleki, K. Ricci, N. Pollock. 2005. TR-200-HE Measuring and Understanding Economic In September 2002, RAND contracted with the U.S. Interdependence in Allegheny County. S. Sleeper, H. H. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to Willis, E. Landree, B. Grill. 2005. serve as the evaluation center for its national patient safety A powerful descriptive analysis of the wealth flows in initiative. The evaluation center is responsible for Allegheny County, this report provides timely and critical performing a longitudinal evaluation of AHRQ's patient information regarding public policy issues affecting a safety activities and for providing regular feedback to region that includes the City of Pittsburgh. Understanding support the continuing improvement of this initiative over the wealth flows and economic interdependencies of the a four-year project period. This report presents findings on municipalities of this region is essential to making the history leading to the AHRQ patient safety initiative, effective public policy choices about how to align the start-up of the initiative, and early activities through municipal tax bases and state and local fiscal policies. This September 2003. It focuses on assessing the context and report provides evidence on how Allegheny County's 130 goals that were the foundation for the initiative and municipalities are interconnected, as people commute documents the baseline status of the activities being across municipal borders to work, creating interregional undertaken. The evaluation found the agency has done an economic flows. This report is useful to community and impressive job in starting the patient safety initiative, business leaders who are engaged in meaningful despite unreasonable high expectations and insufficient discussions about what it means to be a region. The funding. The evaluators identify four priorities for AHRQ methodology and measures—the imported and exported that they believe will have the strongest positive impact on earnings dependency ratios—contribute to the broader the future of the patient safety initiative: designing interim field of economics. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ objectives to pull the health care system toward the long- publications/TR/TR200/. term goal of reducing errors by 50 percent; developing a national patient safety data repository; participating in TR-201-CMS Preliminary Analyses for Refinement active public-private partnerships and supporting health of the Tier Comorbidities in the Inpatient Rehabilitation care organizations in their implementation activities; and Facility Prospective Payment System. G. M. Carter, M. balancing research and adoption activities. Online access: Totten. 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR203/. In 2002, Medicare phased in the implementation of a TR-207-CMS Possible Refinements to the prospective payment system (PPS) for inpatient Construction of Function-Related Groups for the Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) that included a way of Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System. D. addressing the added costs of treating patients with certain A. Relles, G. K. Ridgeway, G. M. Carter, M. B. Buntin. comorbidities. The payments for those comorbidities were 2005. determined by means of a system that ranked costly comorbidities in three cost tiers. Using data from the first In 2002, Medicare implemented a prospective payment year when almost all hospitals were fully paid under the system (PPS) for inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs). PPS (FY 2003), the authors examined the relationship The PPS works by assigning patients to groups according between comorbidities and marginal cost and the to how well patients function. These groups, called frequency with which individual comorbidities were function-related groups (FRGs), are then used to predict assigned to IRF patients. They found problems with some the cost of treating particular Medicare patients according of the tier comorbidities: Some conditions were no longer to their ability to function in four general categories: related to treatment costs; other conditions should be put transfers, sphincter control, self-care (e.g., grooming, in a different tier; some costly diagnoses were not part of eating), and locomotion. Patient functioning is measured the tier system. The authors conclude that the tier system according to 18 categories of activity-13 motor tasks, such remains an important means for matching payments to as climbing stairs, and 5 cognitive tasks, such as recall. As costs, although it will require a reasonable amount of part of a contract to monitor how accurately the IRF PPS revision in response to coding changes found during FY is predicting treatment costs, the Center for Medicare and 222

Medicaid Services (CMS) asked RAND to examine The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 mandated use of a possible refinements to the FRGs to identify potential prospective payment system (PPS) to pay for Medicare improvements in the alignment between Medicare patient stays at inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) and payments and actual hospital costs. Several developments stated that changes in the payment amounts should make it likely that significant refinements can be made: a accurately reflect changes in IRFs' patient case mix-that is, new recording instrument, known as the IRF Patient the true cost of treating patients-and not be influenced by Assessment Instrument, containing questions that changes in coding practices. This report covers a RAND improved the quality of the patient information available analysis of IRF case mix during 2002, the first year of the to us; more recent data on a larger patient population that IRF PPS, and compares it with case mix under the old describe the entire universe of rehabilitation patients; system in 1999. The authors conclude that most of the improvements in the algorithms that produced the initial change was true change, not coding change, but FRGs, which should improve prediction of treatment recommend slight adjustments either in the weighting or costs; and the two years that have passed since the initial the conversion factor to ensure that future payments reflect FRGs were created, during which changes in the cost only real changes in resource needs. Online access: structure of IRFs have occurred. The analysis had two http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR213/. specific objectives: (1) to explore whether the new data enable better prediction of treatment costs and (2) to assess TR-216-A Making Better Use of Bandwidth: Data possible refinements to the FRGs based on the new data. Compression and Network Management Technologies. J. To address the first objective, the authors reexamined F. Pane, L. Joe. 2005. assumptions about whether particular indicators that an Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have activity was not observed, or "missing," indicated a lack of demonstrated the Army’s increasing reliance on functioning or simply absent data. They also looked at the communications, making it important to find ways in usefulness of some new indicators in the IRF PAI data for which the Army might better use bandwidth. This report predicting costs. To address the second objective, they discusses how existing data compression and network also performed two tasks: First, they considered whether management techniques could be used in the near to alternative indices that included weighting for patient medium term to improve performance. These techniques functioning might predict costs more accurately; second, will not solve the bandwidth bottleneck but will contribute they ran the algorithm used in 1999 to derive FRGs with to better performance with minimal impact on existing the new IRF PAI data to see whether the FRGs would look networks. The authors describe how several modern substantially different. The analysis identified several compression technologies work, along with some of the potential areas of refinement for the payment system, tradeoffs involved in using them. In addition, network assuming the analysis effects observed hold up on 2003 accelerators can improve throughput by changing network data: missing indicators, importance of "function structure and operations at the last link to the user. These modifiers," indices and weighting, and refinements to the technologies enable users to manage their individual FRGs. For example, the earlier data assumed that no report bandwidth needs and, when combined with new about a particular function meant that patients were unable compression technologies, could potentially reduce to perform it, an assumption that held true for most bandwidth demands by an order of magnitude. The authors activities. However, the authors found that a lack of data recommend that the Army incorporate compression and for "transfer to toilet" and "transfer to tub" should be network acceleration technologies into future systems, interpreted less strongly than for the other missing identify where Army-specific tailoring could improve on indicators. The more-nuanced information about patient commercial data compression technologies, and develop functioning provided by "function modifiers," such as an experimental plan to determine acceptable distance walked, adds information to the basic functional compression-related losses in quality and to train users. independence measurement, or FIM, category, such as Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_ "walking." By using a motor index that does not equally reports/TR216/. weight all components, some improvement in explanatory power could be expected. Moreover, using the 2002 data TR-218-MDA Capabilities Analysis Model for in an algorithm that produced the 1999 FRGs, the authors Missile Defense: User's Guide. H. H. Willis, J. Bonomo, found many fewer payment groups across the various P. K. Davis, R. J. Hillestad. 2005. conditions. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/TR/TR207/. The Capabilities Analysis Model for Missile Defense (CAMMD) was developed by RAND as part of the TR-213-CMS Preliminary Analyses of Changes in Missile Defense Agency's effort to improve tools and Coding and Case Mix under the Inpatient Rehabilitation methods for strategic planning and investment analysis. Facility Prospective Payment System. G. M. Carter, S. M. The model's structure allow users to investigate the Paddock. 2005. implications of strategic budget decisions on the nation's 223 missile defense capabilities over time by threat region, by programs on smoking and other health-related outcomes mission, and by layer. Analysts can examine how and early results from those measures. Finally, it provides competing budget programs affect the technology maturity both program-specific and statewide recommendations for rate of systems or components; how capabilities enabled future program activities and funding. Online access: by competing budget programs compare over time; and http://www.rand.org/publications/ how those capability assessments depend on the level and TR/TR221/. sophistication of the threat. CAMMD supports "what-if" scenarios that vary inputs such as attack size; attacking TR-224-HLTH Process Evaluation of Project Public missile classes and capabilities; uncertainty in assumptions Health Ready. S. Myers, M. A. Stoto. 2005. about performance and availability of various engagement Project Public Health Ready aims to prepare local public sequence groups; and crude launch and aim-point health agencies to respond to bioterrorism and to protect geography. Effective use of CAMMD depends on the the public's health through a program of planning, availability of richer models and analyses, such as those competency-based training, and exercises. The program is used in system engineering. The report gives an overview voluntary and participants receive recognition for their of the model's structure, inputs, calculations, and use. efforts. This report evaluates the pilot year of Project Public Health Ready. In the first year of operation, TR-219-CMS Possible Refinements to the Facility- participation provided agencies with (1) a framework to Level Payment Adjustments for the Inpatient use in organizing their preparedness activities; (2) ideas, Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System. S. materials, and support from their colleagues in the national M. Paddock, G. M. Carter, B. O. Wynn, A. J. Zhou. 2005. program, academic public health preparedness centers, and The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) elsewhere; and (3) recognition for their department's implemented the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility (IRF) efforts. The program's deadlines and requirements led Prospective Payment System (PPS) beginning on January agencies to become prepared earlier than if they had not 1, 2002. This report describes potential refinements to the participated in the program. Although there were facility-level payment adjustments for the IRF PPS. These substantial non-reimbursed costs, participating refinements improve upon current adjustments by utilizing departments were glad to have been part of the program more recent data from CY 2002, more accurate case mix and would participate again. Most of the limitations were groups (CMGs), and improved statistical methods. associated with its status as a pilot program and the early Standard linear regression is used to derive the facility state of development of standards, materials, and payment adjustments. We tested the sensitivity of the knowledge about public health preparedness. Online potential payment adjustments to the presence of statistical access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR224/. outlier facilities. The results are that payment adjustments for rural facilities and for low-income patients are still TR-230-DOH London Patient Choice Project appropriate; there is support in the data for an indirect Evaluation: A Model of Patients' Choices of Hospital teaching adjustment; and potential payment adjustments from Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data. P. are not unduly influenced by statistical outlier facilities. Burge, N. Devlin, J. Appleby, C. Rohr, J. Grant. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ The London Patient Choice Project (LPCP) was TR219/. established to offer choices to patients who were clinically eligible for treatment and had been waiting for treatment at TR-221-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco an NHS London hospital beyond a target waiting time. Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to This report covers the choice process and the trade-offs 2004. D. Farley, M. Chinman, E. J. D'Amico, D. J. patients are willing to make in order to obtain earlier Dausey, J. Engberg, S. B. Hunter, L. R. Shugarman, M. treatment. The approach adopted uses a disaggregate Sorbero. 2005. discrete choice framework with both stated preference The Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act, a referendum (SP) survey data and revealed preference (RP) choice data. passed by Arkansans in the November 2000 election, We provide insights into how patients value various invests Arkansas’ share of the tobacco Master Settlement aspects of their current choices and how they may value Agreement funds in seven health-related programs. This choices that are currently outside of the scope of the report documents the initiation and first two years of LPCP. The analysis identifies reputation of hospital as one activity by the seven funded programs. First, it gives a of the key drivers of choice. The modelling results inform summary of the history and context of the funding in policy makers of the potential benefits of different ways of Arkansas. It then describes progress on key indicators structuring and informing patients' choices, with the from program inception in July 2001 to June 2003 for each potential for far greater customisation according to the of the seven programs. The report also examines measures patient. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ that were developed to monitor effects of the funded TR/TR230/. 224

TR-234-A High-Altitude Airships for the Future decisionmakers find themselves with little guidance on Force Army. L. Jamison, G. Sommer, I. Porche. 2005. how to proceed. In an initial effort to respond to the situation, this report looks at the challenges confronting Across the services, there is an increasing demand for states that are seeking to create statewide public systems overhead communications capacity. New, lighter-than-air of high-quality pre-K services, as well as some of the (LTA) vehicles that operate at very high altitudes have an progress they have made in doing so. Drawing on a review obvious attraction for planners of surveillance and of the literature and interviews with pre-K personnel in a communication missions; the ability to see to a more representative sample of eight U.S. states, the report distant horizon results in greatly expanded surveillance examines the policy choices and debates involved in volumes. This report informs the U.S. Army about the implementing pre-K in an environment of fiscal usefulness and limitations of high-altitude airships (HAA) uncertainty, focusing on the key issues of funding, in the role of platforms for communications and auspice, access, accountability, and staffing. In addition, it surveillance suites in theater battlespace. Potential looks at the unintended effects of particular universal pre- alternatives are solar-powered HAA and airplanes flying at K policy choices on other child populations, families, and 65,000 feet or above that can remain geostationary for communities. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ months. Potentially, HAA may provide communications publications/TR/TR237/. satellite capabilities for the WIN-T network that are less expensive than satellites and may support a Global Hawk- TR-239-DHHS Exemplary Practices in Public Health like surveillance package in the Multi-Sensor Command Preparedness. T. L. Tanielian, K. Ricci, M. A. Stoto, D. J. and Control Constellation (MC2C). HAA performance Dausey, L. M. Davis, S. Myers, S. Olmsted, H. H. Willis. issues include engine power, envelope strength, and 2005. permeability, solar-cell power, fuel-cell capacity, weather, launch and recovery, and air defense survivability. Online RAND was contracted by the U.S. Department of Health access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR234/. and Human Services to develop resources and prepare analyses that help describe and enhance key aspects of TR-235-CARB The Impact of Extended Vehicle state and local public health emergency preparedness. As Emission Warranties on California's Independent Repair part of this work, RAND was asked to compile a Shops. L. S. Dixon. 2005. repository of exemplary practices in public health preparedness. This report provides an overview of the To satisfy part of California's Zero Emission Vehicle methods and criteria used to select and nominate 13 Program, automobile manufacturers will likely be candidate practices for the repository and provides brief producing large numbers of partial-zero emission vehicles. descriptions of the practices that have been selected and The emission-control systems of these vehicles must be approved by the sponsor as exemplary practices. Online covered under warranty for 15 years or 150,000 miles, far access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR239/. longer than current warranty requirements. When the California Air Resources Board adopted the extended TR-242-CMS Toward a Revolution in Intelligence warranty requirement, it expressed concern that extended Affairs. D. G. Barger. 2005. warranties might adversely affect the independent vehicle- repair industry because repairs usually must be done at As the global war on terrorism continues to expand and dealer repair shops to be covered under warranty. This the post–Cold War security environment remains in flux, report examines and quantifies the possible effects of both the strengths and weaknesses of U.S. intelligence extended vehicle warranties on the independent repair have been thrust into the public spotlight, leading to industry, estimating those effects out to 2020. It also renewed recognition of the importance of intelligence and identifies options for reducing or mitigating adverse the need for improvements in intelligence operations. The effects from extended warranties on independent repair research presented in this report was conducted by the shop owners and workers, and the general public. Online author, a senior intelligence officer, during her sabbatical access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR235/. at the RAND Corporation from 2002 to 2003. She advances the argument that a “Revolution in Intelligence TR-237-EDU Going to Scale with High-Quality Early Affairs” is needed to prepare the Intelligence Community Education: Choices and Consequences in Universal Pre- to meet its future challenges. In this report, she presents a Kindergarten Efforts. R. Christina, J. Nicholson- framework for how the United States should consider Goodman. 2005. specific changes to its intelligence enterprise to improve its effectiveness. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ The movement toward universal pre-kindergarten (pre-K) publications/TR/TR242/. presents policymakers and implementers with many new challenges. In their attempts to go to scale with high- quality early education programs, these leaders and 225

TR-243-MRC Options for Future MRC Unit Reviews. This report describes the Army Medical Department J. Grant, T. Ling, A. Scoggins, S. Hoorens, M. Shergold, (AMEDD) Transformation Workshop (ATW) IV, S. Wooding. 2005. conducted at the RAND Corporation Washington Office in February 2004, and it includes an analysis and discussion This report, funded by the UK Medical Research Council of the workshop results. This workshop continued the (MRC), is intended to inform the MRC by proposing and assessment, begun in ATWs I-III, of the medical risks appraising two options for reviewing Units: Option A: associated with emerging Army operational concepts and Scientific track record, reviewed via site visits over the capacity of the AMEDD to mitigate these risks. The variable time scales. Overall Unit synergy is assessed, principal purpose of ATW IV was to begin the process of with award of funding envelope allocated to research providing casualty demand estimates that will need to be groups by Director. Option B: Future scientific strategy is addressed by the health service support system at echelons assessed using Strategic Audits, metrics and Directors’ above the Unit of Action (UA). AMEDD subject matter science strategy. Site visit is optional and determined by experts supported the workshop and examined the ability Quinquennial Review Subcommittee. Units will only of an envisioned UA medical structure to support Future supported if there is a strategic need. The two options have Force combat operations in a 12-hour combat simulation been developed through a series of consultations with the provided by the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine key stakeholders involved in the Unit Review process. The Command. The results of the workshop will provide options are not proposals nor are they mutually exclusive; information valuable in designing the medical system it is likely that elements of each are combined to produce a above the UA level. Online access: http://www.rand. preferred model. Strengths and weaknesses of the two org/publications/TR/TR253/. options were appraised, using an appraisal framework looking at their suitability, feasibility and acceptability. TR-259-CMS Effects of Payment Changes on Trends Finally, it is suggested how the two options respond to 25 in Access to Post-Acute Care. M. B. Buntin, J. J. Escarce, key questions. It is stressed that these choices are best C. Hoverman, S. M. Paddock, M. Totten, B. O. Wynn. made by the MRC with wider interests to consider and 2005. balance. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR243/. Medicare has instituted a prospective payment system (PPS) for patients receiving post-acute care (PAC). TR-249-DHHS Enhancing Public Health Prospective payment gives facilities incentives to provide Preparedness: Exercises, Exemplary Practices, and care efficiently, since they can keep any difference Lessons Learned: Assessing the Adequacy of Extant between the set payment and their costs. However, this Exercises for Addressing Local and State Readiness for also gives facilities incentives to change their care and Public Health Emergencies. L. R. Shugarman, E. practice patterns in other ways and to change their coding Eiseman, A. K. Jain, N. Nicosia, S. Stern, J. Wasserman. practices to increase revenue. This report examines the 2005. cumulative effects of PAC payment system changes, specifically, effects on the Home Health Agency Interim RAND was asked to develop a set of criteria by which the Payment System, the Skilled Nursing Facility Prospective design of emergency response exercises could be Payment System, the Home Health Agency Prospective evaluated and then to apply those criteria to actual Payment System, and the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility exercises that focus on assessing and improving the Prospective Payment System. Access to care is measured readiness of local and state public health departments to by examining the changes in use of these facilities since respond to public health emergencies, including implementation of PPS. The study focuses on elderly bioterrorism. This document presents the results of a large- Medicare patients discharged from acute care facilities, scale application of the final 14 criteria to exercises with a diagnosis of hip fracture, stroke, or lower extremity suitable for evaluation (exercises that met minimum joint replacement. Models are used to predict the documentation requirements). RAND found that the probability that patients will go to a PAC location before criteria were reasonably feasible, reliable, internally and after each payment system was enacted. The authors consistent, and exhibited good face validity. Expert find that the effects of each payment system differed, but evaluation of 37 exercises using the criteria showed they note that, overall, most of the payment system substantial variation in exercise scores. Online access: changes that were intended to contain costs had the effect http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR249/. of decreasing the use of the site of care directly affected. But, in many cases, they also had the effect of increasing TR-253-A Medical Risk in the Future Force Unit of the use of alternative care sites. These changes do not Action: Results of the Army Medical Department appear to have affected the severely ill more than others. Transformation Workshop IV. D. E. Johnson, G. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_ Cecchine. 2005. reports/TR259/. 226

TR-260-DHHS Tests to Evaluate Public Health over 10 months. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Disease Reporting Systems in Local Public Health publications/TR/TR261/. Agencies. D. J. Dausey, N. Lurie, A. Diamond, B. Meade, R. C. Molander, K. Ricci, M. A. Stoto, J. Wasserman. TR-262-MDA A Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile 2005. Defense (PAT-MD): Methodology and Users Manual. P. Dreyer, P. K. Davis. 2005. Despite the importance of public health disease reporting systems in an age of increasing globalization, few This report documents the underlying methodology of standardized tools have been developed to help public RAND's Portfolio-Analysis Tool for Missile Defense health agencies evaluate their effectiveness. This (PAT-MD), an analytic tool developed to facilitate high- operations manual provides public health agencies with a level discussion of program tradeoffs and adjustments in set of standardized proficiency tests to aid in the the Missile Defense Agency (MDA). PAT-MD provides development of regular and consistent strategies for testing summary portfolio-style characterizations of alternative the ability of public health disease reporting systems to investment options, including projected capabilities in receive and respond to case reports 24 hours a day, seven different missions, the balance of emphasis across days a week. The manual serves as a guidebook for missions, the managing of risks, and economic planning a test and as a training and reference manual for considerations such as relative cost-effectiveness. PAT- individuals conducting a test; provides tools and templates MD and a companion tool, RAND's Capabilities Analysis necessary to conduct the tests; and provides benchmarks to Model for Missile Defense (CAMMD), make it possible to evaluate testing performance. The goal of these tests is to "zoom" to higher levels of detail in order to understand the assess whether a local public health agency has sufficient basis of high-level characterizations and how they would proficiency to respond to public health disease reports as change if assumptions or priorities were changed. PAT- outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and MD provides five scoring and aggregation methods that Prevention. The tests are intended to be used over time to correspond mathematically to alternative aggregation regularly monitor and improve performance of public functions. The appropriate method-e.g., simple linear health disease reporting systems. Online access: weighted sums or nonlinear methods that enforce the http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR260/. concept that a system with several critical components will fail if any of its critical components fail-depends on the TR-261-DHHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Training analysis and context. Significantly, PAT-MD also and Assessment Exercises for Local Public Health provides a straightforward way to test sensitivity to goals Agencies. D. J. Dausey, N. Lurie, A. Diamond, B. Meade, and thresholds in order to ensure that results are not R. C. Molander, K. Ricci, M. A. Stoto, J. Wasserman. unduly sensitive to arbitrary assumptions. The report also 2005. serves as a user's guide to PAT-MD. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR262/. Since September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax attacks, the use of tabletop exercises in public health for TR-263-OSD Scoping Aerospace: Tracking Federal emergency preparedness assessment and emergency Procurement and R&D Spending in the Aerospace Sector. response training has increased significantly. The evidence T. Hogan, D. Fossum, D. J. Johnson, L. S. Painter. 2005. base for these exercises, however, remains sparse and the quality of many of these exercises is poor due to Assesses the scope of external federal spending in the insufficient beta testing. Most exercises focus on training aerospace industry from 1993 to 2003 by tracking all and few provide public health agencies (PHAs) with tools government aerospace procurement and research and to assess exercise performance. This narrow focus limits development (R&D) expenditures from 1993 to 2003. The the ability of PHAs to use tabletop exercises as part of an study reveals a clear downward trend in federal aerospace overall continuous quality improvement effort. In 2003, procurement and R&D expenditures during the decade the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office examined. This decline was felt in each of the primary of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health Emergency aerospace sectors-air systems, missile systems, and space Preparedness contracted the RAND Corporation to systems. DoD aerospace-related R&D spending dropped develop and beta test a suite of tabletop exercises that dramatically after the Cold War and overall external focus on the response of local PHAs (LPHAs) to outbreaks military spending declined by more than 40 percent during caused by bioterrorism in the first few hours to days of the the period examined. Although NASA's spending also response. RAND developed the tabletop exercises declined, it has been able to avoid major decreases in its described in this manual as templates that LPHAs can space system expenditures by drastically reducing customize and use to train public health workers in how to infrastructure expenditures in order to maintain its detect and response to bioterrorism events and to assess mission priorities. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ LPHAs' levels of preparedness over time. They were beta publications/TR/TR263/. tested and refined in 13 LPHAs across the United States 227

TR-264-NAVY OPNAV N14 Quick Reference: TR-274-OSD Early Results on Activations and the Officer Manpower and Personnel Governance in the U.S. Earnings of Reservists. J. A. Klerman, D. S. Loughran, C. Navy: Law, Policy, Practice. R. J. Yardley, P. Schirmer, Martin. 2005. H. Thie, S. J. Merck. 2005. In conducting the Global War on Terrorism, the The Navy manages its officer corps with the primary goal Department of Defense (DoD) has relied heavily on the of meeting the national security and military strategies. reserve components. A large fraction of the reserve force Within that broad goal, it also manages its officers to has been activated at least once since September 11, 2001, provide them with individual opportunities and a and many of these activations have lasted for more than a reasonable quality of life, in the most cost-effective way, year. This more intensive use of the Reserves has been within a framework of law, policy, and practice. The Navy accompanied by concerns that many reservists suffer has a number of personnel management tools that it can substantial financial losses because of being activated. use to shape the officer corps to meet various goals. If the Some legislative proposals at the federal and state levels Navy wishes to alter its personnel management practices, would increase compensation of activated reservists to it can do so. However, its ability to change some aspect of offset these financial losses. This report describes research management depends on what determines the nature of the using a sample of Army and Air Force reservists activated specific management practice. Changing a law, of course, in 2001 and 2002 for the Global War on Terrorism. It requires congressional action, typically a lengthy process. combines information on their civilian earnings from Changing a Navy policy simply requires the Navy to issue Social Security Administration (SSA) data for 2001 with a new one, which could happen quickly. This document information on military earnings from DoD administrative describes the laws and policies that affect various aspects files to estimate the effect of activation on their earnings. of active component officer personnel management. It This measure of military earnings includes pays, distinguishes between DoD policy and Navy policy, allowances, and an approximation to the value of the because they are not always identical. While this research federal tax preference accorded military allowances and focuses on the U.S. Navy, it could apply to other services. military pay received while serving in a combat zone. The Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ results on earnings and activation reported in this TR264/. document are early and subject to a number of important caveats, but the estimates do imply less prevalent and TR-268-CST Talking Policy: An Examination of severe earnings losses among activated reservists than do Public Dialogue in Science and Technology Policy. S. estimates derived from DoD survey data. Online access: Wooding, A. Scoggins, P. Lundin, T. Ling. 2005. http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR274/. This report makes recommendations for how public TR-276-HLTH Evaluation of a Patient Safety consultation can be fed into policy debates in science and Training Program. C. Nelson. 2005. technology. The UK based study draws from four case studies and a twenty-two respondent web survey. The case Preventable medical errors kill somewhere between studies were the public dialogue activities run for the 2003 44,000 and 98,000 people in the United States each year, Energy White Paper; those around the use of sex selection with some studies placing the number as high as 195,000. organised by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology One widely discussed approach to addressing the problem Authority; those surrounding the UK BioBank, a of medical errors is improved professional training on population biomedical sample collection; and three run by safety-science concepts for healthcare professionals. This the Food Standards Agency. There were recommendations report evaluates a pilot fellowship program on patient for policy centred around four themes. Firstly, preserving safety conducted in summer 2004 under the auspices of capacity, that of the public to engage in consultations and the Jewish Healthcare Foundation and Coro Health of contractors to provide the consultations needed. Sciences Fellowship. Based on participant surveys and Secondly, clarity and planning, that there needed to be focus groups, along with study data, the report evaluates clarity in how the consultation could affect policy and all the curriculum's design and content, program possible outcomes needed to be considered. Thirdly, implementation, and training outcomes, with the intent to synthesis of policy, that organisations should reflect on the provide feedback to inform improvement, redesign, and transparency of their policy process when combining scale-up of the pilot program. Online access: numerous streams of evidence. Finally, evaluation and http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR276/. learning, that there was little external evaluation of projects or explicit sharing of lessons learned. Online TR-285-DHHS Learning from Experience: The access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR268/. Public Health Response to West Nile Virus, SARS, Monkeypox, and Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States. M. A. Stoto, D. J. Dausey, L. M. Davis, K. 228

Leuschner, N. Lurie, S. Myers, S. S. Olmsted, K. Ricci, M. produced; examines the role of intelligence in security S. Ridgely, E. M. Sloss, J. Wasserman. 2005. sector reform; highlights the importance of control and accountability in intelligence structures; examines how six To help describe and enhance key aspects of state and countries have developed and implemented intelligence local public health emergency preparedness, the U.S. legislation and associated reforms; and, finally, draws out Department of Health and Human Services asked RAND a number of key lessons to be considered in any future to study the response of state and local health departments security sector reform activity encompassing intelligence to outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome structures. The report outlines the choices that need to be (SARS), monkeypox, West Nile virus, and hepatitis A that made when designing or implementing legislative took place from 1999 to 2003. Public health agencies oversight on intelligence and security services. The report demonstrated a robust ability to implement the major will be of interest to policy makers in countries seeking to components of response to a public health emergency. reform their security sectors and to practitioners in the However, unlike some other emergency responders, they international aid community seeking to support security do not have command and control authority over many sector reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ important resources that are needed for an optimal public publications/TR/TR288/. health response. Researchers found that the most pervasive problem was the need for strong communication and TR-289-SSDAT National Security Decision-Making coordination between public health and other Structures and Security Sector Reform. S. Bearne, O. governmental agencies involved in emergency response. Oliker, K. A. O'Brien, A. Rathmell. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ TR285/. This report was prepared for the UK's Security Sector Development Advisory Team in June 2005. Its aim is to TR-286-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Spare act as a basis for discussion and to provide an opportunity Parts Costs: A Study of M1 Tanks. C. Fan, E. Peltz, L. P. to learn from the successes and failures of intelligence and Colabella. 2005. security legislation in various countries. Drawing on the body of academic work in this field and the knowledge of As the average ages of Army weapon systems increase, it RAND staff, this report: provides a definition of has been assumed that this is leading to increasing intelligence; describes in detail how intelligence is maintenance costs. However, it has proved difficult to produced; examines the role of intelligence in security quantitatively "validate" and estimate the actual effect of sector reform; highlights the importance of control and equipment age on costs. In particular, it has been noted accountability in intelligence structures; examines how six that increases in costs may have been "hidden" by how countries have developed and implemented intelligence Army budgets are structured or mitigated by adaptations in legislation and associated reforms; and, finally, draws out part-ordering practices that are not reflected in spending a number of key lessons to be considered in any future and budgets. This study examines the relationship between security sector reform activity encompassing intelligence equipment age and spare part costs for M1 Abrams tanks structures. The report outlines the choices that need to be through the use of part requisition data. The authors also made when designing or implementing legislative examine the issue of adaptive practices by comparing oversight on intelligence and security services. The report actual part expenditures to an exchange price-based will be of interest to policy makers in countries seeking to valuation of part demands. This work is closely related to reform their security sectors and to practitioners in the a companion study on the effects of equipment age on international aid community seeking to support security mission critical failures, a key component of equip- sector reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ ment readiness. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/TR/TR289/. publications/TR/TR286/. TR-291-LACPD Validation of the Risk and TR-288-SSDAT Intelligence and Security Legislation Resiliency Assessment Tool for Juveniles in the Los for Security Sector Reform. G. Hannah, K. A. O'Brien, R. Angeles County Probation System. S. Turner, T. Fain, A. Andrew. 2005. Sehgal. 2005. This report was prepared for the UK's Security Sector As part of the settlement of a civil suit brought by the Development Advisory Team in June 2005. Its aim is to Black Probation Officers Association, the Los Angeles act as a basis for discussion and to provide an opportunity County Probation Department was required to allocate to learn from the successes and failures of intelligence and resources for the administration of a risk and needs security legislation in various countries. Drawing on the instrument to its juvenile probationers. The parties agreed body of academic work in this field and the knowledge of to stipulate the RAND Corporation as the evaluator of this RAND staff, this report: provides a definition of instrument. After surveying a number of instruments, intelligence; describes in detail how intelligence is RAND chose the San Diego Risk and Resiliency Checkup 229

(SDRRC) and conducted a pilot validation assessment of to them. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ that instrument. RAND found that a youth’s “resiliency TR/TR297/. score” on the SDRRC (the net sum of risk factors, which have negative values, and protective factors, which have TR-307-NSF Gender Differences in Major Federal positive values) is significantly related to the youth’s 12- External Grant Programs. S. D. Hosek, A. G. Cox, B. month recidivism rate. The Los Angeles Probation Ghosh-Dastidar, A. Kofner, N. Ramphal, J. Scott, S. H. Department has implemented a policy to institutionalize Berry. 2005. the SDRRC, now referred to as the LARRC, and is The Wyden amendment to the National Science developing an automated case plan that will build on the Foundation (NSF) Authorization Act of 2002 sought to LARRC assessment instrument to provide a more determine whether federally funded educational programs consistent and objective foundation for determining other than sports comply with Title IX, which prohibits appropriate services based upon the needs of the minor. gender discrimination. At the request of NSF, this report Online access: http://www.rand.org/ analyzes administrative data from fiscal years 2001 publications/TR/TR291/. through 2003 describing the outcomes of grant applications submitted by women versus men to federal TR-292-NREL Regional Differences in the Price- agencies, specifically with regard to the probability of Elasticity of Demand for Energy. M. Bernstein, J. M. getting funded, the funding requested, the size of the Griffin. 2005. award, and the probability of applying again. The report The Department of Energy has a series of programs focuses on three federal agencies: the National Institutes intended to spur development and adoption of energy- of Health (NIH), NSF, and the U.S. Department of efficient technologies. This report examines how trends in Agriculture. Overall the study finds that few gender the energy market may vary at the state and regional differences in federal grant funding exist over the period levels, and how price-elasticity of demand (a measure of studied. However, women applying as principal how demand responds to price), varies at the national, investigators to NIH receive less funding than men do, and regional, state, and utility levels. To determine if regional, overall women are somewhat less likely to apply again to state, or sub-state characteristics could affect the size of the same agency. In addition to the findings, the authors of the impact of energy-efficient technologies on energy the report observe the many limitations in the information prices, supply, and consumption, it is necessary to collected by federal grant application and award data examine how individual factors-such as climate, supply systems and recommend ways the federal agencies can constraints, energy costs, and demand for natural gas- improve their tracking of gender differences. Online might affect the extent of this impact. Three energy- access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR307/. demand components are addressed in this report: electricity use in the residential sector, natural gas use in TR-309-NIOSH Review of Literature Related to the residential sector, and electricity use in the commercial Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse sector. The goal of this research is to determine whether Events. E. M. Sloss, N. Castle, G. Cecchine, R. Labor, H. state- and regional-level differences were significant H. Willis, J. T. Bartis. 2005. enough to recommend to the Department of Energy the Following the collapse of the World Trade Center towers disaggregation of data by state or region when estimating on September 11, 2001, a complicated mixture of the potential benefits of energy-efficient technologies. pulverized building material and combustion by-products Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ was released at the collapse site and into surrounding areas TR292/. of New York City. In the months following, several federal agencies monitored the air, dust, and water, testing TR-297-CPOC Accomplishments in Juvenile for hundreds of substances. In addition, many workers Probation in California over the Last Decade. S. Turner, were treated for symptoms that resulted from exposure to T. Fain. 2005. these substances. In an effort to help develop federal Over the past ten years, probation departments across the guidelines for personal protective equipment used by state of California have undertaken five major initiatives emergency responders, this report summarizes data on aimed at juvenile offenders and at-risk youths. At the same injuries among emergency responders available from time, juvenile arrests and incarcerations have fallen, teen incidents of structural collapse (including the World Trade pregnancies have dropped, the numbers of youths living Center in 2001 and Oklahoma City’s Murrah Building in below the poverty level has gone down, and high school 1995), reviews the possible health effects of substances graduation rates have increased. Although probation likely to be found in pulverized building materials, and initiatives were concomitant with these positive outcomes, describes the possible health effects of several combustion we cannot definitively attribute observed statewide trends by-products. For each substance analyzed, the report details the substance’s identity, properties, and uses; 230 possible routes of exposure; evidence for health effects year-olds served by such a program is estimated for each from human studies; occupational exposure limits; and outcome and geographic unit. Where possible, the baseline carcinogenicity status. Online access: level of the outcome in the absence of a universal http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR309/. preschool program is also estimated, enabling the absolute changes to be measured in percentage terms. Because TR-333-CC Police-Community Relations in there are a number of uncertainties associated with the Cincinnati. K. J. Riley, S. Turner, J. M. Macdonald, G. K. estimates, they are not intended to capture the exact effects Ridgeway, T. L. Schell, J. M. Wilson, T. L. Dixon, T. of a particular program. Rather, they provide a gauge for Fain, D. Barnes-Proby, B. Fulton. 2005. the size of the effects and how they might differ across different geographic units in the state. These effects are of In 2002, the Cincinnati Police Department (CPD), the interest in their own right, and they are also associated Fraternal Order of Police, and the American Civil with significant dollar benefits for a variety of Liberties Union (ACLU) entered into a collaborative stakeholders-benefits estimated to exceed the cost of agreement. This agreement pledges its signatories (the providing a high-quality, universal preschool program. parties) to collaborate in efforts to resolve social conflict, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ improve community relations, and avoid litigation. The TR340/. agreement requires the CPD to implement a variety of changes, most notably the adoption of Community Problem-Oriented Policing (CPOP) as a strategy for addressing crime problems and engaging the community. Other provisions of the agreement require the CPD to RESEARCH BRIEFS establish a civilian complaint review process. The collaborative agreement incorporates a previous agreement RB-147-AF New Approaches to Developing the Air between the CPD and the U.S. Department of Justice on Force's Senior Leader Workforce. A. A. Robbert, S. M. use-of-force issues. The agreement specifies the need to Drezner, J. E. Boon, L. M. Hanser, S. C. Moore, L. Scott, evaluate achievement of its goals. In 2004, the parties H. J. Shukiar. 2005. contracted with RAND to conduct this evaluation. These goals are assessed through a variety of evaluation Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/ mechanisms, including surveys of citizens and of CPD RB147/. officers; analyses of motor vehicle stops and of CPD staffing patterns; periodic observations of structured RB-149-AF The Mission Day: A New Metric to meetings between citizens and representatives of the CPD; Evaluate Peacetime Demands on Mobility Air Forces. T. and a review of CPD statistical compilations. The Bonds, D. Norton, P. Hirneise, P. Ellis, P. S. collaborative agreement requires an annual assessment of Killingsworth. 2005. progress toward the agreement's goals. This report is the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ first such annual review. Online access: RB149/. http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR333/. RB-150-AF Improving Agile Combat Support for the TR-340-PF County-Level Estimates of the Effects of U.S. Air Force: Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom. a Universal Preschool Program in California. L. A. K. F. Lynch, J. G. Drew, R. S. Tripp, C. R. Roll. 2005. Karoly. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Growing interest in universal preschool education has RB150/. prompted researchers to examine the potential costs and benefits of making high-quality preschool available for all RB-153-AF children. This study presents estimates, at a disaggregated Improving Wing-Level Logistics in the geographic level, of the potential benefits from a high- U.S. Air Force: An Analytic Approach for the Chief's quality, one-year, universal preschool program in Logistics Review. K. F. Lynch, D. George, J. G. Drew, R. California. Building on the methodology employed by the S. Tripp, C. R. Roll, J. Leftwich. 2005. author in an earlier RAND study, estimates are generated Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ for the 13 largest California counties and for five county RB153/. groups, which together represent 96 percent of the projected California population of 4-year-olds over the RB-154-AF New Analytic Tools Evaluate Overseas next decade. The analysis focuses on a series of nine Combat Support Basing Options for the U.S. Air Force. outcomes specific to educational processes and attainment, M. A. Amouzegar, R. S. Tripp, R. G. McGarvey, E. W. child maltreatment, and juvenile crime. The effect of a Chan, C. R. Roll. 2005. universal preschool program for each annual cohort of 4- 231

Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB154/. RB167/.

RB-158-AF Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: RB-169-AF The United States and Europe Should How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the Work Together to Build a Multinational Global Decision? E. G. Keating, D. Snyder, M. C. Dixon, E. N. Navigation Satellite System. R. Lewis, M. Kennedy, E. Loredo. 2005. Ghashghai, G. Bitko. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB158/. RB169/.

RB-159-AF The Challenges of Developing New RB-170-AF Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a Weapon Systems: Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and New Air-Ground Partnership. B. Pirnie, A. Vick, A. F/A-18 E/F. O. Younossi, D. E. Stem, M. A. Lorell, F. M. Grissom, K. P. Mueller, D. T. Orletsky. 2005. Lussier. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB170/. RB159/. RB-172-AF Price-Based Acquisition May Have Only RB-160-AF Alleviating Air Force Workforce Limited Benefits for the Purchase of Major Weapon Shortages with an Overall Force Management Approach. Systems. M. A. Lorell, J. C. Graser, C. R. Cook. 2005. L. A. Galway, R. J. Buddin, M. R. Thirtle, P. S. H. Ellis, J. D. Mele. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB172/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB160/. RB-174-AF Replacing Aging Trainer Aircraft Is a Question More of Cost Than of Capability. J. A. Ausink, RB-162-AF Forecasting China's Military Spending R. Marken, L. L. Miller, T. Manacapilli, W. W. Taylor, M. Through 2025. K. Crane, R. Cliff, E. S. Medeiros, J. C. R. Thirtle. 2005. Mulvenon, W. H. Overholt. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/ RB174/. RB162/. RB-175-AF China's Defense Industry Is Emerging RB-163-AF More Accurate Transaction Data Are from Its Troubled Past. M. S. Evan, R. Cliff, K. Crane, J. Needed to Improve Air Force Service Contracts. L. S. C. Mulvenon. 2005. Dixon, C. Shirley, L. H. Baldwin, J. A. Ausink, N. Campbell. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB175/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB163/. RB-176-AF Balancing Rapid Acquisition of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Support Considerations. RB-164-AF How Well Is the Air Force Improving J. G. Drew, R. D. Shaver, K. F. Lynch, M. A. Amouzegar, Services Acquisition? New Metrics Can Help. L. H. D. Snyder. 2005. Baldwin, J. A. Ausink, N. Nicosia. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/ RB164/. RB176/.

RB-165-AF Combating Nuclear Terrorism: Lessons RB-177-AF Modern Decision Science Suggests New from Aum Shinrikyo, Al Quaeda, and the Kinshasa Methods and Tools to Support Military Decisionmaking. Reactor. S. Daly, J. Parachini, W. Rosenau. 2005. P. K. Davis, J. Kulick, M. Egner. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB165/. RB177/.

RB-167-AF Decisionmaking Checklists Reduce RB-4536-1 Stopping Violence Before It Starts: Uncertainties in Estimating Software Costs. S. L. Identifying Early Predictors of Adolescent Violence. P. L. Pfleeger, F. Wu, R. Lewis. 2005. Ellickson, K. A. McGuigan. 2005. 232

Key findings: Violence has multiple early warning signs. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Three risk factors predict violence for both boys and girls- RB7569/. early deviance, poor grades, and attending a middle school with high drug use. Violent girls also have low self-esteem RB-9056-OSD Working Around the Military: and live in poor neighborhoods. Violent boys receive Challenges of Military Spouse Employment. M. C. repeated drug offers and shift schools frequently. Online Harrell, N. Lim, L. W. Castaneda, D. Golinelli. 2005. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB4536–1/. Key findings: Military wives are employed at lower rates and earn less than civilian wives, on average. Civilian RB-4554-1 Will Smallpox Vaccinations Save Lives? wives with the same characteristics as military wives 2005. actually have better employment outcomes than the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ average civilian wife. The majority of military spouses RB4554-1/. believe that the military lifestyle-including frequent moves, deployments and long hours that keep service RB-4557-1 Helping Children Cope with Violence: A members from assisting with parenting, and living in areas School-Based Program That Works. L. Jaycox, B. D. with poor local labor market conditions-has negatively Stein, S. H. Kataoka, M. Wong, A. Fink, P. Escudero, C. affected their employment opportunities. Almost half Zaragoza, W. Tu, M. N. Elliott. 2005. believe that their educational opportunities have suffered. Military spouses work for different reasons, based on their Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ own education level, their service member's pay grade, RB4557-1/. and their financial situation. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9056/. RB-4558-1 State Efforts to Insure the Uninsured: An Unfinished Story. 2005. RB-9065-DVA Analyzing, and Influencing, How the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Department of Veterans Affairs Allocates Its Health Care RB4558-1/. Dollars. J. Wasserman, J. S. Ringel, K. Ricci, J. D. Malkin, B. O. Wynn, J. Zwanziger, S. Newberry, M. J. RB-7544-OSD Examining Possible Causes of Gulf Suttorp, A. Rastegar, M. Schoenbaum, B. J. Genovese. War Illness: RAND Policy Investigations and Reviews of 2005. the Scientific Literature. L. H. Hilborne, B. A. Golomb, Key findings: Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) G. N. Marshall, L. M. Davis, C. D. Sherbourne, W. S. patient costs vary from one region to another because of Augerson, D. M. Spektor, N. H. Harley, E. C. Foulkes, A. patient characteristics and other factors that are largely Hudson, C. R. Anthony, G. Cecchine, D. H. Marlowe, R. outside the control of the regional directors. An important A. Rettig, R. D. Fricker, E. Reardon, S. K. Cotton, J. influence on patient costs is the health status of the patient Hawes-Dawson, J. E. Pace, S. D. Hosek. 2005. population and how the amounts allocated for each Shortly after the 1991 Persian Gulf War ended, veterans of patient's care are adjusted accordingly. In response to that conflict began reporting a variety of physical and RAND's recommendation, the VA implemented a more psychological symptoms, some of which remain refined patient classification system. Some regional factors unexplained. To track this issue, the Secretary of Defense thought to contribute to increased patient care costs, such in 1996 designated that a Special Assistant for Gulf War as weather extremes and the infrastructure characteristics Illnesses (OSAGWI) oversee all Department of Defense of facilities where veterans receive care, were not efforts related to these conditions. This research brief important. Online access: http://www.rand. outlines assistance that RAND provided to the OSAGWI org/publications/RB/RB9065/. in investigating the health effects of eight areas of possible causes of illness: infectious diseases, pyridostigmine RB-9067 Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care bromide, immunizations, wartime stress, chemical and They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study. I. D. Coulter, biological warfare agents, oil well fires, depleted uranium, K. Heslin, M. Marcus, R. D. Hays, J. R. Freed, C. Der- and pesticides. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Martirosian, N. Guzman-Becerra, W. E. Cunningham, R. publications/RB/RB7544/. Andersen, W. R. Maas, I. Garcâia, D. A. Schneider, B. J. Genovese, M. F. Shapiro, S. A. Bozzette, A. Dobalian, J. RB-7569-OSD Creating New Career Options for A. Stein, S. C. Morton, C. A. Maida, F. S. Younai, H. Liu, Officers in the U.S. Military. P. Schirmer, D. G. Levy, H. B. A. Freed. 2005. Thie, J. S. Moini, M. C. Harrell, K. Curry, K. Brancato, M. Key findings: Many patients who receive regular medical Abbott. 2005. care for HIV do not get the dental care they need. Many of those reporting unmet need for dental care—including 233

Medicaid recipients whose state Medicaid program does Scribner, V. Basolo, T. Farley, S. Spear, P. Kissinger, J. not provide dental coverage—lack dental insurance. HIV- Wildgen. 2005. infected patients are more likely to get dental care when Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ it's provided by the clinic where they get their medical RB9074/. care. Online access: http://www.rand. org/publications/ RB/RB9067/. RB-9076-OSD Reserve Recruiting in the College Market: New Educational Benefits Could Attract High- RB-9072-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian Aptitude Recruits. B. J. Asch, D. S. Loughran. 2005. State. S. Simon, C. R. Anthony, G. E. Robinson, D. C. Gompert, J. D. Green, R. E. Hunter, C. R. Neu, K. I. RAND found that, for most military service members, Shine, J. L. Adams, A. K. Afifi, C. Benard, M. Bernstein, college attendance is compatible with Reserve service. D. Brannan, C. R. Cook, K. Crane, R. J. Deckelbaum, K. Many reservists successfully combine service with both Fonkych, C. A. Goldman, D. G. Groves, S. G. Jones, K. F. civilian jobs and college, and use the educational benefits McCarthy, A. Moreen, B. Nichiporuk, K. J. Riley, M. available to them. However, those who score the highest Schoenbaum, A. R. Timilsina. 2005. on the AFQT may want to pursue college more intensively than the Reserve components allow, particularly given the Key findings: A new Palestinian state is more likely to increased possibility of activation or of longer activations. succeed if it has a high level of territorial contiguity (apart To attract these individuals, the military might consider from the separation of Gaza and the West Bank); relatively programs that allow recruits to attend college without the open borders allowing movement of people and goods risk of being activated with their Reserve units. Online between Palestine and its neighbors, especially Israel; access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9076/. security within Palestine and for its neighbors. The new state must be seen as legitimate by its citizens and the RB-9079-RC Connecting the Dots in Intelligence: international community, be well governed, and over time Detecting Terrorist Threats in the Out-of-the-Ordinary. J. become economically self-reliant The new state's water S. Hollywood, D. Synder, K. McKay, J. E. Boon. 2005. supply must be enhanced and its education and health systems substantially strengthened Successful Palestinian RB-9081-1-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No development will require some $33 billion in capital Child Left Behind: A Long Uphill Road. J. S. McCombs, investment over the first decade of independence. Online S. N. Kirby, H. Barney, H. Darilek, S. Magee. 2005. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9072/. Carnegie Corporation of New York has launched an RB-9072/1-DCR Building a Successful Palestinian initiative focusing on improving the literacy skills of State. S. Simon, C. R. Anthony, G. E. Robinson, D. C. adolescents. In support of this initiative, Carnegie asked Gompert, J. D. Green, R. E. Hunter, C. R. Neu, K. I. the RAND Corporation to examine adolescents' literacy Shine, J. L. Adams, A. K. Afifi, C. Benard, M. Bernstein, achievement across the nation. The results of that D. Brannan, C. R. Cook, K. Crane, R. J. Deckelbaum, K. achievement provide a sobering portrait of where Fonkych, C. A. Goldman, D. G. Groves, S. G. Jones, K. F. adolescents stand relative to state and national literacy McCarthy, A. Moreen, B. Nichiporuk, K. J. Riley, M. goals. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Schoenbaum, A. R. Timilsina. 2005. RB/RB9081-1/RAND_RB9081-1.pdf. Key findings: A new Palestinian state is more likely to RB-9082 Delaying Kindergarten: Effects on Test succeed if it has a high level of territorial contiguity (apart Scores and Childcare Costs. A. Datar. 2005. from the separation of Gaza and the West Bank); relatively open borders allowing movement of people and goods Is it beneficial to delay the age at which children begin between Palestine and its neighbors, especially Israel; kindergarten? New research finds that kids who enter at security within Palestine and for its neighbors. The new age 6 instead of age 5—especially kids from state must be seen as legitimate by its citizens and the disadvantaged families—do significantly better on international community, be well governed, and over time standardized tests and learn more from schooling. But become economically self-reliant The new state's water delaying entry also leads to substantial additional childcare supply must be enhanced and its education and health costs—especially for poor families. These findings argue systems substantially strengthened Successful Palestinian that policymakers may need to view entrance age policies development will require some $33 billion in capital as a package—one that considers both cognitive and investment over the first decade of independence. noncognitive consequences. Online access: http://www. rand.org/publications/RB/RB9082/. RB-9074 Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor Health? D. Cohen, K. Mason, A. Bedimo, R. 234

RB-9084-OSD Pharmacy Benefits for Military recommends considering all aspects of supply-chain Retirees. G. Joyce, J. D. Malkin, J. E. Pace, T. W. performance when assessing security measures. Also, Croghan. 2005. programs to improve supply-chain security have focused largely on preventing and deterring terrorist attacks, with Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ little focus on improving the supply chain's fault tolerance RB9084/. or resilience. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/RB/RB9095/. RB-9085-MOD Commercial Shipbuilding Tech- niques: Can They Be Applied to Warship Production in RB-9096-MOD Can the United Kingdom Rebuild Its the United Kingdom? J. F. Schank, H. Pung, G. T. Lee, Naval Fleet? Challenges and Opportunities for the UK M. V. Arena, J. L. Birkler. 2005. Shipbuilding Industrial Base, 2005-2020. M. V. Arena, H. The United Kingdom faces numerous challenges in Pung, C. R. Cook, J. P. Marquis, J. Riposo, G. T. Lee. producing warships from now through 2020, including 2005. developing a sufficiently sized and skilled workforce, The United Kingdom faces numerous challenges in updating facilities, and maintaining viable producers. To producing warships from now through 2020, including address these challenges, the UK Ministry of Defence developing a sufficiently sized and skilled workforce, (MOD) needs to consider shifting production timings to updating facilities, and maintaining viable producers. To more evenly distribute future demand, seeking better address these challenges, the UK Ministry of Defence cooperation between the shipyards to share work, (MOD) needs to consider shifting production timings to coordinating the MOD shipbuilding project teams' plans more evenly distribute future demand, seeking better and strategies, exploring alternatives to competitive cooperation between the shipyards to share work, procurement, and considering the use of non- coordinating the MOD shipbuilding project teams' plans traditional suppliers. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ and strategies, exploring alternatives to competitive publications/RB/RB9085/. procurement, and considering the use of nontraditional suppliers. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ RB-9088-HE Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local publications/RB/RB9096/. Trends and Regional Challenges in Allegheny County. S. Sleeper, H. H. Willis, E. Landree, B. Grill. 2005. RB-9100 Improving Quality of Care: How the VA Key findings: The economies of Pittsburgh and other Outpaces Other Systems in Delivering Patient Care. S. M. communities in Allegheny County depend on each other, Asch, E. A. McGlynn, M. M. Hogan, R. A. Hayward, P. especially from an employment perspective. On average, G. Shekelle, L. V. Rubenstein, J. Keesey, J. L. Adams, E. only 13 percent of the residents work in the same town A. Kerr. 2005. where they live. For 114 municipalities in the county, 80 Key findings: VA patients were more likely to receive cents of every dollar earned comes from other locales. recommended care than patients in the national sample. Pittsburgh is the economic engine of the region, Quality of care was better for VA patients on all measures contributing over 30 percent of the earnings of people in except acute care, on which the two samples were similar. about half of the county's municipalities. Communities can The greatest differences between the two samples were in benefit if they work together to bring jobs into the county areas where the VA actively measured performance. rather than compete with each other for those jobs. Online Performance measurement had a positive "spillover effect" access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9088/. on related care. Online access: http://www.rand. org/publications/RB/RB9100/. RB-9091-A Getting Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Pipeline. D. Diener, E. Peltz, A. RB-9101-EDU Scaling Up High-Quality Pre-K: What Lackey, D. J. Blake, K. Vaidyanathan. 2005. Can Be Learned from States' Efforts to Date? R. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Christina, J. Nicholson-Goodman. 2005. RB9091/. Research indicates that high-quality early education programs can produce substantial long-term benefits for RB-9095-RC Assessing Container Security: A children, families, and society. Armed with this Framework for Measuring Performance of the Global knowledge, many states are now mounting ambitious Supply Chain. H. H. Willis, D. S. Ortiz. 2005. efforts to implement high-quality pre-kindergarten Since 9/11, several programs have been implemented to programs at universal scale. This report describes some of improve security of the global supply chain. In reviewing the progress states have made and identifies significant these programs, this study concludes that supply-chain policy and practice issues for the sector. Online access: efficiency and security are distinct but interconnected and http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9101/. 235

RB-9102-CF Withdrawing Liquid Assets: How Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Demographics Trends Affect the Freshwater Supply. J. RB9107/. Boberg. 2005. RB-9108-WF Making Out-of-School-Time Matter. Water availability has become a pressing concern in recent S. J. Bodilly, M. Beckett. 2005. years due to unprecedented growth in the earth's human population. Demographic factors, including population Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ size, distribution, and composition, influence the demand RB9108/. for fresh water in agriculture, industry, and domestic life. To avoid a worldwide water crisis, water management RB-9109 How Cost Sharing Affects Use of Drugs by policies must address the impact of these factors on both the Chronically Ill. D. P. Goldman, G. Joyce, J. J. supply and demand and establish reforms to enable people Escarce, J. E. Pace, M. D. Solomon, M. Laouri, S. M. to use the existing freshwater supply more efficiently. Teutsch. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9102/. RB9109/. RB-9103 HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who RB-9110-DPRC Assessing U.S. Drug Problems and Gets Tested? J. S. Tucker, S. L. Wenzel, M. N. Elliott, K. Policy: A Synthesis of the Evidence to Date. J. P. Hambarsoomians, D. Golinelli. 2005. Caulkins, P. Reuter, M. Y. Iguchi, J. Chiesa. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ The RAND Drug Policy Research Center has published an RB9103/. Occasional Paper offering a concise, accessible, objective view of where the United States has been, now stands, and RB-9104-1 Reducing Sexual Risk Among Injection might go in the future in its long "war on drugs." The Drug Users. L. M. Bogart, A. H. Kral, A. Scott, R. L. authors assess the success of drug policies to date and Anderson, N. M. Flynn, M. L. Gilbert, R. N. Bluthenthal. review possible reasons why they have not been more 2005. successful. They recommend management of the drug Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ problem for the long term, use of different policy levers RB9104-1/. depending on the stage of the epidemic, and tolerance of cross-state policy variation. Online access: http://www. RB-9105 The Relationship Between Volume and rand.org/publications/RB/RB9110/. Quality in Mental Health Care. B. G. Druss, C. L. Miller, H. A. Pincus, S. Shih. 2005. RB-9112-EDU Nonclassroom-Based Charter Schools in California and the Impact of SB 740. C. M. Guarino, R. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ W. Zimmer, C. S. Krop, D. Chau. 2005. RB9105/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-9106-WF Reframing the Debate About the Value RB9112/. of the Arts. K. F. McCarthy, E. H. Ondaatje, L. Zakaras, A. C. Brooks. 2005. RB-9113-A How to Improve the Army's Management of Reparable Spare Parts. J. R. Folkeson, M. K. Brauner. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ 2004. RB9106/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-9107-RC Privacy in the Workplace: Case Studies RB9113/. on the Use of Radio Frequency Identification in Access Cards. E. Balkovich, T. K. Bikson, G. Bitko. 2005. RB-9114-OSD A Framework for Joint Officer Management: A Strategic Approach. H. Thie, M. C. Companies use RFID workplace access cards to do more Harrell, R. J. Yardley, M. Oshiro, H. A. Potter, P. than just open doors (e.g., for enforcing rules governing Schirmer, N. Lim. 2005. workplace conduct). Explicit, written policies about how such cards are used generally do not exist, and employees Key findings: As the missions of the U.S. military evolve, are not told about whatever policies are being followed. the need for education and experience in joint matters Using such systems has modified the traditional balance of within the officer corps is changing. Levels of joint personal convenience, workplace safety and security, and experience and education have risen, but different ways of individual privacy, leading to the loss of "practical managing officers to keep pace with the need for joint obscurity." Such systems also raise challenges for the experience and education may be required. A strategic meaning and implementation of fair information practices. approach to joint officer management can help to align the 236 availability of officers with joint experience and education core infrastructure would cost about $6 billion and employ with the demand. A strategic approach to joint officer more than 100,000 Palestinians over five years. Online management can provide a sound foundation for human access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9119/. resource policy decisions. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9114/. RB-9119/1-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State (Arabic language version). D. R. RB-9116-MOD Building Ships on Time: How Can Suisman, S. Simon, G. E. Robinson, C. R. Anthony, M. the Defence Procurement Agency More Accurately Schoenbaum. 2005. Monitor Progress? M. V. Arena, J. L. Birkler, J. F. Key findings: Population in the West Bank and Gaza may Schank, J. Riposo, C. A. Grammich. 2005. reach 6.6 million by 2020, taxing the already UK military shipbuilding experiences considerable overburdened infrastructure of a new Palestinian state. An schedule slippage. To assess the reasons for this and infrastructure corridor linking the West Bank and Gaza means to improve it, RAND researchers surveyed major could create conditions for economic development and shipbuilders, reviewed relevant literature, and identified sustainable population growth and engender a common the primary causes of production delays for shipbuilders. sense of purpose. The corridor, called the Arc, would Earned value management is commonly used to manage support high-speed interurban rail, a toll road, an shipbuilding projects, and its application to military aqueduct, an energy network, and telecommunications shipbuilding could help better manage progress. Other lines linking Palestine's major cities and towns. means to help reduce schedule slippage may include Boulevards connecting the train stations to the towns developing more realistic schedules and options to control, would create new areas for housing and commercial reduce, or resolve changes quickly. Online access: activity. The Arc concept provides for sustainable http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9116/. development and would preserve open land for agriculture, parks, and nature reserves. Building the Arc's RB-9117-MOD Diversifying the Customer Base for core infrastructure would cost about $6 billion and employ Shipbuilding in the United Kingdom. J. L. Birkler, D. more than 100,000 Palestinians over five years. Online Rushworth, J. Chiesa, H. Pung, M. V. Arena, J. F. Schank. access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/2005/ 2005. RAND_RB9119.1-Arabic.pdf. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-9120 Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic RB9117/. Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Results of a RAND Survey. N. Lurie, A. M. Fremont, A. K. Jain, S. L. RB-9118-PF The Costs and Benefits of Universal Taylor, R. McLaughlin, E. Peterson, B. W. Kong, T. B. Preschool in California. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. Ferguson. 2005. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9120/. RB9118/. RB-9121 The Managed Care Backlash: Did RB-9119-GG The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Consumers Vote with Their Feet? M. S. Marquis, J. A. Palestinian State. D. R. Suisman, S. Simon, G. E. Rogowski, J. J. Escarce. 2005. Robinson, C. R. Anthony, M. Schoenbaum. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Key findings: Population in the West Bank and Gaza may RB9121/. reach 6.6 million by 2020, taxing the already overburdened infrastructure of a new Palestinian state. An RB-9122-MOD Reducing the Cost of Aircraft Carrier infrastructure corridor linking the West Bank and Gaza Acquisition. J. F. Schank, R. J. Yardley, J. Riposo, H. could create conditions for economic development and Thie, E. G. Keating, M. V. Arena, H. Pung, J. L. Birkler, J. sustainable population growth and engender a common R. Chiesa. 2005. sense of purpose. The corridor, called the Arc, would support high-speed interurban rail, a toll road, an Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ aqueduct, an energy network, and telecommunications RB9122/. lines linking Palestine's major cities and towns. Boulevards connecting the train stations to the towns RB-9123-A Civilian or Military? Assessing the Risk would create new areas for housing and commercial of Using Contractors on the Battlefield. F. A. Camm, V. activity. The Arc concept provides for sustainable A. Greenfield. 2005. development and would preserve open land for agriculture, parks, and nature reserves. Building the Arc's 237

Key findings: Contractors continue to play an important las politicas gubernamentales, las condiciones role in military operations Any decision about using or not socioeconimicas y el comportamiento demografico en el using contractors carries risk Decisions about using ambito de los hogares. Utilizando este marco como guia, contractors on the battlefield tend to be complex A el equipo de RAND ha revisado los estudios existentes, ha disciplined approach in applying the Army's risk examinado los datos demograficos europeos y ha llevado a management procedures to decisions about contractor use cabo estudios de caso en cinco paises. Online access: can clarify key considerations and help reduce the http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9126.1/. complexity of the decision. Online access: http:// www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9123/. RB-9129-CTRMP Terrorist Insurance and the Evolving Terrorism Threat. P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, R. T. RB-9124-RC The Cost of Cleaning Up Unexploded Reville, A. Kasupski. 2005. Ordnance. J. MacDonald, C. Mendez. 2005. How does the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) align Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ with the evolving terrorism threat? Transnational and RB9124/. domestic terrorism trends reveal that TRIA does not provide adequate financial protection, particularly in the RB-9125-A Army Forces for Sustained Operations. face of economically motivated attacks. It also shows that L. E. Davis, J. M. Polich, W. M. Hix, M. D. Greenberg, S. TRIA has significant gaps and is not robust to an evolving D. Brady, R. E. Sortor. 2005. threat, particularly in the area of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks and in the exclusion of The nation has difficult trade-offs in facing calls on Army domestic attacks. Policy recommendations are made to forces for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This report address these concerns. Online access: http://www.rand. describes the effects of large deployments on the Army's org/publications/RB/RB9129/. ability to sustain overseas operations, to provide forces for other contingencies, to ensure that soldiers are trained, and RB-9130-CPOC Juvenile Probation Initiatives in to continue to recruit and retain soldiers. Online access: California and Their Effects . S. Turner, T. Fain. 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9125/. Over the past ten years, probation departments across the RB-9126-EC Population Implosion? Low Fertility state of California have undertaken five major initiatives and Policy Responses in the European Union. J. Grant, S. aimed at juvenile offenders and at-risk youths. Although Hoorens, S. Sivadasan, M. van het Loo, J. DaVanzo, L. these initiatives were concomitant with reductions in Hale, S. Gibson, W. P. Butz. 2005. juvenile arrests and other positive outcomes, we cannot definitively attribute such observed statewide trends to Currently across Europe, birth rates are falling and the these initiatives. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ population is ageing. This study assesses which policies publications/RB/RB9130/. can prevent or mitigate the adverse consequences of these two trends. A framework highlights the interrelationships RB-9131-OSD Base Realignment and Closure: An among government policies, macro-level conditions, and Opportunity to Reassess DoD's Civilian Education and household-level demographic behaviour. Guided by this Training Infrastructure. D. G. Levy, J. S. Moini, T. framework, the RAND team reviewed the research Kaganoff, E. G. Keating, C. H. Augustine, T. K. Bikson, literature, examined European demographic data, and K. Leuschner, S. M. Gates. 2005. conducted case studies of five countries. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9126/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9131/. RB-9126/1-EC Implosion Demografica? La Baja Fecundidad Y Las Medidas Tomadas En La Union RB-9132 Cost-Effective Allocation of Government Europea. J. Grant, S. Hoorens, S. Sivadasan, M. van het Funds for Preventing HIV. D. Cohen, S. Wu, T. Farley. Loo, J. DaVanzo, L. Hale, S. Gibson, W. P. Butz. 2006. 2005. This research brief summarizes a study to assess which Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ policies can prevent or mitigate the adverse consequences RB9132/. of two trends currently occurring across Europe: falling birth rates and ageing population. Actualmente en Europa RB-9134-OSD Rebuilding Security Forces and se esta produciendo un descenso de la natalidad y un Institutions in Iraq. A. Rathmell, O. Oliker, T. K. Kelly, envejecimiento de la poblacion. Este estudio evalua las D. Brannan, K. Crane. 2005. politicas que pueden prevenir o mitigar las consecuencias The Coalition Provisional Authority's record at rebuilding adversas de estas dos tendencias. RAND ha elaborado un Iraqi security forces and building security sector marco analitico en el que destaca las interrelaciones entre 238 institutions was mixed. Among the problems was an Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ emphasis on meeting short-term Iraqi security needs at the RB9139/. expense of long-term institution-building. In the future, progress must be measured by institutional capacity- RB-9140 Weight Loss Surgery Is More Effective building as much as by number of security forces fielded. Than Diet and Exercise in Helping Severely Obese People In the current security environment, it will be up to the Lose Weight. M. A. Maggard, L. R. Shugarman, M. J. United States and its international partners to make sure Suttorp, M. Maglione, H. J. Sugarman, E. H. Livingston, that vital long-term goals stay on the Iraqi agenda. N. T. Nguyen, Z. Li, W. Mojica, L. Hilton, S. Rhodes, S. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/ C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle. 2005. RB9134/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9140/. RB-9135-RC What Have We Learned About Establishing Internal Security in Nation-Building? S. G. RB-9141 Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Jones, J. M. Wilson, A. Rathmell, K. J. Riley. 2005. Chemotherapy Are Often Undertreated. J. J. Griggs, M. Comparing nine nation-building efforts in terms of how Sorbero, G. H. Lyman. 2005. successful they were at establishing internal security, we Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ found that, with two exceptions, most efforts were either RB9141/. unsuccessful or mixed. These findings were driven by differences in initial conditions in each country, as well by RB-9142-EDU Advancing Systemwide Instructional the inputs (e.g., the amount of financial assistance Reform: Lessons from Three Urban Districts Partnered provided) and outputs (e.g., training). Based on these with the Institute for Learning. J. A. Marsh, K. A. Kerr, findings, we highlight six overall lessons learned that can G. Ikemoto, H. Darilek, M. J. Suttorp, R. W. Zimmer, H. help policymakers in current and future nation- Barney. 2005. building efforts. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/RB/RB9135/. Improving school systems is critical to bridging the achievement gap and achieving federal accountability RB-9136-HLTH Health Information Technology: Can goals. Research in three urban districts partnered with a HIT Lower Costs and Improve Quality? J. H. Bigelow, R. university-based intermediary organization sheds light on J. Hillestad, K. Fonkych, A. G. Bower, C. H. Fung, J. promising instructional reform strategies and challenges to Wang, R. Taylor, F. Girosi, R. Meili, R. P. Scoville. 2005. bringing about systemwide change. Analyses of district efforts to promote the instructional leadership of Key findings: Properly implemented and widely adopted, principals, support teacher learning through school-based Health Information Technology would save money and coaches, specify curriculum, and promote data-based significantly improve healthcare quality. Annual savings decisionmaking identify common factors constraining and from efficiency alone could be $77 billion or more. Health enabling instructional improvement. The research also and safety benefits could double the savings while shows that third-party organizations can help facilitate reducing illness and prolonging life. Implementation policy alignment and build the capacity of district staff to would cost around $8 billion per year, assuming adoption lead instructional change. Online access: by 90 percent of hospitals and doctors' offices over 15 http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9142/. years. Obstacles include market disincentives: Generally, those who pay for Health Information Technology do not RB-9143-NETL Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil receive the related savings. The government should act Shale Industry. J. T. Bartis, T. LaTourrette, L. S. Dixon, now to overcome obstacles and realize benefits. Online D. J. Peterson, G. Cecchine. 2005. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9136/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-9137-NAVY The New Face of Naval Strike RB9143/. Warfare. B. S. Lambeth. 2005. RB-9144-PNC Children at Risk: Consequences for Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ School Readiness and Beyond. L. A. Karoly, M. R. RB9137/. Kilburn, J. Cannon. 2005. RB-9139 Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Key findings: A substantial percentage of children are Weight Loss. Z. Li, M. Maglione, W. Tu, W. Mojica, D. disadvantaged in terms of resources available for healthy Arterburn, L. R. Shugarman, L. Hilton, M. J. Suttorp, V. physical and mental development. One-fifth of children Solomon, P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton. 2005. under age 6 live in poverty, and nearly half of all children face one or more risk factors associated with gaps in 239 school readiness. These disadvantages translate into coherent, comprehensive, and ambitious strategy to shortfalls in academic achievement, prosocial behavior, promote student achievement. The best-functioning educational attainment, and, eventually, greater rates of Edison schools demonstrate the promise inherent in unemployment and criminality. Online access: Edison's model, but the performance of Edison schools http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9144/. varies. Average gains of Edison schools during the first three years of Edison management do not exceed the gains RB-9145-PNC Proven Benefits of Early Childhood of comparison schools, but many Edison schools outgain Interventions. L. A. Karoly, M. R. Kilburn, J. Cannon. comparison schools after four or five years. Online access: 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9149/. Key findings: Early childhood intervention programs have RB-9153-CTRMP Assessing the Effectiveness of the been shown to yield benefits in academic achievement, Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. S. J. Carroll, T. behavior, educational progression and attainment, LaTourrette, B. G. Chow, G. S. Jones, C. W. Martin. delinquency and crime, and labor market success, among 2005. other domains. Interventions with better-trained caregivers and smaller child-to-staff ratios appear to offer more This study simulates the expected losses from three modes favorable results. Well-designed early childhood of terrorist attacks and shows how the Terrorism Risk interventions have found to generate a return to society Insurance Act (TRIA) would distribute the resulting ranging from $1.80 to $17.07 for each dollar spent on the losses. It finds that losses vary substantially in size and program. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ distribution by insurance line across the scenarios. It research_briefs/RB9145/. further finds that under TRIA, a large share of the losses would be uninsured and that of those losses eligible under RB-9146-1-CMS Future Health and Medical Care TRIA, taxpayers would not pay for any losses from a Spending of the Elderly: Implications for Medicare. D. P. single attack in any of the scenarios. Based on these Goldman, B. Shang, J. Bhattacharya, A. M. Garber, M. D. findings, the study offers some conclusions and Hurd, G. Joyce, D. Lakdawalla, C. W. A. Panis, P. G. implications. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Shekelle, D. H. Matsui, S. Newberry, E. B. Keeler. 2005. publications/RB/RB9153/. Key findings: Medical innovations will result in better RB-9155-ICJ Asbestos Litigation Costs, health and longer life, but they will likely increase, not Compensation, and Alternatives. S. J. Carroll, D. R. decrease, Medicare spending. Eliminating any one disease Hensler, J. Gross, E. M. Sloss, M. Schonlau, A. F. will not save Medicare money. Obesity might be an Abrahamse, J. S. Ashwood. 2005. important exception to this rule. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9146-1/. Approximately 730,000 people have filed claims for asbestos injuries in the United States through 2002. At RB-9147-NSF Is There Gender Bias in Federal Grant least 8,400 defendants and insurers have paid $70 billion Programs? S. D. Hosek, A. G. Cox, B. Ghosh-Dastidar, to settle these claims. The number of claims surged A. Kofner, N. Ramphal, J. Scott, S. H. Berry. 2005. sharply through the 1990s, driven primarily by people who claim noncancerous injuries. Such trends have raised Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ concerns that there may be no funds left to compensate RB9147/. those whose symptoms have not yet surfaced but who will become seriously ill in the future. A number of proposed RB-9148-CENTAF Operation Enduring Freedom: reforms have been set forth to address these concerns. An Assessment. B. S. Lambeth. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9155/. RB9148/. RB-9160 Saturated in Beer. R. L. Collins, P. L. RB-9149-EDU A Decade of Entrepreneurship in Ellickson, D. F. McCaffrey, K. Hambarsoomians. 2005. Education: A Look at Edison Schools' Improvement Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Strategies and Their Effects on Student Achievement. B. RB9160/. P. Gill, L. S. Hamilton, J. R. Lockwood, J. A. Marsh, R. W. Zimmer, D. Hill, S. Pribesh. 2005. RB-9163-ICJ California's Workers' Compensation In its comprehensive evaluation of Edison Schools, the Permanent Disability Ratings System: A Pre-Reform and nation's largest for-profit manager of public schools, Post-Reform Evaluation. R. T. Reville, S. A. Seabury, F. RAND found that the resources and accountability Neuhauser, J. F. Burton, M. R. Greenberg. 2005. systems that constitute Edison's design represent a 240

The rating system that California used until recently to RB-9164/3-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool rank the severity of permanently disabling workplace Program in California: Estimates for Orange County. L. injuries and to assign workers’ compensation benefits was A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. highly controversial. RAND evaluated California’s system Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool and found that it worked well in that those who were most program for four-year-olds were implemented in Orange severely impaired received the highest ratings and thus the County, each annual cohort of participants would realize most benefits. However, the ratings were not consistent for the following benefits, among others, over the course of impairments that were judged to be similarly severe but their childhood: 770 fewer children ever retained in grade; that affected different body parts. And ratings were 3,500 fewer child-years of special education; 560 fewer inconsistent among physicians examining the same high-school dropouts; 270 fewer children ever abused or impairment. Recent reforms might improve the system, neglected; 1,650 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These but they should be monitored to ensure that both workers reductions range from 4 to 21 percent of what would occur and employers benefit from the reforms. Online access: without the universal preschool program. The http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9163/. improvements are associated with substantial financial benefits to California taxpayers, preschool participants, RB-9164/1-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool and California society at large. Online access: Program in California: Estimates for Los Angeles County. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9164.3/. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool RB-9164/4-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool program for four-year-olds were implemented in Los Program in California: Estimates for the Bay Area Angeles County, each annual cohort of participants would Region. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. realize the following benefits, among others, over the Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool course of their childhood and adolescent years: 4,500 program for four-year-olds were implemented in the Bay fewer children ever retained in grade; 20,000 fewer child- Area region, each annual cohort of participants would years of special education; 3,200 fewer high-school realize the following benefits, among others, over the dropouts; 1,500 fewer children ever abused or neglected; course of their childhood and adolescent years: 1,350 9,600 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These reductions fewer children ever retained in grade; 6,150 fewer child- range from 6 to 26 percent of what would occur without years of special education; 980 fewer high-school the universal preschool program. The improvements are dropouts; 470 fewer children ever abused or neglected; associated with substantial financial benefits to California 2,900 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These reductions taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society range from 3 to 11 percent of what would occur without at large. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ the universal preschool program. The improvements are RB/RB9164.1/. associated with substantial financial benefits to California taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society RB-9164/2-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool at large. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ Program in California: Estimates for San Diego County. research_briefs/RB9164.4/. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool RB-9164/5-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool program for four-year-olds were implemented in San Program in California: Estimates for the Capital Region. Diego County, each annual cohort of participants would L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. realize the following benefits, among others, over the Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool course of their childhood and adolescent years: 1,000 program for four-year-olds were implemented in the fewer children ever retained in grade; 4,600 fewer child- Capital Region, each annual cohort of participants would years of special education; 730 fewer high-school realize the following benefits, among others, over the dropouts; 350 fewer children ever abused or neglected; course of their childhood and adolescent years: 880 fewer 2,150 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These reductions children ever retained in grade; 4,000 fewer child-years of range from 5 to 17 percent of what would occur without special education; 640 fewer high-school dropouts; 300 the universal preschool program. The improvements are fewer children ever abused or neglected; 1,900 fewer associated with substantial financial benefits to California juvenile petitions in court. These reductions range from 4 taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society to 18 percent of what would occur without the universal at large. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ preschool program. The improvements are associated with publications/RB/RB9164.2/. substantial financial benefits to California taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society at large. 241

Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ PRGS DISSERTATIONS RB9164.5/. RGSD-184 Astronomical Odds: A Policy Framework RB-9164/6-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool for the Cosmic Impact Hazard. G. Sommer. 2005. Program in California: Estimates for the Central Coast Region. L. A. Karoly, J. H. BigelowÎ. 2005. Addresses the cosmic impact hazard (the threat to the Earth posed by asteroids and comets) as an extreme Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool example of a low-probability, high-consequence policy program for four-year-olds were implemented in the problem. This analysis presents a comprehensive Central Coast region, each annual cohort of participants framework for dealing with the technical and societal would realize the following benefits, among others, over uncertainties surrounding the impact hazard. It reviews the the course of their childhood and adolescent years: 570 physical nature of the threat and both the history and fewer children ever retained in grade; 2,600 fewer child- mechanisms of society's response to the hazard, dwelling years of special education; 410 fewer high-school on the social costs of false positives. The author constructs dropouts; 200 fewer children ever abused or neglected; an illustrative cost-benefit model on the foundations of 1,200 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These reductions prior work, with parameters of social response added and range from 5 to 28 percent of what would occur without then varied to assess the robustness of a proposed policy the universal preschool program. The improvements are intervention: social reassurance by means of a associated with substantial financial benefits to California demonstrated mitigation capability. He concludes by taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society noting that a common flaw of prior analysis is to give lip at large. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ service to "low probability" and to focus instead on "high research_briefs/RB9164.6/. consequence"; that there is frequent confusion between ex ante and ex post perspectives; that uncertain costs are RB-9164/7-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool often treated as nonexistent costs; and that warning is a Program in California: Estimates for the Central Valley social function, not a technical function, and those who Region. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. issue warnings of a given hazard should not stand to Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool benefit from those warnings. Online access: program for four-year-olds were implemented in the http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD184/. Central Valley region, each annual cohort of participants would realize the following benefits, among others, over RGSD-185 Financing Terror: An Analysis and the course of their childhood and adolescent years: 2,200 Simulation to Affect Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructures. fewer children ever retained in grade; 10,000 fewer child- S. D. Kiser. 2005. years of special education; 1,600 fewer high-school Despite the centrality and level of activity in the financial dropouts; 760 fewer children ever abused or neglected; war on terrorism, little data, analysis, or other serious 4,700 fewer juvenile petitions in court. These reductions inquiry into the effectiveness of this activity exists. This range from 6 to 22 percent of what would occur without dissertation develops a model that enables policymakers the universal preschool program. The improvements are and analysts to understand how terrorist financial networks associated with substantial financial benefits to California work, how current policies targeting those networks will taxpayers, preschool participants, and California society affect them, how terrorist organizations are likely to react at large. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ to those policies, and what more can be done. Given the RB/RB9164.7/. centrality of Al Qaeda and its affiliates in the global war on terror, the dissertation specifically explores the RB-9164/8-PF The Effects of a Universal Preschool questions of how U.S. and international counter-terrorism Program in California: Estimates for the Inland Empire policies affect those organizations' financial support Region. L. A. Karoly, J. H. Bigelow. 2005. networks, and how Al Qaeda and its affiliates are likely to Key findings: If a high-quality, universal preschool react to those initiatives. The author makes the following program for four-year-olds were implemented in the recommendations: (1) Fully integrate counter-finance Inland Empire region, each annual cohort of participants strategies into a comprehensive strategy; (2) view finances would realize the following benefits, among others, over as not only a target subject to disruption but also as a the course of their childhood and adolescent years: 1,900 lucrative intelligence source; (3) expand the focus of fewer children ever retained in grade; 8,600 fewer child- counter-finance policies from exclusively first-order years of special education; 1,400 fewer high-school effects to include second-order effects; (4) craft counter- dropouts; 650 fewer children ever abused or neglected; finance strategies and policies with clear long- and short- 4,000 fewer juvenile petitions in court. Online access: term desired effects in mind; (5) given terrorists' creativity http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9164.8/. at raising funds, ensure that all levels of law enforcement 242 have some counter-financing awareness; (6) continue to Treating the five variables as binary-either absent or exert strong pressure on off-shore banking havens and present in a case-he derives 32 possible combinations of help build capacity abroad to enforce such laws; (7) these variables that together comprise a "model" that properly inform well-meaning donors, perhaps through a predicts swarming outcomes based on his theory. He Transparency International organization for charities. predicts that only six combinations lead to swarm success. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ The model is tested using a qualitative technique called the RGSD185/. comparative method to find patterns of multiple and conjunctural causation. Finally, the author addresses the RGSD-186 The Impact of the Information Revolution questions of how swarms can be defeated and whether on Policymakers' Use of Intelligence Analysis. L. swarming is relevant for future friendly forces. Teitelbaum. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ RGSD189/. This dissertation compares how policymakers have traditionally used intelligence with how they are using it RGSD-190 Effective Capital Provision Within today, examining the effects that new technology and open Government: Methodologies for Right-Sizing Base sources of information, such as the World Wide Web, are Infrastructure. J. C. Weed. 2005. having on how the policy community uses intelligence. The author examines three foreign policy cases from the This study proposes a new, more efficient way to address a late 1950s and early 1960s to establish how the traditional central policy problem facing the U.S. Air Force: How intelligence-policy relationship evolved. He then describes much capital infrastructure should the Air Force own three modern foreign policy cases and analyzes how rather than lease through other providers? The study looks policymakers' use of intelligence to support the specifically at an Air Force base lodging operation and policymaking process has changed. He concludes that the evaluates policies for efficient government-owned intelligence community has tried to adapt to the capacity levels and contract-quarters utilization. The Air information revolution with the adoption of a network Force currently spends $4 million per year at Maxwell Air named Intelink but has not fully supported this network as Force Base to house students in local hotels because of a means for disseminating intelligence to policymakers, insufficient on-base capacity. Meanwhile, annual on-base nor have policymakers adopted it. Internet and web-based occupancy figures reveal slack capacity in on-base sources of analysis have not become major contributors to facilities of approximately 20 percent. This dissertation the policymaking process. Overall, policymakers still find examines how Air Force decisionmakers should evaluate intelligence analysis useful for supporting the contract-quarters usage versus occupancy rates to policymaking process, especially when it conveyed determine the on-base capacity that minimizes total cost. through a one-on-one intelligence briefing, but for The analysis illustrates why current government metrics situations that require the most timely information, and methodologies are inadequate and provides an analytic policymakers often rely on the telephone to call someone approach suitable for capacity-sizing decisions in any for information, and more and more are relying on CNN. variable-demand system. The author develops an Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ inventory simulation model that determines the least-cost RGSD186/. inventory (capacity) and allows decisionmakers to evaluate "what-if" policy scenarios that affect lodging. RGSD-189 Swarming and the Future of Warfare. S. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ J. A. Edwards. 2005. RGSD190/. Swarming occurs when several units conduct a convergent RGSD-191 Recalibrating Alliance Contributions: attack on a target from multiple axes. In this dissertation Changing Policy Environment and Military Alliances. T. the author uses case studies, comparative analysis, and Yoda. 2005. common sense to derive a simple theory that explains the phenomenology of swarming. He researches 23 case According to the U.S. National Security Strategy, the studies of swarming, ranging from Scythian horse archers United States needs to "strengthen alliances to defeat in the fourth century BC to Iraqi and Syrian paramilitaries global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against us and in Baghdad in 2003, to understand swarm tactics and our friends." This dissertation develops an analytic formations, the importance of pulsing, and the general framework to explore ways to encourage contributions characteristics of past swarms. He considers command and from allies that are beneficial to the United States with control, communications, home field advantage, surprise, specific reference to Japan's Host Nation Support program fratricide, and training. The author identifies five primary (HNS) for the U.S. Forces in Japan, The author examines variables most important to successful swarming: (1) Japan's alliance contributions, the background superior situational awareness, (2) elusiveness, (3) environment of the U.S.-Japan alliance during the 1970s, standoff capability, (4) encirclement, and (5) simultaneity. 1980s and 1990s, and key causes for the change in Japan's 243 alliance contributions. He analyzes the future of the U.S.- of days that a patient is covered with any antihypertensive Japan alliance over the next 10–20 years, the plausible therapy, nor with whether patients discontinue their direction of changes in Japan's alliance contributions and medications entirely. Results suggest that a significant how the U.S. can influence that direction. Finally, he portion of the reduction in prescription drug utilization examines the short-term future of the alliance, focusing on that is mediated by cost may occur when patients make the the next Special Measures Agreement for the HNS in initial decision to pharmacologically treat a newly 2006, Japan's stance toward that agreement, and effective diagnosed chronic condition, but that cost-sharing may be U.S. negotiating tactics. Online access: http://www. less influential on utilization once patients have initiated rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD191/. therapy. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ RGSD/RGSD193/. RGSD-192 Achievement Effects of Five Comprehensive School Reform Designs Implemented in RGSD-194 The Costs of Aging Aircraft: Insights Los Angeles Unified School District. B. Mason. 2005. from Commercial Aviation. M. C. Dixon. 2005. The author estimated achievement effects as measured by Aging aircraft are a primary concern to the Air Force. the Stanford Achievement Test 9 for students in grades Understanding the impact age has on maintenance costs is 1–11 who participated in America's Choice, Co-nect, critical to "repair versus replace" decisions. Air Force data, Different Ways of Knowing, Success for All (SFA), and however, provide a limited view of the true age effect. The Urban Learning Centers comprehensive school reform commercial sector keeps uniquely different data on (CSR) designs implemented in the Los Angeles Unified maintenance costs and the Department of Transportation School District between 1999 and 2002. This study collects these data from U.S. airlines. These annual fleet yielded effects estimates that were generally less than data, combined with age information from the Boeing prior research has suggested. The author found no Company, provide a unique view of the cost to maintain consistent evidence across the five CSR designs that commercial fleets. These data suggest that on average, earlier intervention caused larger gains. However, students fleet maintenance costs continue to increase as they age, who began SFA in grades 1 or 2 benefited in reading, but the rate of increase slows over time. Additionally, the mathematics, and language arts. Results suggested that data suggest that the type of aircraft and the airline of comparison group selection methods accounted for smaller operation do not have a significant impact on the age effect sizes rather than being an artifact of where the effect. However, the age effect is significantly different at reforms were implemented. Conditional on a statistically various periods of a fleet's life. Boeing uses "maturity significant average achievement effect, there was strong curves," derived from years of manufacturing experience, evidence that longer participation caused larger effects. to describe how maintenance costs change as aircraft age. Policymakers thinking of implementing a CSR design The analysis in this dissertation provides a unique must consider that prior-effects research might have perspective of these maturity curves by utilizing overestimated achievement effects due to less internally alternative models, including fixed effect regression. valid research methods. Online access: http://www. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD192/. RGSD194/.

RGSD-193 The Effect of Cost-Sharing on the RGSD-195 Zeroing In: A Capabilities-Based Utilization of Prescription Drugs for Chronically Ill Alternative to Precision Guided Munitions Planning. S. Patients. M. D. Solomon. 2005. Loeb. 2005. In an effort to control rapidly rising drug costs, nearly all The process currently used to inform precision guided health plans have increased their cost-sharing munitions (PGM) purchasing decisions predicts demand requirements. The author explores the effect of cost- for munitions based on a few specific scenarios and does sharing on the initiation of and adherence to prescription not include cost as an integral factor. As a result, planners drug therapy. The author first examines the time to are not able to readily see tradeoffs between the cost and initiation of antihypertensive therapy for elderly patients effectiveness of a munitions portfolio across a variety of with newly identified hypertension. Results indicate that uncertain war scenarios. This dissertation uses the lower plan generosity is associated with longer times methodologies of exploratory modeling and robust between a patient's first diagnosis and pharmacologic planning to create a capabilities-based framework for the treatment. The author next considers whether cost-sharing analysis of PGM purchasing decisions. The research is associated with adherence or discontinuation of shows that exploratory analysis can be applied to antihypertensive therapy for newly diagnosed patients who understand how changes in one’s budget, production initiated therapy. Unlike the first analysis, plan generosity capacity and preparation time affect the optimal munitions is not associated with the time until patients have gaps portfolio for a single war scenario, although the between subsequent prescriptions, nor with the proportion Department of Defense must be prepared to face a 244 multitude of possible wars with limited resources. enough about those who do not apply for welfare at all. Combining exploratory analysis with robust Although a few recent nonexperimental studies suggest decisionmaking techniques makes it possible to create that welfare entries have been influenced by the economy improved and flexible munitions portfolios that perform and by expansions in the Earned Income Tax Credit, more well across a variety of possible futures while operating research on this topic is clearly warranted. Originally within an economic framework. Online access: published in American Economic Review, v. 93, no. 2, http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD195/. May 2003.

RGSD-197 The Cost and Health Effects of RP-1152 A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Prescription Drug Coverage and Utilization in the Caseload. J. A. Klerman, S. Haider. 2005. Medicare Population. B. Shang. 2005. This paper reconsiders the methods used in previous The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and studies to assess the welfare caseload movements during Modernization Act of 2003 provides prescription drug the 1990s. The authors develop a model in which the coverage for virtually all seniors. The cost estimates for welfare caseload is the net outcome of past flows onto and the Medicare prescription drug coverage are based on the off of the caseload and show that such a stock-flow model expected per beneficiary utilization but do not take into can explain some of the anomalous findings in previous account the potential offset by savings on other medical studies. They estimate the stock-flow model using services. To estimate these savings, the author examines California administrative data. They find that the effects of Medigap prescription drug benefit on elderly approximately 50 percent of the caseload decline in prescription drug spending, Medicare Part A spending, and California can be attributed to the declining Medicare Part B spending. It compares spending and unemployment rate. These estimates are more robust and service use for beneficiaries who have Medigap insurance, larger than those obtained when applying more typical which may or may not cover prescription drugs, and uses methods to the same California data. Title from title screen variation in state regulations of the individual insurance (viewed on March 8, 2005). Online access: market-including guaranteed issues and community rating- http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1152/. as instruments for prescription drug coverage. The author estimates that Medigap prescription drug coverage RP-1154 Immigration Status and Health Insurance significantly increases drug spending by 22% and reduces Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses? J. C. Prentice, A. R. Medicare Part A spending by 10–13%. Medicare Part B Pebley, N. Sastry. 2005. spending is reduced by an insignificant amount. The OBJECTIVES: The authors compared health insurance results imply that a $1 increase in prescription drug status transitions of nonimmigrants and immigrants. spending is associated with a $1.63–$2.05 reduction in METHODS: Multivariate survival analysis was used to Medicare spending. The dissertation also considers the examine gaining and losing insurance by citizenship and lifetime effects of anti-hypertensives on health outcomes legal status among adults with the Los Angeles Family and and healthcare expenditures. The results suggest Neighborhood Survey. RESULTS: Authors found that controlling hypertension in the elderly could significant differences by citizenship and legal status in be very cost-effective. Online access: http://www. health insurance transitions. Undocumented immigrants rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD197/. were less likely to gain and more likely to lose insurance compared with native-born citizens. Legal residents were less likely to gain and were slightly more likely to lose insurance compared with native-born citizens. Naturalized REPRINTS citizens did not differ from native-born citizens. CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies have not examined health insurance transitions by citizenship and legal status. RP-1087 Why Did the Welfare Rolls Fall During the Policies to increase coverage should consider the 1990's? The Importance of Entry. J. Grogger, S. Haider, experiences of different immigrant groups. Title from title J. A. Klerman. 2005. screen (viewed on March 8, 2005). Online access: During the late 1990s, the welfare caseload dropped http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1154/. precipitously. To assess how much of this decline resulted from a decrease in the number of people applying for RP-1155 ESDP and NATO: Assuring welfare (welfare entries), the authors analyze nationwide Complementarity. F. S. Larrabee. 2005. survey data and administrative data from California Medi- The end of the cold war did not reduce the strategy Cal eligibility determination system. They find that in both importance of Turkey in the eyes of the West. Moreover, data sets, the decline in welfare participation had much to Turkey's role as a secular Islamic democracy has taken on do with decreasing entry rates. However, we do not know 245 increasing importance in U.S. policy, although U.S.- pain, physical functioning, and role functioning), and Turkish approaches to the Middle East do not entirely psychiatric symptoms of depressive and anxiety disorders. coincide. The United States strongly supports Turkish Covariates included demographics, and clinical and aspirations for EU membership and Turkey's request to substance use-related measures. A series of regression open accession negotiations. However, it must realize that equations was estimated to construct the cross-lagged path Turkish membership in the EU would change the nature of model. Results depicted the relationships among the 4 Turkish-U.S. relations. Defense ties, in particular, would HRQOL components and 2 types of psychiatric symptoms be affected. The prospect of EU membership will over time. This model included stability effects for each accelerate the process of internal change in Turkey and the measure and cross-lagged effects from both the psychiatric U.S.-Turkish-EU balance and make adjustments more measures at baseline to each of the HRQOL components at urgent and necessary. Originally published in FU1 and from each of the 4 HRQOL components at Internationale Politik—Transatlantic Edition, v. 5, no. 4, baseline to the psychiatric measures at FU1. RESULTS: Winter 2004, pp. 27–34. After controlling for stability effects and covariates, symptoms of depressive disorder at FU1 were significantly RP-1156 "Volunteering" to Arbitrate Through predicted by baseline general health and physical Predispute Arbitration Clauses: The Average Consumer's functioning, whereas symptoms of anxiety disorder at FU1 Experience. L. J. Demaine, D. R. Hensler. 2005. were significantly predicted by baseline general health and lack of pain. Anxiety symptoms at baseline did not Although private arbitration has long been used in significantly predict FU1 HRQOL, but baseline depressive commercial transactions and labor-management relations, symptoms were significant predictors of general health specifying arbitration for disputes arising from consumer and lack of pain at FU1. CONCLUSION: Responses from contracts is relatively recent. Many are concerned that a sample of HIV-positive adults at 2 time points consumers do not fully understand the "small print" in approximately 8 months apart provide evidence for a such agreements, which are offered on a take-it-or-leave-it reciprocal relationship between symptoms of psychiatric basis. The authors found that although businesses seem to disorder and physical aspects of HRQOL. Title from title be placing consumers on equal footing with themselves in screen (viewed on April 29, 2005). Online access: resolving future disputes, appearances may be deceptive. http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1159/. More than one-third of the clauses do not inform consumers that they are waiving their right to litigate RP-1160 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for disputes in court; many do not tell consumers what their Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Results of a expenses might be in an arbitration, that the outcome is Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial. C. D. final and binding, or what the key aspects of the arbitration Sherbourne, R. Weiss, N. Duan, C. E. Bird, K. B. Wells. process are. Additionally, the nature of any interim relief 2005. provided is more suited to the business than to the consumer. In short, given the lack of available information OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine whether a quality for consumers in these arbitration clauses and the improvement (QI) program for depression care is effective difficulty of obtaining and deciphering them, most for both men and women and whether their responses consumers only become aware of what rights they retain differed. DESIGN: We instituted a group-level, and what rights they have waived after disputes arise. randomized, controlled trial in 46 primary care practices There are thus grounds for concern about how consumers within 6 managed care organizations. Clinics were actually fare in arbitration. Originally published in Law randomized to usual care or to 1 of 2 QI programs that and Contemporary Problems, v. 67, winter/spring 2001, supported QI teams, provider training, nurse assessment nos. 1 & 2. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ and patient education, and resources to support medication publications/RP/RP1156/. management (QI-Meds) or psychotherapy (QI-Therapy). PATIENTS: There were 1299 primary care patients who RP-1159 A Cross-Lagged Model of Psychiatric screened positive for depression and completed at least Problems and Health-Related Quality of Life Among a one questionnaire during the course of 24 months. National Sample of HIV-Positive Adults. M. Orlando, J. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were probable S. Tucker, C. D. Sherbourne, M. A. Burnam. 2005. depression, mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL), work status, use of any antidepressant or psychotherapy, OBJECTIVES: To investigate the temporal association and probable unmet need, which was defined as having between symptoms of psychiatric disorder and physical probable depression but not receiving probable appropriate aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a care. RESULTS: Women were more likely to receive sample of HIV-positive adults. METHODS: Sample depression care than men over time, regardless of included 2431 participants at baseline and the first follow- intervention status. The effect of QI-Meds on probable up (FU1; approximately 8 months later). Measures unmet need was delayed for men, and the magnitude of the included 4 components of HRQOL (general health, lack of 246 effect was significantly greater for men than for women; Marsteller, M. K. Lin, M. L. Pearson, S. Wu, P. Mendel, therefore, this intervention reduced differences in probable S. Cretin, M. Rosen. 2004. unmet need between men and women. QI reduced the Background/Objectives: The importance of teams for likelihood of probable depression equally for men and improving quality of care has received increased attention. women. QI-Therapy had a greater impact on mental The authors examine both the correlates of self-assessed or HRQOL and work status for men than for women. QI- perceived team effectiveness and its consequences for Meds improved these outcomes for women. actually making changes to improve care for people with CONCLUSIONS: To affect both quality and outcomes of chronic illness. Study Setting and Methods: Data were care for men and women while reducing gender obtained from 40 teams participating in the national differences, QI programs may need to facilitate access to evaluation of the Improving Chronic Illness Care Program. both medication management and effective psychotherapy Based on current theory and literature, measures were for depression. Title from title screen (viewed on April derived of organizational culture, a focus on patient 27, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ satisfaction, presence of a team champion, team publications/RP/RP1160/. composition, perceived team effectiveness, and the actual number and depth of changes made to improve chronic RP-1161 The Health Insurance Portability and illness care. Results: A focus on patient satisfaction, the Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Guide for presence of a team champion, and the involvement of the Researchers. P. P. Gunn, A. M. Fremont, M. Bottrell, L. physicians on the team were each consistently and R. Shugarman, J. R. Galegher, T. K. Bikson. 2005. positively associated with greater perceived team BACKGROUND: The Health Insurance Portability and effectiveness. Maintaining a balance among culture values Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, intended to of participation, achievement, openness to innovation, and address potential threats to patient privacy posed by the adherence to rules and accountability also appeared to be computerization and standardization of medical records, important. Perceived team effectiveness, in turn, was provides a new floor level of federal protection for health consistently associated with both a greater number and information in all 50 states. In most cases, compliance depth of changes made to improve chronic illness care. with the Privacy Rule was required as of April 2003. Yet The variables examined explain between 24 and 40% of considerable confusion and concern remain about the the variance in different dimensions of perceived team Privacy Rule and the specific changes it requires in the effectiveness; between 13% and 26% in number of way healthcare providers, health plans, and others use, changes made; and between 20% and 42% in depth of maintain, and disclose health information. Researchers changes made. Conclusions: The data suggest the worry that the Privacy Rule could hinder their access to importance of developing effective teams for improving health information needed to conduct their research. the quality of care for patients with chronic illness. Title OBJECTIVES: In this article, we explain how the final from title screen (viewed on April 11, 2005). Online version of the Privacy Rule governs disclosure of health access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1162/. information, assess implications of the Privacy Rule for research, and offer practical suggestions for researchers RP-1163 Assessment as a Policy Tool. L. S. who require access to health information. CONCLUSION: Hamilton. 2005. The Privacy Rule is fundamentally changing the way that The federal No Child Left Behind Act mandates a test- healthcare providers, health plans, and others use, based accountability system involving four major maintain, and disclose health information and the steps elements: goals, performance measures (tests), targets for that researchers must take to obtain health data. The performance, and consequences for schools success or Privacy Rule requires researchers who seek access to failure in meeting the targets. Most large-scale tests assess identifiable health information to obtain written only a limited number of desired outcomes. However, authorization from subjects, or, alternatively, to classroom-based tests can usefully complement large-scale demonstrate that their research protocols meet certain tests as instruments to promote educational change and Privacy Rule requirements that permit access without can contribute to greater inferences about student written authorization. To ensure continued access to data, knowledge and skills. Large-scale testing has been shown researchers will need to work more closely than before to have both beneficial and adverse effects on instructional with healthcare providers, health plans, and other practice, schools, teachers, and students. The author offers institutions that generate and maintain health information. general guidelines for improving large-scale test design, Title from title screen (viewed on April 29, 2005). Online improving accountability system design, and incorporating access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1161/. classroom-based assessment into large-scale testing and accountability systems. She cautions that even the most RP-1162 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness carefully designed accountability system is bound to in Improving Chronic Illness Care. S. M. Shortell, J. A. produce some unintended and perhaps undesirable 247 consequences. It will be important to continue to gather over time are reasonably robust to such misspecifications evidence from large-scale studies and the experience of when all the schools in the sample serve similar student those affected by test-based accountability to inform populations. However, student characteristics are likely to efforts to improve the system. Title from title screen confound estimated teacher effects when schools serve (viewed on August 3, 2005). Online access: distinctly different populations. Reprinted by permission http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1163/. of the publisher. Title from title screen (viewed on May 20, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ RP-1164 Propensity Score Estimation with Boosted publications/RP/RP1165/. Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies. D. F. McCaffrey, G. K. Ridgeway, A. R. Morral. RP-1168 National Security and Compensation Policy 2005. for Terrorism Losses. L. S. Dixon, R. T. Reville. 2005. Causal effect modeling with naturalistic rather than Much research and policy on terrorism insurance experimental data is challenging. In observational studies compares terrorism to natural catastrophes, but this participants in different treatment conditions may also obscures the national security dimension of terrorism differ on pretreatment characteristics that influence insurance. In this paper, the authors argue that government outcomes. Propensity score methods can theoretically support of terrorism insurance and compensation can eliminate these confounds for all observed covariates, but impact national security in several ways. It can increase accurate estimation of propensity scores is impeded by resilience after terrorist attacks, demonstrate solidarity large numbers of covariates, uncertain functional forms for with victims, and affect incentives for security their associations with treatment selection, and other precautions. Thus terrorism insurance policy may be an problems. This paper demonstrates that boosting, a important element of the strategy against terrorism, modern statistical technique, can overcome many of these particularly as terrorists increasingly focus on economic obstacles. We illustrate this approach with a study of targets. Originally published in Catastrophic Risks and adolescent probationers in substance abuse treatment Insurance: Policy Issues in Insurance, No. 8, Nov. 2005. programs. Propensity score weights estimated using Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/ boosting eliminate most pretreatment group differences, RP1168/. and substantially alter the apparent relative effects of adolescent substance abuse treatment. Title from title RP-1169 A Long Look Ahead: NGOs, Networks, and screen (viewed on May 16, 2005). Online access: Future Social Evolution. D. F. Ronfeldt. 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1164/. This paper—written in 2002 and now a chapter in a new book—speculates about the future of the environmental RP-1165 Models for Value-Added Modeling of movement as a function of its increasing use of network Teacher Effects. D. F. McCaffrey, J. R. Lockwood, D. M. forms of organization and related strategies and Koretz, T. A. Louis, L. S. Hamilton. 2005. technologies attuned to the information age. The paper The use of complex value-added models that attempt to does so by nesting the movement's potential in a isolate the contributions of teachers or schools to student theoretical framework about social evolution. This development is increasing. Several variations on these framework holds that people have developed four major models are being applied in the research literature, and forms for organizing their societies: first tribes, then policy makers have expressed interest in using these hierarchical institutions, then markets, and now networks. models for evaluating teachers and schools. In this article, The emergence of a new, network-based realm augurs a we present a general multivariate, longitudinal mixed- major rebalancing in relations among government, market, model that incorporates the complex grouping structures and civil-society actors. In the near term (years), there will inherent to longitudinal student data linked to teachers. be continuing episodes of social conflict as some The authors summarize the principal existing modeling environmental groups press their case, often by using approaches, show how these approaches are special cases netwar and swarming strategies. Over the long term of the proposed model, and discuss possible extensions to (decades), new policymaking mechanisms will evolve for model more complex data structures. The authors present joint communication, coordination, and collaboration simulation and analytical results that clarify the interplay among government, business, and civil-society actors. between estimated teacher effects and repeated outcomes Today, it is often said that "government" or "the market" is on students over time. The authors also explore the the solution. In time, it may well be said that "the potential impact of model misspecifications, including network" is the solution. Excerpted from missing student covariates and assumptions about the Environmentalism and the Technologies of Tomorrow by accumulation of teacher effects over time, on key Robert Olson and David Rejeski, eds. Online access: inferences made from the models. The authors conclude http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1169/. that mixed models that account for student correlation 248

RP-1170 Unraveling the SES-Health Connection. J. across sites, using a planned meta-analytic approach. They P. Smith. 2005. found small but consistent positive relationships between teachers' reported use of standards-based instruction and People of lower socio-economic status (SES) appear to student achievement. The article also describes how the always have much worse health outcomes. At least until authors addressed the challenges discussed, as well as a the end of life, at each age every movement down in number of additional obstacles that need to be addressed to income is associated with being in poorer health. While a improve future evaluations of large-scale reforms. debate rages on about competing reasons why SES may Originally published in Educational Evaluation and Policy affect health, there is little recognition that the so-called Analysis, v. 25, no. 1, Spring 2003. Online access: reverse causation from health to economic status may be http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1171/. pretty fundamental as well. Even if the direction of causation is that SES mainly affects health, what RP-1173 Does the Collaborative Model Improve Care dimensions of SES actually matter-the financial aspects for Chronic Heart Failure? S. M. Asch, D. W. Baker, J. such as income or wealth or non-financial dimensions like Keesey, M. S. Broder, M. Schonlau, M. Rosen, P. education? Finally, is there a life course component to the Wallace, E. B. Keeler. 2005. health gradient so that we may be mislead in trying to answer these questions by only looking at people of a BACKGROUND: Organizationally based, disease- certain age-say those past 50. This paper, which is divided targeted collaborative quality improvement efforts are into four sections, provides my answers to these questions. widely applied but have not been subject to rigorous The first section examines the issue of reverse causation or evaluation. We evaluated the effects of the Institute of whether a new health event has a significant impact on Healthcare Improvement's Breakthrough Series (IHI BTS) four dimensions of SES-out-of-pocket medical expenses, on quality of care for chronic heart failure (CHF). labor supply, household income, and household wealth. RESEARCH DESIGN: We conducted a quasi-experiment The next section switches the perspective by asking in 4 organizations participating in the IHI BTS for CHF in whether the so-called direct causation from SES to health 1999–2000 and 4 comparable control organizations. We really matters all that much. If the answer is yes and it will reviewed a total of 489 medical records obtained from the be, a sub-theme in this section concerns which dimensions sites and used a computerized data collection tool to of SES- income, wealth, or education-matter for individual measure performance on 23 predefined quality indicators. health. Since the answer to that question turns out to be We then compared differences in indicator performance education, Section 3 deals with the very much more between the baseline and postintervention periods for difficult issue of why education matters so much. The participating and nonparticipating organizations. evidence in these first three sections relies on data for RESULTS: Participating and control patients did not differ people above age 50. In the final section of the paper, I significantly with regard to measured clinical factors at test the robustness of my answers to these basic questions baseline. After adjusting for age, gender, number of of the meaning of the SES-health gradient using data that chronic conditions, and clustering by site, participating span the entire life-course. Title from title screen (viewed sites showed greater improvement than control sites for 11 on August 15, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ of the 21 indicators, including use of lipid-lowering and publications/RP/RP1170/. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition therapy. When all indicators were combined into a single overall process RP-1171 Studying Large-Scale Reforms of score, participating sites improved more than controls Instructional Practice: An Example from Mathematics and (17% versus 1%, P < 0.0001). The improvement was Science. L. S. Hamilton, D. F. McCaffrey, B. M. Stecher, greatest for measures of education and counseling (24% S. P. Klein, A. E. Robyn, D. Bugliari. 2003. versus -1%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Organizational participation in a common disease-targeted collaborative A number of challenges are encountered when evaluating provider interaction improved a wide range of processes of a large-scale, multisite educational reform aimed at care for CHF, including both medical therapeutics and changing classroom practice. The challenges include education and counseling. Our data support the use of substantial variability in implementation with little programs like the IHI BTS in improving the processes of information on actual practice; lack of common, care for patients with chronic diseases. Title from title appropriate outcome measures; and the need to synthesize screen (viewed on August 25, 2005). Online access: evaluation results across multiples study sites. This article http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1173/. describes an approach to addressing these challenges in the context of a study of the relationships between student RP-1174 Comparison of Mail and Telephone in achievement and instructional practices in the National Assessing Patient Experiences in Receiving Care from Science Foundation’s Systematic Initiatives (SI) program. Medical Group Practices. K. A. Hepner, J. Brown, R. D. The authors gathered data from 11 SI sites and Hays. 2005. investigated relationships both at the site level and pooled 249

The medical group survey from the CAHPS® (formerly limitations. Finally, we discuss challenges to researchers Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study) project, G- in this area and suggest that additional investment in high- CAHPS, focuses on patient experiences in receiving care quality basic research is needed to inform the development from their medical group practice. We compared mail and of sound theory and effective prevention and intervention telephone responses to the G-CAHPS survey in a sample programs. Title from title screen (viewed on August 9, of 880 patients from four physician groups. Patients were 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ randomly assigned to mode. Analyses included RP/RP1176/. comparison of response rates, missing data, internal consistency reliability of six multiitem scales, and mean RP-1177 Acculturation and Latino Health in the scores. A total of 537 phone completes and 343 mail United States: A Review of the Literature and Its completes were obtained (54% response rate). There were Sociopolitical Context. M. Lara, C. Gamboa, M. I. no significant differences in internal consistency by mode. Kahramanian, L. S. Morales, D. E. H. Bautista. 2005. In addition, there was only one significant mode difference This chapter provides an overview of the concept of in item and composite means by mode of administration acculturation and reviews existing evidence about the after adjusting for case-mix differences. This study possible relationships between acculturation and selected indicates that mail and telephone modes of data collection health and behavioral outcomes among Latinos. The effect for the G-CAHPS survey produce similar results. Title of acculturation on Latino health is complex and not well from title screen (viewed on February 23, 2006). Online understood. In certain areas-substance abuse, dietary access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1174/. practices, and birth outcomes-there is evidence that acculturation has a negative effect and that it is associated RP-1175 Electronic Prescribing and HIPAA Privacy with worse health outcomes, behaviors, or perceptions. In Regulation. M. R. Greenberg, M. S. Ridgely, D. S. Bell. others-health care use and self-perceptions of health-the 2004. effect is mostly in the positive direction. Although the Electronic prescribing offers the prospect of safer literature, to date, on acculturation lacks some breadth and medication management, but fulfillment of that promise methodological rigor, the public health significance of depends on ready access to personal health information findings in areas in which there is enough evidence from many sources, thus raising new concerns about justifies public health action. The authors conclude with a information privacy and security. Federal privacy set of general recommendations in two areas-public health regulations under the Health Insurance Portability and practice and research-targeted to public health personnel in Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) limit the sharing of academia, community-based settings, and government health information by providers, and particularly may agencies. Title from title screen (viewed on August 9, discourage information sharing over distributed computer 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ networks. This analysis finds that although HIPAA has RP/RP1177/. only a limited effect on current e-prescribing practices, future electronic prescribing systems will likely fall short RP-1178 Meeting Decision Makers' Needs for of their potential benefits, absent policy refinements Evidence-Based Information on Child and Family Policy. designed to encourage clinically appropriate, networked J. Cannon, M. R. Kilburn. 2005. sharing of patient health information. Title from title With the growing push toward accountability and the screen (viewed on July 25, 2005). Online access: interest in designing programs based on scientific http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1175/. evidence, decisionmakers need to know "what works" in the child policy arena. This need has fueled a proliferation RP-1176 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: of "best practices" projects, one of which is the RAND- Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program operated Promising Practices Network (PPN) on Children, Effectiveness. L. Hickman, L. Jaycox, J. Aronoff. 2005. Families and Communities. Through its Web site and Relative to violence among adult intimate partners, email communications, PPN provides high-quality violence among adolescent dating partners remains an objective evidence about what improves outcomes for understudied phenomenon. In this review, we assess the children and families, with an emphasis on serving state of the research literature on teen dating violence. Our policymakers and providers. Originally published in review reveals that the broad range of estimates produced Journal of Policy and Management, v. 12, no. 4, Fall by major national data sources and single studies make 2003, p. 665-669. conclusions about the prevalence of teen dating violence premature. Similarly, our review of what is known about RP-1179 Hong Kong: The Perils of Semidemocracy. risk factors reveals inconsistency among studies. We W. H. Overholt. 2005. assess published evaluations of adolescent dating violence prevention programs and discuss their findings and 250

This article by William H. Overholt, "Hong Kong: The RP-1195 Demographics and Security: The Perils of Semidemocracy," follows Hong Kong through its Contrasting Cases of Pakistan and Bangladesh. B. 1997 transition from British to Chinese rule and the Nichiporuk, C. C. Fair, C. A. Grammich, J. DaVanzo. consequences of this new "executive-led government" 2005. created by Beijing, London and Hong Kong's local Pakistan and Bangladesh, united until a 1971 civil war, business establishment. The article highlights the progress have evolved in very differently over the last three that Hong Kong has already made toward democratization decades. This paper argues that many of their observed as well as systemic progress yet to be made, such as dissimilarities stem, at least in part, from demographic school, housing and civil service reform. The issue of differences, some of which can be attributed to the two Chinese sovereignty as well as Hong Kong's difficulty in countries' diverse human development policies. Title from reforming itself is discussed in light of the country's desire title screen (viewed on December 28, 2005). Online for rapid economic growth and democratization. Despite access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1195/. the formidable challenges that Hong Kong face after its political transition, Dr. Overholt offers hopeful signs for RP-1197 Planning Post-Conflict Reconstruction in not only Hong Kong but China as well. Title from title Iraq: What Can We Learn? A. Rathmell. 2005. screen (viewed on September 11, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1179/. Efforts to improve national and international capabilities to plan and manage post-conflict reconstruction operations RP-1187 The Logic of Suicide Terrorism. B. are underway in many countries and are high on the Hoffman. 2003. agenda of several multilateral institutions. The international community has learned lessons from the The perceived randomness of suicide bombings is in large numerous post-conflict reconstruction and nation-building part responsible for the emotional suffering that they operations that it has engaged in since the end of the Cold inflict on society. But the planners of these attacks use a War but Iraq represented the most difficult and ambitious strategy that is anything but random: they aim to operation undertaken to date. Although the coalition effort relentlessly shrink to nothing the areas in which people in Iraq had many unique features, we can nonetheless can move freely. Title from title screen (viewed on draw lessons from the tenure of the Coalition Provisional October 19, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Authority (CPA) both for the ongoing effort in Iraq and publications/RP/RP1187/. more broadly for future post-conflict reconstruction operations. This article discusses the challenges of post- RP-1188 Dealing with Diversity: Recruiting Churches conflict reconstruction planning and mission management and Women for a Randomized Trial of Mammography and assesses what happened under the CPA. It draws Promotion. K. P. Derose, J. Hawes-Dawson, S. A. Fox, N. lessons for the future international effort in Iraq and for Maldonado, A. Tatum, R. Kington. 2000. the international community as it considers how to plan There is little documentation about the recruitment process and organise future such missions. Title from title screen for church-based health education programs. In this study, (viewed on February 1, 2005). Online access: http://www. the authors recruit African American, Latino, and white rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1197/. churches and women members (age 50 to 80) for a randomized church-based trial of mammography RP-1198 Greece's Balkan Policy in a New Strategic promotion in Los Angeles County. Efforts to enhance Era. F. S. Larrabee. 2005. recruitment began 10 months before churches were invited Historically, Greece’s security has been closely tied to to participate and included a variety of community-based Balkan security. Given its location on the periphery of the strategies. Subsequently, 45 churches were recruited over Balkans, any instability or unrest in the region has direct a 5-month period through group pastor breakfast meetings and important consequences for Greece’s own security. As and church-specific follow-up. In close collaboration with a result, Greece has been highly sensitive to developments the 45 churches, the authors administered church-based in the Balkans and has been a leading proponent of Balkan surveys over 6 months and identified 1,967 age-eligible cooperation and detente. The disintegration of Yugoslavia women who agreed to be contacted by the program team. led to a sharp deterioration of Greece’s relations with its It was found that an extended resource-intensive period of Balkan neighbours and its western allies. However, since relationship-building and community-based activities were the mid-1990s Greece has undertaken a major diplomatic necessary to conduct church-based programs effectively, effort to improve relations with its Balkan neighbours. particularly among older and ethnically diverse urban This effort has proven remarkably successful. Today, populations. Title from title screen (viewed on December Greece’s relations with the Balkan states are the best they 2, 2005). Online access: http://www.rand. have been in the post-war period. However, it would be org/publications/RP/RP1188/. premature to consider the Balkans “fixed.” Indeed, the 251 region may be entering a new phase of growing instability This volume is the product of a conference, jointly that could thrust it back onto the western policy agenda. sponsored by the RAND Corporation and Centre Asie Ifri Thus Greece could face new challenges in the Balkans in and summarizes the discussions at the conference, which the years ahead. Originally published in Southeast was held in Paris in June 2003. The chapters in the report European and Black Sea Studies, v. 5, no. 3, Sept. 2005, p. were written by researchers from both organizations and 405–425. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ subsequently edited to produce a mutually acceptable reprints/RP1198/. consensus document. The resulting volume offers U.S. and French views of the evolution of Chinese national security RP-1209 Arming Europe. S. G. Jones, F. S. Larrabee. policy and military capabilities in the next two decades. Its 2006. aim is to examine the issues through a U.S.-French prism and to facilitate analysis of how to develop U.S.-European Since the end of the Cold War, Europe’s defense industry cooperation on relations with China. Online access: has undergone important changes. There has been a http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF199/. marked consolidation of the defense industry and a visible increase in intra-European collaboration. In 1993, only CF-200 Making Sense of Transnational Threats: two European defense firms—British Aerospace and Workshop Reports. G. F. Treverton. 2005. Thompson S.A.—were among the top ten defense firms in the world. Today, four European firms—BAE Systems, Global Futures Partnership, part of the CIA's Directorate EADS, Thales, and Finmeccanica—are among the top ten. of Intelligence Sherman Kent School for Intelligence These developments have received relatively little Analysis, and the RAND Corporation convened a series of attention outside the boardrooms of a few U.S. defense four one-day workshops from February to September 2003 firms. The consolidation of Europe’s defense industry has to examine how to better integrate alternative analysis into largely been driven by a desire to compete with U.S. the analytic process. The basic assumption of the defense firms on the global arms market. With the partial workshops was that "transnational" issues, such as exception of UK defense companies, European firms have terrorism, present a different set of analytic challenges had difficulty penetrating the U.S. defense market. than more traditional intelligence topics targeted primarily However, if restrictive U.S. licensing polices make it on nation states. This document contains the reports from difficult for European firms to compete on the U.S. those four workshops. Participants in the first workshop market, they may have little choice but to sell to third probed how transnational issues differ analytically from countries such as China. Thus it is in the U.S. interest to "traditional" state-centric issues. The second session revise some of its licensing procedures in order to examined the difficulties that transnational issues pose at facilitate greater transatlantic defense cooperation. the individual-analyst and small-working-group level. The Originally published in The National Interest, n. 82, third session was focused on the following question: Does Winter/Spring 2005/2006, p. 62–68. Online access: the existing shape of intelligence organizations advance or http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1209/. impede analysis of transnational issues? The concluding workshop focused on how to deal and communicate with intelligence's consumers, from law enforcement officials, to foreign states, to the American public. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF200/. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS CF-211 Exploring Religious Conflict. G. F. CF-195-PAF/NSRD/ARD Proceedings of the 6th Treverton, H. S. Gregg, D. Gibran, C. W. Yost. 2005. Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Conference, August September 11th drove home the fact that the United States 28-29, 2003. B. Zheng, C. Wolf, W. H. Overholt, A. Hu, and its intelligence community must directly address the E. E. Leamer, R. Huang, B. Zycher, Y. Wang, K. C. Yeh, issue of religious motivations for violence. This document F. Huang, J. Despres, G. C. Hufbauer, H. Brown, J. Wang. reports the result of a three day workshop organized by the 2005. RAND Corporation to bring together intelligence analysts Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/ and experts on religion with the goal of providing CF195/. background and a frame of reference for assessing religious motivations in international politics and CF-199-OSD China on the Move: A Franco- discovering what may cause religiously rooted violence- American Analysis of Emerging Chinese Strategic with emphasis on radical Islam. The group considered Policies and Their Consequences for Transatlantic three phenomena: (1) "cosmic war"-a concept referring to Relations. D. C. Gompert, F. Godement, E. S. Medeiros, the metaphysical battle between the forces of Good and J. C. Mulvenon. 2005. Evil that enlivens the religious imagination and compels violent action; (2) radical fundamentalist violence and 252 states that use it for political gain; and (3) new religious corporations. Participants discussed how both states and movements (NRMs), often referred to as cults, and why non-state actors wield power on a continuum ranging from some may turn violent. The group concluded that the persuasion, through economic aid, to military action. The watchword for policy might well be to try to guide Islamic group's members agreed that their next steps should be to NRMs toward the social mainstream of the Muslim world, improve formulations and enhance models for forecasting daunting though that task may appear at present. Online power, and to develop scenarios as a means of adding access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF211/. vividness and exploring discontinuities. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF215/. CF-212-RC Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror. J. A. Thomson, B. M. Jenkins, J. Parachini, P. CF-218-ISE RAND Forum on Hydrogen Technology A. Wilson, D. Aaron, C. Benard, B. Hoffman, L. E. Davis, and Policy: A Draft Conference Report. M. Bernstein. M. A. Wermuth, K. M. O'Connell, G. F. Treverton, O. 2005. Oliker, M. Hynes, A. Rathmell, P. Wolfowitz. 2005. Hydrogen as an energy carrier has generated much In the early 1990s, patterns in terrorism began to change. attention in recent years due to its potential large-scale use In particular, while the number of terrorist events was in producing electrical energy through fuel-cell declining, the lethality was growing. This growth in technologies and in replacing gasoline for use in terrorism was largely fueled by religious and millennial transportation. On December 9, 2004, the RAND motivations. Three years after September 11, many studies Corporation hosted a forum on hydrogen technology that by scores of institutions have been undertaken to find new drew 40 experts in various fields to discuss what needs to ways of dealing with the evolving challenge of terrorism. be done to better inform decisionmakers in the public and On September 8, 2004, upon the approach of the third private sectors of the benefits and risks of various anniversary of the attack on the World Trade Center and hydrogen-related programs and policies. The forum the Pentagon, the RAND Corporation held a conference in participants represented a number of public and private Washington, D.C., to share the results of its recent studies organizations and had varied interests in as well as varied with government officials, military officers, congressional perspectives on the future of hydrogen as an alternative staff, foundations and nongovernmental organizations energy carrier. The document summarizes the proceedings (NGOs), foreign embassy representatives, and the public of that forum. Online access: http://www.rand. at large. Conference participants discussed RAND's org/publications/CF/CF218/. research on terrorism in terms of four broad categories: (1) Understanding the Nature of the Terrorist Threat; (2) CF-221-EC Doing Business with the Euro: Risks and Taking Direct Action Against Terrorists and Terrorist Opportunities. K. Crane, N. Chandler. 2005. Organizations; (3) Seeking to Reduce the Support for On May 18, 2005, the RAND Corporation and the Terrorists, in terms of finances as well as recruits; and (4) Delegation of the European Commission to the United Protecting the Homeland. The conference proceedings States held a conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on includes a transcript of remarks on "A Strategic Approach "Doing Business with the Euro." The purpose of the event to the Challenge of Terrorism" by Deputy Secretary of was to promote discussion between senior policymakers Defense Paul Wolfowitz. Online access: and corporate executives on the young currency's http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF212/. expanding role in the global economy. The conference focused on the strategic and operational ways in which CF-215 Measuring National Power. G. F. Treverton, several leading U.S. corporations have successfully S. G. Jones. 2005. adjusted their accounting, financial management, and Reports the results of a two-day workshop that brought European operations to adapt to the post-euro economy, together a diverse group of modelers, specialists in and to counsel corporations and financial institutions in international relations, and thinkers about power from both the Pittsburgh region and beyond on ways to boost exports the public and the private sectors to consider how to and profits by taking advantage of the emergence of the measure state power and the power of non-state actors, euro. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_ and forms of "soft" power. On the first day, the group proceedings/CF221/. discussed state power on three levels: resources or capabilities, or power in being; (2) how that power is converted through national processes; (3) and power in outcomes, or which state prevails in particular circumstances. The second day focused on the changing TESTIMONY state system. States now have more competitors-so called non-state actors. They range from terrorists and drug CT-233 The Department of Homeland Security: The traffickers to advocacy groups, think tanks, and private Road Ahead. M. A. Wermuth. 2005. 253

Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on CT-242 Initiatives to Control Military Health Costs. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on January S. D. Hosek. 2005. 26, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on Armed publications/CT/CT233/. Services, Subcommittee on Personnel on April 21, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ CT-234 Emerging Threats to National Security. G. F. CT/CT242/. Treverton. 2005. Testimony presented to the House of Representatives CT-243 An Assessment of the Governor's Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on February Reorganization Plan to Create a Department of 2, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Technology Services. T. K. Bikson. 2005. publications/CT/CT234/. Testimony submitted for the record to the LIttle Hoover Commission on April 26, 2005. Online access: CT-236 An Assessment of ONDCP's Budget Concept. http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT243/. P. Reuter. 2005. Testimony presented to the House of Representatives CT-244 China and Globalization. W. H. Overholt. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on February 2005. 10, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Testimony presented to the U.S.-China Economic and publications/CT/CT236/. Security Review Commission on May 19, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT244/. CT-237 School-Based Drug Prevention and Other Strategies for Reducing Drug Use. S. M. Paddock. 2005. CT-245 Developing Process Indicators to Improve Testimony presented to the Oregon State Senate and Educational Governance: Lessons for Education from House Judiciary Committees on March 17, 2005. Online Health Care. B. M. Stecher. 2005. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT237/. Testimony presented to the California Little Hoover Commission on June 23, 2005. Online access: CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT245/. Propulsion Test Facilities for American Aeronautics. P. S. Anton. 2005. CT-246 Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq. K. Testimony presented to the House of Representatives Crane. 2005. Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Space and Testimony presented to the Senate Foreign Relations Aeronautics on March 16, 2005. Online access: Committee on July 20, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT239/. http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT246/. CT-239/1 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel CT-247 China's Military Modernization and the and Propulsion Test Facilities for American Aeronautics: Cross-Strait Balance. R. Cliff. 2005 Addendum. P. S. Anton. 2005. Testimony presented before the U.S.-China Economic and Addendum to the original testimony presented on March Security Review Commission on September 15, 2005. 16, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/ publications/CT/CT239.1/. CT247/. CT-240 Chinese Government Responses to Rising CT-249 Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Research Social Unrest. M. S. Tanner. 2005 on Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost. C. Testimony presented to the US-China Economic and Damberg. 2005. Security Review Commission on April 14, 2005. Online Testimony presented to the California Department of access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT240/. Insurance on September 20, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT249/. CT-241 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions. J. Wasserman. 2005. CT-250-1 Does Our Counter-Terrorism Strategy Testimony presented to the California State Assembly Match the Threat? B. Hoffman. 2005. Budget Committee Subcommittee on Health and Human Testimony presented before the House International Services on February 28, 2005. Online access: Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT241/. Terrorism and Nonproliferation on September 29, 2005. 254

Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/ Insurance Act, and the costs of asbestos claims. Online CT250-1/. access:http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issue/ fall2005/. CT-251 Moderate and Radical Islam. A. Rabasa. 2005. CP-22-0512 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2005. L. A. Karoly, M. R. Kilburn, J. Cannon, J. H. Testimony presented before the House Armed Services Bigelow, R. Christina, J. T. Bartis, M. Bernstein, T. Committee Defense Review Terrorism and Radical Islam LaTourrette, D. S. Knopman, M. Maglione, L. R. Gap Panel on November 3, 2005. Online access: Shugarman, M. Sorbero, J. Godges. 2005. http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT251/. The cover story outlines the wisdom of bearing the up- CT-252 Analyzing Terrorism Risk. H. H. Willis. front costs for publicly funded high-quality early 2005. childhood intervention programs so that society can reap the plentiful returns, even if they take years to accumulate. Testimony presented before the House Homeland Security A story on energy security argues for a vastly diversified Committee, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information national energy investment portfolio to help reduce Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment on November 17, economic vulnerability to energy supply shocks over the 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ next several decades. A sidebar explains how better CT/CT252/. assessments of energy resources would improve resource development. Another story discusses the growing medical options—and complications—for the overweight and obese. Shorter stories discuss the changing workplace, a CORPORATE PUBLICATIONS London program that offers patients a choice of hospitals, the potential benefits of using health information technology, the effectiveness of the Terrorism Risk CP-22-0504 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 1, Spring Insurance Act, and the Chinese export of goods and 2005. J. S. McCombs, S. J. Carroll, K. F. McCarthy, M. technologies that could be used to make weapons of mass K. Rowe, J. Lowell, J. Dobbins, E. Balkovich, J. Godges. destruction. 2005. "It's unfair to hold students and schools accountable for CP-484-1 U.S. Health Care: Facts About Cost, success without giving them the resources they need to Access, and Quality. D. P. Goldman, E. A. McGlynn. succeed," asserts the cover story about low test scores 2005. nationwide and in California. Other feature articles outline Focusing on the nation as a whole, this chart book the public benefits of the arts and the nation-building provides an overview of key health care policy issues in experiences of the United Nations. Shorter stories discuss the areas of cost, access, and quality. The United States access cards in the workplace, land-use patterns associated spends approximately 15 percent of its gross domestic with suburban sprawl, ideological orientations across the product on health care, making health care the largest Muslim world, countermeasures against missile attacks, single sector of the U.S. economy. Despite these levels of the status of the "war on drugs," and the quality of care expenditure, Americans are not healthier and do not live delivered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. longer than citizens in many other nations. American Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ adults receive just half of recommended health care randreview/issues/spring2005/. services. And quality does not vary much by socioeconomic factors. Health policy experts at RAND CP-22-0508 RAND Review. Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer Health, a division of the RAND Corporation, have 2005. L. E. Davis, J. M. Polich, D. S. Bell, C. J. Wang, J. assembled this chart book to provide a factual basis for Matsumura, R. Steeb, J. Godges. 2005. addressing the nation's health care challenges. It is based The cover story itemizes the public investments and on material prepared by RAND Health for a series of infrastructures that could help a Palestinian state succeed. public meetings in California organized by the Other feature articles focus on how the U.S. Army has Communications Institute as part of its program of become stretched thin and how better electronic educational conferences for community leaders, prescribing systems could improve pharmaceutical care. policymakers, journalists, business executives, and Former defense officials discuss nuclear and economic government and labor officials. Online access: threats to the United States. Shorter stories discuss robots http://www.rand.org/publications/CP/CP484.1/. on the battlefield, national security threats on the horizon, persistent insecurity in Iraq and Afghanistan, persistent growth in Chinese defense spending, the Terrorism Risk 255

CP-485 Saving the Government Money: Examples hours of interviews with 74 individuals associated with from RAND's Federally Funded Research and RAND-mostly current and former employees. Obviously, Development Centers. 2005. he could only include a small fraction of that material in the final cut. The film is narrated by Tobey Maguire. This Highlights examples of recent RAND projects conducted DVD is formatted to NTSC, the North American within in its three FFRDCs (RAND Project AIR FORCE, television standard. This DVD is formatted on one side to RAND National Defense Research Institute, and the NTSC, the North American television standard, and on the RAND Arroyo Center) where recommendations that were other side to PAL, the television standard for most of implemented led to cost savings benefits for the Europe and the Middle East. The running time for this government. documentary is 60 minutes, 40 seconds. This DVD is formatted to NTSC, the North American television CP-501 Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND. 2005. standard. This DVD is formatted on one side to NTSC, the Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND explores the depth North American television standard, and on the other side and breadth of RAND's remarkable record and to PAL, the television standard for most of Europe and demonstrates how, throughout its 60-year history, RAND the Middle East. Online access: http://www.rand. has adhered to its mission and its core values of quality org/publications/CP/CP501.1/. and objectivity. The documentary was the vision of Amy Pascal, then a member of the Board of Trustees. Amy is CP-505 Managing Change: China and the United vice chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment and States in 2025. H. Brown. 2005. chairman of its Motion Picture Group. Pascal, Sony In 2005, at the 8th Annual RAND-China Reform Forum Pictures, and several other RAND trustees underwrote the Conference, Dr. Harold Brown (Secretary of the Air costs. Pascal helped us select the filmmaker and Sony Force, 1965–1969; Secretary of Defense, 1977–1981) Pictures made space and equipment available for the delivered remarks on the key economic and security issues production. Filmmaker Richard Robbins has done most of of mutual interest to both China and the United States his work for Peter Jennings Productions and ABC News. (including globalization, competition for energy resources, He produced and directed I Have a Dream, the WMD proliferation, Taiwan, terrorism, and other factors) documentary about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., that aired that may affect relations over the next two decades. Online on ABC in August 2003, the 40th anniversary of the access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP505/. March on Washington. Robbins and his team filmed 59 hours of interviews with 74 individuals associated with RAND-mostly current and former employees. Obviously, he could only include a small fraction of that material in the final cut. The film is narrated by Tobey Maguire. OCCASIONAL PAPERS Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CP/ CP501/. OP-106-RC Protecting Commercial Aviation Against CP-501/1 Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND (Dual- the Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat. J. Chow, J. Chiesa, P. Version DVD). 2005. Dreyer, M. Eisman, T. W. Karasik, J. S. Kvitky, S. L. Lingel, D. A. Ochmanek, C. Shirley. 2005. Ideas in Action: 60 Years of RAND explores the depth and breadth of RAND's remarkable record and Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the question of demonstrates how, throughout its 60-year history, RAND whether to install countermeasure systems to protect has adhered to its mission and its core values of quality commercial airliners against shoulder-fired missiles has and objectivity. The documentary was the vision of Amy been vigorously debated among decisionmakers in the Pascal, then a member of the Board of Trustees. Amy is United States and abroad. This paper examines the vice chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment and capabilities and costs of onboard technologies to divert an chairman of its Motion Picture Group. Pascal, Sony attacking missile. Given the significant uncertainties in the Pictures, and several other RAND trustees underwrote the cost of countermeasures and their effectiveness in costs. Pascal helped us select the filmmaker and Sony reducing the overall vulnerability to catastrophic airliner Pictures made space and equipment available for the damage, a decision to install them should be postponed, production. Filmmaker Richard Robbins has done most of and concurrent development efforts focused on reducing his work for Peter Jennings Productions and ABC News. these uncertainties should proceed as rapidly as possible. He produced and directed I Have a Dream, the The current research, development, test, and evaluation documentary about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., that aired activities are a prudent step toward reducing the on ABC in August 2003, the 40th anniversary of the significant cost uncertainties involved and minimizing the March on Washington. Robbins and his team filmed 59 delay of program implementation once a go-ahead decision is reached. Any federal policy to protect against 256 shoulder-fired missiles should not be restricted to OP-153-EDU Decentralized Decision-Making for countermeasures development but should pursue a Schools: New Promise for and Old Idea? J. S. Hansen, M. multilayered approach-including examining various Roza. 2005. technologies, working with other governments to slow the Argues that decentralizing decisionmaking authority to proliferation of missile technology, and integrating schools is a reform worthy of a new look, despite the countermeasures into the overall aviation safety, security, perceived failure of earlier school-based management and law enforcement system. Online access: (SBM) efforts to improve student performance. SBM as it http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP106/. was implemented in districts and schools did not produce significant changes in institutional structure. Constraints OP-121-DPRC How Goes the "War on Drugs"? An on schools were not effectively relaxed; school-based Assessment of U.S. Drug Programs and Policy. J. P. decisionmaking authority in some areas was nullified by Caulkins, P. Reuter, M. Y. Iguchi, J. Chiesa. 2005. continuing constraints in others. Most notably, principals Presents a concise, accessible, objective view of where the in the United States gained little authority over their United States has been, now stands, and is going in the budgets. The need to boost school performance future in its long "war on drugs." The authors assess the significantly in the next few years to meet federal and state success of drug policies to date and review possible accountability goals demands new ways of helping reasons why they have not been more successful. They principals do their jobs more effectively. Decentralized consider the drug war's "collateral damage" and attempt to decisionmaking for schools (DDS) should be explored in understand why alternative policies have not been tried. light of lessons learned from implementation of They also lay out some possible futures for drug problems meaningful school-level autonomy in a few American and policy in the United States. The authors recommend districts and in England. Online access: that a mix of three drug control strategies-enforcement, http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP153/. treatment, and prevention-be timed to a drug's "epidemic cycle." They further recommend that substance abuse be OP-154-RC Police Personnel Challenges After recognized as a long-term problem and managed for the September 11: Anticipating Expanded Duties and a long term and that cross-state variations in drug policy be Changing Labor Pool. B. Raymond, L. Hickman, L. L. viewed by the federal government as a plus rather than a Miller, J. S. Wong. 2005. minus. In conclusion, they press for a more dispassionate Many police departments face ongoing challenges in debate. recruiting and retaining police officers. Heightened concern about terrorist attacks has exacerbated this OP-152-RC The Next Steps in Reshaping problem by increasing demands on local law enforcement Intelligence. G. F. Treverton. 2005. agencies. To address this problem, the authors, drawing on Two national commissions' findings helped to lay the RAND's extensive work in military personnel groundwork for the December 2004 intelligence management, identify key lessons that could help develop reorganization bill. Most notably, the bill calls for a new a force management plan for police agencies focusing on Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to head and future demand for police personnel and creative sources of coordinate the U.S. Intelligence Community. Currently, supply. This analysis considers changing demands for the DNI has broad responsibilities but only ambiguous police services; labor pool qualifications; and possible authorities. Drawing on a number of projects for various national and regional efforts to adapt military recruitment intelligence agencies, as well as additional research, the strategies for police agencies. The Long Beach Police author of this paper looks at this position of DNI and how Department, a metropolitan police department struggling it will interact and coordinate with intelligence agencies with officer recruitment and retention in the face of and other elements of the Executive Branch. In addition to increased security-related demands, serves as a case study organizational changes, the author looks at the cultural example offering informative background data about these changes that need to take place in the community, issues. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ including those related to capacity building, issued-based OP/OP154/. collection, analysis improvement, wider diversity of workforce, and targeting collection. In particular, the paper highlights the importance of moving toward center- based organizations and away from the "stovepipes" of the Cold War. In accomplishing such goals, the DNI will DOCUMENTED BRIEFINGS begin to turn his formal authority into real authority. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/ DB-444-AVV De Onderbouwing Van DGG-Beleid = OP152/. (The Foundation of Freight Policy): Een Proces- beschrijving Voor Het Gebruik Van Beleidsinhoudelijke 257

Gegevens (A Process Description for Performance DB-458-AF Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Measurement Within the Policy Process). R. Hamer, O. Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for van de Riet, E. Kroes. 2005. Combating Nuclear Terrorism. S. A. Daly, J. Parachini, W. Rosenau. 2005. To encourage the development of evidence-based and effective policies and ensuring value-for-money within Revelations about A.Q. Khan's global nuclear marketing government, the Netherlands is in the process of efforts and Osama bin Laden's contact with Pakistani implementing a new budgetary process (VBTB). To make nuclear scientists have raised concerns about terrorist better use of "hard evidence" in the policymaking process, acquisition of a nuclear or radiological weapons the Dutch Directorate-General for Freight (DGG) capability. Such a capability would pose a grave danger to commissioned RAND Europe to perform a process U.S. national security and also to the security of the analysis. The analysis shows that at any time during a international system of nation-states. Looking across three calendar year there are three different processes interacting case studies, this documented briefing concludes with a set and competing for the attention of policymakers: —the of observations. First, access to significant resources, budgetary process, with a fixed time-frame of a calendar including the sanctuary of a state, will not guarantee the year; —the data collection process, with a fixed time- success of a nonstate actor's nuclear acquisition effort. frame and time lag (for monitoring data) and variable Second, even sophisticated terrorists, searching for nuclear length for specific research questions; and —the policy material, have been victims of scams. Third, Russian making process, with a varying time-frame. At any officials appear to have been less corrupt, and Russian moment these three processes braid together into a nuclear materials and expertise more secure than many complex score of data streams and queries. RAND Europe analysts in the West have alleged. Fourth, despite prepared a briefing for the DGG staff engaged in inspections and safeguards, the IAEA failed to prevent the policymaking and performance management. The briefing loss of reactor fuel. Finally, the study suggests that strict contained a simplified representation of this complexity control s on nuclear weapons, materials, and expertise will and a flow chart indicating the moments within the reduce opportunities for terrorists to acquire these budgetary year where up-to-date "hard" evidence on the resources. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ effectiveness of policies could be included in the process. publications/DB/DB458/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ DB444/. DB-465-A Proposed Missions and Organization of the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering DB-457-AF Diversion of Nuclear, Biological, and Command. B. J. Held, A. Cordova, E. I. Axelband, A. Chemical Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Wong, S. Wiseman. 2004. Union: Understanding an Evolving Problem. J. Parachini, During fiscal year 2002, the commander of Army Materiel D. E. Mosher, J. C. Baker, M. S. Chase, M. Daugherty. Command (AMC) ordered the establishment of a U.S. 2005. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command Since the early 1990s, the United States has been (RDECOM) to consolidate the research and development concerned about the diversion of expertise and sensitive (R&D) organizations in AMC under one commander. This information from the nuclear, biological, and chemical report documents one aspect of RAND Arroyo Center's (NBC) weapons complexes of the former Soviet Union support during the establishment of RDECOM. Using a (FSU). This documented briefing offers an assessment of modified strategies-to-tasks framework, Arroyo identified the threat of diversion from the FSU and examines each of four major missions for RDECOM: (1) Provide responsive its key components, including the nation-states and technical support to current and U.S. Joint Forces individuals who seek to illicitly acquire NBC weapons Command operations, (2) provide effective technical expertise and the institutions and individuals who already support to Army acquisition programs, (3) provide the have it. The authors argue that the threat goes beyond just technical vision for the Army of the future, and (4) attend scientists to highly skilled technicians, retirees, and key to the planning, management, and oversight of Army R&D administrative and support personnel who can provide and science and technology (S&T) work. These four sensitive information. The authors further argue that missions provide a context for RDECOM's organizational applying a simple supply-and-demand model to the design, and Arroyo researchers recommended the adoption problem of proliferation overlooks the critical role that of a matrix structure. Within it, RDECOM's current various barriers and disincentives to proliferation have laboratories and R&D centers provide the personnel and played in keeping the actual number of cases of diversion facilities for accomplishing RDECOM's missions. Mission low. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ accomplishment, however, is managed and resourced by DB457/. the RDECOM commander, working through a number of deputy commanding generals (DCGs). At the time of the study the number of DCGs to be assigned to RDECOM 258 was not firmly established. This report thus examines the CH-53X helicopter and some exploration toward a alternative organizational designs with either two or three new HL aircraft. The degree of interest in the new aircraft DCGs. Under the three-DCG alternative, the DCG would be influenced in part by such issues as whether or Operations is focused on supporting current military not its capabilities are really needed and are affordable; operations; the DCG System-of-Systems is focused on whether today's ships can even accommodate such large supporting Army acquisition programs and systems aircraft; and whether, in a joint environment more than integration; and the DCG Army of the Future works with one service can agree on the design and funding for it. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command and the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ Army Staff to provide technical support for planning the DB472/. Army's long-range future. Under the two-DCG option, the functions of DCG Operations and DCG System-of- DB-478-OSD The Department of Defense and Its Use Systems are generally combined. Online access: of Small Business: An Economic and Industry Analysis. http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB465/. E. Reardon, N. Y. Moore. 2005. Congress has directed that 23 percent of direct federal DB-471-1-LA Improving Contracting at the City of purchases come from small businesses. As the largest Los Angeles Airports, Port, and Department of Water and purchaser in the federal government, the Department of Power. M. Y. D. Wang, N. Y. Moore, S. B. Hunter, N. Defense (DoD) is key to achieving this policy objective. Nicosia. 2005. The impetus for this research was to suggest industries that The three proprietary departments of the City of Los DoD could target for outreach to small firms. This briefing Angeles-the Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), the compares DoD procurement from small businesses with Port of Los Angeles (Port), and the Department of Water non-DoD federal procurement from small businesses, and and Power (DWP)-together contract for more than a it documents the prevalence of small businesses in billion dollars worth of goods and services and receive industries DoD relies upon. The analysis suggests several hundred millions of dollars in lease revenue industries for possible outreach efforts and concludes that annually. In 2003 and 2004, the City of Los Angeles it is more difficult for DoD to reach the procurement goal Controller issued audit reports on the contracting and than for the rest of the federal government because of the leasing practices of all three departments, and in those nature of the goods it buys, such as aircraft and large reports cited a lack of both transparency and weapon systems. The authors of the briefing used the documentation in the departments' contracting processes. Federal Procurement Data System to study government This documented briefing presents analysis from a 90-day spending and the 1997 Economic Census to analyze small study to find ways to make the purchasing, contracting, firms in the economy. Online access: http://www.rand. and leasing activities of LAWA, Port, and DWP more org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB478/. transparent and efficient while gaining the public trust. The authors analyze the best government and commercial DB-480-HF Education in Mexico: Challenges and practices for contracting and make a number of Opportunities. L. Santibanez, G. Vernez, P. Razquin. recommendations for improving the City of Los Angeles 2005. proprietary departments. Online access: The most promising prospect for Hewlett would be in http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB471-1/. helping to build Mexico's institutional capabilities to develop a broader understanding and public transparency DB-472-NAVY Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift of the Mexican education system and provide empirically Aircraft Options. J. Gordon, P. A. Wilson, J. G. supported feedback on existing programs and policies. The Grossman, D. Deamon, M. Edwards, D. Lenhardt, D. Foundation could make gradual, but cumulative, Norton, W. Sollfrey. 2005. investments, and develop relationships with key actors. The Navy asked RAND to conduct a quick assessment of Should the Foundation choose to get involved in building different heavy-lift (HL) aircraft alternatives and to assess Mexico's institutional capabilities for policy and the survivability such aircraft against different threats. The evaluative research, it can do so by engaging in one or Navy and Marine Corps have used helicopters since the more of the following activities: (1) helping establish a 1940s. As helicopters have gradually become larger and policy research center, (2) supporting public and academic gained cargo capacity, they have been able to carry more forums on specific issues, (3) helping develop centralized and heavier cargo, including vehicles, from a ship to a site access to education research and data, (4) funding onshore and from ship to ship. An HL capability would be systemwide descriptive studies, and (5) funding objective especially valuable when access to on-shore facilities is evaluations of ongoing school reform initiatives. The limited. But there are other issues, survivability being first project found few immediate programmatic opportunities among them. The authors assessed these and related for the Hewlett Foundation at the national or the state matters and offered the Navy several options; all involve level. At the national level, the Mexican government is 259 trying to address the key identified namely low enrollment Over 10 million individuals in the United States are and low student-achievement. For the Foundation to have estimated to suffer from co-occurring mental and any real impact at this level, it would have to develop substance abuse–related disorders. Many states are trusting relationships with the Ministry of Education and actively planning and implementing strategies to improve the Teachers' Union and make large and possibly risky service delivery systems for this population. This paper investments. At the state level, programmatic initiatives investigates the programmatic, financing, organizational, tend to be opportunistic and short-lived and would impose and related strategies that nine states are pursuing, as well similar burdens on the Foundation. Online access: as practices and models that local programs in those states http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB480/. are employing to better serve people with co-occurring mental and addictive disorders. Online access: DB-484-OSD What Factors Affect the Military http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR119/. Enlistment of Hispanic Youth? A Look at Enlistment Qualifications. B. J. Asch, C. Buck, J. A. Klerman, M. WR-154-EDU Schools Identified as in Need of Kleykamp, D. S. Loughran. 2005. Improvement under Title I: Recent Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Schools. S. N. Kirby, S. An ongoing concern of Congress, the U.S. Department of Naftel, M. Berends, J. S. McCombs. 2005. Defense (DoD), and the armed services is the social representation of the military, particularly of active duty A key assumption underlying the No Child Left Behind accessions. Hispanics are a growing segment of the youth Act is that districts have the capacity and the knowledge to population yet have been underrepresented historically help schools improve. The authors use data from a among military accessions. The widely cited reason is national longitudinal survey of Title I schools to shed light their below-average rate of graduation from high school on the validity of this assumption and make and the services’ preference for diploma graduate recruits. recommendations for helping schools identified as in need But other less-studied factors may contribute. These other of improvement. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ possible factors may include lack of language proficiency publications/WR/WR154/. as reflected in their applicant aptitude test scores, fertility choices, health factors such as obesity, and involvement in WR-169-3 Under-Reporting of Medicaid and Welfare risky activities such as the use of illegal drugs. These in the Current Population Survey. J. A. Klerman, J. S. factors could adversely affect the ability of some Hispanic Ringel, E. A. Roth. 2005. youth to meet service enlistment standards. The RAND Conventional estimates of the number of uninsured Corporation project “Hispanic Youth in the United States Californians are derived from the Current Population and the Factors Affecting Their Enlistment” is conducting Survey (CPS). Unfortunately, CPS estimates of the an analysis of the factors that lead to the number of people receiving Medi-Cal and welfare underrepresentation of Hispanic youth in the military. This (AFDC/CalWORKs) are well below the numbers implied documented briefing summarizes interim results from the by official Medi-Cal records, suggesting that the research effort’s first year. First, it highlights the various conventional estimates of the number of uninsured enlistments standards recruits must meet in each branch of Californians (and their characteristics) are seriously service. Then using available data on American young flawed. To improve understanding of these issues, the adults, it summarizes the degree to which Hispanic youth California HealthCare Foundation (through its then qualify for service relative to youth who are members of separate the Medi-Cal Policy Institute-MCPI) and the U.S. other racial and ethnic groups. This documented briefing is Department of Health and Human Services, intended for individuals interested in military recruiting Administration for Children and Families (DHHS-ACF) and in the population representation of personnel in the funded RAND to match CPS data to individual-level armed forces. administrative data for the Medi-Cal program. With the cooperation of the California Department of Health Services (CDHS), the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and the California Census Research Data Center (CCRDC), that WORKING PAPERS match was performed. This document describes the findings of the analysis of those matched data. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR169-3/. WR-119-CSAT State Activities to Improve Services and Systems of Care for Individuals with Co-Occurring WR-194-RWJ Measuring the Effectiveness of a Mental and Addictive Disorders. H. A. Pincus, M. A. Collaborative for Quality Improvement in Pediatric Burnam, J. L. Magnabosco, J. W. Dembosky, M. D. Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Greenberg. 2005. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? R. Mangione- 260

Smith, M. Schonlau, K. S. Chan, J. Keesey, M. Rosen, T. subsequent analyses linking teacher and school factors to A. Louis, E. B. Keeler. 2005. student achievement growth during the kindergarten year. The categories of variables examined in this study include Technical appendix to the journal article, "Measuring the teachers' instructional practices, teaching philosophies, Effectiveness of a Collaborative for Quality Improvement school climate, and resources. Online access: http://www. in Pediatric Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Chronic rand.org/publications/WR/WR199/. Care Model Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care?" Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR-205-1-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect WR194/. Workers' Compensation Filing? D. Lakdawalla, R. T. Reville, S. A. Seabury. 2004. WR-196-1 Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Retirement. N. Maestas. Workers' compensation provides insurance against job- 2005. related injuries, but as many as half of injured workers choose not to file. A common explanation for this is the This paper analyzes a puzzling aspect of retirement existence of private health insurance, an alternative source behavior known as "unretirement," in which retirees of health care that may discourage insured workers from appear to reverse their retirement decisions and return to taking the time to file a workers' compensation claim. work. The author explores two possible explanations: (1) However, data from the NLSY paint a surprising picture: unretirement transitions are largely unexpected, resulting uninsured and more vulnerable workers are actually less from failures in planning or financial shocks; and (2) likely to file claims than the insured. This paper studies unretirement transitions are an expected part of a more this relationship and finds that it emerges as the result of complex retirement process. Using data from the Health employer characteristics. In particular, whether or not and Retirement Study, she shows that nearly one-half of employers offer health insurance to employees appears retirees follow a nontraditional retirement path that most important, much more important even than the involves partial retirement or unretirement, and that 24 insurance status of workers themselves. Indeed, even percent of retirees later unretire. The unretirement rate repeat injury-sufferers are more likely to file during rises as high as 36 percent among the youngest retirees. episodes in which their employer offers health insurance, Using data on expectations and realizations of work during but not statistically more likely to file during episodes in retirement, she shows that unretirement was anticipated which they themselves are insured. This suggests that the for the vast majority (80 percent) of those returning to workplace environment and employer incentives may have work. Most retirees formed accurate expectations about a significant, or perhaps even the dominant, impact on working after retirement, and only nine percent expected workers' compensation filing. Online access: not to work but in fact did so. If anything, expectations err http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR205-1/. on the side of excessive pessimism about retirement rather than uninformed optimism. In short, the evidence suggests WR-211 Many Faiths of Many Regions: Continuities unretirement is not predominantly a response to negative and Changes Among Religious Adherents Across U.S. shocks arriving after retirement, but instead represents an Counties. C. A. Grammich. 2005. alternative retirement path, much like partial retirement. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/ U.S. religious bodies continue to vary by their geographic WR196-1/. distribution and their rates of growth. The changing landscape of religious adherence has many implications WR-199-EDU Measuring the Practices, Philosophies, for communities on myriad issues (e.g., health, policy, and Characteristics of Kindergarten Teachers. L. S. social change). An examination of recently tabulated Hamilton, C. M. Guarino. 2005. county-level numbers of religious adherents shows Evangelical Protestants continuing to grow, but at slower This paper uses data from the Early Childhood rates than that of the population. Mainline Protestants Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class 1998–99 (ECLS- continue to decrease, even in areas of some population K), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, growth. Catholics are increasing slightly, but likely only National Center for Education Statistics, to explore some because of Hispanic and immigrant population influxes. of the characteristics, practices, and philosophies of Precisely comparable trend data on total Jewish population kindergarten teachers and schools. The purpose of these growth are not readily available, but there appears to have analyses was to create measures of constructs related to been a considerable redistribution of the Jewish population teaching and to explore the possible utility of these in recent decades. Earlier county-level on other non- measures for future research. Exploratory factor analysis Christian religions is not available, but recent data show was used to examine several categories of variables that Muslims concentrated in large metropolitan counties and would be expected to influence student learning and to Eastern religious congregations concentrated in counties inform the development of scales that could be used in with Asian populations. This paper examines these 261 changes and distributions of religious populations in light Technical (Methods) Appendix to Assessing the of existing theories that could account for these variations. Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Quality The recent results confirm some of these theories, but Improvement Collaboratives (Health Services Research). suggest further examination or possible modifications for Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ others. Further analysis of these data may also yield some WR217/. insights on the interplay between political and religious population change, as well as on efforts to meet social WR-218-LACPD Los Angeles County Juvenile needs through faith-based institutions. Online access: Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2003–2004 http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR211/. Report. S. Turner, T. Fain, A. Sehgal, J. Imara, D. Davies, A. Harris. 2005. WR-215 Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and In 2000, the California Legislature passed the Schiff- Access to Care Among the Uninsured. C. R. Gresenz, J. Cardenas Crime Prevention Act, which authorized funding A. Rogowski, J. J. Escarce. 2005. for county juvenile justice programs and designated the OBJECTIVE: To quantify the relationship between access Board of Corrections (BOC) as the administrator of to care among the uninsured and the structure of the local funding. A 2001 Senate Bill extended the funding and health care market and safety net. DATA changed the program's name to the Juvenile Justice Crime SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Nationally representative Prevention Act (JJCPA). This effort was designed to data from the 1996–2000 waves of the Medical provide a stable funding source to counties for juvenile Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) linked to data from programs that have been proven effective in curbing crime multiple secondary sources. STUDY DESIGN: Outpatient among at-risk and young offenders. The Board is required care utilization and medical expenditures among uninsured to submit annual reports to the California legislature adults living in urban and rural areas are separately measuring the success of JJCPA. The legislation identified analyzed. Safety net measures include distances between six specific outcome measures to be included in annual each individual and the nearest safety net providers as well reports from each of the individual JJCPA programs. as a measure of capacity based on public health These outcomes include successful completion of expenditures. Other covariates include the managed care probation, arrests, probation violations, incarcerations, presence in the local health care market, the percentage of successful completion of restitution, and successful individuals who are uninsured in the area, and local completion of community service. Each county can also primary care physician supply. We simulate utilization supply supplemental outcomes to measure locally using standardized predictions. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: identified service needs. The RAND Corporation was Distances between the rural uninsured and safety net funded by the Los Angeles County Probation Department providers are significantly associated with utilization. In to conduct the evaluation of the County's JJCPA programs, urban areas, it is found that the percentage of individuals including analyzing and reporting findings to the BOC. in the area who are uninsured, the pervasiveness and This report contains a summary of the fiscal year competitiveness of managed care, and safety net capacity 2003–2004 (FY 03-04) findings reported to the BOC, as have a significant relationship with healthcare utilization. well as additional program information gathered by Los CONCLUSIONS: Facilitating transport to safety net Angeles County Probation based on its oversight and providers and increasing the number of such providers are monitoring of program implementation and outcomes. likely to improve access to care among the rural Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ uninsured. The findings for urban areas suggest that the WR218/. uninsured living in areas where managed care presence is substantial, and especially where managed care WR-219 Birth Spacing and Neonatal Mortality in competition is limited, could be a target for policies to India: Dynamics, Frailty, and Fecundity. S. Bhalotra, A. improve access to care. Policies oriented toward Van Soest. 2005. enhancing funding for the safety net and increasing the A dynamic panel data model of neonatal mortality and capacity of safety net providers are likely to be important birth spacing is analyzed, accounting for causal effects of to ensuring access among the urban uninsured. Online birth spacing on subsequent mortality and of mortality on access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR215/. the next birth interval, while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity in mortality (frailty) and birth spacing WR-217 Assessing the Implementation of the Chronic (fecundity). The model is estimated using micro data on Care Model in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: about 29000 children of 6700 Indian mothers, for whom a Methods Appendix. M. L. Pearson, S. Wu, J. Schaefer, A. complete retrospective record of fertility and child E. Bonomi, S. M. Shortell, P. Mendel, J. A. Marsteller, T. mortality is available. Information on sterilization is used A. Louis, M. Rosen, E. B. Keeler. 2005. to identify an equation for completion of family formation that is needed to account for right-censoring in the data. 262

The authors find clear evidence of frailty, fecundity, and WR-222-IL Illinois Homeland Security Economic causal effects of birth spacing on mortality and vice versa, Development Initiative: Scoping Study. 2005. but find that birth interval effects can explain only a Reports the results of work done by RAND in cooperation limited share of the correlation between neonatal mortality with the Office of the Governor of the State of Illinois and of successive children in a family. Online access: the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR219/. Opportunity (DCEO) to examine issues around formulating and implementing a comprehensive economic WR-220-OJP Homicide in the LASD Century Station development strategy for the homeland security industry Area: Developing Data-Driven Interventions. J. M. in the state. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Wilson, C. A. Grammich, G. Tita. 2005. publications/WR/WR222/. This working paper is a descriptive analysis of homicides from January 2000 through December 2003 in the Century WR-224 Introduction to Multiresolution, Station area of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Multiperspective Modeling (MRMPM) and Exploratory Department. It complements an earlier analysis (Tita et al., Analysis. P. K. Davis. 2005. 2004) on homicide in the adjacent 77th Street Area of the Working paper presented at the Tutorial for Military Los Angeles Police Department. Both analyses are part of Operations Research Society (MORS) conference at Johns a series RAND Corporation researchers have completed Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory on January 26, 2005. on behalf of Project Safe Neighborhoods, a national Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ initiative funded by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. WR224/. Department of Justice. Project Safe Neighborhoods, coordinated through U.S. Attorneys' offices, is a strategic, WR-241-EDU An Educator Looks at Quality coordinated approach to reducing gun violence in Improvement in Health Care. B. M. Stecher. 2005. America. The role of RAND in the Century Station area is to provide research and support for the strategic planning This paper was presented as part of the Symposium components of the initiative. The goals of this program are "Implementing Standards-Based Accountability: Results to (1) increase the capacity of Project Safe Neighborhood from Classrooms, Schools and Districts in Three States" at task forces to design data-driven strategies that produce the annual meeting of the American Educational Research measurable decreases in firearms-related crime and (2) Association, Montreal, Canada, April 13, 2005. This improve the long-term ability of federal, state, and local material is based on work supported by the National agencies to work together to understand, prosecute, Science Foundation under Grant No. REC-0228295. Any and prevent firearms-related violent crime within opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations their jurisdictions. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and publications/WR/WR220/. do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ WR-221 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? Appendix. publications/WR/WR241/. J. Bhattacharya, D. Lakdawalla. 2004. WR-242 The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Previous research has found that Medicare benefits flow Anticipated and Actual Declines in Spending at primarily to the most economically advantaged groups and Retirement. M. D. Hurd, S. Rohwedder. 2005. that the financial returns to Medicare are consequently higher for the rich than for the poor. Taking a different The simple one-good model of life-cycle consumption approach, this study finds very different results. According requires "consumption smoothing." However, British and to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, the poorest U.S. households apparently reduce consumption at groups receive the most benefits at any given age. In fact, retirement, and the reduction cannot be explained by the the advantage of the poor in benefit receipt is so great that life-cycle model. An interpretation is that retirees are it easily overcomes their higher death rates. This leads to surprised by the inadequacy of resources. This the result that the financial returns to Medicare are actually interpretation challenges the life-cycle model where much higher for poorer groups in the population and that consumers are forward looking. However, data on Medicare is a highly progressive public program. These anticipated consumption changes at retirement and on new results appear to owe themselves to the authors' realized consumption changes following retirement show measurement of socioeconomic status at the individual that the reductions are fully anticipated. Apparently, the level, in contrast to the aggregated measures used by decline is due to the cessation of work-related expenses previous research. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ and the substitution of home production for market- publications/WR/WR221/. purchased goods and services. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR242/. 263

WR-249 Multi-Site Implementation: Medicaid provides a useful case study. It is an important risk factor Section 1931(b) in California. J. A. Klerman, A. G. Cox. for developing cardiovascular disease, the condition is 2005. relatively common, and there are large differences in rates of hypertension by education. This paper examines the This paper uses the implementation of the new Medicaid short and long-term diffusion of two important classes of 1931(b) program in California and its 58 counties to anti-hypertensives - ACE inhibitors and calcium channel consider multi-site implementation. Given California's blockers - over the last twenty-five years. Using three county-operated welfare system, the California prominent medical surveys, we find no evidence that the Department of Health Services (CDHS) made policy that diffusion of these drugs into medical practice favored one each of the state's 58 counties was to implement. education group relative to another. The findings suggest Combining unusually rich administrative data, official that - at least for hypertension - SES differences in the documents, and qualitative field work, the authors find adoption of new medical technologies are not an important that actual implementation occurred as much as several reason for the SES health gradient. Online access: years later than was required by state-level policy, with http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR253/. considerable heterogeneity across the counties, and that the heterogeneity was to a great extent due to the details of WR-255-EDU Introduction to First-Year Findings computer systems. The paper concludes with a discussion from the Implementing Standards-Based Accountability of the implications of these results for implementation and (ISBA) Project. B. M. Stecher, L. S. Hamilton, S. Naftel. the study of implementation Online access: http:// 2005. www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR249/. This paper was presented as part of the Symposium WR-252 Wage and Benefit Changes in Response to "Implementing Standards-Based Accountability: Results Rising Health Insurance Costs. D. P. Goldman, N. Sood, from Classrooms, Schools and Districts in Three States" at A. A. Leibowitz. 2005. the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada, April 13, 2005. This Many companies have defined-contribution benefit plans material is based on work supported by the National requiring employees to pay the full cost (before taxes) of Science Foundation under Grant No. REC-0228295. Any more generous health insurance choices. Research has opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations shown that employee decisions are quite responsive to expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do these arrangements. What is less clear is how the total not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science compensation package changes when health insurance Foundation. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ premiums rise. This paper examines employee publications/WR/WR255/. compensation decisions during a three-year period when health insurance premiums were rising rapidly. The data WR-256-EDU Progress in Implementing Standards, come from a single large firm with a flexible benefits plan Assessments, and the Highly Qualified Teacher Provisions wherein employees explicitly choose how to allocate of NCLB: Perspectives from California, Georgia, and compensation between cash wages and other benefits. Pennsylvania. J. S. McCombs. 2005. Under such an arrangement, higher health insurance premiums must induce changes in the composition of total No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandates certain basic compensation — either in lower after-tax wages or in requirements and holds states, districts, and schools decreased contributions to other benefits. The results accountable for meeting them. States must adopt content suggest that about two-thirds of the premium increase is standards; administer assessments in certain subjects and financed out of cash wages and the remaining one-thirds is grades to measure student progress toward meeting those financed by a reduction in benefits. Online access: standards; and employ only highly qualified teachers to http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR252/. teach those standards. These are the basic requirements upon which states, districts, and schools are to be held WR-253 Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption accountable. This paper is one in the symposium of New Medical Technologies. D. P. Goldman, J. P. "Implementing Standards-Based Accountability: Results Smith. 2005. from Classrooms, Schools, and Districts in Three States" and details findings from RAND's Implementing New medical technologies hold tremendous promise for Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) study regarding improving population health, but they also raise concerns the implementation of these requirements, with a focus on about exacerbating already large differences in health by mathematics and science, in California, Georgia, socioeconomic status (SES). If effective treatments are and Pennsylvania. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ more rapidly adopted by the better educated, SES health publications/WR/WR256/. disparities may initially expand even though the health of those in all groups eventually improves. Hypertension 264

WR-257-EDU Organizational Practices: School achievement standards, statewide tests, and systems of Improvement, Interventions and Technical Assistance. H. intervention and other consequences associated with Barney, A. E. Robyn. 2005. performance on those tests. The Implementing Standards- Based Accountability (ISBA) project is examining how The majority of the attention paid to the No Child Left district staff, principals, and teachers are responding to the Behind Act (P.L. 107–110; http://www.ed.gov/policy/ SBA provisions under NCLB, and is exploring the elsec/leg/esea02/107-110. pdf) over the past several years relationships between these responses and subsequent has focused on the accountability aspects, including student achievement gains (see Stecher et al., 2005, in this assessments, adequate yearly progress (AYP) symposium for study details). In this paper we present determinations, school choice, and supplemental preliminary data from the study, with a focus on educational services. Significantly less attention has been classroom-level responses to SBA among mathematics paid to provisions dealing with school improvement and and science teachers. Online access: http://www. technical assistance, which some experts charge have been rand.org/publications/WR/WR259/. "overshadowed" and "underemphasized" (Reid, 2004; also Fuhrman, 2003). Despite their low-profile, however, WR-260-1-ICJ Paying for Repackaged Drugs under understanding the improvement and technical assistance the California Workers' Compensation Official Medical aspects of the law is vitally important because the success Fee Schedule. B. O. Wynn. 2005. of any education reform will eventually be measured by its ability to bring about positive change in schools and This working paper considers potential options for districts. This paper draws on RAND's Implementing establishing the maximum allowable fees for repackaged Standards-Based Accountability (ISBA) project to present drugs that are provided to California's injured workers. preliminary findings regarding how improvement and These are drugs that have been purchased in bulk and technical assistance are playing out in schools in three repackaged into individual prescription sizes for physician states. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ office dispensing. The maximum allowable fees for most WR/WR257/. pharmaceuticals under the workers' compensation program are tied to the MediCal pharmacy fee schedule. However, WR-258-EDU Accountability Elements of the No repackaged drugs are not in the MediCal formulary and Child Left Behind Act: Adequate Yearly Progress, School higher fees are allowed for repackaged drugs until the Choice, and Supplemental Educational Services. J. A. Division of Workers' Compensation (DWC) Marsh, H. Barney, J. L. Russell. 2005. Administrative Director (AD) issues a fee schedule amount for them Online access: http://www.rand. Standards-based accountability (SBA) under the No Child org/publications/WR/WR260-1/. Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 relies in large part on a complex set of technical definitions and measures of WR-261-EDU Reliability of Ratings of the Scoop school and district progress at bringing all students to Notebooks and Transcripts. B. M. Stecher. 2005. proficiency in language arts, mathematics, and science by 2014. The law requires states, districts, and schools to The previous paper in this symposium provided achieve Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) objectives for background information on the Scoop research project and all students and student subgroups, and imposes a set of the approach we are using to try to develop rich consequences for those failing to meet these targets. descriptions of classroom practice in middle school Drawing on RAND's Implementing Standards-Based mathematics and science (Creighton, 2005). The Accountability (ISBA) project, this paper presents researchers collected data from 36 middle school science preliminary data on the interpretation and implementation classrooms, including "Scoop" notebooks of artifacts of these accountability elements-AYP and the early collected by teachers, transcripts of audiotapes of sanctions of school choice and supplemental educational classroom discourse, and direct observations of services-at the state, district, and school levels in three instruction. A framework for judging eleven dimensions of states. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ "reform oriented" classroom practice was developed, WR/WR258/. along with a detailed scoring guide to use to rate each type of artifact. These dimensions were used to rate WR-259-EDU Teachers' Responses to Standards- observations, notebooks and transcripts. In addition, Based Accountability. L. S. Hamilton, M. Berends, B. M. readers of notebooks and transcripts rated each source of Stecher. 2005. information on "completeness" on the same one-to-five scale, and assigned a "confidence" score to their overall set The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) requires of ratings. This presentation will focus on the procedures all states to adopt standards-based accountability (SBA) that were used to rate the notebooks, transcripts, and systems to monitor school performance. States' SBA classroom observations and the reliability of the judgments systems vary in their details, but all involve content and 265 that were made. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ involving extensive burns. Online access: http://www. publications/WR/WR261/. rand.org/publications/WR/WR263-1/.

WR-262-EDU A Value-Added Modeling Approach WR-266-1 Is Full Better Than Half? Examining the for Examining the Relationship Between Reform Teaching Longitudinal Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten and Mathematics Achievement. J. R. Lockwood, V. Le, Attendance. J. Cannon, A. Jacknowitz, G. Painter. 2005. B. M. Stecher, L. S. Hamilton. 2005. Kindergarten policy varies widely both across and within Recent large-scale efforts to improve mathematics states. Over the past decade, a number of states have education have focused on changing teachers‚ instituted a full-day kindergarten requirement and a instructional practices to place less emphasis on the number of others are considering it as a way of increasing acquisition of discrete skills and factual knowledge, and educational achievement. Many parents also support full- greater weight on conceptual understanding, inquiry, and day kindergarten as a source of child care. This paper uses application and communication of mathematical or the Early Child Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of scientific ideas. Research has shown that this approach, 1998–1999 to evaluate the efficacy of this policy. In commonly referred to as reform-oriented instruction, can ordinary least squares, probit, county fixed effects, and have positive but small effects on student achievement. instrumental variables models, the authors find that there The weak relationships between reform pedagogy and are initial benefits for students and the mothers of students achievement may be partially attributable to several that attend full-day kindergarten, but that these differences factors, including inadequate measurement of reform largely evaporate by third grade. Contrary to claims by instruction, a brief timeframe in which reform teaching is some advocates, attending full-day kindergarten is found examined, and the use of achievement measures (such as to have no additional benefit for students in families with multiple-choice tests) that may not be well-aligned with income below the poverty threshold. Online access: reform practices or curricula. This study addresses those http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR266-1/. issues by limitations by using innovative vignette-based methods for measuring instructional practices, exploring WR-267-MEDPAC Medicare Payment for Hospital relationships longitudinally over a three-year period, and Outpatient Services: A Historical Review of Policy including open-ended measures. Analyses suggested that Options. B. O. Wynn. 2005. some aspects of reform teaching show positive The Medicare prospective payment system for hospital relationships with mathematics achievement, but the outpatient services has been subject to continuing debate effects are quite small, may take several years before the since it was implemented August 1, 2000. Policy issues relationships are manifested, and may be evident only on include how the unit of payment is defined, how the certain test formats or grade levels. The results help payment rate is established, and how the costs of new inform the debate regarding the relative importance of technology and expensive drugs are recognized. In teachers as a source of variability in student achievement, addition, there are concerns over using different payment and provide direction for future research. Online access: methodologies across ambulatory settings and the lack of http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR262/. an effective mechanism to control aggregate Medicare expenditures for ambulatory services. This study reviews WR-263-1-ICJ Payments for Burn Patients under the alternative approaches that were considered for California's Official Medical Fee Schedule for Injured payment of hospital outpatient services when the Workers. B. O. Wynn, G. Bergamo. 2004. outpatient prospective payment system was designed and This study updates analyses from a 2003 RAND report considers their relevance today. Online access: examining Official Medical Fee Schedule (OMFS) http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR267/. payments for workers' compensation burn discharges from acute care hospitals. Until January 1, 2004, burn cases WR-268-AVV Uncertainty in Traffic Forecasts: were exempt from the OMFS maximum allowable fees for Literature Review and New Results for the Netherlands. inpatient hospital care. These fees are based on 120 G. de Jong, M. Pieters, S. Miller, A. Daly, R. Plasmeijer, I. percent of the amount that would be payable under the Graafland-Essers, A. Lierens, J. Baak, W. Walker, E. Medicare prospective payment system for inpatient Kroes. 2005. services. The 2003 RAND report concluded that the fees Although thousand of papers on transport model forecasts should be adequate using a Medicare-based fee schedule. can be found in journals, conference proceedings and SB 228 (Alarcon 2003) ended the exemption for burns reports, the literature on quantifying uncertainty in traffic cases. The California Hospital Association has raised forecasts is fairly limited. In this report the authors present concerns regarding losses being incurred by hospitals for an overview of the literature on uncertainty in transport workers' compensation burn cases. Pending legislation modeling. Furthermore they provide the outcomes of their would re-institute the OMFS exemption for inpatient stays 266 analysis of uncertainty in traffic forecasts from the Dutch The primary objective of this study is to conduct a set of national model system (LMS) and the regional model analyses comparing costs and outcomes of lower extremity (NRM) for the Dutch region of Noord-Brabant. Both the joint replacement patients discharged to three different literature review and the case studies were part of a post-acute settings: inpatient rehabilitation facilities research project on quantifying uncertainty in traffic (IRFs), skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), and patient forecasts that RAND Europe carried out for the Transport homes. Multivariate techniques are employed in order to Research Centre (AVV) of the Dutch Ministry of adjust these analyses for observable differences in severity Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The of illness across sites of care. In doing so, multinomial objectives of this project were to develop a methodology models are used that predict which type of institutional to estimate the amount of uncertainty in forecasting for post-acute care a beneficiary accesses, and these predictors new infrastructure (especially roads) and to implement and are described. In addition, instrumental variables (IV) test this methodology in two case-studies (using the LMS techniques are used that allow for the accounting of and the NRM respectively). Online access: unobserved patient selection into IRFs and SNFs in order http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR268/. to learn how patient costs and outcomes are affected by the availability of IRF and SNF care. Online access: WR-269-RWJF Costs and Effects of Participation in http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR271/. Collaboratives to Improve Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix /Emmett B. Keeler, Geoffrey Joyce. E. B. WR-272-1-ATSC Evaluation of the Arkansas Keeler, G. Joyce. 2005. Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005. D. Farley, M. Chinman, E. J. D'Amico, J. Engberg, This working paper contains technical material supporting S. B. Hunter, S. Lovejoy, D. Schultz, L. R. Shugarman. a forthcoming Health Affairs article, "Costs and Effects of 2005. Participation in Collaboratives to Improve Chronic Illness Care" by Emmett Keeler and Geoffrey Joyce. It includes The Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act, a referendum material that underlies the results in the article and was passed by Arkansans in the Settlement Agreement funds in part of the journal submission. The technical material here seven health-related programs. The act also created the was reviewed by the journal, but not by the formal Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission (ATSC) to technical review process at the RAND Corporation. It monitor and evaluate the performance of the funded includes brief summaries of design decisions discussed at programs. As part of its evaluation function, the ATSC length in Cretin et al., 2004, and data on participation and contracted with RAND to serve as an external evaluator. on item scaling from the various disease results papers This report documents continued activity and progress by summarized at http://www.rand.org/health/ICICE/ the commission and the seven funded programs. Online findings.html. This working paper is intended to be read in access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR272-1/. conjunction with the article. Online access: http:// www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR269/. WR-273 Employment Dynamics of Married Women in Europe. P. Michaud, K. Tatsiramos. 2005. WR-270-EDU Math Science Partnership of Southwest The authors use eight waves from the European Pennsylvania: Two Year Evaluation Report. V. L. Community Household Panel (1994–2001) to analyze the Williams, J. F. Pane, C. A. Tananis, S. S. Olmsted. 2005. intertemporal labor supply behaviour of married women in This Math Science Partnership, funded by the U.S. six European countries (Netherlands, France, Spain, Italy, National Science Foundation, allies K-12 school districts, Germany and United Kingdom) using dynamic binary colleges and universities, and other partners to increase choice models with different initial condition solutions and student math and science achievement, improve the non parametric distributions of unobserved heterogeneity. educator workforce, and create partnerships that persist Results are used to relate cross-country differences in the beyond the funding period. This second annual evaluation employment rate to the estimated dynamic regimes. They report assesses progress to date and provides baseline find that cross-country differences in the employment rate descriptions of student achievement and educator and the persistence of employment transitions of married practices. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ women are mostly due to composition effects related to publications/WR/WR270/. education and unobserved characteristics rather than state- dependence effects or the dynamic effect of fertility. WR-271-MEDPAC Comparison of Medicare Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ Spending and Outcomes for Beneficiaries with Lower WR273/. Extremity Joint Replacements. M. B. Buntin, P. Deb, J. J. Escarce, C. Hoverman, S. M. Paddock, N. Sood. 2005. WR-274-AVV Reliability Ratio's Voor Het Goederenvervoer: Eindrapport. G. de Jong, M. Kouwenhoven, P. Rietveld. 2005. 267

Taking into account improvements of the reliability of The logsum is a measure of consumer surplus in the travel times in cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of context of logit choice models. In spite of the abundant use infrastructure investments is likely to become standard of logit models in transport, project assessment is only practice in the Netherlands. In order to make this possible, rarely done using logsums. Instead in project evaluation or it is necessary to have a well-defined reliability measure appraisal, changes in transport costs and time (borrowing that can be easily translated into monetary units. There are values of time from some source) are commonly used to several methods of defining such a reliability measure. get the traveller benefits. This report contains a review of Rijkswaterstaat Adviesdienst Verkeer en Vervoer (the the theoretical and applied literature on the use of logsums Transport Research Centre of the Dutch Ministry of as a measure of consumer surplus change in project Transport, Public Works and Water Management) prefers appraisal and evaluation. It then goes on to describe a case to use reliability ratios in valuation methods for reliability study with the Dutch National Model System (LMS) for improvements because of international standards and transport in which the logsum method and the commonly because these ratios are needed as an input for LMT-BT (a used value of time method are compared for a specific tool to predict future reliability levels). Indicative values project (high speed trains that would connect the four main for the reliability ratios in passenger transport have been cities in the Randstad: Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam set before. The report at hand provides indicative values and Utrecht). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ for the reliability ratios in freight transport which are publications/WR/WR275/. based on earlier research on travel time valuation. Reliability ratios cannot be directly derived from this WR-277 Richting Een Beleidsevaluatie Cultuur in earlier study, since the buffer time and its relation with the Nederland: Identificatie Van Knelpunten En time frame within which a delivery is called "in time" was Oplossingrichtingen. S. Hoorens, W. J. Oortwijn. 2005. not investigated. As a consequence, the current project In the Netherlands, there is an increasing interest for makes assumptions on the ratio of the average transport accountability of public governance and the quality of time and the standard deviation of arrival times. For road public policy. However, coordination of policy evaluation transport, we can use an estimated ratio that is based on a and the quality of these evaluations can be questioned different study, which is, however, only an approximation sometimes. While most ministries pay due attention to the of the true value. Furthermore, an assumption was made validity and reliability of evaluation studies, the on how freight carriers respond to an improved reliability: objectivity and independence of these evaluations could do they keep their buffer time constant, or will they improve. In many cases a transparent procedure is lacking postpone their departure to keep the probability to arrive and stakeholders feel they are being left out of the process. "in time" constant? No research on this behaviour of On the basis of a literature review and interviews with freight carriers exists, so assumptions needed to be made. stakeholders this report identifies the main issues in the For road transport, we assume that 50% of the carriers current practice of policy evaluation in the Netherlands. keep their buffer time constant and 50% of the carriers Furthermore, a number of criteria are suggested that, when keep their probability of arriving late constant, resulting in met, would fulfill the need for a credible evaluation. In a reliability ratio for road transport of 1.2. This ratio case the Netherlands aim at establishing an evidence-base depends strongly on the assumptions made, but can be for public policy, policy evaluation should become more used as an indicative value. The reliability ratio for other integrated into the policy cycle. This will require an transport modes is more difficult to determine, since there evolvement of an evaluation culture, characterised by is no information that can be used for estimating the ratio interdepartmental coordination, transparency, and between transport time and the standard deviation of credibility. This working report recommends gaining arrival time. However, it is possible to use a direct method insights from abroad to learn from factors of success and to valuate reliability improvements, though this method failure of policy evaluation that can contribute to reach the does not use reliability ratios. In addition, the reliability goal of an evaluation culture in the Netherlands. Online ratio is determined for a wide range of assumptions on the access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR277/. ratio between transport time and the standard deviation of arrival time, and on the behaviour of freight carriers. WR-278-EDU Implementing Teachers for a New Era: Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ Some Promising Indicators of Change. S. N. Kirby, J. S. WR274/. McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney. 2005. WR-275-AVV Using the Logsum as an Evaluation In 2001, Carnegie Corporation of New York launched an Measure: Literature and Case Study. G. de Jong, M. ambitious reform initiative, Teachers for a New Era Pieters, S. Miller, A. Daly, I. Graafland-Essers, E. Kroes, (TNE), to reform the way teachers are prepared in the C. Koopmans. 2005. nation. Joined by other foundations, Carnegie selected 11 institutions for grants of $5 million over a period of five years to reform their teacher education programs 268 according to the principles laid out by Carnegie in its examine the effect charter schools are having on student original prospectus. RAND and Manpower Demonstration achievement generally, and on different demographic Research Corporation (MDRC) are jointly conducting an groups, in two major urban districts in California. The evaluation of TNE at six of the 11 sites, funded by the results show that achievement scores in charters are Rockefeller and Nellie Mae Education Foundations. keeping pace, but not exceeding those in traditional public Earlier reports have documented the progress of schools. The findings also show that the charter effect implementation of TNE in the six sites. This paper seeks does not vary systematically with the race/ethnicity or to pull together and highlight some promising indicators of English proficiency status of students. Online access: change and innovative activities in the six sites over this http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR282/. time period. We focus on implementation progress in three main areas-induction; engagement with arts and sciences; WR-283 Measurement Error and Misclassification: A and evidence for program improvement and for measuring Comparison of Survey and Register Data. A. Kapteyn, J. the impact of teacher education programs on pupil Y. Ypma. 2005. learning gains. Obviously, the sites are still early in their The authors provide both a theoretical and empirical implementation activities and many of the steps being analysis of the relation between register and survey data. undertaken are preliminary or exploratory. There is no By distinguishing between different sources of deviations evidence that a particular activity is effective in improving between survey and register data the authors are able to teacher education and it is far too early to judge whether reproduce several stylized facts in the literature. In doing TNE is achieving what it set out to do. However, some of so, they deviate from the almost universal assumption that the culture changes as evidenced by the conversations the register data represent the truth. They illustrate the between arts and sciences, K-12, and education faculty implications of different error sources for estimation in and the attention being paid to gathering evidence about (simple) econometric models. The analysis is applied to the preparation of teacher candidates are in themselves Swedish data that have been collected for a validation interesting and noteworthy. As the paper points out, study as part of a larger European health and retirement whether these activities will be sustained beyond the life study (SHARE: Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement of the grant remains an open question. Online access: in Europe). Thus this paper makes two contributions: (1) it http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR278/. adds to the limited number of empirical validation studies of earnings measurement in surveys and (2) it shows the WR-280 Work Disability Is a Pain in the *****, sensitivity of some findings in the literature for the Especially in England, the Netherlands, and the United assumption that register data represent the truth. They find States. J. Banks, A. Kapteyn, J. P. Smith, A. Van Soest. in particular that the common finding of substantial mean 2005. reversion in survey data largely goes away once we allow This paper investigates the role of pain in determining for a richer error structure. Online access: self-reported work disability in the U.S., the U.K. and The http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR283/. Netherlands. Even if identical questions are asked, cross- country differences in reported work disability remain WR-284-OJP Data-Driven Homicide Prevention: An substantial. In the U.S. and the Netherlands, respondent Examination of Five Project Safe Neighborhoods Target evaluations of work limitations of hypothetical persons Areas. J. M. Macdonald, J. M. Wilson, G. Tita. 2005. described in pain vignettes are used to identify the extent This working paper describes homicide in five target areas to which differences in self-reports between countries or chosen by the Project Safe Neighborhoods task forces socio-economic groups are due to systematic variation in located in the Northern, Central, and Southern districts of the response scales. Online access: http://www. California: the East and West Oakland areas of the rand.org/publications/WR/WR280/. Oakland Police Department, the entire city of Hayward, the 77th Street district of the Los Angeles Police WR-282-EDU Charter School Performance in Urban Department, the Century Station area of the Los Angeles Districts: Are They Closing the Achievement Gap? R. W. Sheriff's Department, and the Southeastern division of the Zimmer, R. J. Buddin. 2005. San Diego Police Department. The purpose of this paper is In the national effort to improve educational achievement, to describe homicide violence in five Project Safe urban districts offer the greatest challenge as they often Neighborhoods target areas and illustrate how intervention serve the most disadvantaged students. Many urban strategies can be tied to local homicide patterns. Online leaders, including mayors and school district access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR284/. superintendents, have initiated charter schools, which are publicly supported, autonomously operated schools of WR-288 Today or Last Year? How Do Interviewees choice, as a mechanism of improving learning for these Answer the CPS Health Insurance Questions? J. S. disadvantaged students. In this analysis, the authors Ringel, J. A. Klerman. 2005. 269

CPS estimates of annual health insurance coverage are RAND/LRP-200508–05). Online access: below estimates from other surveys and administrative http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR290/. data. One potential explanation is that respondents misinterpret the question and report current rather than WR-292-ICJ Criteria Used to Define a Small past year status. The authors use CPS data matched to Business in Determining Thresholds for the Application of administrative enrollment records for Medi-Cal in Federal Statutes. R. Keefe, S. M. Gates, E. Talley. 2005. California to evaluate this possibility. The individual-level This paper reviews federal workplace, environmental, matched data allows them to explore the validity of CPS economic regulations. It describes the purpose of and responses under different enrollment scenarios, where requirements associated with the regulations, any penalties "truth" is based on administrative data. While they find associated with regulatory violations and how some support for the reference period argument, their requirements or penalties differ for small v. large firms. findings appear more consistent with a combination of The paper also describes programs designed to support cognitive perspectives on interviewing and stigma. Online small businesses and the firm characteristics that access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR288/. determine eligibility for such programs. This review reveals that in the regulatory sphere, there is no single WR-289-CTRMP How Does Terrorism Risk Vary definition of small business that applies across policy Across Space and Time? An Analysis Based on the Israeli areas. Businesses that might be considered "small" for the Experience. C. Berrebi, D. Lakdawalla. 2005. purposes of one regulation may be considered "large" for Israel serves as a useful case study for countries now the purposes of another. Online access: http:// coming to grips with the risk of terrorism. The authors www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR292/. study the determinants of terrorism risk in Israel, and particularly the way in which risk varies across locations WR-293-ICJ A Description and Analysis of Evolving and over time. To do so, they build a database of Israeli Data Resources on Small Business. A. Haviland, B. terrorism from 1949 to the present, and coded it with the Savych. 2005. timing and location of each attack. This allowed them to This paper reviews the main existing and evolving data quantify the effects on local terrorism risk of city size, the sources for research on small businesses and presence of government administrators, the proximity of entrepreneurship in the U.S. While business data has terrorist homebases, the ethnic composition of a locality, traditionally focused on large firms, an increasing number and several other factors. They find that proximity of of data sources include and identify small and new homebases is one of the most quantitatively important businesses. However, these data sources are scattered markers of a high-risk locale, more important even than throughout government and private agencies. The primary the size of a city. The presence of government aim of this review is to further educate researchers about administration is also extremely significant. They also these data sources in order to inform and promote research examined the time-path of terrorism, and specifically, the on small businesses and entrepreneurship. A secondary waiting time between attacks experienced by localities. aim is to highlight gaps in available small and new They found that, in the hours after an attack, the risk of a business data to inform new or expanded data-gathering second attack climbs until the first day has passed. After efforts and catalyze improved access to existing data this point, risk subsides and bottoms out after 20 weeks. sources. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ For most localities, it remains at this low level indefinitely, WR/WR293/. but for politically important areas, attack risk starts to rise after this initial period. In sum, long periods without an WR-294 Health Infrastructure and Immunization attack signal lower risk for most localities, but higher risk Coverage in Rural India. A. Datar, A. Mukherji, N. Sood. for important areas like regional or national capitals. 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR289/. Vaccination coverage in India is far from complete despite the commitment to universal coverage. In this study, the WR-290-RWJF A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to role of health infrastructure in expanding immunization Improve Chronic Illness Care: Technical Appendix. A. coverage in rural India is examined. This approach differs Tsai, S. C. Morton, C. M. Mangione, E. B. Keeler. 2005. from prior work in that detailed measures of village health infrastructure that account for the wide variations in health This appendix contains the evidence tables, sensitivity care capabilities across facilities are included. Online analyses, and references to accompany the paper "A Meta- access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR294/. analysis of Interventions to Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses," published in the August 2005 issue of the WR-295 Technical Executive Summary in Support of American Journal of Managed Care (available as "Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform 270

Healthcare?" and "Promoting Health Information rates and lower rates of employer-offered health benefits, Technology". J. H. Bigelow, K. Fonkych, F. Girosi. both of which contribute to pressures on providers of care 2005. to needy populations. Uninsurance rates grew more slowly in areas with relative declines in military populations, net Summarizes the evidence and analysis that support two of overall population change, but the presence or closure papers appearing in Health Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 5, of military medical facilities was not a significant Sept/Oct 2005, by Hillestad et al. and by Taylor et al. predictor of uninsurance rates or employer-offered Three much more complete technical reports can be found benefits. These findings suggest that some of the larger at: Fonkych, K., and R. Taylor, The State and Pattern of systemic disadvantages of high uninsurance rates in some Health Information Technology Adoption, RAND areas are attributable to political and strategic decisions Corporation, MG-409-HLTH, 2005, available at about where military personnel serve and how they are http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG409/. Girosi, F., compensated with health care benefits. Online access: R. Meili, and R. Scoville, Extrapolating Evidence of http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR299/. Health Information Technology Savings and Costs, RAND Corporation, MG-410-HLTH, 2005, available at WR-300-ICJ Going-Private Decisions and the http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG410/. Bigelow, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis. J. H., K. Fonkych, C. Fung, and J. Wang, Analysis of E. Kamara, P. Karaca-Mandic, E. Talley. 2005. Healthcare Interventions That Change Patient Trajectories, RAND Corporation, MG-408-HLTH, 2005, This report investigates whether the regulatory regime available at http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) has MG408/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ driven firms in general, and small firms in particular, out WR/WR295/. of the public capital market. Previous attempts to address this question have had difficulty controlling for other WR-297-EDU Is Charter School Competition in factors that could have affected exit decisions around the California Improving the Performance of Traditional enactment of SOX. To address this difficulty, the authors Public Schools? R. J. Buddin, R. W. Zimmer. 2005. examine the post-SOX change in the propensity of public American target firms to favor private acquirers over This research examines the effects of charter schools on public ones with the corresponding change for foreign traditional public schools. A premise of charter school target firms, which were outside the purview of SOX. initiatives has been that these schools have direct benefits Their findings are consistent with the hypothesis that SOX for students attending these schools and indirect benefits induced small firms to exit the public capital market for other students by creating competition for traditional during the first year of its enactment. Large firms, by public schools to improve their performance. Using contrast, do not appear to have been affected. Online California data, the analysis examines the responses to a access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR300/. survey of principals in a sample of traditional public schools. In addition, the research assesses how charter WR-301-ICJ Payments for Hardware Used in school competition affects student-level achievement Complex Spinal Procedures under California's Official trends in traditional public schools. The survey results Medical Fee Schedule for Injured Workers. B. O. Wynn, showed that public school principals felt little competitive G. Bergamo. 2005. pressure from charters. Similarly, the student achievement analysis showed that charter competition (measured in a This study updates analyses from a 2003 RAND report variety of ways) was not improving the performance of examining Official Medical Fee Schedule (OMFS) traditional public schools. Online access: http:// payments for workers’ compensation spinal surgery www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR297/. discharges from acute care hospitals. The OMFS maximum allowable fees for inpatient hospital care are WR-299 The Spillover Effects of Military based on 120 percent of the amount that would be payable Communities on the Need for Health Care Safety-Net under the Medicare prospective payment system for Services. B. Gifford. 2005. inpatient services. In addition, separate payment is made for hardware and instrumentation used during complex This paper argues that large communities of military spinal surgeries. The 2003 RAND report concluded that dependents and retirees - combined with their exclusive the fees should be adequate without the additional access to free or low-cost Department of Defense health payment. Senate Bill 228 (Alarcon, 2003) provides for the care and insurance - alter local socioeconomic and labor additional payments only until the Administrative Director market characteristics in ways that contribute to the need (AD) of the Division of Workers’ Compensation (DWC) for health care safety-net services. Multivariate regression adopts a regulation specifying separate reimbursement, if analyses indicate that areas with relatively large military any, for the hardware and instrumentation. Online access: communities have higher civilian medical uninsurance 271 http://www.rand.org/ public schools and charter schools. They find that black publications/WR/WR301/. students in both states are more likely to move to charter schools and tend to move to charter schools with a higher WR-302-ICJ Uncorporated Professionals. J. A. percentage of black students, and those schools are more Romley, E. Talley. 2005. racially concentrated than the public schools they leave. They also find that students who move to charter schools Professional service providers who wish to organize as are on average lower performing than other students at the multi-person firms have historically been limited to the public schools they leave and that this performance gap is partnership form. Such organizational forms trade the largest for black students. Online access: http://www.rand. benefit of risk diversification off against the costs of org/publications/WR/WR306/. diluted incentives and liability exposure in choosing their optimal size. More recently, states have permitted limited- WR-307-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and liability entities that combine the simplicity, flexibility and Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS® tax advantages of a partnership with the liability shield of Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2003. M. N. Elliott, K. a corporation. The authors develop a game theoretic model Hambarsoomians, C. A. Edwards. 2005. of professional-firm organization that integrates the provision of incentives in a multi-person firm with the For readers familiar with the 2000–2002 (Years 1-3) Case- choice of business form. They then test the model's Mix Reports, the authors briefly describe how this report predictions with a new longitudinal data set on American differs from the previous year‚s report. First, this report law firms. Consistent with their predictions, initial firm seeks to evaluate the stability of many of the findings and size is a strong positive predictor of subsequent conversion resultant decisions from the 2000-2002 Case-Mix Reports, to a new limited-liability form. Also consistent with their including the choice of case-mix adjusters, their theory, growth rate of small converters substantially parameterization, and their impact. Second, the authors exceeds that of larger adopters. Overall, their findings have reformatted the presentation of information in a way suggest that while the promulgation of new organizational that favors comparative tables across years were possible forms has stimulated growth in the legal services industry, and which relegates older data to the Appendix when this the principal beneficiaries of this growth have been large, is not possible, with the hopes of producing a more well established firms rather than small, entrepreneurial, concise document. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ boutique practices. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ pubs/working_papers/WR307/. publications/WR/WR302/. WR-308 The Level of State Involvement in the WR-306-EDU The Effects of Charter Schools on Reconstruction of the Municipal Healthcare System. A. School Peer Composition. K. Booker, R. W. Zimmer, R. W. Dick, S. Mattke. 2005. J. Buddin. 2005. Key Findings: The State of Louisiana needs to rebuild its Few topics in education inspire as much debate as charter healthcare system but will have limited historical schools, which first appeared on the educational landscape experience and applicable evidence on which to draw. in 1992 and now include some 3,500 schools operating in Basic considerations in the design process include efficient 40 states. Fueling this debate are recent studies of charter use of resources, meeting needs of diverse stakeholders, school student achievement (Buddin and Zimmer, 2005; meeting preparedness standards for natural disasters and AFT, 2004; Booker et al., 2004; Sass, 2005; Hoxby, 2004; bioterrorism, and reflecting important trends in care Bifulco and Ladd, 2005a; Hanushek et al., 2002). While delivery. - In governing the decision process, the State can these studies have been informative, they generally have rely on market forces, determine the structure of the not shed light on a broader set of questions, including the system itself, or use a consensus process. Each option has effect charter schools have on the distribution of students advantages and disadvantages. Policy levers available to by race/ethnicity and ability. Charter school critics argue the State include Certificate of Need regulation, licensure, that charter success might be illusory if charter schools are control of conversions and mergers, redesigning Medicaid simply recruiting the best students from traditional public reimbursement schedules, and financial incentives such as schools and that charter schools may further stratify an pay-for-performance. The State may wish to consider already racially stratified system. One way to address incorporating certain accepted best practices into the these concerns is to analyze the effect of the redistribution reconstruction process, including electronic medical of students to charter schools on the dynamics of peers records, centers of excellence, the Chronic Care model, within traditional public schools. In this study, the authors and magnet hospitals. Potential funding sources for the examine charter and traditional public schools in reconstruction include dedicated disaster relief funds, California and Texas. In both states, they have student- existing federal programs, and the charitable organizations level data over time with unique identifiers, which allows and foundations. Matching funding sources with projects them to track students as they move between traditional will require reviewing the conditions for each program on 272 a case-by-case basis. Online access: http://www.rand. on using incentives and recruiting drives to draw a stable org/publications/WR/WR308/. workforce to New Orleans. After about two years, supplemental payments, bonuses and other incentives can WR-309 Planning the Safety of Healthcare Structures. be phased out in favor of policies that tackle overall C. Meade. 2005. shortages in the industry. Online access: http://www. rand.org/publications/WR/WR312/. Key Findings: Mitigating the destructive impact of hurricane force winds will require developing and WR-313 Health Information Technology (HIT) implementing new building codes. Mitigating the impact Adoption - Standards and Interoperability. B. Chaudhry. of floods will require site-specific investments in 2005. infrastructure and planning. California provides the best example of "lessons learned" from an aggressive policy to Key Findings: In order for the full benefits of HIT protect hospitals from the effects of natural disasters. adoption to be realized across the State, a comprehensive Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ health information technology network is needed to WR309/. facilitate the efficient exchange of information between individual HIT systems. Without such a foundation, WR-310 Neighborhood Effects and the Role of significant barriers will exist to health information Communities in Restructuring. D. Cohen, S. Inagami. following patients as they access care and health providers 2005. who adopt HIT will not have be able to leverage many of the potential benefits of adoption. The State has a number Key Findings: Neighborhoods with concentrated poverty of options for facilitating the formation of such a network. are unhealthy. Providing diverse, desirable destinations Each option implies a different degree of State within walkable distances from residences promotes involvement in promoting HIT development. Each option physical health. Appropriate street design can bring people also has different implications for the speed and cost of onto the street, increasing the likelihood that they will development, the acceptability of the network to a broad become acquainted and thus also increasing public safety. range of stakeholders, and the degree to which the network Public spaces that are well maintained and feature planned will meet the State’s goals of improving health care events attract people and promote community cohesion. quality and access, and ensuring that health care data will Neighborhood health can be promoted by increasing the follow patients no matter where they seek care. Online availability and visibility of healthy products and access: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR313/. decreasing the availability and visibility of unhealthy ones such as alcohol and fast food. Online access: WR-314 The Public Hospital System in Louisiana. T. http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR310/. W. Croghan, Y. Lim, L. Honess-Morreale. 2005. WR-311 Expanding Coverage to the Uninsured of Key Findings: The key consideration following closure of Louisiana. K. Patel, M. S. Marquis, S. Ma, B. Springgate. a public hospital is to ensure that the level of 2005. uncompensated care provided in the community (the safety net) is maintained. Some communities that closed Key Findings: Options for expanded coverage to their public hospitals developed local coverage programs Louisiana’s labor force include an employer mandate, to purchase care for the indigent uninsured; these purchasing pools and health savings accounts. Options for arrangements facilitated continuing care and were expanded coverage to individuals include expansion of associated with expanded ambulatory care and fewer current Medicaid programs, health savings accounts and preventable hospitalizations. A critical issue for most individual mandates. Each option can be initially explored communities deciding to close a public hospital involved for hurricane survivors but are likely to be more successful the ownership of facilities that would care for the indigent if implemented statewide Online access: http://www. uninsured; the principle concern was how a change in rand.org/publications/WR/WR311/. ownership would affect the facility’s mission as a “provider of last resort.” All ownership models studied WR-312 Recruitment and Retention of a High-Quality appear to have maintained existing levels of Healthcare Workforce. S. Mattke, F. Martorell. 2005. uncompensated services following closure of a public Key Findings: A variety of policies exist and have been hospital when contracts and regulations were designed to proven effective to attract healthcare workers. To achieve address this issue. Medical education in the community recruiting targets cost-effectively, these policies have to be appears to be maintained following closure of public carefully chosen to match the goal at hand. During the teaching hospitals. Achieving the community goal of transition period (now to 12 months), short-term financial providing high-quality care to all citizens depends on and other incentives can be used to attract a temporary careful needs assessment, planning, and consensus workforce As the situation stabilizes, the focus should be building. Planning includes determining the mission of 273 any new facilities, carefully assessing local supply of and technology is suggested. Online access: http://www. demand for health care, understanding local market forces, rand.org/publications/WR/WR316/. and determining an appropriate governance, financing and regulatory structure. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ WR-318 The Impact of SES on Health over the Life- publications/WR/WR314/. Course. J. P. Smith. 2005. People of lower socio-economic status (SES) have much WR-315-1-EDU Assessing the Performance of Public worse health outcomes (Marmot (1999), Smith (1999)). Schools in Pittsburgh. B. P. Gill, J. Engberg, K. Booker. But why this is so remains under considerable debate 2005. ((Adams et al. (2003), Deaton (2003)). A central question To assist the Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS) in is whether these large differences in health by such SES decisionmaking about the realignment and closure of indicators as income or wealth largely reflect causation schools, RAND addressed three key issues by analyzing from SES to health. But even if SES mainly affects health, student-level achievement data in the district. First, what dimensions of SES actually matter-financial aspects achievement gains in the middle grades (6–8) are such as income or wealth or non-financial dimensions like examined, finding that students in Pittsburgh's K-8 schools education? Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ and magnet middle schools generally outgain students in working_papers/WR318/. Pittsburgh's comprehensive, feeder middle schools. K-8 schools in Pittsburgh appear to have especially beneficial WR-319 The Impact of Childhood Health on Adult for the achievement of African-American students, at least Labor Market. J. P. Smith. 2005. in grades 6 and 7. Second, an index of Average Student This paper examines the impact of childhood health on a Achievement (ASA) in each school in the district is series of SES outcomes observed during adulthood. These created, combining results across tests, subjects, and outcomes include levels and trajectories of education, grades, and anchoring the index to proficiency results on family income, household wealth, individual earnings and the Pennsylvania System of Student Assessment (PSSA). labor supply. The analysis is conducted using unique data The ASA index provides a simple but robust composite that collects these SES measures starting with a panel who snapshot of current levels of student achievement in each were originally children and who are now well into their school. Third, RAND developed a School Performance adult years. Since all siblings are also included in the Index that uses statistical regression techniques and panel, one is able to control for all unmeasured family and longitudinal analyses of the achievement of individual neighborhood background effects. With the exception of students over time to estimate each school's contribution to education, it is found that the poor childhood health has a the achievement growth of its students. The SPI is being quantitatively large effect on all these outcomes. used by the district to ensure that decisions about school Moreover, these estimated effects are much larger when closings and realignments are made in ways that maintain unobserved family effects are controlled. Online access: and promote strong educational offerings for Pittsburgh http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR319/. students. This report concludes with SPI ratings for each school in Pittsburgh. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ WR-321 Immigrants and the Labor Market. J. P. publications/WR/WR315-1/. Smith. 2005. WR-316 Reinterpreting the Skill-Biased The once-again rapidly expanding numbers of immigrants Technological Change Hypothesis: A Study of in the American labor market has not escaped the attention Technology, Firm Size, and Wage Inequality in the of labor economists. In this paper, the author deals with California Hospital Industry. C. M. Guarino. 2005. two issues concerning immigrants on which labor economists have made significant contributions over the This study examines data from the 1983–1993 California last few decades. The first question concerns what has hospital industry to test whether observed patterns of wage happened to the skill gap between immigrants and Native- inequality growth can be explained by the skill-biased born Americans (see Borjas (1995) and Jasso, technological change hypothesis. The study finds little Rosenzweig, and Smith (2000)). This “what happened?” evidence of a direct link between technological inputs and question is followed by “why did it happen?” and he offers skill premia, particularly when growth in firm size is taken his answers as to why. The second question concerns what into account. The findings challenge the notion that has happened to the education dimension of the skill gap technological change is skill biased and suggest that for descendants of immigrants—assimilation across economies of scale permit hospitals to compete for generations. An important form in which this question has clientele on the basis of labor force quality. Since been asked is how the recent waves of ethnic immigrants technological expenditures often promote consolidation, a compare with the reality of the generational success of reassessment of the relationship between wages and European immigrant experience, a success that has shaped 274 much of mythology surrounding the American immigrant the paper finds more mixed evidence about longer term experience. Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/ effects of the mandates on child health. The findings for working_papers/WR321/. twin birth outcomes suggest that positive effects of investment by older mothers in their pregnancies are WR-325 Medical Expenditure Risk and Household outweighed by negative impacts of either the infertility Portfolio Choice. D. P. Goldman, N. Maestas. 2005. treatments themselves or by the selection into pregnancy of women with reduced fecundity. Online access: As health care costs continue to rise, medical expenses http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR330/. have become an increasingly important contributor to financial risk. Economic theory suggests that when WR-331 Obesity and Health in Europeans Ages 50 background risk rises, individuals will reduce their and Above. T. Andreyeva, P. Michaud, A. Van Soest. exposure to other risks. This paper presents a test of this 2005. theory by examining the effect of medical expenditure risk on the willingness of elderly Medicare beneficiaries to The authors use a unique cross-country data set covering hold risky assets. The authors measure exposure to nearly 22,000 elderly individuals (age 50+) from 10 medical expenditure risk by whether an individual is European Countries. Cross-country differences in the covered by supplemental insurance through Medigap, an prevalence of obesity in older Europeans are substantial employer, or a Medicare HMO. They account for the and exceed sociodemographic differentials in obesity. endogeneity of insurance choice by using county variation Obesity is strongly associated with major health risk in Medigap prices and non-Medicare HMO market factors, yet cross-country differences exist in how obesity penetration. They find that having Medigap or an is related to depression, heart disease and high cholesterol employer policy increases risky asset holding by 6 levels. Large heterogeneity in obesity across European percentage points relative to those enrolled in only countries should be investigated further to identify areas Medicare Parts A and B. HMO participation increases for effective public policy. Online access: risky asset holding by 12 percentage points. Given that http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR331/. just 50 percent of their sample holds risky assets, these are economically sizable effects. It also suggests an important WR-332-CMS Analysis of Case-Mix Strategies and link between the availability and pricing of health Recommendations for Medicare Fee-for-Service CAHPS® insurance and the financial behavior of the elderly. On- Case-Mix Adjustment Report: 2004. M. N. Elliott, K. line access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/ Hambarsoomians, C. A. Edwards. 2005. WR325/. For readers familiar with the 2000–2002 (Years 1-3) Case- Mix Reports, the authors briefly describe how this report WR-330 Effects of Increased Access to Infertility differs from the previous year's report. First, this report Treatment on Infant and Child Health Outcomes: Evidence seeks to evaluate the stability of many of the findings and from Health Insurance Mandates. M. Bitler. 2005. resultant decisions from the 2000-2002 Case-Mix Reports, This paper examines the association between use of including the choice of case-mix adjusters, their infertility treatment and infant and child health outcomes. parameterization, and their impact. Second, the authors Infertility treatment makes conception possible for many have reformatted the presentation of information in a way couples who otherwise would have been unable to that favors comparative tables across years were possible reproduce. Many treatments also increase the chance of and which relegates older data to the Appendix when this having a multiple birth, typically a more risky pregnancy. is not possible, with the hopes of producing a more State insurance mandates compelling insurers to cover or concise document. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ offer to cover infertility treatment induce variation across pubs/working_papers/WR332/. states over time in access to subsidized infertility treatment. Using birth certificate data, this paper finds the WR-333-LA Options for Changing the Governance infertility mandates are associated with a statistically System of the Los Angeles Unified School District: significant 10 percent increase in twin births among older Presented to the President's Joint Commission on LAUSD mothers. Twin pregnancies are typically more dangerous Governance. C. H. Augustine, L. Santibanez, M. Vuollo, (and costly) than singleton pregnancies. Thus, even if the D. Epstein. 2005. only effect of the mandates is to increase twin births, they In spring 2005, the Los Angeles City Council established a have likely had a negative effect on infant health. For Commission to make recommendations to improve Los twins born to older mothers, the mandates are also Angeles Unified School District’s governance system. associated with small but statistically significant negative RAND provided research support to this Commission. effects on birth weight, gestation, and the 5-minute Apgar This report presents a summary and analysis of score. Effects for singletons born to older mothers are governance options. It is based on testimony presented smaller in magnitude but still negative. Using Census data, 275 before the Commission and a review of current research. hold risky assets. The authors measure exposure to Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/ medical expenditure risk by whether an individual is WR333/. covered by supplemental insurance through Medigap, an employer, or a Medicare HMO. They account for the WR-334-EDU Examining the Validity Evidence for endogeneity of insurance choice by using county variation California Teacher Licensure Exams. V. Le, R. J. Buddin. in Medigap prices and non-Medicare HMO market 2005. penetration. They find that having Medigap or an employer policy increases risky asset holding by 6 This paper is part of a larger research project, "Teacher percentage points relative to those enrolled in only Licensure Tests and Student Achievement," that is Medicare Parts A and B. HMO participation increases sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences in the risky asset holding by 12 percentage points. Given that United States Department of Education. The ultimate goal just 50 percent of their sample holds risky assets, these are of the project is to assess how the performance of teachers economically sizable effects. It also suggests an important on state licensure tests affects the classroom effectiveness link between the availability and pricing of health of individual teachers as measured by the student insurance and the financial behavior of the elderly. On- achievement gains of their students. This paper reviews line access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/ the literature on teacher licensure exams and assesses WR339/. evidence for the validity of the subject matter, reading pedagogy, and general knowledge tests that are administered to California teacher candidates as part of WR-344-RWJ State Efforts to Improve Practice and state licensure procedures. Online access: Policy for the Individuals with Co-Occurring Mental and http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR334/. Addictive Disorders. H. A. Pincus, M. A. Burnam, J. L. Magnabosco, J. W. Dembosky, M. D. Greenberg. 2006. WR-335 The ISTSS/RAND Guidelines on Mental Health Training of Primary Healthcare Providers for Over 10 million individuals in the United States are Trauma-Exposed Populations in Conflict-Affected estimated to suffer from co-occurring mental and Countries. D. Eisenman, S. Weine, B. Green, J. de Jong, substance abuse-related disorders. Many states are N. Rayburn, P. Ventevogel, A. Keller, F. Agani. 2005. implementing practices and policies to improve the quality Mental health care for trauma-exposed populations in of and access to services for this population. This paper conflict-affected developing countries often is provided by documents these efforts and discusses the challenges and primary healthcare providers (PHPs), including doctors, opportunities states face as they attempt to better serve nurses, and lay health workers. The Task Force on people suffering from both mental and addictive disorders. International Trauma Training, through an initiative Online access: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/ sponsored by the International Society for Traumatic WR344/. Stress Studies and the RAND Corporation, has developed evidence- and consensus-based guidelines for the mental health training of PHPs in conflict-affected developing countries. This article presents the Guidelines. The RAND LIBRARY REPRINTS Guidelines provide a conceptual framework and specific (Not available from RAND) principles for improving the quality of mental health training for PHPs working with trauma-exposed LRP-199209-01 Updated Estimates of the Impact of populations. Recommendations for which empirical Prenatal Care on Birthweight Outcomes by Race. R. G. evidence is lacking should be the subject of future Frank, D. M. Strobino, D. S. Salkever, C. Jackson. research. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ WR/WR335/. Using data on all counties in the US with populations of 10,000 or more whites or 5,000 or more blacks (based on WR-339 Medical Expenditure and Household the 1980 census) for the years 1975–1984, a quasi- Portfolio Choice. D. P. Goldman, N. Maestas. 2005. structural birthweight production function is estimated. The sample contains a panel of 2,137 study counties for As health care costs continue to rise, medical expenses whites and 660 counties for blacks. The analysis focuses have become an increasingly important contributor to on the effects of first trimester initiation of prenatal care, financial risk. Economic theory suggests that when controlling for the use of abortion services, cigarette background risk rises, individuals will reduce their smoking, birth order, and income. A fixed-effects model is exposure to other risks. This paper presents a test of this used to control for unmeasured differences in health theory by examining the effect of medical expenditure risk endowments of women across counties. The results on the willingness of elderly Medicare beneficiaries to indicate that early first trimester initiation of prenatal care 276 leads to a reduction in low birthweight (LBW) for both This study compared the effectiveness of 2 types of blacks and whites, but the expansion of early initiation of contingency management interventions on reducing prenatal care will make only a small contribution to unauthorized drug use among methadone maintenance reducing the risk of LBW. Differences in the use of patients. Take-home medications were used to reinforce prenatal care by race explain only a small part of the either the provision of drug-free urines (UA) or attendance black-white differences in the fraction of low birthweight of groups providing training in interpersonal problem births. Published in The Journal of Human Resources, v. solving (TIPS). Newly enrolled patients were randomly 27, no. 4, Fall 1992, p. 629–642. assigned to either the TIPS (n = 34) or the UA (n = 32) condition after a 12-week stabilization period. During the LRP-199307-02 Alternative Philosophical and course of the 24-week intervention period, UA participants Investigatory Paradigms for Chiropractic. I. D. Coulter. showed greater improvement than TIPS participants in rates of abstinence from unauthorized drugs. Also, a Published in Journal of Manipulative and Physiological greater proportion of UA participants met a priori criteria Therapeutics, v. 16, no. 6, July-Aug. 1993, p. 419–425. for clinical improvement, whereas a greater proportion of TIPS participants met a priori criteria for clinical LRP-199512-02 Estimating Eye Care Provider deterioration. The results support the efficacy of Supply and Workforce Requirements. P. P. Lee, C. contingency interventions targeted specifically at drug- Jackson, D. A. Relles. using behavior. Published in Experimental and Clinical PURPOSE: To estimate the workforce supply and Psychopharmacology, v. 4, no. 3, 1996, p. 315–321. requirements for eye care in the United States. METHODS: Three models were constructed for analysis: LRP-199612-05 Malaysia's Demographic Transition: supply of providers, public health need for eye care, and Rapid Development, Culture, and Politics. J. DaVanzo. demand (utilization) for eye care. Ophthalmologists, other Published in Population and Development Review, v. 22, physicians, and optometrists were included in the models. no. 4, Dec. 1996, p. 795–796. Public health need was determined by applying condition- specific prevalence and incidence rates from population- LRP-199704-04 A Randomized Trial of Office- based and other epidemiologic studies. Demand was Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons. determined by use of national databases, such as the A. A. Moore, A. L. Siu, J. M. Partridge, R. D. Hays, J. L. National Ambulatory Care Survey, National Hospital Adams. Discharge Survey, and Medicare Part B. Time requirements for care were obtained through a stratified PURPOSE: To test the effectiveness of a 10-minute sample survey of the membership of the American office-staff administered screen to evaluate Academy of Ophthalmology. RESULTS: Under modeling malnutrition/weight loss, visual impairment, hearing loss, assumptions that use a work-time ratio of one between cognitive impairment, urinary incontinence, depression, optometrists and ophthalmologists and between specialist physical limitations, and reduced leg mobility among older and generalist ophthalmologists, a significant excess of persons seen in office practice. This screen was coupled eye care providers exists relative to both public health with clinical summaries to assist the physician in further need and demand. Changes in the work-time ratio, work- evaluating and managing the screen-included problems. hours per year per provider, care patterns for the same PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six community- condition, or other factors could significantly reduce or based office practices of internists and family physicians eliminate the surplus relative to need. CONCLUSION: If in Los Angeles were randomized to intervention or control optometrists are the preferred primary eye care provider, groups. Two hundred and sixty-one patients aged > or = ophthalmologists would be in excess under all demand 70 years and seeing these physicians for a new visit or a scenarios and all need scenarios where the optometrist to physical examination participated in the study. At the ophthalmologist work-time ratio is greater than 0.6. No enrollment visit intervention group patients were excess of ophthalmologists would exist if administered the screening measure and their physicians ophthalmologists are the preferred primary eye care were given the pertinent clinical summaries. Outcome provider. Data on the appropriate work time ratio will help measures were detection of, and intervention for refine estimates of the imbalance between supply and conditions screened, and health status 6 months after the requirements. Published in Ophthalmology, v. 102, no. 12, intervention. RESULTS: Hearing loss was both more Dec. 1995, p. 1964–1972. commonly detected (40% intervention versus 28% control) and further evaluated (29% versus 16%) by LRP-199600-07 Contingent Reinforcement of Group physicians in the intervention group (P < 0.05). No other Participation Versus Abstinence in a Methadone differences in the frequency of problem detection or Maintenance Program. M. Y. Iguchi, R. J. Lamb, M. A. intervention were noted between groups. Six months after Belding, J. J. Platt, S. D. Husband, A. R. Morral. the intervention no differences were noted in health status 277 between groups. CONCLUSIONS: A brief measure to Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine, were to perform a screen for common conditions in older persons was systematic literature review, with a particular focus on associated with more frequent detection and follow-up prevention and management of urinary tract infections in assessment of hearing loss. Although the measure was this population. Methodology: RAND convened a panel of well accepted by physicians and their staffs, it did not experts that included physicians, nurses, other health care appear to affect detection and intervention in regard to the professionals, patients, and representatives from managed other screen-included conditions, or health status at 6 care organizations. According to the panel, the most months. Published in American Journal of Medicine, v. important questions to answer with a literature review 102, no. 4, Apr. 1997, p. 371–378. were the definition of UTIs, appropriate diagnosis and follow-up of complications, and identification of risk LRP-199707-03 Environmental Scarcity, Resource factors for recurrence, and prevention. The scientific Collection, and the Demand for Children in Nepal. D. literature was searched for the period from 1966 through Loughran, L. Pritchett. 1998, research reports were evaluated and reviewed according to methods developed by the Center, and formal The interaction of population and environmental quality is meta-analysis was performed. Outcomes: Among the of great interest to policy makers worldwide. While many findings were the following: The occurrence of febrile studies emphasize the effect of population growth on episodes was found to be associated with later upper environmental quality, few examine how environmental urinary tract complications; intermittent catheterization quality affects population growth. This paper uses recently lowers the frequency of infections relative to use of collected cross-sectional data from Nepal to test whether indwelling catheters; and antibiotic prophylaxis is not variation in firewood and water scarcity affects the recommended. Published as Evidence Report/Technology demand for children by altering the relative value of Assessment: No. 6 (Prepared by the Southern children in resource collection activities. Our results California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center under indicate increasing environmental scarcity lowers the contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Publication No. 99- demand for children implying Nepalese households E008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, perceive resource scarcity as increasing the net cost of Rockville, MD. February 1999. Online access: children. Apparently increasing firewood and water http://www.ahrq.gov./clinic/epcsums/utisumm.htm. scarcity apparently does not have a strong enough effect on the relative productivity of child labor to induce higher LRP-199910-05 Managed Care and the Workers' demand for children given the effects that work in the Compensation Bargain. R. T. Reville, J. J. Escarce. opposite direction. For these resource collection activities it would appear environmental scarcity acts as a check on Published in Medical Care, v. 37, no. 10, Editorial, Oct. population growth. Poverty, Environment and Growth 1999, p. 969–971. working paper series, no. 19, July 1997, p. 1–46. LRP-199911-14 Child Survival in Developing LRP-199809-07 The Los Angeles Study of Families Countries: Can Demographic and Health Surveys Help to and Communities. N. Sastry. Understand the Determinants? N. Sastry. Published in Evaluating Welfare Reform: Measuring Published in Population Studies, v. 53, no. 3, Nov. 1999, Child and Family Well-Being, September 11, 1998 p. 396–397. seminar presentations, Sharon McGroder et al. (Sacramento, CA: California State Library Foundation, LRP-200000-47 Risk Adjustment for High Utilizers 1998), Chapter 2, p. 17–22. of Public Mental Health. K. Kapur, A. Young, D. Murata. BACKGROUND: Publicly funded mental health systems LRP-199902-10 Prevention and Management of are increasingly implementing managed care systems, Urinary Tract Infections in Paralyzed Persons. B. G. such as capitation, to control costs. Capitated contracts Vickrey, P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, K. A. Clark, M. may increase the risk for disenrollment or adverse Pathak, C. J. Kamberg. outcomes among high cost clients with severe mental The management of urinary tract complications is a major illness. Risk-adjusted payments to providers are likely to health policy concern in the treatment of paralyzed reduce providers' incentives to avoid or under-treat these persons (for example those with spinal cord injury and people. However, most research has focused on Medicare multiple sclerosis.) Concerns include the significant cost and private populations, and risk adjustment for of care and the likelihood that current care delivery does individuals who are publicly funded and severely mentally not reflect the most recent scientific literature on the ill has received far less attention. AIM OF THE STUDY: prevention and management of urinary tract infections Risk adjustment models for this population can be used to (UTIs.) The goals of this study, conducted with the improve contracting for mental health care. Our objective 278 is to develop risk adjustment models for individuals with In an effort to increase the use of prenatal care by pregnant severe mental illness and assess their performance in women and the utilization of medical care by children, predicting future costs. The authors apply the risk eligibility for Medicaid was expanded dramatically for adjustment model to predict costs for the first year of a pregnant women and children during the 1980s and early pilot capitation program for the severely mentally ill that 1990s. By lowering the costs of prenatal care, delivery, was not risk adjusted. They assess whether risk adjustment and child health care for some individuals, Medicaid could have reduced disenrollment from this program. expansions may prompt some women to give birth who METHODS: This analysis uses longitudinal administrative otherwise would not have children or lead some women to data from the County of Los Angeles Department of have more children than they otherwise would have. This Mental Health for the fiscal years 1991 to 1994. The study uses natality data from 1983 to 1996 to examine the sample consists of 1956 clients who have high costs and relationship between a state's eligibility threshold for are severely mentally ill. The authors estimate several Medicaid and birth rates among various groups. The modified two parts models of 1993 cost that use 1992 results suggest that expansions have significant and sizable client-based variables such as demographics, living effects on births. A 10 percentage point increase in the conditions, diagnoses and mental health costs (for 1992 eligibility threshold is associated with a 1.4 percent and 1991) to explain the variation in mental health and increase in the birth rate among nonblack women and a 1.0 substance abuse costs. RESULTS: The authors find that percent increase among black women. Between 1983 and the model that incorporates demographic characteristics, 1996, the expansions appear to have led to an average diagnostic information and cost data from two previous increase in the birth rate of about 10 percent. Published years explains about 16 percent of the in-sample variation in Working paper series (Atlanta, Georgia: Federal and 10 percent of the out-of-sample variation in costs. A Reserve Bank, 2000), Online access: model that excludes prior cost covariates explains only 5 http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke.cfm?objectid=83FD2465 percent of the variation in costs. Despite the relatively low -9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display. predictive power, the authors find some evidence that the disenrollment from the pilot capitation initiative input LRP-200011-06 Mobility in the Urban Labor have been reduced if risk adjustment had been used to set Market: A Panel Data Analysis for Mexico. X. Gong, A. capitation rates. DISCUSSION: The evidence suggests Van Soest, E. Villagomez. that even though risk adjustment techniques have room to The authors analyze mobility in urban Mexico between improve, they are still likely to be useful for reducing risk three labor market states: working in the formal sector, selection in capitation programs. Blended payment working in the informal sector, and not working. The schemes that combine risk adjustment with corridors or authors use a dynamic multinomial logit panel data model partial fee-for-service payment should be explored. with random effects, explaining the labor market state of IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION, each individual during each time period. The data is drawn USE AND POLICY: Our results suggest that risk from Mexico's Urban Employment Survey, a quarterly adjustment method, as developed to data, do not have the household survey for urban Mexico. Two separate five- requisite predictive power to be used as the sole approach wave panels are used: the first covering a period of rapid to adjusting capitation rates. Risk adjustment is economic growth (1992–1993), the second a period of informative and useful; however, payments to providers recession after the Peso crisis (1994-1995). Our main should not be fully capitated, and may need to involve results are in line with the theory that formal sector jobs some degree of risk sharing between providers and public are superior to informal sector jobs and that working in the mental health agencies. A blended contract design may informal sector is a temporary state for those who cannot further reduce incentives for risk selection by find a formal sector job and cannot afford not to work. incorporating a partly risk-adjusted capitation payment, Entry and exit rates for the formal sector are lower than for without relying completely on the accuracy of risk the informal sector. The probability of formal sector adjustment models. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER employment strongly increases with education level. For RESEACH: Risk adjustment models estimated using data men, it is easier to enter the formal sector from the sets containing better predictors of rehospitalization and nonworking state than from the informal sector. The more precise clinical information are likely to have higher probability of working in the informal sector decreases predictive power. Further research should also focus on with the level of income of other family members, while the effect of combination contract designs. Published in the probability of not working increases with it. Published Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, v. 3, in Economic Development and Cultural Change, v. 53, no. 2000, p. 129–137. 213, Nov. 2000, p. 1-36. Online access: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp213.pdf. LRP-200003-20 The Effect of Medicaid Eligibility Expansions on Births. M. Bitler, M. Zavodny. 279

LRP-200012-02 Determinants of Antidepressant especially those in relatively good health. Thus our results Treatment Outcome. N. Sood, M. Treglia, R. L. suggest that working-age, privately insured consumers Obenchain, B. Dulisse, C. A. Melfi, T. W. Croghan. currently may be over-insuring for medical care. Published in Inquiry, v. 38, no. 1, Spring 2001, p. 35–48. OBJECTIVE: To understand the determinants of the outcome of an episode of major depression, including LRP-200103-18 Costs of Conducting Cancer Clinical factors that affect receipt of guideline-consistent care and Trials. D. P. Goldman. their subsequent effect on treatment outcomes, particularly relapse or recurrence. Results of previous studies are Most health plans have policies that exclude coverage for generalized to a population typical of depressed services rendered in the course of a clinical trial. These individuals in the United States, i.e., a cohort of policies almost certainly discourage trial enrollment. antidepressant users with employer-provided health Some progress has been made recently in encouraging benefits. STUDY DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design insurers to relax these restrictions, most notably in was used to assess the determinants of the outcome of an Medicare. However, many of these changes appear to be episode of major depression. Healthcare utilization-based "demonstrations," and continued progress hinges on better measures of treatment characteristics and outcomes were understanding of the true cost differences of treating a used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The final analytical patient on a trial protocol. Some evidence from existing file for this study contained data on 2917 patients who had studies shows relatively modest, or no, cost differences an antidepressant prescription associated with an indicator between patients on protocol and matched controls. But of a depressive disorder. The authors identified relapse or the small sample sizes and the uniqueness of institutional recurrence of depression by (1) a new episode of settings make results difficult to generalize. The cost of antidepressant therapy, (2) suicide attempt, (3) psychiatric Cancer Treatment Study is a 3-year study designed to hospitalization, (4) mental health-related emergency provide such estimates. Approximately 1,500 cancer department visits, or (5) electroconvulsive therapy. patients will be recruited from a broad cross section of Antidepressant use patterns were used to construct a trials and institutions. Ultimately, the study will answer measure for adherence to treatment guidelines. precisely the question, "How much more expensive is it to Multivariate Cox proportional hazard and logit regression treat a patient on an NCI-sponsored clinical trial?" This models were used to predict relapse/recurrence and answer will allow policymakers, insurers, and other adherence with treatment guidelines, respectively, for each stakeholders to estimate the additional treatment costs, if patient. RESULTS: Factors that affect relapse/recurrence any, of providing blanket access to clinical trials. include comorbidities, demographics, and adherence to Published in Managed Care & Cancer, v. 3, no. 2, treatment guidelines. Factors that affect adherence to Mar./Apr. 2001, p. 1–8. treatment guidelines include choice of initial antidepressant drug, comorbidities, psychotherapy, and LRP-200105-22 Management of Acute Otitis Media. frequency of physician visits. CONCLUSIONS: S. M. Marcy, G. S. Takata, L. S. Chan, P. G. Shekelle, W. Adherence to treatment guidelines was associated with a Mason, L. Wachsman, R. Ernst, J. W. Hay, P. M. Corley, significant reduction in the likelihood of relapse or T. Morphew, E. Ramicone, C. Nicholson. recurrence of depression. Choice of initial antidepressant Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is one of the most common drug affects adherence to treatment guidelines. Published diagnoses of childhood and is responsible for significant in The American Journal of Managed Care, v. 6, no. 12, morbidity and use of health care services. Nevertheless, Dec. 2000, p. 1327–1336. management of AOM varies widely. This report was commissioned to produce a systematic review of the LRP-200103-17 Health Plan Choice and Information literature on diagnosis, primary and secondary prevention, About Out-of-Pocket Costs: An Experimental Analysis. treatment, follow-up and monitoring, and outcomes. M. Schoenbaum, M. D. Spranca, M. N. Elliott, J. METHODOLOGY: A panel of experts that included Bhattacharya, P. F. Short. health care professionals, a consumer, and a representative Many consumers are offered two or more employer- from a managed care organization was convened to advise sponsored health insurance plans, and competition among with prioritizing proposed questions and guide the health plans for subscribers is promoted as a mechanism development of the scope, search strategy, and analysis for balancing health care costs and quality. Yet consumers plan. According to the panel, the key questions to answer may not receive the information necessary to make with a literature review were the natural history of AOM informed health plan choices. This study tests the effects without antibiotic treatment, the general effectiveness of on health plan choice of providing supplemental decision- antibiotics, and the effectiveness of specific antibiotic support materials to inform consumers about expected regimens. The review focused on children from 4 weeks to health plan costs. Our main finding is that such 18 years with uncomplicated AOM, seeking initial information induces consumers to bear more risk, treatment. Outcomes included presence or absence of 280 signs and symptoms after specific followup intervals, 2 years. RESULTS: For most outcomes, differences adverse effects from antibiotic treatment, and presence or between intervention and UC patients were not sustained absence of bacteria. The scientific literature was searched for the full 2 years. However, QI-therapy reduced overall for the period from 1966 through 1999, and research poor outcomes compared with UC by about 8 percentage reports were evaluated for study design and quality and points throughout 2 years, and by 10 percentage points were reviewed according to methods developed by the compared with QI-meds at 24 months. Both interventions Center. Formal meta-analysis was performed to assess the improved patients' clinical and role outcomes, relative to effectiveness of antibiotics vs. placebo or observational UC, over 12 months (eg, a 10–11 and 6-7 percentage point treatment and the effectiveness of various antibiotic difference in probable depression at 6 and 12 months, regimens. OUTCOMES: Clinical resolution of AOM respectively). CONCLUSIONS: While most outcome without treatment appears fairly high, and complication improvements were not sustained over the full 2 study rates tend to be low. Meta-analysis of the effects of years, findings suggest that flexible dissemination of antibiotic treatment showed minimal to modest benefits of short-term, QI programs in managed primary care can antibiotics compared with observation only. Several improve patient outcomes well after program termination. outcomes were unaffected by antibiotic treatment; these Models that support integrated psychotherapy and outcomes included recurrence and tympanic membrane medication-based treatment strategies in primary care have perforation. Meta-analyses revealed few differences in the potential for relatively long-term patient benefits. outcome among the various antibiotic treatment regimens. Published in Archives of General Psychiatry, v. 58, no. 7, The literature also was shown to have a number of July 2001, p. 1-18. important limitations that made analysis difficult. These limitations included varying diagnostic criteria for AOM, LRP-200107-18 Mind-Body Interventions for poor study quality, varying definition or inclusion of Gastrointestinal Conditions. I. D. Coulter, M. L. Hardy, J. outcomes, insufficient statistical power in some cases, Favreau, P. D. Elfenbaum, S. C. Morton, E. A. Roth, B. J. failure to report age or risk factors. Recommendations Genovese, P. G. Shekelle. included designing randomized controlled trials without The idea that physical processes in the body can be the aforementioned limitations to address the key influenced by emotional factors, that the mind and body questions more adequately. Published in Evidence are connected, has distinguished modern western Report/Technology Assessment: no. 15 (Prepared by the (allopathic) attitudes about health and the practice of Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice medicine from most others throughout history. So-called Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ mind-body interventions have been applied to conditions Publication No. 01-E008. Agency for Healthcare Research affecting every part of the body. The goal of the first and Quality, Rockville, MD. May 2001. Online access: SCEPC NCCAM evidence report was to provide a http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1.cha comprehensive review of the use of mind-body pter.21026. interventions for the treatment of one condition or a review of one mind-body modality. METHODOLOGY: A LRP-200107-17 Long-Term Effectiveness of panel of technical experts representing diverse disciplines Disseminating Quality Improvement for Depression in advised the researchers throughout the course of the study. Primary Care. C. D. Sherbourne, K. B. Wells, N. Duan, J. A broad search of the literature revealed a sufficient Miranda, J. Unützer, L. Jaycox, M. Schoenbaum, L. S. number of comparative treatment studies on the use of Meredith, L. V. Rubenstein. mind-body interventions to treat gastrointestinal (GI) BACKGROUND: This article addresses whether conditions to warrant a review. Interventions for which no dissemination of short-term quality improvement (QI) comparative treatment studies could be identified were interventions for depression to primary care practices omitted. The literature search, screening, review, and data improves patients' clinical outcomes and health-related gathering process were performed using techniques quality of life (HRQOL) over 2 years, relative to usual developed by the SCEPC for evidence reports. Data were care (UC). METHODS: The sample included 1299 collected using special screening forms designed for the patients with current depressive symptoms and 12-month, study. OUTCOMES: Interpretation of the results of trials lifetime, or no depressive disorder from 46 primary care of mind-body interventions for GI conditions was practices in 6 managed care organizations. Clinics were seriously hampered by methodological problems. Results randomized to UC or 1 of 2 QI programs that included of the small number of methodologically acceptable training local experts and nurse specialists to provide studies provided limited evidence for an effect of clinician and patient education, assessment, and treatment behavioral, cognitive, guided imagery, and relaxation planning, plus either nurse care managers for medication techniques for the treatment of GI problems in adults, follow-up (QI-meds) or access to trained psychotherapists however no conclusions could be drawn about the use of (QI-therapy). Outcomes were assessed every 6 months for hypnotherapy. Results of biofeedback interventions in 281 adults were mixed, whereas the technique appears BACKGROUND: The aim of this present study is to ineffective for children. Published in Evidence examine whether overall subjective quality of life and Report/Technology Assessment: no. 40 (Prepared by the specific domains of quality of life change among homeless Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice adults after they become housed, and if so, what factors Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ predict changes in satisfaction. METHODS: The data Publication No. 01-E027. Agency for Healthcare Research analysed here were collected through face-to-face and Quality, Rockville, MD. March 2001. Online access: interviews with a sample of 485 homeless adults who were http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/mindsum.htm. interviewed as often as bi-monthly over a 16-month period. Bivariate analyses examined initial differences LRP-200108-17 Improving Primary Care for between three groups: homeless people who did not exit Depression in Late Life: The Design of a Multicenter from homelessness; those with an exit from homelessness Randomized Trial. J. Unütze, W. Katon, J. W. Williams, to dependent housing; and those with an exit to C. M. Callahan, L. Harpole, E. Hunkeler, M. Hoffing, P. independent housing. Bivariate analyses also examined Arean, M. T. Hegel, M. Schoenbaum, S. M. Oishi, C. A. differences in subjective quality of life before and after an Langston. exit from homelessness among the three groups. Multivariate analyses identified predictors of changes in BACKGROUND: Late life depression can be successfully quality of life before and after exit. RESULTS: This study treated with antidepressant medications or psychotherapy, has three main findings. First, homeless people who but few depressed older adults receive effective treatment. obtained independent housing had the largest positive and RESEARCH DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial of a significant improvements in satisfaction with overall disease management program for late life depression. quality of life, and in satisfaction with housing, leisure and SUBJECTS: Approximately 1,750 older adults with major money. Second, becoming housed was not a predictor of depression or dysthymia are recruited from seven national changes in overall quality of life perceived by homeless study sites. INTERVENTION: Half of the subjects are people, nor in their satisfaction with leisure, clothing, randomly assigned to a collaborative care program where food, and social life. Furthermore, a positive change in a depression clinical specialist supervised by a psychiatrist housing satisfaction was not associated with all types of and a primary care expert supports the patient's regular exits from homelessness; only a move into independent primary care provider to treat depression. Intervention housing predicted such a change, but a move into services are provided for 12 months using antidepressant dependent housing did not. Finally, of all the covariates medications and Problem Solving Treatment in Primary included as predictors at baseline, only two variables Care according to a stepped care protocol that varies seemed to consistently predict changes in satisfaction; intervention intensity according to clinical needs. The namely, self-assessed general health and self-assessed self- other half of the subjects are assigned to care as usual. help skills. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that EVALUATION: Subjects are independently assessed at becoming independently housed may improve some baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and aspects of quality of life for homeless people, but not 24 months. The evaluation assesses the incremental cost- others. The results suggest that homeless people prefer to effectiveness of the intervention compared with care as be independently housed relative to remaining homeless or usual. Specific outcomes examined include care for staying in a dependent housing situation, but that depression, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of independent housing does not necessarily improve other life, satisfaction with depression care, health care costs, aspects of their lives. Published in Social Psychiatry and patient time costs, market and nonmarket productivity, and Psychiatric Epidemiology, v. 36, no. 8, Aug. 2001, p. household income. CONCLUSIONS: The study blends 391–398. methods from health services and clinical research in an effort to protect internal validity while maximizing the LRP-200109-01 Ayurvedic Interventions for generalizability of results to diverse health care systems. Diabetes Mellitus|: A Systematic Review. M. L. Hardy, I. The authors hope that this study will show the cost- D. Coulter, S. Venuturupalli, E. A. Roth, J. Favreau, S. C. effectiveness of a new model of care for late life Morton, P. G. Shekelle. depression that can be applied in a range of primary care settings. Published in Medical Care, v. 39, no. 8, Aug. Ayurveda is a naturopathic system of health care that has 2001, p. 785–799. been practiced in India for over 5000 years. According to Ayurvedic theory, disease is the result of an imbalance in LRP-200108-18 Changes in Subjective Quality of the individual's consciousness. The practice of Ayurveda Life Among Homeless Adults Who Obtain Housing: A provides an integrated approach to prevention and healing Prospective Examination. J. Wolf, M. A. Burnam, P. through a system of lifestyle interventions and natural Koegel, G. Sullivan, S. C. Morton. therapies. Ayurvedic medicine is now in use at 10 clinics in the United States. Thus, NCCAM requested a 282 comprehensive review of the efficacy of Ayurvedic These findings can be explained by adjustment costs that medicine for the treatment of health problems and, based make it optimal to stick to one type of asset. Published in on the results of this review, an in-depth analysis of the Review of Economics and Statistics, v. 86, no. 3, Dec. use of Ayurveda to treat a condition for which the 2001, p. 1–37. treatment modality appeared to demonstrate some efficacy. Methodology: A panel of technical experts LRP-200200-47 Optimal Contributions to Flexible representing diverse disciplines advised the researchers Spending Accounts. J. Bhattacharya, M. Schoenbaum, N. throughout the course of the study. Based on the results of Sood. an innovative "waterfront" review, the researchers Flexible spending accounts (FSAs) permit tax-free narrowed their analysis to the use of herbal therapy for the healthcare spending. FSA dollars at year-end are lost. treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus. The literature Given no alternative for leftover money, rational search, screening, review, and data gathering process were consumers spend to zero. Optimal FSA contributions performed using techniques developed by the SCEPC for should emphasize tradeoffs between utility from pre-tax evidence reports. Outcomes: Heterogeneity in the study medical expenditures and post-tax non-medical designs and in the herbal preparations used for the studies consumptions. Published in Economics Letters, v. 76, no. precluded drawing any firm conclusions. Evidence from 1, 2002, p. 129–135. the studies supported a role for single-herb preparations of Coccinia indica, Gymnema sylvestre, fenugreek, and holy LRP-200200-48 Evidence Does Not Favor Marijuana basil as well as two herbal formulas (Ayush-82 and D- Gateway Effects over a Common-Factor Interpretation of 400) in treating diabetes. Recommendations were provided Drug Use Initiation: Responses to Anthony, Kenkel, & for future studies on the effects of Ayurvedic practices on Mathios and Lynskey. A. R. Morral, D. F. McCaffrey, S. glycemic control. Published in Evidence M. Paddock. Report/Technology Assessment: no. 41 (Prepared by the Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Published in Addiction, v. 97, no. 12, commentaries, Dec. Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ 2002, p. 1509–1510. Publication No. 01-E039. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. June 2001. Online access: LRP-200200-49 Phoenix Academy at Lake View http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/ayurvsum.htm. Terrace, California: Clinical Manual and Program Description of an Adolescent Therapeutic Community. L. LRP-200112-16 Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Jaycox, G. N. Marshall, A. R. Morral. Funds: A Panel Data Analysis. R. Alessie, S. Authors affiliated with RAND's Infrastructure, Safety, and Hochguertel, A. Van Soest. Environment. In many industrial countries, ownership rates of risky assets have risen substantially over the past decade. This LRP-200202-10 Comparing the Alcohol-Related trend has potentially wide-ranging implications for the Problems Survey (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol intertemporal and cross-sectional allocation of risk, and Screening Measures in Elderly Outpatients. A. Fink, M. for the macro economy, establishing the need for C. Tsai, R. D. Hays, A. A. Moore, S. C. Morton, K. L. understanding ownership dynamics at the micro level. Spritzer, J. C. Beck. This paper offers one of the first such analyses using Older drinkers may incur alcohol-related risks at low representative panel survey data. The authors focus on the consumption levels, but commonly used screening two main types of risky financial assets, mutual funds and measures do not address alcohol's effects among persons individual stocks. The authors extend existing univariate with declining health and increased medication use. The dynamic binary choice models to the multivariate case and authors compared the newly developed Alcohol-Related take account of interactions between the two types of Problems Survey (ARPS) to three validated alcohol assets. The models are estimated on the data from the screens: the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener 1939–1998 waves of the Dutch CentER Savings Survey. (CAGE), Short-Michigan Alcohol Screening Test They find that both unobserved heterogeneity and state (SMAST), and Alcohol-Use Identification Test (AUDIT). dependence play a large role for both types of assets. Most The ARPS classifies drinking as non-hazardous, hazardous of the positive relation between ownership of mutual funds or harmful. Non-hazardous drinking is defined as in one period and ownership of individual stocks in the consumption with no known risks for adverse physical or next period or vice versa, is explained by unobserved psychological health events. Hazardous drinking is heterogeneity: if the authors account for correlation consumption with such risks. Harmful drinking results in between the household specific effects in the two binary adverse events. The AUDIT screens for hazardous and choice equations, they find a negative effect of lagged harmful drinking; the CAGE and SMAST identify abusive ownership of stocks on the ownership of mutual funds, (e.g. failure to fulfill social obligations) and dependent 283

(e.g. having withdrawal symptoms) drinkers. In this study 18% if the decline in the propensity to marry between of 574 current drinkers 65 years and older who completed 1970 and 1990 for white women and more-educated black the ARPS and AUDIT in primary care clinics, half were women. Growing wage inequality appears to have had randomly assigned to complete the CAGE and half, the little effect on the marriage behavior of less-educated SMAST. Drinkers who screened positive on the CAGE, black women. Published in The Review of Economics and SMAST or AUDIT were correctly classified by the ARPS Statistics, v. 84, no. 2, May 2002, p. 237–250. as hazardous or harmful drinkers 91, 75, and 100% of the time, respectively. The majority of ARPS-identified LRP-200206-14 Sensitivity Analysis for Hierarchical hazardous or harmful drinkers did not screen positive on Models Employing T Level-1 Assumptions. M. Seltzer, J. the CAGE, SMAST or AUDIT. These drinkers had Novak, K. Choi, N. Lim. medical conditions or used medications that placed them Much work on sensitivity analysis for hierarchical models at risk for adverse health events, none of which was (HMs) has focused on level-2 outliers (e.g., in multisite addressed in these three screens. In this study, the ARPS evaluations, a site at which an intervention was unusually identified nearly all drinkers detected by the CAGE, successful). However, efforts to draw sound conclusions SMAST, and AUDIT and detected hazardous and harmful concerning parameters of interest in HMs also require that drinkers not identified by these measures. Published in we attend to extreme level-1 units (e.g., a person in the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, v. 34, no. 1, Feb. treatment group at a particular site whose post-test score 2002, p. 55–78. y[subij] is unusually small vis-a-vis the other members of that person's group). One goal of this article is to examine LRP-200202-11 Does Employer-Financed General the ways in which level-1 outliers can impact the Training Pay? Evidence from the US Navy. F. Garcia, J. estimation of fixed effects and random effects in HMs. A Arkes, R. Trost. second goal is to outline and illustrate the use of Markov Despite Becker's theory that employers pay for workers' Chain Monte Carlo algorithms for conducting sensitivity firm-specific training only, employer-financed general analyses under t level-1 assumptions, including algorithms training is quite common. A possible explanation is that for settings in which the degrees of freedom at level 1 general training reduces turnover, thereby safeguarding (v[sub1 is treated as an unknown parameter. Published in investments in firm-specific training. We test this Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, v. 27, explanation by examining whether the US Navy's no. 2, Summer 2002, p. 181–222. Voluntary Education (VOLED) program leads to lower personnel turnover. The VOLED program offers off-duty LRP-200206-15 Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late educational opportunities to all personnel and is aimed at Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion. G. S. Takata, L. S. keeping sailors satisfied so that the Navy can recoup its Chan, R. Mangione-Smith, P. M. Corley, T. Morphew, S. investment of approximately $19,000 per sailor in largely C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle. Navy-specific training. From a standard probit model, we This evidence-based report reviews the evidence on the find that program participation is associated with an 11- natural history of otitis media with effusion (OME), the percentage-point increase in the probability of continuing impact of otitis media on long-term speech and language in the Navy for six years. From a bivariate probit model in development and on hearing, and the operating which the unexplained portions of the participation and characteristics of various methods of diagnosing otitis turnover decisions are allowed to be correlated, the effect media with effusion. OME is defined as "fluid in the is 13 percentage points. Our findings seem to support the middle ear without signs or symptoms of ear infection." theory that general training safeguards employer The evidence compiled in this report is intended to aid investments in specific training by reducing employee clinicians, health care provider organizations, and others to turnover. Published in Economics of Education Review, v. develop clinical practice guidelines or medical review 21, no. 1, 2002, p. 19–27. criteria for OME. The report will also identify areas for future research. Published in Evidence Report/Technology LRP-200205-07 The Effect of Male Wage Inequality Assessment: no. 55 (Prepared by the Southern on Female Age at First Marriage. D. S. Loughran. California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice Center under A model in which women search for husbands contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Publication No. 02- characterized by their wages predicts increasing within- E025. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, group male wage inequality, raises the expected value of Rockville, MD. June 2002. Online access: continued marital search, and so lowers female marriage http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/otdiagsum.pdf. propensities. Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 census data, the author test this hypothesis within geographically, racially, LRP-200207-15 Depression Among Youth in and educationally defined marriage markets. The estimates Primary Care Models for Delivering Mental Health suggest rising male wage inequality accounted for 7% to Services. J. R. Asarnow, L. Jaycox, M. Anderson. 284

Published in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of identified conditions? How did results for treatment with North America, v. 11, no. 3, July 2002, p. 447–497. SAMe compare to placebo and conventional pharmacology? What non-English language publications LRP-200208-15 Do NSAIDs Cause Dyspepsia? A on SAMe treatment are available and accessible? What is Meta-Analysis Evaluating Alternative Dyspepsia the methodological quality of the studies identified? Can Definitions. W. L. Straus, J. J. Ofman, C. H. MacLean, S. results be pooled to allow a risk ratio and an effect size for C. Morton, M. L. Berger, E. A. Roth, P. G. Shekelle. SAMe to be calculated Published in Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: no. 64 (Prepared by the OBJECTIVE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice (NSAIDs) may be associated with dyspepsia, but the Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ relationship is obscured by variations in the terminology Publication No. 02-E033. Agency for Healthcare Research used to report GI symptoms. Using alternative definitions, and Quality, Rockville, MD. October 2002. Online access: the authors assessed the relationship between NSAID use http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1a. and dyspepsia. METHODS: The authors searched chapter.2159 MEDLINE, EMBASE, HEALTHSTAR, and BIOSIS databases (1966–1997) and New Drug Application LRP-200209-18 Rating Best Places: Going Beyond reviews, identifying randomized, placebo-controlled trials Real Estate in Making Location Decisions. D. J. Peterson, (5 days or more duration) of any NSAID, reporting M. Beckett. original data on GI complications. Based upon reported terms describing upper GI symptoms, they derived three A case study describes how the Rand Corporation helped definitions: strict, using terms synonymous with epigastric real-estate decision makers and advisors at a major U.S.- pain/discomfort; loose, (containing the strict definition based financial-services firm to assess and compare plus terms for heartburn, nausea, bloating, anorexia, and possible locations for two projects. The firm's managers vomiting); and a loose definition without heartburn terms were planning to invest considerably in major new back- (the loose-less-heartburn definition). Using each office facilities to support continued expansion of their definition, the authors performed a random-effects model business lines and operations, and they wished to consider meta-analysis of the relationship between NSAID a range of factors beyond traditional real-estate cost and exposure and dyspepsia. RESULTS: Fifty-five published availability criteria. Rand created a community-indicators and 37 unpublished controlled NSAID trials met our database and interactive ranking tool tailored to the client's inclusion criteria. The mean duration of the trials was 33.2 priorities to assist upper management in choosing the best days (SD 40 days). Application of the strict definition sites. Published in Site Selection, v. 47 no. 5, Sept. 2002, resulted in a pooled risk ratio of dyspepsia for NSAIDs p. 562, 564. compared with placebo of 1.36 (95% CI = 1.11-1.67). For the loose definition, the pooled risk ratio was 1.13 (95% LRP-200209-19 Increased Risk of Serious Injury CI = 0.98-1.32). The loose-less-heartburn definition Following an Initial Prescription for Diphenhydramine. yielded a pooled risk ratio of 1.19 (95% CI = 1.03-1.39). W. D. Finkle, J. L. Adams, S. Greenland, K. L. Melmon. In the placebo-treated control groups, the percent of BACKGROUND: Diphenhydramine may be associated patients reporting dyspepsia ranged from 2.3% (strict with excess risk of injury relative to nonsedating H1- definition) to 4.2% (loose and loose-less-heartburn receptor antagonists. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to definitions). CONCLUSIONS: Using the strict definition, compare the risk of injury in patients exposed to based solely on epigastric pain-related symptoms, NSAIDs diphenhydramine with the risk of injury in patients increased the risk of dyspepsia by 36% (p < 0.05). These exposed to loratadine. METHODS: A retrospective cohort findings may be useful in creating a standardized study of injury was carried out in 12,106 patients whose definition of NSAID-related dyspepsia. Published in The initial antihistamine prescription was for diphenhydramine American Journal of Gastroenterology, v. 97, no. 8, Aug. and in 24,968 patients whose initial antihistamine 2002, p. 1951–1958. prescription was for loratadine. Data were taken from a health care claims database that included employees, LRP-200208-17 S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for dependents, and retirees who filed claims from January Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver 1991 through December 1998. Rates of six serious injuries Disease. M. L. Hardy, I. D. Coulter, J. Favreau, S. C. in the diphenhydramine cohort after and before the first Morton, S. Venuturupalli, F. Chiapelli, F. Rossi, G. prescription were compared with rates in the loratadine Orshansky, L. Jungvig, E. A. Roth, M. J. Suttorp, P. G. cohort after and before the first prescription. RESULTS: Shekelle. In the 30 days after the first antihistamine prescription, the Clinical Focus What study reports were available on the rate of all injuries was 308 per 1,000 person-years in the use of SAMe for depression, ostheoarthritis, and liver diphenhydramine cohort versus 137 per 1,000 person- disease? What types of outcomes were measured for the years in the loratadine cohort. The rate ratio estimate 285 adjusted for age and gender using Poisson regression was that the financial returns to Medicare are consequently 2.27 (95% confidence limits CL 1.93, 2.66). In the higher for the rich than for the poor. Taking a different corresponding 30 days of the preceding year, the injury approach, we find very different results. According to the rates in the diphenhydramine and loratadine cohorts were Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, the poorest groups 128 and 125 per 1,000 person-years, and the adjusted rate receive the most benefits at any given age. In fact, the ratio was 1.02 (CL 0.83, 1.26). Thus, the cohorts appeared advantage of the poor in benefit receipt is so great that it to have similar preprescription injury rates. The easily overcomes their higher death rates. This leads to the differences between the cohorts declined with time from result that the financial returns to Medicare are actually prescription: For all injuries, the estimated percentage much higher for poorer groups in the population and that decline in the rate ratio was 4.1% per day (CL 3.3, 4.9), Medicare is a highly progressive public program. These and the estimated time from the initial prescription until new results appear to owe themselves to our measurement the diphenhydramine cohort returned to baseline risk was of socioeconomic status at the individual level, in contrast 32.3 days (CL 26.9, 37.6). CONCLUSIONS: If these to the aggregated measures used by previous research. associations are causal, the percentage of the injuries Published in NBER working papers, no. 9280, Oct. 2002, attributable to diphenhydramine was 55% (CL 41, 65), p. 1–35. Online access: http://papers.nber.org/papers/ implying a substantial number of excess injuries and costs w9280.pdf. incurred as the result of diphenhydramine use. The high use rates of this drug and the high incidence of injury LRP-200212-18 Quantity over Quality. D. suggest that further study of the association between injury Lakdawalla. and type of antihistamine is needed. Published in Annals Concern is often voiced about the quality of American of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, v. 89, no. 3, Sept. schoolteachers. This paper shows that, while the relative 2002, p. 244–250. quality of teachers is declining, this decline is a result of skill-biased technological change, which improves the LRP-200209-20 Current Validity of AHRQ Clinical knowledge of skilled workers outside teaching, but not the Practice Guidelines. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, E. general knowledge of schoolteachers. This raises the price Oritz, M. Eccles, J. Grimshaw, S. H. Woolf. of skilled teachers, but not their productivity. Schools Researchers first developed a conceptual model for respond by lowering the relative quality of teachers and evaluating when guidelines may need to be updated or raising teacher quantity. Growth in the price of teachers withdrawn. Based on consultation with several experts, also raises the unit cost of primary education. These three researchers propose that there are six situations, listed predictions appear consistent with the data. Class sizes below, that may require a guideline to be updated (or have dropped by more than half over the last 50 years in withdrawn) relating to changes in evidence, changes in the many developed countries. In stark contrast, analysis of values placed on evidence, changes in resources available US Census microdata reveals that, from the 1900 birth for health care, and changes in performance. New cohort to the 1955 birth cohort, the log earnings of male preventive, diagnostic, or treatment interventions may teachers-adjusted for experience and hours worked- have have emerged to complement or supercede other declined by twenty-three percentage points relative to interventions. New evidence may require updating of the college-educated workers, and by fifty percentage points estimates of benefits and harms for existing interventions. for female teachers. Finally, over the past thirty years New evidence may identify as important outcomes that alone, the real per student cost of primary school were previously unappreciated or wholly unrecognized. education in the US has more than doubled, in spite of Evidence that current practice is optimal may change. The stagnant student achievement. Published in Education values that individuals or society place on different Next, no. 3, Fall 2002, p. 67–72. Online access: outcomes may change over time. The resources available http://www.educationnext.org/unabridged/20023/lakdawal for health care may change significantly. Published in la.pdf. Technical review: no. 6 (Prepared by the Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice Center under LRP-200212-19 Technological Change and the contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Publication No. 02- Growth of Obesity: A Theoretical and Empirical 0035. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Examination. D. Lakdawalla, T. J. Philipson. Rockville, MD. September 2002. This paper provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the long-run growth in weight over time. LRP-200210-13 Does Medicare Benefit the Poor? The authors argue that technological change has induced New Answers to an Old Question. J. Bhattacharya, D. weight growth by making home- and market-production Lakdawalla. more sedentary and by lowering food prices through Previous research has found that Medicare benefits flow agricultural innovation. The authors analyze how such primarily to the most economically advantaged groups and technological change leads to unexpected relationships 286 among income, food prices, and weight. Using individual- LRP-200300-16 Intervenciones Dirigidas a Personas level data from 1976 to 1994, they find that such Afroamericanas Y Latinas Portadoras De VIH. Lecciones technology-based reductions in food prices and job-related Aprendidas a Través De La IAP = HIV Interventions for exercise have had significant impacts on weight across African American and Latinos: Lessons Learned from time and populations. In particular, the authors find that Participatory Action Research. N. G. Milburn, M. J. about forty percent of the recent growth in weight seems Rotheram-Borus, D. E. Kanouse, E. G. Bing. to be due to agricultural innovation that has lowered food Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a research prices, while sixty percent may be due to demand factors approach that includes participants in key roles in design, such as declining physical activity from technological implementation and dissemination. PAR, therefore, is a changes in home and market production. Published by useful tool for HIV interventions; especially for African National Bureau of Economic Research, Dec. 19, 2002, p. American and Latino communities. This paper examines 1–37. Online access: http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/ how PAR can be distinguished from other research obesity.pdf. designs, the major methods that are used in PAR, how PAR methods have been applied in health-related and LRP-200212-20 Characteristics of Eye Care health interventions internationally and with the United Practices with Managed Care Contracts. M. D. Solomon, States, and what has been learned from these applications. P. P. Lee, C. M. Mangione, K. Kapur, J. L. Adams, S. L. Suggestions for future directions for the continued use of Wickstrom, J. J. Escarce. PAR in the design, implementation and dissemination of OBJECTIVES: To describe the variation in practice HIV interventions are provided. Published in Apuntes structure, financial arrangements, and utilization and Depsicologìa, v. 21, no. 3, 2003, p. 495–507. quality management systems for eye care practices with managed care contracts. STUDY DESIGN: Cross- LRP-200301-23 A Response to the Points by Manton sectional survey of 88 group and 56 solo eye care practices and Williamson. D. Lakdawalla, J. Bhattacharya, D. P. that contract with 6 health plans affiliated with a national Goldman. managed care organization. The survey contained modules Published in Medical Care, v. 41, no. 1, Jan. 2003, p. on practice structure, financial arrangements, utilization 28–31. management, and quality management. The survey response rate was 85%. RESULTS: Group practices with LRP-200302-15 Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight both ophthalmologists and optometrists were triple the size Loss and Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical of ophthalmology-only groups, and 5 times the size of Efficacy and Side Effects. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, optometry-only groups. Fee-for-service payments were the M. Maglione, M. L. Hardy, W. Mojica, M. J. Suttorp, S. primary source of group practice revenues, although 60% Rhodes, L. Jungvig, J. Gagne. of groups derived some revenues from capitation payments. Group practices paid their physicians almost At the direction of the funding agencies (the National exclusively with fee-for-service payments or salary Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), arrangements, with minimal capitation at the individual the National Center for Complementary and Alternative level. Almost no practices used both capitation and Medicine (NCCAM), and the Agency for Healthcare bonuses to compensate providers. Most practices received Research and Quality (AHRQ)), and in consultation with practice profiles and three fourths were subject to our Technical Expert Panel, the authors addressed research utilization review, which mainly consisted of questions regarding the efficacy of herbal ephedra and preauthorization for procedures, tests, or referrals. Nearly ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance all practices used clinical guidelines, protocols, or through a comprehensive literature review and synthesis of pathways in managing patients with diabetic retinopathy evidence. They assessed the safety of these products or glaucoma. Further, nearly all group practices used through review of clinical trials. Meta-analysis was computerized information systems to assist in delivering performed where appropriate. In addition, the authors care, and most had provider education programs. reviewed herbal ephedra- and ephedrine-related adverse CONCLUSIONS: Managed care has affected the way eye events reports on file with the U.S. Food and Drug care providers organize, finance, and deliver healthcare. In Administration (FDA), published case reports, and reports general, our findings paint an optimistic picture of eye to a manufacturer of ephedra-containing products. It is care practices that contract with managed care expected that the results of this review will be used to organizations. Few practices bear substantial financial direct further research. Published in Evidence risk, and nearly all practices use quality management tools Report/Technology Assessment: no. 76 (Prepared by the that could help to improve the quality of care. Published in Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice The American Journal of Managed Care, v. 8, no. 12, Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Dec. 2002, p. 1057–1067. Publication No. 03-E022. Agency for Healthcare Research 287 and Quality, Rockville, MD. February 2003. Online (i.e., the cross product of the diameters) with no increase access: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/ in size of any other lesions. The patient must not be pdf/ephedra/ephedra.pdf.or http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ receiving any other treatment for his/her cancer. To epcsums/ephedsum.pdf. document an antitumor effect based upon individual patient histories, the patient must have a documented, LRP-200304-22 Private Information, Self-Serving measurable tumor just before the CAM modalities are Biases, and Optimal Settlement Mechanisms: Theory and given. While the CAM modalities themselves may have Evidence. S. A. Seabury, E. Talley. multiple components, they must not be given together with any other cancer treatments. A record of previous anti- The law and economics literature on suit and settlement cancer treatments. Documentation of sites of the cancer. has tended to focus on two alternative conceptual models. At least one recurrent or metastatic cancer should be On the one hand, the "optimism" model of pre-trial documented histologically. The date at which recurrence negotiation attempts to explain settlement failure as an or metastatic disease was first noted should be provided. artifact of unfounded optimism by one or both parties. The Description of the patient's general medical condition. The idea that bargaining agents can adopt such non-rational age, sex, and any other previous or concurrent illnesses or biases receives support from experimental evidence. On significant medical conditions should be carefully the other hand, the "private information" model of pre-trial documented. Description of the treatment administered. bargaining portrays settlement failures as an artifact of The treatment that was felt to result in the antitumor strategic information rent extraction. It finds support in response should be described. Title from title screen some experimental evidence as well. This paper presents (viewed on October 17, 2005). Online access: (for the first time) a mechanism-design approach for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1a.ch studying suit and settlement in the presence of both apter.31876. optimism and two-sided private information. The authors use a parameterization of our framework to generate LRP-200305-37 Is Nursing Home Demand Affected testable comparative statistics that distinguish between the by the Decline in Age Difference Between Spouses? D. two competing models, and then test these predictions Lakdawalla, R. F. Schoeni. using data from civil jury trials before and after the limitation on non-economic medical malpractice damages The authors investigate whether declines in the age introduced by California legislation during the 1970s. Our difference between spouses has influenced widowhood (preliminary) results appear to be most consistent with the and nursing home demand. The authors first use life-table optimism model rather than the information model. methods to simulate the impact of the declining age gap on Published in USC Law School, Olin research paper, no. the risk of widowhood. They then use the Medicare 03–8, Apr. 2003, p. 1-31. Online access: Current Beneficiary Survey and the Census Public Use http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=39884 Microdata Samples to estimate the impact of widowhood, 0. and other characteristics, on the probability of nursing home entrance. These help us estimate the impact of the LRP-200304-23 Best-Case Series for the Use of declining age gap on nursing home use. We estimate that Immuno-Augmentation Therapy and Naltrexone for the the decline in the difference in ages between spouses that Treatment of Cancer. P. G. Shekelle, I. D. Coulter, M. L. took place between the birth cohorts of 1900 and 1955 Hardy, S. C. Morton, J. Favreau, J. Gagne, A. Coulter, S. may raise women's annual nursing home expenditures by Newberry, J. Udani, E. A. Roth, L. Jungvig. about $1.4 billion, but lower men's expenditures by about $600 million. Published in Demographic Research, v. 8, For this study, the researchers used criteria developed by no. 10, May 22, 2003, p. 279–304. Online access: the Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol8/10/8- Medicine (OCCAM), a part of the National Cancer 10.pdf. Institute. These criteria require the following: Documentation of the diagnosis of cancer. The patient's LRP-200305-38 Some Evidence on Race, Welfare cancer should be documented by obtaining tumor tissue Reform, and Household Income. M. Bitler, J. B. Gelbach, and having it examined by a pathologist. The pathologist's H. W. Hoynes. report should be included in the case summary. Evaluation of the appropriate antitumor endpoint. The only reliable Published in Journal AER Papers and Proceedings, v. 93, antitumor endpoint that can be documented in a best-case no. 2, May 2003, p. 293–298. series is a demonstrable and reproducible reduction of tumor size. Tumor measurements are made before LRP-200306-29 WIC Eligibility and Participation. treatment, during treatment, and after treatment is M. Bitler, J. M. Currie, J. K. Scholz. complete. An objective response is considered to be a decrease of at least 50 percent in the area of the tumor 288

The authors examine WIC eligibility and participation (ACE inhibitors) and beta-adrenergic blocking agents using the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Survey of (beta-blockers) provide life-saving benefits in patients Income and Program Participation (SIPP), and state-level with HF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. administrative data. Comparisons suggest significant However, most of the patients enrolled in such studies undercounts in CPS and SIPP, although characteristics of have been white males. Thus, a clinical question that is WIC participants are similar to those in administrative repeatedly asked is whether the mortality benefit reported data. This suggests that the undercount is approximately in these clinical trials is also achieved for particular random, at least with respect to observables. WIC take-up subpopulations, such as women, people of other races, and is lower for children aged one to four, suggesting patients with various comorbidities such as diabetes substantial scope for expanding participation by eligibles. mellitus or renal insufficiency. Since few of the States with stricter WIC-eligibility rules have lower randomized trials enrolled enough women, blacks, or participation, but a striking degree of state-to-state patients with comorbidities to have sufficient statistical variation in participation rates remains unexplained power to support conclusions based on subgroup analysis, Published in Journal of Human Resources, v 38, Suppl. this question is appropriate for meta-analysis. In addition, 2003, p. 1139–1179. because the clinical trial data support a mortality benefit for patients with asymptomatic left ventricular LRP-200306-30 An Assessment of the Total dysfunction, it is natural to question both the cost- Population Approach for Evaluating Disease Management effectiveness of such treatment and that of screening Program Effectiveness. A. Linden, J. L. Adams, N. asymptomatic patients for left ventricular dysfunction. Roberts. These clinical and policy questions form the basis for this report. Published in Evidence Report/Technology A key challenge currently facing the disease management Assessment: no. 82 (Prepared by the Southern industry is accurately demonstrating program effectiveness California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice Center under at controlling utilization of services and medical costs of contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Publication No. 03- populations with chronic disease. The most common E045. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, method used in the disease management industry to date Rockville, MD. July 2003. Online access: for determining financial outcomes is referred to as the http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/heartfai "total population approach." This model is a pretest- lure/heartfail.pdf. posttest design, which is a relatively weak research and evaluation technique. This paper describes the "total LRP-200307-20 Further Investigation of the population approach," details many of the biases and Performance of S - X2: An Item Fit Index for Use with confounding factors that may influence outcomes using Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models. M. Orlando, this method, and illustrates the potential consequences of D. Thissen. these factors. Published in Disease Management, v. 6, no.2, summer 2003, p. 93–102. This study presents new findings on the utility of S - X2 as an item fit index for dichotomous item response theory LRP-200307-16 Pharmacologic Management of models. Results are based on a simulation study in which Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: item responses were generated and calibrated for 100 tests Effect in Female, Black, and Diabetic Patients, and Cost- under each of 27 conditions. The item fit indices S - X2 Effectiveness. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, S. W. and Q1 - X2 were calculated for each item. ROC curves Atkinson, M. J. Suttorp, W. Tu, P. Heidenreich, M. were constructed based on the hit and false alarm rates of Gubens, M. Maglione, L. Jungvig, E. A. Roth, S. the two indices. Examination of these curves indicated that Newberry. in general, the performance of S - X2 improved with test length and sample size. The performance of S - X2 was Heart failure (HF) is associated with substantial morbidity superior to that of Q1 - X2 under most but not all and mortality; it is a primary or secondary cause of death conditions. Results from this study imply that S - X2 may for approximately 250,000 people per year in the United be a useful tool in detecting the misfit of one item States. According to the 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical contained in an otherwise well-fitted test, lending Update (www.americanheart.org), HF was the first-listed additional support to the utility of the index for use with diagnosis for 962,000 hospitalizations in 1999, and it is the dichotomous item response theory models. Index Terms: most common diagnosis among hospital patients age 65 item response theory, S - X2, Q1 - X, model = data fit, and older. In fact, 20 percent of all hospitalizations in this item fit index. Published in Applied Psychological age group carry a primary or secondary diagnosis of HF. Measurement, v. 27, no. 4, July 2003, p. 289–298. Online Over 3 million outpatient office visits each year are related access: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID= to this illness. In 1998 alone, the estimated annual direct D7MX3DVUCR6Y8DLBP96Y. cost due to HF was $18.8 billion. A series of studies has established that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 289

LRP-200307-21 Effect of Supplemental Antioxidants In order to better inform study design decisions when Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 for the sampling patients within and across health care providers Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. P. we develop a simulation-based approach for designing G. Shekelle, Sally C Morton, M. L. Hardy. complex multi-stage samples. The approach explores the tradeoff between competing design goals such as precision The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic of estimates, coverage of the target population and cost. review of the scientific literature to identify and assess the The authors elicit a number of sensible candidate designs, evidence for the efficacy of the antioxidant supplements evaluate these designs with respect to multiple sampling vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for the goals, investigate their tradeoffs, and identify the design prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease or that is the best compromise among all goals. This modification of known risk factors for cardiovascular approach recognizes that, in the practice of sampling, disease. It was our intention to perform meta-analyses precision of the estimates is not the only important goal, where possible. The results may be used to develop a and that there are tradeoffs with coverage and cost that research agenda as well as to assist clinicians in advising should be explicitly considered. One can easily add other patients who desire to take antioxidants to modify their goals. The authors construct a sample frame with all phase risk of cardiovascular disease. Published in Evidence III clinical cancer treatment trials that are conducted by Report/Technology Assessment: no. 83 (Prepared by the cooperative oncology groups of the National Cancer Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice Institute from October 1, 1998 through December 31, Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ 1999. Simulation results for our study suggest sampling a Publication No. 03-E043. Agency for Healthcare Research different number of trials and institutions than initially and Quality, Rockville, MD. July 2003. Online access: considered. Simulations of different study designs can http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/antioxc uncover efficiency gains both in terms of improved ard/aoxcard.pdf. precision of the estimates and in terms of improved coverage of the target population. Simulations enable us to LRP-200308-12 Effect of the Supplemental Use of explore the tradeoffs between competing sampling goals Antioxidants Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10 and to quantify these efficiency gains. This is true even for for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. P. G. complex designs where the stages are not strictly nested in Shekelle, I. D. Coulter, M. L. Hardy, S. C. Morton, J. one another. Published in Health Services and Outcomes Udani, M. Spar, K. Oda, L. Jungvig, W. Tu, R. Shanman, Research Methodology, v. 4, no. 3, Sept. 2003, p. S. Newberry, L. R. Ramirez, D. Valentine. 151–167. Patients with cancer commonly try a variety of nontraditional treatments that fit the broad category known LRP-200309-23 Falls Prevention Interventions in the as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Medicare Population. P. G. Shekelle, M. Maglione, J. T. However, evidence is lacking for the effectiveness of most Chang, W. Mojica, S. C. Morton, M. J. Suttorp, E. A. CAM therapies for cancer. Among the CAM therapies Roth, S. Rhodes, S. Wu, S. Newberry, L. Z. Rubenstein, P. publicized by the popular press for cancer treatment are Lapin. several dietary antioxidants: vitamin C, vitamin E, and Falls are a significant health problem for older adults. In coenzyme Q10. The purpose of our study was to conduct a the community, one in three people age 65 and older, and systematic review of the scientific literature to identify and 50% of those 80 and older fall each year. Falls can have assess the evidence for the efficacy of these three devastating outcomes, including decreased mobility, antioxidants for the prevention and treatment of cancer. function, and independence, and in some cases, death. Published in Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Health care for fall-related injuries is expensive. One no. 75 (Prepared by the Southern California/RAND estimate suggests that direct medical costs for fall-related Evidence-Based Practice Center under contract No. injuries was $20.2 billion in 1994 and will rise to $32.4 290–97-0001). AHRQ Publication No. 03-E047. Agency billion by 2020. Another suggests these costs will reach for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. $240 billion by 2040. The growth in the senior population, August 2003. Online access: http://www.ahrq.gov/ the desire to remain independent, and the rising costs of downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/antioxcan/antioxcan.pdf. health care and long-term care make finding ways to prevent and reduce falls of paramount importance in LRP-200309-22 Sampling Patients Within and promoting healthy aging. In this report, RAND Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested systematically reviews the evidence on interventions to Samples in Health Services Research. J. L. Adams, M. prevent and reduce falls. These strategies include Schonlau, J. J. Escarce, M. Kilgore, M. Schoenbaum, D. P. multifactorial falls risk assessment and management, Goldman. exercise, environmental modifications, and education. This report addresses which of these interventions appear 290 to be the most effective, the cost effectiveness of falls interventions (e.g., information, support and referrals) to prevention interventions, and issues regarding how best to be effective. The HRA questionnaire alone or with one- deliver these strategies. Published in Evidence time feedback in not an effective health promotion Report/Evidence-Based Recommendations /edited by strategy. The report recommends a Medicare Sydne Newberry (Baltimore, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health demonstration be conducted to test the effectiveness and and Human Services; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid cost effectiveness of administering the HRA questionnaire Services, Sept. 2003). Online access: http://www.cms. with tailored feedback and regular follow-up in improving hhs.gov/healthyaging/FallsPI.asp. or maintaining senior health. Published in Evidence Report/Evidence-Based Recommendations /edited by LRP-200309-24 Chronic Disease Self-Management Sydne Newberry (Baltimore, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Post-Myocardial Infarction and Human Services; Health Care Financing Care, and Hypertension. P. G. Shekelle, M. Maglione, J. Administration, Sept. 2003). Online access: Chodosh, W. Mojica, S. C. Morton, M. J. Suttorp, E. A. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/healthyaging/2c1.pdf. Roth, L. Jungvig, S. Rhodes, E. McKinnon, S. Wu, L. Z. Rubenstein, P. Lapin. LRP-200309-26 Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation in the Medicare Population. P. G. Shekelle, E. In order to avoid the premature loss of potentially relevant G. Stone, M. Maglione, K. Boyle, V. Hoffman, K. Klein, studies, the staff broadly defined "chronic disease self- W. Mojica, G. Vaughn, S. C. Morton, E. A. Roth, B. management" as systematic intervention that is targeted Chao, S. Rhodes, S. Wu, G. Joyce, M. Fiore, L. Z. towards patients with chronic disease to help them to Rubenstein. actively participate in either or both of the following activities: self-monitoring (of symptoms or of physiologic This evidence report is a systematic review examining the processes) or decision-making (managing the disease or its scientific literature to identify what interventions are most impact based on self-monitoring). All interventions effective for encouraging older smokers to quit. This included in this study attempt to modify patient behavior review was conducted in coordination with the panel to reach specific goals of chronic disease self- convened by the Agency for Healthcare Research and management. They attempted to understand the Quality to revise the smoking cessation clinical guideline. characteristics particular to chronic disease self- The key findings from this report are that individual, management programs that may be most responsible for telephone, and group counseling, and pharmacotherapy are their effectiveness. Published in Evidence all effective in promoting smoking cessation. Published in Report/Evidence-Based Recommendations (Baltimore, Evidence Report/Evidence-Based Recommendations MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; Centers (Baltimore, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Sept. 2003). Services; Health Care Financing Administration, Sept. 2003). Online access: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ LRP-200309-25 Health Risk Appraisals and healthyaging/2b1.pdf. Medicare. P. G. Shekelle, J. S. Tucker, M. Maglione, S. C. Morton, E. A. Roth, B. Chao, S. Rhodes, S. Wu, S. LRP-200310-08 Determinants of Increases in Newberry, J. Gruman, L. Z. Rubenstein, P. Lapin. Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, M. B. Buntin, M. Laugesen, D. P. This report evaluates the potential effectiveness of Health Goldman, H. Kan, J. J. Escarce, E. McKinnon, S. Rhodes. Risk Appraisals (HRA) and programs using HRAs as a health promotion tool, and provides evidence-based The tasks the authors undertook in response to the recommendations regarding the use of HRAs in health Congressional mandate were the following: Describe the promotion programs for older adults. Health risk processes used to update payment rates for Medicare appraisals are a systematic approach to collecting physicians' services Analyze national trends in information from individuals that identifies risk factors, expenditures for physicians' services. Disaggregate the provides individualized feedback, and links the person changes in Medicare expenditures for physicians' services with at least one intervention to promote health, sustain into the components specified in the legislation, to the function, and/or prevent disease. The key findings from extent possible. Published in Technical Review 7 this report are that effective HRA programs have (Prepared by Southern California-RAND Evidence-Based demonstrated beneficial effects on behavior (particularly Practice Center, under Contract No 290–97-0001). AHRQ exercise), physiological variables (particularly diastolic Publication No. 04-0008. Rockville, MD: Agency for blood pressure and weight), and general health status. Healthcare Research and Quality. October 2003. Online Interventions that combine HRA feedback with the access: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/ provision of health promotion programs are the physserv/physserv.pdf. interventions most likely to show beneficial effects. HRA questionnaires must be coupled with follow-up 291

LRP-200312-25 Multiple Edit/Multiple Imputation LRP-200400-11 Refining the Categorization of for Multivariate Continuous Data. B. Ghosh-Dastidar, J. Physical Functional Status: The Added Value of L. Schafer. Combining Self-Reported and Performance-Based Measures. D. B. Reuben, T. E. Seeman, E. B. Keeler, R. Multiple imputation replaces an incomplete dataset with m P. Hayes, L. Bowman, A. Sewall, S. H. Hirsch, R. B. > 1 simulated complete versions that are analyzed Wallace, J. M. Guralnik. separately by standard methods. We present a natural extension of multiple imputation for handling the dual BACKGROUND: When considered individually, self- problems of nonresponse and response error. This reported functional status and performance-based extension, which we call multiple edit/multiple imputation functional status predict functional status decline and (MEMI), replaces an observed dataset containing missing mortality. However, what additional prognostic values and errors with m > 1 simulated versions of the information is gained by combining these approaches ideal dataset that is complete and error-free. These ideal remains unknown. METHODS: The authors used three data sets are analyzed separately, and the results are waves of three sites (5138 participants) of the Established combined using the same rules as for multiple imputation. Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly to The resulting inferences simultaneously reflect uncertainty determine the prognostic value of individual and combined due to nonresponse and response error. MEMI may be an approaches. Baseline self-reported (mobility and activities attractive alternative to deterministic or quasi-statistical of daily living ADL items) and performance-based edit and imputation procedures used by many data- (Physical Performance Score) functional status collecting agencies. Producing MEMI's requires information was classified into three and four hierarchical assumptions about the distribution of the ideal data, the categories, respectively. RESULTS: Based on self- nature of nonresponse, and a model for the response error reported information alone, at 1 year, 73% participants had mechanism. However, fitting such a model does not not changed, 15% declined, 6% improved, and 6% died. necessarily require data from a follow-up study. In this At 4 years, 53% had not changed, 24% declined, 2% article we develop and implement MEMI for preliminary improved, and 22% died. Based on performance-based data from the Third National Health and Nutrition assessment alone, at 4 years, 33% of the sample remained Examination Survey, Phase I (1988–1991). Raw body stable, 37% declined, 6% improved, and 24% died. In the measurements for 1,345 children age 2-3 years are top two self-reported categories, functioning on the imputed under a Bayesian model for intermittent or performance-based assessment varied widely. Among semicontinuous errors. The resulting population estimates those who were independent in all self-reported are found to be quite insensitive to prior assumptions functioning, approximately 40% scored in each of the top about the rates and magnitude of errors. Published in two performance-based categories. Among persons in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, v. 98, no. top two self-reported categories, poorer performance was 464, Dec. 2003, p. 807-817. associated with progressively higher 1-year and 4-year mortality rates. Among persons with impaired mobility LRP-200312-26 Evaluating Disease Management and at least 1 ADL dependency, the mortality rate was Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Time-Series high and was not influenced by performance-based score. Analysis. A. Linden, J. L. Adams, N. Roberts. CONCLUSIONS: Combining self-reported and performance-based measurements can refine prognostic Currently, the most widely used method in the disease information, particularly among older persons with high management (DM) industry for evaluating program self-reported functioning. However, if ADL dependency is effectiveness is referred to as the "total population present, performance-based measures do not add approach." This model is a pretest-posttest design, with the prognostic value regarding mortality. Published in Journal most basic limitation being that without a control group, of Gerontology, v. 59, no. 10, Series A, 2004, p. there may be sources of bias and/or competing extraneous 1056–1061. confounding factors that offer a plausible rationale explaining the change from baseline. Furthermore, with LRP-200400-12 Identifying Likely Duplicates by the current inclination of DM programs to use financial Record Linkage in a Survey of Prostitutes. T. R. Belin, H. indicators rather than program-specific utilization Ishwaran, N. Duan, S. H. Berry, D. E. Kanouse. indicators as the principal measure of program success, additional biases are introduced that may cloud evaluation Published in Applied Bayesian Modeling and Causal results. This paper presents a non-technical introduction to Inference from Incomplete-Data Perspectives: An time-series analysis (using disease-specific utilization Essential Journey with Donald Rubin's Statistical Family measures) as an alternative, and more appropriate, /edited by Andres Gleman, Xiao-Li Meng (Chichester, approach to evaluating DM program effectiveness than the John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004) p. 319–339. current total population approach Published in Disease Management, v. 6, no. 4, Dec. 2003, p. 243–255. 292

LRP-200400-13 Demand-Side Management and http://www.inderscience.com/storage/f122811510149367. Energy Efficiency in the United States. D. S. Loughran, J. pdf. Kulick. LRP-200400-17 An Adoption Study of a Clinical Between 1989 and 1999, U.S. electric utilities spent $14.7 Reminder System in Ambulatory Care Using a billion on demand-side management (DSM) programs Developmental Trajectory Approach. K. Zheng, R. aimed at encouraging their customers to make investments Padman, M. P. Johnson, J. Engberg, H. H. Diamond. in energy efficiency. This study relies on panel data on 324 utilities spanning 11 years to estimate the effect of In this study, the authors assess 41 medical residents' DSM expenditures on retail electricity sales. Our estimates acceptance and adoption of a clinical reminder system for imply that DSM had a much smaller effect on retail chronic disease and preventive care management in the electricity sales than do estimates reported by utilities ambulatory care environment using a novel developmental themselves over the same study period. Published in The trajectory approach. This group-based, semi-parametric Energy Journal, v. 25, no. 1, 2004, p. 19–43. statistical modeling method identifies distinct groups, following distinct usage trajectories, among those who LRP-200400-14 Health Insurance, Obesity and Its recorded use of the reminder system within an evaluation Economic Costs. J. Bhattacharya, N. Sood. period of 10 months. The authors trace system use within these groups over time using computer-generated logs and Published in Economics of Obesity, 2004, p. 21–24. user satisfaction surveys. Our preliminary analysis of this small sample of users delineates three categories of users. LRP-200400-15 Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen Im Feedback from these categories of users is being used to Jahr 2012, Eigenverantwortung Im Lichte Eines "Seminar re-engineer the application and adapt it better to their Game" (Seminarspiels)= German Health Care in 2012, workflow and functionality requirements. Despite the Individual Responsibility in Light of a Seminar Game. S. small sample size in this particular study, they conclude Tönshoff, L. Klautzer, S. Anton, J. P. Kahan. that this methodology has considerable promise to provide Published in Brinkmann, H. (ed.), Eigenverantwortung new insights into system usability and adoption issues that [Individual Responsibility] (Gütersloh, Germany: Verlag may benefit clinical decision support systems as well as Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2004), pp. 89–138. in-formation systems more generally. Published in Medinfo 2004: Proceedings of the Eleventh World LRP-200400-16 Critical Infrastructures Will Remain Congress on Medical Informatics, p. 1115–1119. Vulnerable: Neighbourhoods Must Fend for Themselves. E. Balkovich, R. H. Anderson. LRP-200400-18 Emerging Policy for Vocational Learning in England: Will It Lead to a Better System? C. Critical infrastructures in the US will remain vulnerable to Stasz, S. Wright. a variety of attacks, both physical and cyber, into the foreseeable future. This paper explores strategies for This report analyses recent policy initiatives in England making those infrastructures more resilient in the face of relating to vocational learning, and compares them with such attacks (or natural disasters). The authors focus on policies in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It three key infrastructures: provision of electric power, describes key policies with respect to problems that have telecommunications (both voice and data), and been identified, or might be anticipated, as these initiatives information systems, with greater attention on power and are implemented, and provides some tentative ideas about telecoms. They explore the idea that ''neighbourhoods future scenarios for a vocational learning system. The must fend for themselves'' with a deliberate policy of report should be of interest to policy-makers, teachers, diversification and decentralisation of power and employers and others who are engaged in the vocational telecommunications, based on the principles: 1) locate learning system. Title from title screen (viewed on June 2, backup power in individual buildings, or at telecom 2005). Online access: http://www.lsda.org.uk/files/PDF/ Central Offices (COs) or Points of Presence (POPs), 2) 1657.pdf. provide a secondary, heterogeneous source of telecommunications access for the ''neighbourhood'', and LRP-200400-19 Outcomes and Processes in 3) provide redundant and resilient implementation of Vocational Learning: A Review of the Literature. C. information services provided to or accessed by the Stasz, G. Hayward, S. Oh, S. Wright. neighbourhood. Subsequent analysis suggests that Current education policy is urging the development of attention be focused on redundant provision of the ''last more vocational learning opportunities for young people mile'' interconnection of individual organisations with and adults. However, our current knowledge base about backbone networks supplying power and the effectiveness of vocational learning is sparse and telecommunications. Published in Journal of Critical requires urgent development. This report critically reviews Infrastructures, v. 1, no. 1, 2004, p. 8–19. Online access: 293 a range of evidence on different vocational learning care costs. Published in Neurology, v. 62, no. 1, Jan. 13, programmes, their purposes and outcomes, and what we 2004, p. 119–121. know about the learning processes involved. The findings will be of interest to teachers and trainers, managers, LRP-200402-20 Evaluating the Planned Substitution inspectors and policy-makers. Title from title screen of the Minimum Data Set-Post Acute Care for Use in the (viewed on June 2, 2005). Online access: http://www. Rehabilitation Hospital Prospective Payment System. J. lsda.org.uk/files/PDF/1689.pdf. Buchanan, P. Andres, S. M. Haley, S. M. Paddock, A. Zaslavsky. LRP-200400-20 Improving Inferences About Student OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate Achievement. L. S. Hamilton. the payment implications of substituting the Minimum Large-scale, standardized achievement tests are used for a Data Set-Post Acute Care (MDS-PAC) for the FIM trade number of research and policy purposes. This chapter mark instrument for use in the planned prospective describes one method for improving the utility of payment system (PPS) for inpatient rehabilitation information from large-scale tests. It describes a series of hospitals. FIM trade mark is a trademark of the Uniform studies that examined the National Education Longitudinal Data System for Medical Rehabilitation, a division of UB Study of 1988 (NELS:88) mathematics and science tests Foundation Activites, Inc. RESEARCH DESIGN: The and attempted to identify subscores that could be useful authors used a prospective cross-sectional design using for understanding correlates of student achievement and consecutive sampling. SUBJECTS: The authors studied all patterns of group differences in achievement. Subscores Medicare admissions with stays of 3 days or more over a for the math and science tests were identified through full 2-month period to 50 inpatient rehabilitation hospitals in information factor analyses and validated through 22 states. MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS: Each interviews with a small sample of high school students. participating institution completed both the FIM and the Investigations of relationships among performance on the MDS-PAC assessments on all participants. Items from the subscores, student characteristics, and educational MDS-PAC were combined and translated to create "FIM- experiences revealed ways in which inferences about like" items. The authors assessed agreement of influences on achievement may vary as a function of the classification into prospective payment cells using FIM achievement measure used in the analysis. The chapter assessment data and also using MDS-PAC data. Statistical concludes with some recommendations for practitioners adjustments were applied to improve the level of and policymakers who use data from standardized agreement. RESULTS: The mean differences between the achievement tests. Published in Advancing Educational FIM motor and cognitive scales and their MDS-PAC Productivity: Policy Implications from National translations were 2.4 (mean = 45) and 0.0 (mean = 28), Databases /edited by Susan J. Paik (Greenwich, CT: respectively, with scale correlations of.85 and.84. Information Age Publishing, 2004) p. 175–201. Weighted kappas on individual items ranged from.32 to.64. There were substantial hospital-specific differences LRP-200400-21 Mental Health and Employment in scoring. Payment cell classification using FIM data Transitions. C. R. Gresenz, R. Sturm. agreed with that using MDS-PAC data only 56% of the time. Twenty percent of the facilities experienced revenue Published in The Economics of Gender and Mental Illness, shifts larger than 10%. CONCLUSION: Despite better v. 15, 2004, p. 95–108. item-level agreement than previously observed, poor payment cell agreement and substantial revenue shifts LRP-200401-17 Do Malpractice Concerns, Payment indicated that the MDS-PAC should not be substituted for Mechanisms, and Attitudes Influence Test-Ordering the FIM trade mark instrument in the rehabilitation Decisions? G. L. Birbeck, D. R. Gifford, J. Song, T. R. hospital PPS. Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. 2, Feb. Belin, B. S. Mittman, B. G. Vickrey. 2004, p. 155–163. Greater understanding is needed of nonclinical factors that determine neurologists' decisions to order tests. The LRP-200403-19 Terrorism Insurance Policy and the authors surveyed 595 US neurologists and utilized Public Good. D. Lakdawalla, G. Zanjani. demographic information, attitude scales, and clinical Published in St. John's Journal of Legal Commentary, v. scenarios to evaluate the influence of nonclinical factors 18, no. 2, Spring 2004, p. 463–469. on test-ordering decisions. Greater test reliance, higher malpractice concerns, and receiving reimbursement for LRP-200403-20 A New Approach to Developing testing were all associated with a higher likelihood of test Cross-Cultural Communication. J. Rosen, E. S. Spatz, M. ordering. These findings have implications for training J. Gaaserud, H. Abramovitch, B. Weinreb, N. S. Wenger, needs and suggest malpractice worries may inflate health C. Z. Margolis. 294

The need for cross-cultural training (CCT) increases as LRP-200403-22 Public Involvement in Community physicians encounter more culturally diverse patients. Health Improvement. M. A. Stoto. However, most medical schools relegate this topic to non- Published in NCI Cross-Disciplinary Public Involvement clinical years, hindering skills development. Some Report (Portland, Oregon: National Charrette Institute, residency programs have successfully addressed this 2004) p. 33–37. deficit by teaching cross-cultural communication skills in a teaching objective structured clinical examination LRP-200403-23 Meta-Regression Approaches: (tOSCE) context. The authors developed and evaluated a What, Why, When, and How? S. C. Morton, J. L. Adams, CCT workshop designed to teach cross-cultural M. J. Suttorp, R. Shanman, D. Valentine, S. Rhodes, P. G. communication skills to third-year medical students using Shekelle. a tOSCE approach. A 1 and 1/2-day workshop incorporating didactic, group discussion and tOSCE OBJECTIVE: The broad objective of this report is to components taught medical students cross-cultural compare and contrast via simulation five meta-regression awareness, interviewing skills, working with an approaches that model the heterogeneity among study interpreter, attention to complementary treatments, and treatment effects: fixed effects with and without consideration of culture in treatment and prevention. Six covariates; random effects with and without covariates; standardized patient cases introduced various clinical and control rate meta-regression. METHODOLOGY: The scenarios and the practical and ethical aspects of cross- authors conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE(r), cultural care. Student evaluation of the workshop was HealthSTAR, EMBASE, MANTIS, SciSearch(r), Social positive concerning educational value, skills advancement SciSearch(r), Allied and Complementary Medicine, the and pertinence to their clinical activities. Survey of Current Index to Statistics, and the Methodology Register students before and after the workshop demonstrated of the Cochrane Library from the inception of each improvement in students' abilities to assess the culture and database through March 2001 using the search terms health beliefs of patients and negotiate issues regarding "metaregress-" or "meta" within two words of "regress-." treatment. CCT in the context of medical student clinical They supplemented these searches with articles identified training can be carried out effectively and efficiently using by experts, and by searching the reference lists of all a dedicated multi-modal workshop including standardized relevant articles found. The authors constructed a patients. Published in Medical Teacher, v. 26, no. 2, Mar. statistical notation generally applicable to different meta- 2004, p. 126–132. regression methods. The authors convened a one-day panel of nine experts, and elicited their recommendations LRP-200403-21 Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts. for the practice of meta-regression and implementation of S. A. Seabury, N. M. Pace, R. T. Reville. our simulation study. The authors implemented a large- scale simulation to compare and contrast the five meta- Debate over civil justice reform in the United States regression techniques. MAIN RESULTS: The authors frequently centers on the extent to which damage awards identified and categorized 85 publications on meta- granted by juries have been escalating over time. regression. They presented scenarios for which meta- However, past studies on civil juries have been hampered regression might be informative, and expressed the most by lack of data on verdicts spanning a sufficiently long common meta-regression models in a common notation. period. Average jury awards tend to be highly variable Our expert panel made several recommendations from year to year, making it difficult to distinguish trends regarding the simulation parameters. The panel also over relatively short periods of time. The authors use the identified the need for outreach by the methodological longest time series of data on jury verdicts ever assembled: community to the user community in advising how to 40 years of data on tort cases in San Francisco County, CA conduct, interpret, and present meta-regression analyses, and Cook County, IL collected by the RAND Institute for including the development of software and diagnostic aids Civil Justice. The authors find that while there has been a to assess models. The simulation was a complete factorial substantial increase in the average award amount in real design including all possible 7,776 combinations of the dollars, much is this trend is explained by changes in the simulation parameters. The results were evaluated using mix of cases, particularly a decreasing fraction of an analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) model relating the automobile cases and an increase in medical malpractice. simulation parameters to the bias in the estimation of the Claimed economic losses, in particular claimed medical additive treatment effect. Across the five different meta- losses, also explain a great deal of the increase. Although regression methods, six terms in a three-way ANOVA there appears to be some unexplained growth in awards for model were found to be practically important as they certain types of cases, this growth is cancelled out on captured contributions to the bias of 10% or greater on average by declines in awards in other types of cases. average. CONCLUSIONS: Our simulation results Published in Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, v. 1, no. produced specific guidelines for meta-regression 1, Mar. 2004, p. 1–25. practitioners that may be summarized in the key message 295 that the causes of heterogeneity should be explored via the Recent breakthroughs in the treatment of HIV have inclusion of covariates at both the person level and study coincided with an increase in infection rates and an level. Based on our comparison of bias across approaches, eventual slowing of reductions in HIV mortality. These either fixed effects or random effects methods can be used trends may be causally related, if treatment improves the to support this exploration. In terms of future simulation health and functional status of HIV+ individuals and research, the authors need to increase the variability in allows them to engage in more sexual risk-taking. The sample sizes, explore correlations between study outcome authors examine this hypothesis empirically using access rates and covariates at both the study and person level, and to health insurance as an instrument for treatment status. evaluate within-study variation for person-level The authors find that treatment results in more sexual risk- covariate(s). They now have in place a simulation taking by HIV+ adults, and possibly more of other risky methodology, a common notation, and a supportive panel behaviors like drug abuse. This relationship implies that of national experts to enable and guide our continued work breakthroughs in treating an incurable disease like HIV in this area. The research presented in this report has can increase precautionary behavior by the uninfected and already impacted the application of meta-regression in thus reduce welfare. They also show that, in the presence several alternative medicine settings, and improved our of this effect, treatment and prevention are social ability to synthesize and understand these therapies. complements for incurable diseases, even though they are Published in Technical Review: no. 8 (Prepared by the substitutes for curable ones. Finally, there is less under- Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice provision of treatment for an incurable disease than a Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ curable one, because of the negative externalities Publication No. 04-0033. Agency for Healthcare Research associated with treating an incurable disease. Published in and Quality, Rockville, MD. March 2004. Online access: NBER Working Papers (Cambridge, MA: National http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/metare Bureau of Economic Research, May 2004), p. 1–31. g/metareg.pdf. Online access: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10516.pdf.

LRP-200403-24 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on LRP-200405-31 Use of Claims Data to Examine the Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Impact of Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Readmission Rate. R. Figueroa, J. Harman, J. Engberg. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the impact of length of Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis. C. H. MacLean, W. stay for inpatient treatment of psychiatric disorders on Mojica, S. C. Morton, J. N. Pencharz, R. H. Garland, W. readmission rates. METHODS: Hospitalization data were Tu, S. Newberry, L. Jungvig, J. Grossman, P. Khanna, S. obtained from the MarketScan data set collected by Rhodes, P. G. Shekelle. Medstat. The instrumental variable method, an The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of econometric technique, was used to estimate the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on 1) total cholesterol, LDL length of stay on the rate of readmission for 5,735 persons cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin who had at least one discharge with a primary diagnosis of resistance in type-II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, a psychiatric disorder during 1997 and 1998. RESULTS: 2) clinical score, sigmoidoscopic score, histologic score Decreasing length of stay below ten days led to an and requirement for immunosuppressive therapy in IBD, increase in the readmission rate during the 30 days after 3) pain, swollen and tender joint counts, acute phase discharge. Decreasing the length of stay from seven to six reactants, patient global assessment, and requirement for days increased the expected readmission rate from.04 anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapy in to.047 (17.5 percent), whereas decreasing length of stay rheumatoid arthritis, 4) renal function, progression to end- from four to three days increased the readmission rate stage renal disease, hemodialysis graft patency, mortality, from.09 to.136 (51.1 percent). CONCLUSION: and requirement for immunosuppressive therapy in renal Decreasing length of stay for inpatient psychiatric disease, 5) disease activity, damage, patient's perception of treatment increased the readmission rate. The use of disease activity, and requirement for immunosuppressive instrumental variables could help better estimate the value therapy in SLE, and 6) bone mineral density and fracture of mental health services when using observational data. rates. Title from title screen (viewed on October 7, 2005). Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 5, May 2004, Online access: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/ p. 560–565. evidence/pdf/o3lipid/o3lipid.pdf. LRP-200405-32 Profiling Quality of Care: Is There a LRP-200405-30 HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Role for Peer Review? T. P. Hofer, S. M. Asch, R. A. Sexual Behavior. D. P. Goldman, D. Lakdawalla, N. Hayward, L. V. Rubenstein, M. M. Hogan, J. L. Adams, E. Sood. A. Kerr. 296

BACKGROUND: The authors sought to develop a more knowledge about dating violence in urban Latino youth (N reliable structured implicit chart review instrument for use = 678). All participants completed self-administered in assessing the quality of care for chronic disease and to surveys at school. Relative to girls, boys held more examine if ratings are more reliable for conditions in problematic (proviolence) attitudes about dating violence which the evidence base for practice is more developed. and reported less knowledge about dating violence and its METHODS: The authors conducted a reliability study in a consequences. Teens who were more traditional (less cohort with patient records including both outpatient and acculturated), those who endorsed gender stereotypes, and inpatient care as the objects of measurement. The authors those who reported recent fearful dating experiences developed a structured implicit review instrument to assess tended to report less knowledge about abuse and lower the quality of care over one year of treatment. 12 endorsement of nonviolent attitudes. Multivariate analyses reviewers conducted a total of 496 reviews of 70 patient revealed that all four personal variables predicted dating records selected from 26 VA clinical sites in two regions violence knowledge. By contrast, attitudes were predicted of the country. Each patient had between one and four by endorsement of gender stereotypes only, or gender conditions specified as having a highly developed stereotypes and gender. Implications for dating violence evidence base (diabetes and hypertension) or a less interventions and future directions for research are developed evidence base (chronic obstructive pulmonary explored. Published in Violence and Victims, v. 19, no. 3, disease or a collection of acute conditions). Multilevel June 2004, p. 273–287. analysis that accounts for the nested and cross-classified structure of the data was used to estimate the signal and LRP-200406-23 Child Maltreatment, Abortion noise components of the measurement of quality and the Availability, and Economic Conditions. M. Bitler, M. reliability of implicit review. RESULTS: For COPD and a Zavodny. collection of acute conditions the reliability of a single Child maltreatment is a substantial problem in the U.S. yet physician review was quite low (intra-class correlation = has received relatively little attention form economists. 0.16–0.26) but comparable to most previously published This article examines the relationship between abortion estimates for the use of this method in inpatient settings. availability and economic factors at the time children were However, for diabetes and hypertension the reliability is conceived and subsequent measures of child maltreatment significantly higher at 0.46. The higher reliability is a in the U.S. as well as the influence of contemporaneous result of the reviewers collectively being able to economic conditions. Our measures of child maltreatment distinguish more differences in the quality of care between are state-level rates of child abuse and neglect reports, the patients (p < 0.007) and not due to less random noise or fraction of children receiving social services, and child individual reviewer bias in the measurement. For these deaths and murders. The results indicate that legalized conditions the level of true quality (i.e. the rating of abortion for each successive cohort led to a decline in total quality of care that would result from the full population reported incidents of child abuse and neglect of about 10 of physician reviewers reviewing a record) varied from percent and a negative effect on the fraction of children poor to good across patients. CONCLUSIONS: For receiving social services. Child deaths and murders are not conditions with a well-developed quality of care evidence related to abortion legalization. Medicaid funding base, such as hypertension and diabetes, a single restrictions are associated with increase in substantiated structured implicit review to assess the quality of care over reports of abuse and an increase in murders by relatives or a period of time is moderately reliable. This method could parents; other post-legalization restrictions are not be a reasonable complement or alternative to explicit consistently associated with the various measures of child indicator approaches for assessing and comparing quality maltreatment. The effects of welfare benefits, average of care. Structured implicit review, like explicit quality income, and unemployment rates are mixed. Published in measures, must be used more cautiously for illnesses for Review of Economics of the Household, v. 2, no. 2, June which the evidence base is less well developed, such as 2004, p. 119–141. COPD and acute, short-course illnesses. Published in BMC Health Services Research, v. 4, no.9, May 19, 2004, p. LRP-200406-24 Using an Empirical Method for 1–12. Establishing Clinical Outcome Targets in Disease Management Programs. A. Linden, J. L. Adams, N. LRP-200406-22 Acculturation, Gender Stereotypes, Roberts. and Attitudes About Dating Violence Among Latino Youth. E. C. Ulloa, L. Jaycox, G. N. Marshall, R. L. The disease management (DM) industry is being Collins. scrutinized now more than ever before, with programs being asked to demonstrate improvement in clinical This study examined the relationship between personal quality in addition to the expected reduction in medical characteristics (gender, acculturation, belief in gender costs. In healthcare, clinical improvement targets are often stereotypes, recent dating experiences), and attitudes and set at levels considered to be clinically meaningful. This 297 difference may or may not be statistically significant. The accompanied by significant improvements in several term "effect size" refers to the smallest difference that comorbidities. Bariatric surgical procedures in current use could be detected statistically. This paper proposes a have been performed with an overall postoperative simple empirical method for determining the minimum mortality rate of less than 1 percent. CONCLUSIONS: expected improvement level for DM clinical outcome Sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, diethylpropion measures in which two proportions are being compared. (probably), bupropion, fluoxetine, and topiramate all This method is useful in situations where the outcome promote weight loss. Sibutramine and orlistat are the two measure does not lend itself to be determined by the most-studied drugs. All of these drugs have side effects. subjective judgment of medical expertise. Graphical Surgical treatment is more effective than nonsurgical displays are provided for the reader to use to help treatment but associated with a substantial number of determine appropriate effect sizes for studies in lieu of, or complications and adverse events, although most of these in addition to, the statistical calculations. Published in are minor. There is no data regarding either Disease Management, v. 7, no. 2, summer 2004, p. pharmaceutical or surgical treatment of adolescent and 93–101. pediatric patients Published in Evidence report/technology assessment no. 103 (Prepared by Southern LRP-200407-05 Pharmacological and Surgical California/RAND Evidence-Based Practice Center, under Treatment of Obesity. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, M. Contract No. 290–02- 0003). AHRQ Publication No. 04- Maglione, M. J. Suttorp, W. Tu, Z. Li, M. A. Maggard, W. E028-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research Mojica, L. R. Shugarman, V. Solomon, L. Jungvig, S. and Quality. July 2004. Online access: http://www. Newberry, D. Mead, S. Rhodes. ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/obespharm/obespha rm.pdf. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of the weight loss medications sibutramine, orlistat, fluoxetine, LRP-200407-17 An Analysis of Speaking Fluency of phentermine, and diethylpropion; to assess the evidence Immigrants Using Ordered Response Models with for other medications that have been used for weight loss; Classification Errors. C. Dustmann. and to assess the efficacy and safety of various types of bariatric surgery. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE(r) and The authors develop parametric models that incorporate EMBASE. The authors also contacted experts in the field. misclassification error in an ordered response model and REVIEW METHODS: They screened 1,063 articles. The compare them with a semiparametric model that nests the authors reviewed 78 medication studies that reported on parametric models. They apply these estimators to the sertraline (1 article), zonisamide (1 article), orlistat (49), analysis of English-speaking fluency of immigrants in the bupropion (5), topirmate (9), and fluoxetine (13). Meta- United Kingdom, focusing on Lazear's theory that due to analysis was performed for all medications except learning or self-selection, there is a negative relation sertraline and zonisamide. The authors reviewed 147 between speaking fluency and the ethnic minority surgery studies, of which, 89 contributed to weight loss concentration in the region. Specification tests show that analysis, 134 to mortality analysis, and 128 to the model allowing for misclassification errors complications analysis. The authors abstracted information outperforms ordered probit. All models lead to similar about study design, intervention, co-interventions (diet, qualitative conclusions, but there is substantial variation in exercise), population, and outcomes. They abstracted the size of the marginal effects Published in Journal of weight loss, control of comorbidities, and adverse events. Business & Economic Statistics, v. 22, no. 3, July 2004, p. RESULTS: Sibutramine treatment resulted in a weight 312–321. loss (compared to placebo) of 3.43 kg at 6 months, and 4.45 kg at 12 months, and orlistat resulted in a mean LRP-200407-18 Exploring the Business Case for weight loss of 2.51 kg at 6 months, and 2.75 kg at 12 Improving the Quality of Health Care for Children. C. months. Subjects treated with phentermine lost on average Homer, D. Iles, D. Dougherty, F. C. Gesten, P. Kurtin, S. 3.6 additional kg of weight at 6 months, while subjects Leatherman, J. M. Perrin, M. Schoenbaum, S. C. treated with diethylpropion lost on average 3.0 additional Schoenbaum, L. Simpson. kg of weight. Fluoxetine studies showed a mean weight A recent examination of the business case for improving loss of 4.74 kg at 6 months and 3.05 kg at 12 months. quality in health care found few financial incentives (and Bupropion studies showed a pooled result of weight loss sizable barriers) for health care organizations interested in of 2.8 kg at 6 to 12 months, and topiramate studies showed investing in quality improvement. That analysis did not a pooled result of an additional 6.5 percent of pretreatment consider the special case of children's health care. To weight lost at 6 months. Surgery results in greater weight address this gap, an expert panel delineated aspects of loss than does medical treatment in obese individuals with children's health care - such as the need for care, patterns a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater. Surgery resulted in a 20 to of use, and how care is organized and financed - that differ 30 kg weight loss, maintained up to 8 years and from adult care. It then identified barriers and solutions 298 specific to children's health care, to ensure that children's The authors examine the effect of mergers on firms’ costs, unique needs are not lost in the debate. Published in using a national data set that contains information on both Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 4, July/Aug. 2004, p. 1–6. pre- and post-merger costs for firms in the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) industry. By utilizing LRP-200407-19 Proposed Methods for Reviewing data on all HMOs that operated in the United States from the Outcomes of Health Research: The Impact of Funding 1985 to 1997, we observe enough mergers to obtain by the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign'. S. Hanney, J. estimates of both short-run and relatively permanent Grant, S. Wooding, M. Buxton. merger effects. On average, the authors do not find evidence that mergers allowed HMOs to realize greater BACKGROUND: External and internal factors are economies of scale or that mergers improved efficiency by increasingly encouraging research funding bodies to shifting the cost function. On the other hand, mergers demonstrate the outcomes of their research. Traditional between HMOs that produce Medicare and other products methods of assessing research are still important, but can are likely to create dis-economies of scope that increase be merged into broader multi-dimensional categorisations costs. Published in Quarterly Review of Economics and of research benefits. The onus has hitherto been on public Finance, v. 44, no. 4, Sept. 2004, p. 574–600. sector funding bodies, but in the UK the role of medical charities in funding research is particularly important and LRP-200409-32 Disability Forecasts and Future the Arthritis Research Campaign, the leading medical Medicare Costs. J. Bhattacharya, D. M. Cutler, D. P. charity in its field in the UK, commissioned a study to Goldman, M. D. Hurd, G. Joyce, D. Lakdawalla, C. W. A. identify the outcomes from research that it funds. This Panis, B. Shang. article describes the methods to be used. METHODS: A case study approach will enable narratives to be told, The traditional focus of disability research has been on the illuminating how research funded in the early 1990s was elderly, with good reason. Chronic disability is much more (or was not) translated into practice. Each study will be prevalent among the elderly, and it has a more direct organised using a common structure, which, with careful impact on the demand for medical care. It is also important selection of cases, should enable cross-case analysis to to understand trends in disability among the young, illustrate the strengths of different modes and categories of however, particularly if these trends diverge from those research. Three main interdependent methods will be used: among the elderly. These trends could have serious documentary and literature review; semi-structured implications for future health care spending because more interviews; and bibliometric analysis. The evaluative disability at younger ages almost certainly translates into framework for organising the studies was previously used more disability among tomorrow's elderly, and disability is for assessing the benefits from health services research. a key predictor of health care spending. Using data from Here, it has been specifically amended for a medical the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) and the charity that funds a wide range of research and is National Health Interview Study (NHIS), we forecast that concerned to develop the careers of researchers. It was per-capita Medicare costs will decline for the next fifteen further refined in three pilot studies. The framework has to twenty years, in accordance with recent projections of two main elements. First, a multi-dimensional declining disability among the elderly. By 2020, however, categorisation of benefits going from the knowledge the trend reverses. Per-capita costs begin to rise due to produced in peer reviewed journal articles through to the growth in disability among the younger elderly. Total health and potential economic gain. The second element is costs may well remain relatively flat until 2010 and then a logic model, which, with various stages, should provide begin to rise because per-capita costs will cease to decline a way of organising the studies. The stock of knowledge is rapidly enough to off-set the influx of new elderly people. important: much research, especially basic, will feed into Overall, cost forecasts for the elderly that incorporate it and influence further research rather than directly lead to information about disability among today's younger health gains. The cross-case analysis will look for factors generations yield more pessimistic scenarios than those associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The pilots based solely on elderly data sets, and this information confirmed the applicability of the methods for a full study should be incorporated into official Medicare forecasts. which should assist the Arthritis Research Campaign to Published in NBER Frontiers in Health Policy Research demonstrate the outcomes from its funding, and provide it /edited by David M. Cutler, A. M Garber (Cambridge, with evidence to inform its own policies. Title from title MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Sept. 2004), screen (viewed on September 11, 2005). Online access: p. 75–94. http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/4 LRP-200409-33 Health Correlates of Recreational LRP-200409-31 The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Gambling in Older Adults. R. A. Desai, P. K. Costs: Evidence from the HMO Industry. J. Engberg, D. Maciejewski, D. J. Dausey, B. J. Caldarone, M. N. Wholey, R. D. Feldman, J. B. Christianson. Potenza. 299

OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have found high rates of measure. In order to maximize the potential of this alcohol use and abuse/dependence, depression, statistical method, validity of the model and research bankruptcy, and incarceration associated with recreational design must be assured. This paper reviews survival gambling. Despite growing rates of recreational gambling analysis as an alternative, and more appropriate, approach in older adults, little is known regarding its health to evaluating DM program effectiveness than the current correlates in this age group. The objective of this study total population approach. (Disease Management was to identify health and well-being correlates of past- 2004;7:180190.) Published in Disease Management, v. 7, year recreational gambling in adults age 65 years and no. 3, Sep. 2004, p. 180–190. older, compared to adults age 18–64 years. METHOD: The Gambling Impact and Behavior Study surveyed by LRP-200409-35 Distributional Impacts of the Self- telephone a nationally representative sample of 2,417 Sufficiency Project. M. Bitler, J. B. Gelbach, H. W. adults. Multivariate analyses were used to compare past- Hoynes. year recreational gamblers and nongamblers in the older A large literature has been concerned with the impacts of and younger age groups on measures of alcohol use and recent welfare reforms on income, earnings, transfers, and abuse/dependence, substance abuse/dependence, labor-force attachment. While one strand of this literature depression, mental health treatment, subjective general relies on observational studies conducted with large health, incarceration, and bankruptcy. Additional analyses survey-sample data sets, a second makes use of data compared the gambling patterns in older and younger generated by experimental evaluations of changes to adult past-year recreational gamblers. RESULTS: After means-tested programs. Much of the overall literature has the effects of sociodemographic factors were controlled, focused on mean impacts. In this paper, the authors use older adult past-year recreational gamblers were more random-assignment experimental data from Canada's Self- likely to report past-year alcohol use and better health than Sufficiency Project (SSP) to look at impacts of this unique were older nongamblers. Multivariate analyses reform on the distributions of income, earnings, and investigating interactions of gambling and age found that transfers. SSP offered members of the treatment group a higher rates of good to excellent subjective general health generous subsidy for working full time. Quantile in recreational gamblers were mainly attributable to the Treatment Effect (QTE) estimates show there was older age group. Older adult gamblers were more likely considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of SSP on than younger adult gamblers to begin gambling after age earnings, transfers, and total income across the 18 years, to gamble more frequently, and to report a larger distribution; heterogeneity that would be missed by maximum win. CONCLUSIONS: Recreational gambling looking only at average treatment effects. Moreover, these patterns of older adults differ from those of younger heterogeneous impacts are consistent with the predictions adults. In contrast to findings in younger adults, of static labor supply theory. During the period when the recreational gambling in older adults is not associated with subsidy is available, SSP impacts on earnings are zero for negative measures of health and well-being. Published in the bottom half of the earnings distribution. For much of American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 161, no. 9, Sept. 2004, the upper third of the distribution, earnings are higher p. 1672-1679. under SSP except at the very top, where earnings are the same under either program or possibly lower under SSP. LRP-200409-34 Evaluating Disease Management Further, during the SSP receipt period, the impacts on Program Effectiveness: An Introduction to Survival transfer payments (1A plus the subsidy) and total income Analysis. A. Linden, J. L. Adams, N. Roberts. (earnings plus transfers) are also quite varied. In particular Currently, the most widely used method in the disease positive impacts on transfers are concentrated at the lower management industry for evaluating program effectiveness end of the transfer distribution while positive impacts on is the "total population approach." This model is a pretest- income are concentrated in the upper end of the income posttest design, with the most basic limitation being that distribution. Impacts of SSP were essentially zero after the without a control group, there may be sources of bias subsidy was no longer available. NBER Working Paper and/or competing extraneous confounding factors that No. 11626. Available online at http://www.nber. offer plausible rationale explaining the change from org/papers/w11626. baseline. Survival analysis allows for the inclusion of data from censored cases, those subjects who either "survived" LRP-200409-36 A Measurement Model Approach to the program without experiencing the event (e.g., Estimating Community Policing Implementation. J. M. achievement of target clinical levels, hospitalization) or Wilson. left the program prematurely, due to disenrollment from Considerable resources in the form of public expenditures, the health plan or program, or were lost to follow-up. effort, and scholarship are focused on community policing, Additionally, independent variables may be included in yet little attention has been given to the measurement of its the model to help explain the variability in the outcome implementation. This study explores the utility of 300 measurement models to improve the estimation of The continuing paths of development pursued by community policing implementation utilizing the 1997 (n Bangladesh and Pakistan merit monitoring for the lessons = 462) and 1999 (n = 497) waves of the Law Enforcement they offer regarding development and conflict in South Management and Administrative Statistics survey of large, Asia and in other nations of the Muslim world. Published municipal police organizations (i.e., 100 or more full-time in Peace and Conflict, v. 7, no. 10, Oct. 2004, p. 14–15. equivalent sworn officers). Overall, the evidence suggests Online access: http://www.ipcs.org/Oct2004-Vol7No10. a second-order model is consistent with the data and is pdf. invariant across waves. Use of such models, which have many desirable properties, could assist in measuring LRP-200410-16 Social Insurance and the Design of community policing and how its implementation changes Innovation Incentives. D. Lakdawalla, N. Sood. over time, comparing implementation across specific The authors consider the insurance aspects of research police organizations at one or multiple points in time, and policy. Patents or rewards have an advantage over research delineating the role community policing has as both an subsidies when a new invention replaces an existing good exogenous (e.g., its impact on effectiveness) and at lower cost. Research subsidies have an advantage when endogenous (e.g., which factors influence implementation) inventions spawn an entirely new product. Published in phenomenon. Published in Justice Research and Policy, v. Economics Letters, v. 85, no. 1, Oct. 2004, p. 57–61. 6, no. 2, Fall 2004, p. 1–24. Online access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2004. 03.021. LRP-200409-37 Intervention That Increase the Utilization of Medicare-Funded Preventive Services for LRP-200410-17 Burden of General Medical Persons Age 65 and Older. P. G. Shekelle, E. G. Stone, Conditions Among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. A. M. Maglione, M. Hirt, W. Mojica, P. Srikanthan, T. M. Kilbourne, J. R. Cornelius, X. Han, H. A. Pincus, M. Tomizawa, S. C. Morton, B. Chao, E. A. Roth, T. Breuder, Shad, I. Salloum, J. Conigliaro, G. L. Haas. L. V. Rubenstein. OBJECTIVE: Treatment of coexisting medical The proportion of the U.S. population over age 65 has comorbidities may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes increased from 5% in 1900 to 13% in 1997. This change in among patients with bipolar disorder. The authors demographics, combined with an increase in average life determined the prevalence of general medical conditions expectancy, has highlighted the importance of preventive in a population-based sample of patients diagnosed with care services for older individuals (Rowe, 1999). For bipolar disorder in the Veterans Administration (VA). example, in 1993, the five most common causes of METHODS: They conducted a cross-sectional study of mortality among patients age 65 and over were heart patients (n = 4310) diagnosed with bipolar disorder in disease, cancer, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic fiscal year 2001 receiving care at VA facilities located obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia and within the mid-Atlantic region. General medical influenza, all of which are potentially preventable (CDC, conditions were assessed using ICD-9 codes, and we 1996). Early detection and treatment can improve the compared the prevalence of each condition in our bipolar health of patients with many of these conditions and sample with national data on the VA patient population. potentially decrease health care costs. Similarly, RESULTS: The mean age was 53 (SD = 13), 10% were appropriate immunizations can prevent several of these women, and 12% African-American. The mean age of the conditions from occurring, or render the disease less VA national patient population was higher (58 years). The severe. To help determine the best strategies for early most prevalent conditions among patients with bipolar detection and prevention of some of these conditions, the disorder included cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, 35%), Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) has endocrine (e.g. hyperlipidemia, 23%; diabetes, 17%), and commissioned this project to assess interventions designed alcohol use disorder (25%). When compared with national to improve influenza and pneumococcal immunization data, the prevalence of diabetes was higher in the bipolar rates, mammography rates, cervical smear cytology rates, cohort than in the national cohort (17.2% versus 15.6%; p and colon cancer screening rates Published in Evidence = 0.0035). Hepatitis C was more common in the bipolar Reports and Evidence-Based Recommendations /edited by group than the national cohort (5.9% versus 1.1%; p < Tamara Breuder (Baltimore, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health 0.001). Lower back pain (15.4% versus 10.6%; p < and Human Services; Health Care Financing 0.0001) and pulmonary conditions (e.g. COPD: 10.6% Administration, Sept. 2004). Online access: http://www. versus 9.4%; p = 0.005) were also more prevalent among cms.hhs.gov/healthyaging/2a1.pdf. the bipolar cohort than the VA national cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with bipolar disorder LRP-200410-15 Disarming Development. J. possess a substantial burden of general medical DaVanzo, C. A. Grammich, B. Nichiporuk, C. C. Fair. comorbidity, and this is occurring at an earlier age than in the general VA patient population, suggesting the need for 301 earlier detection and treatment for patients with bipolar In 1950, Congress created the Federal Impact Aid Program disorder. Published in Bipolar Disorders, v. 6, no. 5, Oct. to compensate local school districts for lost tax revenue or 2004, p. 368–373. increased burdens resulting from federal activities, including the placement of military bases within school LRP-200410-18 Half Standard Deviation Estimate of districts. Currently, Impact Aid provides nearly $1 billion the Minimally Important Difference in HRQOL Scores. S. per year in subsidies to approximately 1400 local school S. Farivar, H. Liu, R. D. Hays. districts that enroll over 1.2 million eligible children. This current study examines the adequacy of the funding in the In addition to statistical significance, it is important to Impact Aid program as an example of how the existing evaluate the magnitude of differences in health-related public finance literature provides the tools to help policy quality of life over time. Interest in establishing the makers make informed decisions. Published in minimal difference that is clinically important or the Contemporary Economic Policy, v. 22, no. 4, Oct. 2004, p. minimally important difference has burgeoned over the 534–543. Online access: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/ last few years. This review summarizes some of the content/oup/coneco/2004/00000022/00000004. leading approaches to estimating the minimally important difference, offers caveats on the minimally important LRP-200411-11 Self-Reported Oral Health of difference estimation based on existing literature and Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit provides recommendations for future work. The authors Plans. I. D. Coulter, J. M. Yamamoto, M. Marcus, J. R. recommend using multiple anchors to estimate the Freed, C. Der-Martirosian, N. Guzman-Becerra, L. J. minimally important difference, using only anchors that Brown, A. Guay. correspond to minimal change in health-related quality of life, reporting information about the variation around the BACKGROUND: This article examines the impact of estimates, and providing bounded estimates to reflect the different dental plan types, dental markets, premiums, out- uncertainty. Published in Expert Review of of-pocket costs and enrollee demographics on the Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, v. 4, no. 5, enrollees' perceived oral health status. METHODS: The Oct. 2004, p. 515–523. authors randomly sampled enrollees in dental benefit plans offered by eight Fortune 500 companies and interviewed LRP-200410-19 Substance Use and Vulnerability to them regarding their experiences with their plans, Sexual and Physical Aggression: A Longitudinal Study of including perceived oral health status. The sample Young Adults. S. C. Martino, R. L. Collins, P. L. consisted of 2,340 respondents, of whom 42.3 percent Ellickson. were enrolled in capitation, or CAP, plans, and 57.7 percent were enrolled in fee-for-service, or FFS, plans. Using data from 2,170 individuals who participated in RESULTS: The authors used 2 tests, analysis of variance Waves 8 (age 23) and 9 (age 29) of a multiyear panel and multinomial logistic regression. They set significance study, this study examined whether alcohol and marijuana at P < .05. Results indicate that nonwhites, CAP-plan use in young adulthood increase one’s risk for enrollees and those with higher out-of-pocket cost were experiencing subsequent sexual or physical assault less likely to rate their oral health "good," "very good" or victimization, whether victims’ own violent behavior or "excellent" compared with whites, FFS-plan enrollees and involvement in the sale of drugs explains any effects of those with lower out-of-pocket costs, respectively. substance use on victimization, and whether these CONCLUSIONS: CAP-plan enrollees rated their oral associations differ by gender. Controlling for prior health more poorly than did FFS-plan enrollees. Further victimization, the authors found that marijuana use, but studies are necessary to determine if adverse selection not alcohol use, predicted women’s and men’s subsequent occurs and if CAP plans provide inferior quality of care. sexual victimization and men’s subsequent physical Practice Implications. Practitioners' awareness of and assault victimization, and that heavy alcohol use, but not willingness to address the variety of factors that influence marijuana use, predicted women’s subsequent physical perceived oral health status may improve their patients' assault victimization. Whereas the links from marijuana perceived oral health status and satisfaction with care. use to victimization were explained by users’ own violent Published in Journal of the American Dental Association, behavior, the link from alcohol use to women’s physical v. 135, no. 11, Nov. 2004, p. 1606–1615. assault victimization was not. Published in Violence and Victims, v. 19, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 521–540. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. F. H. Galvan, R. L. Collins, D. E. LRP-200410-20 Examining Federal Impact Aid's Kanouse, M. A. Burnam, S. M. Paddock, R. L. Beckman, Reimbursement for Local School Districts. R. J. Buddin, S. R. Mitchell. B. P. Gill, R. W. Zimmer. The authors estimated the proportion of adults receiving HIV care who are involved in abusive close relationships 302 and identified factors associated with abuse perpetration groups using demographic characteristics in addition to and victimization. A nationally representative sample of geographic area, (ii) looking at an individual's relative 1,421 persons in care for HIV included 51% who reported income status rather than low income or aggregate-level having a close relationship (a spouse or a primary income inequality, and (iii) focusing specifically on relationship partner) during a 6-month period. Of those in mental-health related outcomes. METHODS: Our primary a close relationship, 26.8%reported the presence of abuse. data source is the national household survey component of Forty-eight percent of all abuse was mutual, and abuse HealthCare for Communities (HCC), funded by the Robert perpetration and victimization occurred equally often. Wood Johnson Foundation to track the effects of the Age, substance abuse, and psychiatric disorder, as well as changing health care system on individuals at risk for characteristics of relationships (e.g., both partners alcohol, drug abuse, or mental health disorders. HCC is a seropositive) predicted perpetration and/or victimization. complement to the Community Tracking Survey (CTS) After adjusting for these factors, females were not found and reinterviews participants of the main study. To to differ from gay men in their likelihood of being construct relative deprivation measures, the authors used perpetrators of abuse or victims. However, African data from the 5% Public Use Micro Data Sample of the Americans were more likely than Whites to be involved in 2000 Census. Our measure of relative deprivation is an abusive relationship. Interventions for people with HIV defined using Yitzhaki's index, a term that measures the must address the presence of abuse in close relationships, expected income difference between an individual and regardless of gender or sexual orientation, but may benefit others in his or her reference group that are more affluent. from targeting people of color. Published in AIDS and They evaluate the relationship between relative Behavior, v. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. 441–451. deprivation and mental health using conditional logit models with reference group random effects. RESULTS: LRP-200412-23 Law and Order in Palestine. S. G. Even after controlling for an individual's absolute income Jones, K. J. Riley. status, those with low relative income are at higher risk of experiencing a mental health disorder. Our findings hold In 2004, the Gaza Strip and West Bank deteriorated into for both depressive disorders and anxiety/panic disorders. intra-Palestinian violence on several occasions. This DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS: Our findings violence escalated demands across Palestinian society that suggest that relative deprivation is associated with an the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat surrender some of his increased likelihood of probable depression and anxiety or powers and reform a judicial system riddled with panic disorders. Simulations suggest that a 25 percent inefficiency and corruption. An examination of past decrease in relative deprivation could decrease the nation-building efforts in countries such as East Timor and probability of any likely mental health disorder by as Bosnia illustrates a number of steps the Palestinians and much as 9.5 percent. Limitations of this study include the interested international players can take to improve these fact that we only have one measure of relative deprivation, deficiencies. Published in Survival, v. 46, no. 4, Winter and that reference groups are defined using relatively large 2004–05, p. 157-178. Online access: http://ejournals. geographic areas. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH ebsco.com/Article.asp?ContributionID=6634671 POLICY: Low relative income may contribute to socioeconomic disparities in mental health. Efforts to LRP-200412-24 Does Relative Deprivation Predict eradicate socioeconomic differentials should take into the Need for Mental Health Services? C. Eibner, R. account psychological perceptions and self-esteem in Sturm, C. R. Gresenz. addition to absolute material resources. IMPLICATIONS BACKGROUND: Several studies postulate that FOR FUTURE RESEARCH: Future work should explore psychological conditions may contribute to the link whether mental health disorders explain the link between between low relative income and poor health, but no one relative deprivation and poor physical health. Published in has directly tested the relationship between relative The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, v. 7, deprivation and mental health disorders. In this paper, the no. 4, Dec. 13, 2004, p. 167–175. authors investigate whether low income relative to a reference group is associated with a higher probability of LRP-200412-25 Coercive Use of Vaccines Against depressive disorders or anxiety disorders. Reference Drug Addiction: Is It Permissible and Is It Good Public groups are defined using groups of individuals with Policy? M. S. Ridgely, M. Y. Iguchi. similar demographic and geographic characteristics. The Vaccines against drug addiction may represent the hope of authors hypothesize that perceptions of low social status the future for many addicted individuals who are eager to relative to one's reference group might lead to worse access state-of-the-art treatment. They may also be a health outcomes. AIMS: The authors attempt to determine promising solution for a society seeking to lower the social whether an individual's income status relative to a and economic costs of addiction among populations such reference group affects mental health outcomes. Our as recidivist drug offenders. Given the medical and socio- contributions to the literature include (i) defining reference 303 economic benefits, this Article explores the legal and LRP-200412-28 The Managed Care Backlash: Did public policy aspects of a potential use of vaccines to fight Consumers Vote with Their Feet? M. S. Marquis, J. A. drug addiction. The following is the core question: Will Rogowski, J. J. Escarce. current law support the coercive use of vaccines against The managed care backlash led many to predict the demise drug addiction? Authority to coerce treatment is derived of health maintenance organizations (HMOs). This paper from the state's parens patriae and police powers, but is examines trends in HMO enrollment in all metropolitan constrained by the countervailing right to self- communities from 1994 to 2000 to identify factors that led determination in medical treatment. That right typically to diminishing enrollment in the backlash era and assumes the competence of the individuals making the circumstances in which HMOs maintained or expanded self-determination. Even given competence, however, the their presence. The authors use a database constructed interests of the state may prevail over the rights of from a wide variety of sources that describe HMO individuals within certain classes in society. This Article penetration and other characteristics of all metropolitan reviews pertinent statutes and case law bearing on the statistical areas. The authors found the backlash is not state's ability to just the use of coercion. The argument evidenced in a large degree of consumer switching. presented is that for some classes of individuals, and in However, HMOs were more likely to maintain their some situations, coerced immunotherapy is likely to be presence in areas with high-cost growth and with greater legal, subject to the constraints of due process and managed care experience. Medicaid HMO growth establishment of the modality's safety and effectiveness. continued to expand rapidly, indicating the possibility of a Assuming a situation in which immunotherapy may be two-tiered system in which low-income beneficiaries have legally coerced, this Article concludes by offering some less choice than the privately insured. Published in reflections for policy makers and clinicians on fairness in Inquiry, v. 41, no. 4, Winter 2004/2005, p. 376–390. implementing a policy of coercion. Published in Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law, v. 12, no. 2, Winter LRP-200412-29 Inpatient Utilization by Dual 2004, p. 260–329. Medicare-Medicaid Eligibles in Medicare Risk HMOs and Fee for Service, California, 1991-1996. E. M. Sloss, N. LRP-200412-27 Treatment for Substance Use Dhanani, J. F. O'Leary, M. S. Lopez, G. Melnick. Disorders in a Privately Insured Population under Managed Care: Costs and Services Use. S. F. Greenfield, Inpatient use among dual Medicare-Medicaid eligible V. Azzone, H. Huskamp, B. J. Cuffel, T. W. Croghan, W. beneficiaries in California Medicare HMOs and fee-for- Goldman, R. G. Frank. service plans from 1991 to 1996 was compared, using a unique dataset that links Medicare enrollment data to The study investigated the relationship of substance use inpatient discharge data. Dual eligibles in HMOs were disorders, concurrent psychiatric disorders, and patient found to have lower discharge rates, shorter lengths of demographics to patterns of treatment use and spending in stay, and fewer inpatient days than dual eligibles in the behavioral health and medical treatment sectors. The traditional fee-for-service system. Both, however, had authors examined claims data for individuals covered by higher discharge rates and inpatient days than non-dual- the same organization. Services spending and use were eligible beneficiaries. The results are consistent with examined for 1899 individuals who received substance use previous findings documenting the high cost of dual disorder treatment in 1997. Medical and pharmacy eligibles, with the lower use in HMOs likely the result of spending was assessed for 590 individuals (31.1%). The differences in beneficiary characteristics and delivery of most prevalent services were outpatient, intensive care between systems. Published in Managed Care outpatient, residential, and detoxification. Average mental Interface, v. 17, no. 12, Dec. 2004, p. 30–34, 41. health/substance abuse (MHSA) care spending conditional on use was highest for those with concurrent alcohol and LRP-200412-31 Preventing Violence and Related drug disorders (US 5235 dollars) compared to those with Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents. L. S. alcohol (US 2507 dollars) or drugs (US 3360 dollars) Chan, M. D. Kipke, A. Schneir, E. Iverson, C. Warf, M. A. alone; other psychiatric illness (US 4463 dollars) Limbos, P. G. Shekelle. compared to those without (US 1837 dollars); and employees' dependents (US 4138 dollars) compared to OBJECTIVES: The evidence review was conducted to employees (US 2875 dollars) or their spouses (US 2744 address six key questions mandated in the Task Order: 1. dollars). A significant minority also sought MHSA What are the factors that contribute to violence and services in the medical sector. Understanding services use associated adverse health outcomes in childhood and and associated costs can best be achieved by examining adolescence? 2. What are the patterns of co-occurrence of services use across treatment sectors. Published in Journal these factors? 3. What evidence exists on the safety and of Substance Abuse Treatment, v. 27, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. effectiveness of interventions for violence? 4. Where 265–275. evidence of safety and effectiveness exists, are there other 304 outcomes beyond reducing violence? If so, what is known In January 2001, the Federal Employees Health Benefits about effectiveness by age, sex, and race/ethnicity? 5. (FEHB) Program, the largest employer-sponsored health What are commonalties of the interventions that are insurance program in the Nation, instituted a mental health effective and those that are ineffective? What are the and substance abuse (MH/SA) parity policy in compliance priorities for future research? DATA SOURCES: with an earlier Presidential directive. This policy MEDLINE(r), PsychINFO, SocioAbstracts, and ERIC. A mandated that MH/SA services would be covered to the systematic search of each database was performed in same extent as general medical care with respect to benefit April/May of 2003, and then again in October/November design features, such as deductibles, copayments, and of 2003. REVIEW METHODS: Articles in English limits on visits and inpatient days. In the fall of 2000, the language, peer-reviewed, published in 1990 or thereafter, Department of Health and Human Services awarded a and reported on research conducted in the United States, contract to evaluate the implementation and impact of were included in the study. The investigators screened a MH/SA parity benefits in terms of access, utilization, cost, total of 11,196 titles and abstracts; reviewed 1,612 full- and quality of care. The findings of this evaluation are length articles; abstracted data from 265 articles onto reported in the attached report. Title from title screen evidence tables and ultimately analyzed evidence (viewed on November 7, 2005). Online access: abstracted from 67 studies. They reported a risk factor as http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/parity.pdf. consistently associated with violence if at least 75 percent of articles reported a statistically significant association (p LRP-200500-01 Marijuana Use and Later Problems: < 0.05) between the specific risk factor and a violence- When Frequency of Recent Use Explains Age of Initiation related outcome. The investigators considered an Effects (And When It Does Not). P. L. Ellickson, E. J. intervention to be effective if one or more violent outcome D'Amico, R. L. Collins, D. J. Klein. indicators were reported to be significantly different (p < Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are among the most 0.05). RESULTS: Male gender, not low family commonly used drugs during adolescence. Initiation of socioeconomic status (SES), was consistently reported to marijuana use typically peaks at age 15, with risk of be significantly associated with youth violence initiation continuing throughout adolescence. The goal of perpetration. Co-occurrence of family SES with other risk the current study was to prospectively examine the factors could be associated with youth violence. Among influence of age of marijuana initiation on four outcomes: studies that specifically focused on adolescent males, we physical health, mental health, illicit drug use other than identified a consistent significant association between marijuana, and marijuana-use related consequences at age violence and anger, cigarette smoking, and non-violent 18. The authors controlled for several important predictors delinquency. For adolescent females, we identified a of adolescent drug use and its associated consequences, consistent significant association between violence and including demographics, social bonding variables, non-violent delinquency. The number of studies on the personality variables, and recent use of marijuana. effectiveness of prevention interventions, was too small Baseline survey data were collected in 1984 at grade 7 and for the detection of any systematic differences among follow up surveys were conducted at grades 8, 9, 10, and programs with different characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: 12 (N = 2079). This initiates-only sample was 47% The investigators found little agreement with respect to the female, 66% White, 11% African American, 13% definitions used to measure youth violence and ways in Hispanic, 5% Asian, and 5% other race or ethnicity. which risk/protective factors are conceptualized, Findings indicated that age of initiation predicted operationally defined, measured, analyzed, and reported. marijuana consequences and other illicit drug use after They recommend that researchers nationwide initiate controlling for demographic, social, and behavioral efforts to develop comparable approaches to defining, factors. However, once frequency of recent marijuana use measuring, analyzing, and publishing research data related was included in the models, age of initiation was only to youth violence. Published in Evidence associated with other illicit drug use. Both primary and Report/Technology Assessment: no. 107 (Prepared by the secondary prevention are needed to curb marijuana use Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice and its associated harms. Published in Substance Use & Center under contract No. 290–97-0001). AHRQ Misuse, v. 40, no. 3, 2005, p. 343–359. Publication No. 04-E032-2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. December LRP-200500-02 Accuracy of Cancer Registry Data 2004. Online access: http://www.ahrq.gov./clinic/epcsums/ When Treatment Is in the Ambulatory Setting: utisumm.htm. Implications for Quality Measurement. J. Malin, L. Kwan, J. L. Adams, M. Laouri, P. Ganz. LRP-200412-32 Evaluation of Parity in the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program: Final Because there is an interest in using cancer registry data to Report. M. A. Burnam, M. B. Buntin, D. J. Dausey, M. S. monitor the quality of cancer care, the authors evaluated Ridgely, S. S. Teleki, A. Young, S. Newberry. the validity of information on cancer treatment in the 305

California Cancer Registry. The authors compared data in equity concerns arising from some patient subgroups being the registry with data abstracted from the medical records more predisposed to accept choice. Second, although of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. The authors reduced waiting time is important to most patients, it is not calculated the percent agreement, kappa statistic, all that matters. For example, the reputation of the sensitivity, and specificity of the registry data as compared proffered alternatives is of key importance, suggesting with data from the medical record. Records of 304 patients careful thought is required about what information on were studied. Compared with the medical record, registry quality and reputation can/should be made available and data were more accurate for hospital-based services how it should be made available to facilitate informed (sensitivity = 95.0% for mastectomy, 94.9% for choice. Published in Applied Health Economics and lumpectomy, and 95.9% for lymph node dissection) than Health Policy, v. 3, no. 4, 2004, p. 183–194. for ambulatory services (sensitivity = 9.8% for biopsy, 72.2% for radiation therapy, 55.6% for chemotherapy, and LRP-200500-04 RAND Report Summary: Consumer 36.2% for hormone therapy). CONCLUSION: Cancer Use of Information When Making Treatment Decisions. registry data are less accurate for ambulatory-based M. D. Spranca. services than hospital-based services. Since cancer Published in BlueCross BlueShield Association, 2005, p. treatment is increasingly provided in the ambulatory 1–10. setting, modifications to registry data collection methods are needed to ensure accurate data collection regardless of LRP-200500-05 Substance Use Trajectories from the treatment setting. Published in Journal of Registry Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Management, v. 32, no.1, 2005, p. 21–27. Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Marijuana Use. J. S. Tucker, P. L. Ellickson, M. Orlando, S. C. LRP-200500-03 Do Patients Always Prefer Quicker Martino, D. J. Klein. Treatment? A Discrete Choice Analysis of Patients' Stated Preferences in the London Patient Choice Project. P. Over the past several years, there has been growing Burge, N. Devlin, J. Appleby, C. Rohr, J. Grant. interest in identifying distinct developmental trajectories of substance use. Using data from the RAND The London Patient Choice Project (LPCP) was Adolescent/.Young Adult Panel Study (N = 6,527), the established to offer NHS patients more choice over where authors synthesize our prior findings on patterns of and when they receive treatment, and to reduce waiting smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use from early times. The LPCP offered those patients waiting around 6 adolescence (age 13) to emerging adulthood (age 23). The months for elective procedures a choice of treatment at an authors also present new data on how these trajectory alternative NHS or private hospital, or treatment at an classes compare on key psychosocial and behavioral overseas hospital. The aim of this article is to investigate outcomes during emerging adulthood. For each type of the following questions regarding patients' response to substance use, the authors found two periods of choice: (a) What are the factors that patients consider vulnerability: early adolescence and the transition to when deciding whether to accept the alternatives they are emerging adulthood. As expected, early users were at offered? (b) What is the relative importance to patients of relatively high risk for poor outcomes at age 23 compared each factor when making their choices, i.e. what trade-offs to consistent low-level users and abstainers, even if they are patients prepared to make between time waited and reduced their use during adolescence. However, youths other factors? (c) Are there any systematic differences who were not early users, but steadily increased their use between subgroups of patients (in terms of their personal, over time, also tended to be at relatively high risk. Results health and sociodemographic characteristics) in their suggest that multiple prevention approaches might be response to choice? Patients' preferences were elicited needed to successfully reach at-risk youths. Published in using a discrete choice experiment. Patients eligible to Journal of Drug Issues, v. 35, no. 2, 2005, p. 307–331. participate in the LPCP were recruited prior to being offered their choice between hospitals and each presented LRP-200500-06 Exploring Possibilities for with seven hypothetical choices via a self-completed Consumer Choice in the German Health Care System. S. questionnaire. Data were received from 2114 patients. Anton, L. Klautzer, S. Tonshoff, H. de Vries, J. P. Kahan. Thirty percent of respondents consistently chose their 'current' over the 'alternative' hospital. All the attributes This article reports on the results of a project conducted to and levels examined in the experiment were found to explore feasible reform options in the German Health care exhibit a significant influence on patients' likelihood of system. More specifically, the project examined policy opting for an alternative provider, in the expected instruments to address the inherent problems of the direction. Age, education and income had an important Statutory Health Insurance system (Krankenkassen), effect on the 'uptake' of choice. Our results suggest several where more than 90% of the population is currently important implications for policy. First, there may be insured. These instruments include demand-and supply- 306 side measures such as the extension of patients’ cost This paper describes an attempt to explore how far a sharing, a modification of the benefits catalogue and categorisation of citations could be used as part of an organizational changes such as gatekeeper systems and assessment of the outcomes from health research. A large- selective contracting. Published in Eurohealth, v. 11, no. scale project to assess the outcomes from basic, or early 1, 2005, p. 14–18. clinical, research is being planned, but before proceeding with such a project it was thought important to test and LRP-200500-07 Student Achievement in Charter refine the developing methods in a preliminary study. Here Schools: A Complex Picture. R. J. Buddin, R. W. we describe the development, and initial application, of Zimmer. one element of the planned methods: an approach to categorising citations with the aim of tracing the impact Since the inception of charter schools over a decade ago, made by a body of research through several generations of policymakers have wanted to know how charter schools papers. The results from this study contribute to are performing. This is difficult to answer because there is methodological development for the large-scale project by no single charter school approach to educating students. indicating that: only for a small minority of citing papers By design, charter schools have innovative and distinctive is the cited paper of considerable importance; the number education philosophies. In this research, the authors of times a paper is cited can not be used to indicate the capture some of the uniqueness of charter schools by importance of that paper to the articles that cite it; and clustering them into four major categories: charter schools self-citations could play an important role in facilitating that convert from conventional public schools, charter the eventual outcomes achieved from a body of research. schools that start from scratch, charter schools that rely Title from title screen (viewed on November 10, 2005). primarily on classroom-based instruction, and charter Online access: http://www.metapress.com/openurl.asp? schools that have a significant portion of instruction genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s11192–005-0279-y. outside of the classroom. Based on these four distinctions, the authors find significant differences in performance. LRP-200501-01 Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in These differences suggest that policymakers may want to Kenya and Tanzania. W. Rosenau. 2004. focus greater resources on certain types of charter schools versus others. Published in Journal of Policy Analysis and At first glance, Kenya and Tanzania, the scene of some of Management, v. 24, no. 2, Spring 2005, p. 351–371. Al Qaida's most impressive attacks, would appear to be Online access: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi- fertile ground for recruiting militants into the global bin/jissue/109934045/PDFSTART. Islamist jihad. Substantial Muslim populations, widespread poverty, poor policing, inadequate border LRP-200500-08 Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of control, and systemic political and economic corruption Female Prostitution in Los Angeles County. J. Lever, D. would seem to make these East African countries E. Kanouse, S. H. Berry. potentially rich environments in which to attract new Al Qaida members. However, other factors essential to the Previous studies of female sex workers engaged in terrorist recruitment process are largely absent. Despite prostitution have focused primarily on street-based claims that the traditionally tolerant Muslim populations of workers, who are more visible and approachable than Kenya and Tanzania re being radicalized, the evidence women working off the street. As part of a study suggests that Islamist radicals have in fact made little estimating the size and characteristics of the work force of headway. Although individuals may have forged links female prostitutes in Los Angeles County, the authors with Al Qaida, Osama bin Laden and his network have examined the hidden population of women who solicit few followers. Of Course, this is subject to change. But in clients in private locales off the street. Data sources the near term, absent and environment of radicalism, as in included law enforcement personnel and staff in other a major recruitment ground like Pakistan, it is difficult to government agencies; ethnographic informants; directories see how Al Qaida can expect to attract more than a and other written materials; and the World Wide Web. handful of new members. That said, the United States Results show a high degree of racial and ethnic could do far more in the region to prevent the emergence segmentation in the sex industry, reflecting an influx of of violent Islamist extremism. Published in Studies in ethnic entrepreneurs who market prostitution in culturally Conflict & Terrorism, v. 28, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2005, p. specific ways. Published in Journal of Psychology & 1–10. Human Sexuality, v. 17, no. 1/2, 2005, p. 107–129. LRP-200501-02 Psychiatric Effects of Ephedra Use: LRP-200500-09 Using Categorisations of Citations An Analysis of Food and Drug Administration Reports of When Assessing the Outcomes from Health Research. S. Adverse Events. M. Maglione, K. Miotto, M. Y. Iguchi, Hanney, I. Frame, J. Grant, M. Buxton, T. Young, G. L. Jungvig, S. C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle. Lewison. 307

OBJECTIVE: As part of a synthesis of evidence regarding LRP-200501-04 Sexual Risk Among Injection Drug the efficacy and safety of ephedra, the authors describe Users Recruited from Syringe Exchange Programs in data on psychiatric adverse events from reports submitted California. L. M. Bogart, A. H. Kral, A. Scott, R. L. to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHOD: Anderson, N. M. Flynn, M. L. Gilbert, R. N. Bluthenthal. The authors reviewed all 1,820 adverse event reports OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine related to dietary supplements containing herbal ephedra correlates of sexual risk among injection drug users from FDA MedWatch files as of Sept. 30, 2001. Fifty- (IDUs). STUDY: A total of 1445 IDUs were recruited seven serious psychiatric events were reported. from California syringe exchange programs. RESULTS: RESULTS: The most commonly reported events were Consistent condom use was independently related to being psychosis, severe depression, mania or agitation, HIV-positive, having multiple sex partners, not having a hallucinations, sleep disturbance, and suicidal ideation. steady partner, not sharing syringes, and not injecting Ten events involved physical harm to self or others; five amphetamines for men; and engaging in sex work, not events resulted in legal action due to criminal behavior. sharing syringes, and not having a steady partner for Twenty-six events resulted in hospitalization, at least six women. Having multiple recent sexual partnerships that of which were involuntary. Of importance, two-thirds of included a steady partner was related to engaging in sex all cases involved patients with preexisting psychiatric work, speedball injection, and amphetamine use among conditions and /or use of other medications or illicit men; and younger age, having had a sexually transmitted substances. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware disease (STD), engaging in sex work, and using alcohol that serious psychiatric symptoms could be associated with among women. Having heterosexual anal sex was related ephedra use. Published in American Journal of Psychiatry, to having had an STD, having multiple sexual partners, v. 162, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 189–191. using amphetamines, and syringe-sharing for men; and younger age and amphetamine use for women. LRP-200501-03 Childhood Obesity: What We Can CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive prevention Learn from Existing Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 1. R. interventions addressing Published in Sexually Sturm. Transmitted Diseases, v. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 27–34. The number of overweight and obese youth has increased in recent decades, and numerous theories on causes have LRP-200501-05 Effect of a Multidisciplinary been proposed. Yet almost no data are available to assess Intervention on Communication and Collaboration Among how the lives of children have changed during the "obesity Physicians and Nurses. S. Vazirani, R. D. Hays, M. F. epidemic." What are children and adolescents now doing Shapiro, M. Cowan. with their time that they did not do before? Are they BACKGROUND: Improving communication and participating less in sports? Watching more television? collaboration among doctors and nurses can improve Doing more homework? Without tracking these broader satisfaction among participants and improve patients' societal changes, it is difficult to identify the most (and satisfaction and quality of care. OBJECTIVE: To least) promising areas for interventions. This two-part determine the impact of a multidisciplinary intervention on report compiles trend data for several areas. Part 1 communication and collaboration among doctors and discusses trends in time use, homework, and media use; nurses on an acute inpatient medical unit. METHODS: part 2 discusses trends in transportation, physical During a 2-year period, an intervention unit was created education, and diet. The main findings of this article are that differed from the control unit by the addition of a the following: One, the free time of children has nurse practitioner to each inpatient medical team, the substantially declined because of increased time away appointment of a hospitalist medical director, and the from home, primarily in school, day care, and after-school institution of daily multidisciplinary rounds. Surveys about programs. Two, participation in organized activities communication and collaboration were administered to (including sports) has also increased. Three, unstructured personnel in both units. Physicians were surveyed at the playtime has decreased to make room for organized completion of each rotation on the unit; nurses, biannually. activities. Four, time spent in some sedentary activities RESULTS: Response rates for house staff (n = 111), like watching television, participating in conversations, or attending physicians (n = 45), and nurses (n = 123) were taking part in other passive leisure activities also declined 58%, 69%, and 91%, respectively. Physicians in the just when obesity became a major concern. Five, increases intervention group reported greater collaboration with in homework have not caused decreases in free time, nurses than did physicians in the control group (P < .001); contradicting a common belief in education circles. the largest effect was among the residents. Physicians in Published in Preventing Chronic Disease, v. 2, no. 1, Jan. the intervention group reported better collaboration with 2005, p. 1–9. Online access: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/ the nurse practitioners than with the staff nurses (P < issues/2005/jan/04_0038.htm. .001). Physicians in the intervention group also reported better communication with fellow physicians than did 308 physicians in the control group (P = .006). Nurses in both differentiate among medical groups. CONCLUSIONS: groups reported similar levels of communication (P = .59) The G-CAHPS instrument provides an assessment of and collaboration (P = .47) with physicians. Nurses in the selected aspects of care that are important to consumers intervention group reported better communication with and could be a useful complement to the plan-level nurse practitioners than with physicians (P < .001). CAHPS instrument. Published in Medical Care, v. 43, no. CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary intervention 1, Jan. 2005, p. 53–60. resulted in better communication and collaboration among the participants. Published in American Journal of Critical LRP-200501-09 Effectiveness of a Quality Care, v. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 71–77. Improvement Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. LRP-200501-06 A Longitudinal Analysis of Unmet R. Asarnow, L. Jaycox, N. Duan, A. P. LaBorde, M. M. Need for Oral Treatment in a National Sample of Medical Rea, P. Murray, M. Anderson, C. Landon, L. Tang, K. B. HIV Patients. M. Marcus, C. A. Maida, I. D. Coulter, J. R. Wells. Freed, C. Der-Martirosian, H. Liu, B. A. Freed, N. CONTEXT: Depression is a common condition associated Guzmán-Becerra, R. Andersen. with significant morbidity in adolescents. Few depressed This longitudinal study examines perceived unmet dental adolescents receive effective treatment for depression in need in a nationally representative probability sample of primary care settings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the HIV-infected persons in medical care. A logistic effectiveness of a quality improvement intervention aimed regression analysis modeled the relationship between at increasing access to evidence-based treatments for unmet need and explanatory variables. The authors depression (particularly cognitive-behavior therapy and estimate that 40% of HIV/AIDS patients report an unmet antidepressant medication), relative to usual care, among need associated with being male, being unemployed, adolescents in primary care practices. DESIGN, injecting drugs, being heterosexual, lacking dental SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized insurance, and having less education. Disparities in unmet controlled trial conducted between 1999 and 2003 need are related to socioeconomic status rather than to enrolling 418 primary care patients with current depressive disease stage or ethnicity. Published in American Journal symptoms, aged 13 through 21 years, from 5 health care of Public Health, v. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 73–75. organizations purposively selected to include managed care, public sector, and academic medical center clinics in LRP-200501-08 Psychometric Properties of a Group- the United States. INTERVENTION: Usual care (n = 207) Level Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study or 6-month quality improvement intervention (n = 211) (CAHPS®) Instrument. L. S. Solomon, R. D. Hays, A. including expert leader teams at each site, care managers Zaslavsky, L. Ding, P. D. Cleary. who supported primary care clinicians in evaluating and managing patients' depression, training for care managers BACKGROUND: Many different surveys have been used in manualized cognitive-behavior therapy for depression, to evaluate the performance of medical groups, but there is and patient and clinician choice regarding treatment a growing recognition that standardization could be modality. Participating clinicians also received education helpful to consumers, purchasers, and others. regarding depression evaluation, management, and OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to develop a version of pharmacological and psychosocial treatment. MAIN the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study OUTCOME MEASURES: Depressive symptoms assessed (CAHPS®) survey for use with medical groups (G- by Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale CAHPS) and assess its reliability and validity. (CES-D) score. Secondary outcomes were mental health- RESEARCH DESIGN: The research team reviewed related quality of life assessed by Mental Health Summary existing instruments and conducted patient focus groups in Score (MCS-12) and satisfaction with mental health care 4 sites to identify aspects of care that were especially assessed using a 5-point scale. RESULTS: Six months important to patients when evaluating medical groups. The after baseline assessments, intervention patients, compared authors tested a draft instrument in 75 cognitive interviews with usual care patients, reported significantly fewer with adults 18 years of age or older in Knoxville, St. depressive symptoms (mean SD CES-D scores, 19.0 11.9 Louis, and California and pretests in 4 groups of adults in vs 21.4 13.1 P = .02), higher mental health-related quality Boston and Denver. The authors then surveyed random of life (mean SD MCS-12 scores, 44.6 11.3 vs 42.8 12.9 P samples of patients from medical groups and practice sites = .03), and greater satisfaction with mental health care in California, Knoxville, St. Louis, and Denver. They (mean SD scores, 3.8 0.9 vs 3.5 1.0 P = .004). analyzed the psychometric characteristics of the Intervention patients also reported significantly higher instrument. RESULTS: Data support the reliability and rates of mental health care (32.1% vs 17.2%, P<.001) and validity of 3 multi-item measures of access, office staff psychotherapy or counseling (32.0% vs 21.2%, P = .007). service, and patient clinician communication. Measures CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month quality improvement related to specialty care and preventive counseling did not 309 intervention aimed at improving access to evidence-based LRP-200501-11 Soup or Art? The Role of depression treatments through primary care was Evidential Force in Empirical Software Engineering. S. L. significantly more effective than usual care for depressed Pfleeger. adolescents from diverse primary care practices. The Software project managers make decisions about many greater uptake of counseling vs medication under the things, including resources, tools and techniques, often intervention reinforces the importance of practice aiming to identify good or best practices. But these interventions that include resources to enable evidence- decisions should be based on solid evidence, not on based psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Published common wisdom or vendor hype. The author examines the in Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 293, various types of evidence, showing how to build no. 3, Jan. 19, 2005, p. 311–319. arguments from them and strengthen the arguments to support more effective decision making. Published in LRP-200501-10 Psychometric Properties of the IEEE Computer Society, Jan./Feb. 2005, p. 66–72. Medical Outcome Study Sleep Measure. R. D. Hays, S. A. Martin, A. M. Sesti, K. L. Spritzer. LRP-200501-12 Parent-Adolescent Communication BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sleep is an active and About Sex in Filipino American Families: A highly organized biological process that is an important Demonstration of Community-Based Participatory component of life. Self-report measures of sleep provide Research. P. J. Chung, H. Borneo, S. D. Kilpatrick, D. M. information that can be useful for characterizing the Lopez, R. Travis, C. Lui, S. Khandwala, M. A. Schuster. quality of sleep in subgroups of the population. A 12-item OBJECTIVES: Pregnancy rates among Filipino American self-report sleep measure, the Medical Outcomes Study adolescents exceed those of other Asian and Pacific Sleep measure, was developed and evaluated previously in Islander adolescents. Strong parent-adolescent a sample of 3445 individuals with chronic illness. communication may promote healthy sexual development PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, the authors and protect against adolescent sexual risk behaviors. The evaluate the psychometric properties of the MOS Sleep authors explored communication barriers between Filipino measure in a nationally representative sample of 1011 US American parents and adolescents. METHODS. Using adults aged 18 and older and in a sample of 173 adults community-based participatory research (CBPR), the with neuropathic pain participating in a clinical drug trial. authors collaborated with Filipino American community RESULTS: The average age of the general population leaders, parents, and adolescents to design a focus-group sample was 46; 51% were female and 81% were white. study. Trained bilingual moderators conducted focus The average age of the sample of adults with neuropathic groups with 85 Filipino Americans (41 parents and pain was 72; 53% were female and 95% were white. grandparents and 44 adolescents aged 14–18 years) from Internal consistency reliability estimates for the MOS various neighborhoods in Los Angeles. Sessions were Sleep scales were 0.73 or higher, with the exception of the recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes. daytime somnolence scale in the US general population, RESULTS: Focus-group participants appeared to divide which was 0.63. At baseline of the clinical trial, the sex information into 3 categories, which we termed facts, neuropathic pain patients reported significantly more sleep feelings, and values. Adolescents emphasized facts and disturbance and daytime somnolence, as well as less feelings. Parents and grandparents emphasized facts and quantity and adequacy of sleep than patients in the general values. In general, facts were obtained through school, US population. The MOS Sleep scales were found to be feelings through friends, and values through parents. The responsive to change in the clinical trial with statistically focus groups identified large barriers to value significant improvements observed after administration of transmission, stemming from adolescent acculturation to pregabalin for sleep disturbance (standardized response the United States. Parents and grandparents felt that values mean, SRM=-0.76, P=0.0007), shortness of breath were transmitted best through traditional Filipino respect (SRM=-0.20, P=0.0302), sleep adequacy (SRM=0.57, for parents who often eschewed open discussion. P=0.0014), sleep quantity (SRM=0.55, P=0.0086), and Adolescents believed that open discussion was necessary sleep problems (SRM=-0.62, P=0.0036). CONCLU- for value transmission to occur. The result was bilateral SIONS: This study provides further support for the withdrawal from family communication about sex. reliability and validity of the MOS Sleep measure. The CONCLUSIONS: Our focus groups found that parent- instrument can be used to assess important aspects of sleep child communication about sex, especially regarding perceived by adults in the general population or values, was limited. Potential causes included conflicts participating in clinical studies. Published in Sleep between Filipino and US beliefs regarding respect for Medicine, v. 6, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 41–44. parents and open discussion. Our results raise important questions about the effect of acculturation on sex education for Filipino American adolescents and demonstrate potential advantages of CBPR. Published in 310

Ambulatory Pediatrics, v. 5, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2005, p. 50- to link depression care with the management of other 55. chronic conditions, so that they are integrated into the quality improvement agenda of purchasers, payers, and LRP-200501-13 Qualitative Analysis of Medicare providers without becoming submerged in health care's Claims in the Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study. A. E. mainstream. Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 1, Barnato, R. E. Labor, N. E. Freeborne, R. L. Jayes, D. E. Jan./Feb. 2005, p. 271–276. Campbell, J. Lynn. LRP-200501-15 Sexual Orientation in Child and OBJECTIVES: To study end-of-life care of a Adolescent Health Care. M. A. Schuster. representative sample of older people using qualitative interpretation of administrative claims by clinicians and to Published in Ambulatory Pediatrics, v. 5, no. 1, Jan./Feb. explore whether this method yields insights into patient 2005, p. 68. care, including continuity, errors, and cause of death. DESIGN: Random, stratified sampling of decedents and LRP-200501-16 Statistical Collaboration to Impact all their Medicare-covered healthcare claims in the 3 years Policy Decisions. S. C. Morton. before death from a 5% sample of elderly fee-for-service The objective of this paper is to support the following beneficiaries, condensation of all claims into a thesis: In health services research, a statistician can, and chronological clinical summary, and abstraction by two often should, contribute beyond what is generally defined independent clinicians using a standardized form. as the 'classical' statistician project role. The author uses SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred projects from RAND Health, the health services research Medicare fee-for-service older people without disability or division of the RAND Corporation, to demonstrate the end-stage renal disease entitlement who died in 1996 to issues that arise for the statistician in this expanded 1999 and had at least 36 months of continuous Part A and collaborative role. These projects are the 'HIV Cost and Part B enrollment before death. MEASUREMENTS: Services Utilization Study' (HCSUS) and the 'Ephedra: Qualitative narrative of the patient's medical course; Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects Project'. HCSUS clinician assessment of care continuity and apparent collected information on a nationally representative medical errors; cause, trajectory, and place of death. sample of people in care for HIV infection in order to RESULTS: The qualitative narratives developed by the determine what services were being delivered and their independent abstracters were highly concordant. cost in order to guide policy decisions on the allocation of Clinicians felt that 75% of cases lacked continuity of care limited health care resources. The ephedra project was a that could have improved the quality of life and the way systematic review conducted by the Southern California the person died, and 13% of cases had a medical error Evidence-Based Practice Centre to provide information on identified by both abstracters. Abstracters disagreed about the existing science so that the National Institutes of assignment of a single cause of death in 28% of cases, and Health could guide an expanded research effort to better abstracters and the computer algorithm disagreed in 43% understand the safety of ephedrine alkaloids. In order to of cases. CONCLUSION: Qualitative claims analysis collaborate on more than just the data analysis of a typical illuminated many problems in the care of chronically ill project, the statistician must proactively contribute to all older people at the end of life and suggested that project phases. These phases include problem formulation, traditional vital statistics assignation of a single cause of study design, data collection, analysis, and the death may distort policy priorities. This novel approach to communication of results. The statistician needs to claims review is feasible and deserves further study. effectively and efficiently balance methodological, Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, substantive, practical, and sometimes even ethical v. 53, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 66–73. demands. As a result of contributing beyond standard statistical tasks, the statistician may directly impact health LRP-200501-14 Depression in Primary Care: policy decisions. Published in Statistics in Medicine, v. 24, Bringing Behavioral Health Care into the Mainstream. H. no. 4, Jan. 2005, p. 493–501. A. Pincus, J. K. Houtsinger, J. Bachman, D. J. Keyser. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's national program, LRP-200501-17 Moving Towards Better Formulary Depression in Primary Care: Linking Clinical and Systems Management. D. P. Goldman, G. Joyce. Strategies, funds three related components to stimulate Published in American Journal of Managed Care, v. 11, innovation in primary depression care. The incentives, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 13–14. value, and leadership components evaluate and implement strategies for financing and sustaining use of clinical best LRP-200501-18 The English Star Rating System: practices despite barriers created by economic and Failure of Theory or Practice? P. G. Shekelle. organizational structures that fragment behavioral and general health care. A challenge for policymakers is how 311

Published in Journal of Health Services Research & subsequent heavy drinking. Published in Journal of Policy, v. 10, no. 1, Editorial, Jan. 2005, p. 3–4. Studies on Alcohol, v. 66, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 139–148.

LRP-200501-19 Evaluating an Experimental LRP-200501-21 Quality of Care for Hypertension in Intensive Juvenile Program: Supervision and Official the United States. S. M. Asch, E. A. McGlynn, L. Hiatt, J. Outcomes. J. Lane, S. Turner, T. Fain, A. Sehgal. L. Adams, J. Hicks, A. H. DeCristofaro, R. Chen, P. LaPuerta, E. A. Kerr. In 1996, California provided funding to 14 county probation agencies to implement multiagency, BACKGROUND: Despite heavy recent emphasis on comprehensive services to keep troubled youths from blood pressure (BP) control, many patients fail to meet recommitting crime and progressing farther into the justice widely accepted goals. While access and adherence to system. We report results of a randomized experiment therapy certainly play a role, another potential explanation used to evaluate Ventura County's 4-year demonstration is poor quality of essential care processes (QC). Yet little project called the South Oxnard Challenge Project is known about the relationship between QC and BP (SOCP). We followed youths for more than 2 years after control. METHODS: The authors assessed QC in 12 U.S. random assignment to SOCP or routine probation. We communities by reviewing the medical records of a found no significant differences between SOCP and randomly selected group of patients for the two years routine juvenile probationers on recidivism or other preceding our study. The authors included patients with official-record outcomes. Although most youths were either a diagnosis of hypertension or two visits with BPs rearrested, most did not receive a sustained petition or of >or=140/90 in their medical records. The authors used incarceration. The modest additional services did not 28 process indicators based on explicit evidence to assess affect outcomes. Published in Crime and Delinquency, v. QC. The indicators covered a broad spectrum of care and 51, no. 1, Jan. 1, 2005, p. 26–52. Online access: were developed through a modified Delphi method. The http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/gca?allch=&SEARCHID=111 authors considered patients who received all indicated care 0592420910_278&VOLUME=51&FIRSTPAGE=26&JO to have optimal QC. We defined control of hypertension URNALCODE=&FIRSTINDEX=0&hits=10&RESULTF as BP < 140/90 in the most recent reading. RESULTS: Of ORMAT=1&gca=spcad%3B51%2F1%2F26. 1,953 hypertensive patients, only 57% received optimal care and 42% had controlled hypertension. Patients who LRP-200501-20 Cross-Lagged Relationships had received optimal care were more likely to have their Between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence BP under control at the end of the study (45% vs. 35%, p = Among a Sample of Young Adult Women. S. C. Martino, .0006). Patients were more likely to receive optimal care if R. L. Collins, P. L. Ellickson. they were over age 50 (76% vs. 63%, p < .0001), had diabetes (77% vs. 71%, p = .0038), coronary artery disease OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the (87% vs. 69%, p < .0001), or hyperlipidemia (80% vs. longitudinal relationship between substance use and 68%, p < .0001), and did not smoke (73% vs. 66%, p = intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and .0005). CONCLUSIONS: Higher QC for hypertensive perpetration among a sample of young adult women. patients is associated with better BP control. Younger METHOD: A sample of 509 women who participated in patients without cardiac risk factors are at greatest risk for Waves 8 (age 23) and 9 (age 29) of a multiyear panel poor care. Quality measurement systems like the one study and who indicated they were living with a partner or presented in this study can guide future quality spouse at both time points provided the data for this improvement efforts. Published in BMC Cardiovascular investigation. Path analysis was used to ex-amine the Disorders, v. 5, no.1, Jan. 7 2005, p. 1–9. cross-lagged relationships between women's substance use and IPV victimization and perpetration over the two waves LRP-200501-22 A National Study of the of data. RESULTS: Although strong within- and across- Relationship of Care Site HIV Specialization to Early time associations between substance use and IPV Adoption of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. I. B. victimization and perpetration were found at the bivariate Wilson, B. E. Landon, L. Ding, A. Zaslavsky, M. F. level, substance use did not predict women's subsequent Shapiro, S. A. Bozzette, P. D. Cleary. IPV victimization or perpetration in the cross-lagged model. Instead, victims of IPV at age 23 were found to be BACKGROUND: Little is known about characteristics of at an increased risk for later heavy drinking. Perpetrators organizations that predict early adoption of highly active of IPV at age 23 were less likely than nonperpetrators to antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for persons with HIV report heavy drinking at age 29. CONCLUSIONS: The infection. OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of results suggest that substance use does not increase sites where HIV care is provided and to assess site women's long-term risk of experiencing or perpetrating characteristics that predict early adoption of HAART. IPV but that victimization by IPV puts women at risk for DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from patients, HIV physicians, and medical directors. 312

PATIENTS AND SETTING: Participants in the HIV Cost individual patients compared with 24% in staff-model and Services Utilization Study, a national probability MCOs, P = .077). Scores on a scale measuring egalitarian sample of persons with HIV who received outpatient care conceptions of distributive justice within the health care in the continental United States during 1996. MAIN system were similar for physicians regardless of whether OUTCOME MEASURE: Rates of exposure to HAART by they reported a strong sense of responsibility to individual December 1996. Results: Nationally, 79% of patients were patients. When the authors controlled for physician and treated at sites specializing in HIV care (HIV sites). Over practice characteristics, physicians with a strong sense of 90% of patients were cared for by physicians who were responsibility to individual patients and physicians with experts in HIV care, either infectious disease specialists higher scores on an egalitarian scale were more likely to (46%) or general medicine experts (45%). Adjusted rates be very satisfied overall with their practices (adjusted odds of exposure to HAART by December 1996 varied from ratio AOR = 2.23, 95% confidence interval CI 1.11–4.49, 0.02 to 0.79 across sites (mean rate, 0.33). In multivariable and AOR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.09-1.29, respectively). models, HIV specialization (odds ratio OR 3.6; P < 0.001), CONCLUSIONS: Physicians with a strong sense of total patient volume of more than 20,000 visits a year (OR, responsibility to individual patients are older and less 2.1; P < 0.01), and educational level of the zip code in likely to practice in staff-model MCOs. Stronger which the site was located (OR, 1.2 for each 10% increase commitment to an egalitarian health care system and a in college education) were associated with higher rates of strong sense of responsibility to individual patients are exposure to HAART. These effects persisted after independently associated with greater practice satisfaction adjustment for physician HIV expertise. Site effects were among physicians. The impact of these values on patient more important than physician effects in explaining rates care should be a priority for future research and the subject of exposure to HAART. CONCLUSION: In 1996 there of professional education and debate. Published in Annals were wide variations in rates of HAART use by site of of Family Medicine, v. 3, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2005, p. 53-59. care. Low-volume sites that do not specialize in HIV care should take measures to ensure that HIV expertise is LRP-200501-24 The Association of Health-Related available to their patients. Published in Medical Care, v. Quality of Life with Survival Among Persons with HIV 43, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. 12–20. Infection in the United States. W. E. Cunningham, S. Crystal, S. A. Bozzette, R. D. Hays. LRP-200501-23 Physician Conceptions of OBJECTIVES: Both clinical trials and observational Responsibility to Individual Patients and Distributive studies of persons with HIV infection commonly include Justice in Health Care. M. C. Beach, L. S. Meredith, J. health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures, but less Halpern, K. B. Wells, D. E. Ford. is known about the relation of HRQOL to survival among PURPOSE: Physicians' values may be shifting under persons with HIV since the development of effective managed care, but there have been no empirical data to antiretroviral treatment. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: support this claim. The authors describe physician Prospective cohort study of a national probability sample conceptions of responsibility to individual patients and of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. INDEPENDENT distributive justice in health care, and explore whether VARIABLES: The main independent variables were these values are associated with type of managed care derived from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study practice and professional satisfaction. METHODS: They (HCSUS) HRQOL measure, and include physical and mailed a questionnaire to 500 primary care physicians mental HRQOL summary scores (divided into quartiles) from 80 outpatient clinics in 11 managed care constructed from the following items administered at organizations (MCOs) who were participating in 4 studies baseline: physical functioning (9 items, a=0.91), role designed to improve the quality of depression care in functioning (2 items, a=0.85), pain (2 items, a=0.84), primary care. RESULTS: The authors received 414 general health perceptions (3 items, a=0.80), emotional responses (response rate 83%). Twenty-eight percent of well-being (7 items, a=0.90), social functioning (2 items, physicians strongly agreed that their main responsibility a=0.82), energy (2 items, a=0.74), and a single-item was to the individual patient rather than to society (strong measure of disability days (days in bed for at least 0.5 day sense of responsibility to individual patients). Physicians due to health). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: Death with a strong sense of responsibility to individual patients between January 1996 and December 1999. ANALYSIS: were older (43% of physicians older than 50 years Descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional reported a strong sense of responsibility to individual hazards regression analysis of survival by physical and patients, compared with 26% of physicians aged 36 to 50 mental HRQOL. RESULTS: By December 1999, 17% of years, and 21% of physicians younger than 35 years, P = the sample had died. In unadjusted analysis, persons in the .009) and tended to practice in network- rather than staff- higher quartiles of physical HRQOL, as well as those in model MCOs (33% of physicians in network-model the higher quartiles of mental HRQOL at baseline, had MCOs reported a strong sense of responsibility to significantly better survival than those in lower quartiles. 313

In multiple regressions controlling for a number of J. Young, V. A. Parker, E. Czarnowski, D. Saliba, D. R. sociodemographic and clinical variables, the hazard of Berlowitz. death for those in the highest quartile of physical HRQOL OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between was one quarter of that for those in the lowest quartile. various components of nursing home staffing (total This difference was similar in magnitude to that observed staffing levels and staff mix, staff turnover, and changes in for being on highly active antiretroviral therapy versus no staffing patterns) to an important measure of quality, risk- antiretrovirals in this population. By contrast, there was no adjusted rates of pressure ulcer development. DESIGN, unique association of mental HRQOL with survival. SETTING, AND MEASUREMENTS: Staffing records CONCLUSIONS: Physical HRQOL added prognostic from 35 Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) nursing information over and above the sociodemographic and homes were reviewed and nursing home administrators routinely available clinical data such as CD4 count and from each of the facilities were interviewed. Incidence stage of HIV infection. Measurement of HRQOL, which is rates for pressure ulcers were obtained from DVA's often performed to identify problems or assess outcomes, national long-term care database and risk adjusted using is also useful prognostically. Published in Journal of patients' baseline characteristics. The relationships of risk- General Internal Medicine, v. 20, no. 1, Jan. 2005, p. adjusted pressure ulcer rates to staffing patterns were 21–27. tested. RESULTS: Although there was no linear association between staffing levels and pressure ulcer LRP-200501-25 Unintended Consequence of rates, data analysis revealed a strong trend (P = .07) that Centralized Public School Funding in Michigan among the nursing homes meeting staffing guidelines, Education. R. W. Zimmer, J. T. Jones. 60% were among the best performing. Ten nursing homes As part of the movement to create greater spending equity reduced staffing levels from their baseline levels at the among school districts, states have centralized funding for beginning of the study and/or changed their staffing mix public education and instituted funding formulas where by replacing licensed personnel with nursing assistants. high-spending districts are often constrained in their This change was associated with a 2.1% higher rate of operational expenditures. However, these school districts pressure ulcer development (P = .004) CONCLUSION: often maintain local discretion over capital expenditures Changes in nursing home staffing patterns (either a financed by the sale of bonds. In this study, the authors decrease in overall staffing levels or a change in staffing find that Michigan's high-spending school districts have a mix) are related to the quality of nursing home care. Staff greater probability of issuing bonds after centralizing stability is associated with better outcomes. Published in public school funding, indicating that debt financing of Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, v. capital expenditures may have become a mechanism to 6, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2005, p. 50–53. allow these school districts to circumvent the policy's intent for greater spending equity. Published in Southern LRP-200502-01 Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Economic Journal, v. 71, no. 3, Jan. 2005, p. 534–544. Barrier to HIV Prevention Among African Americans? L. M. Bogart, S. Thorburn. LRP-200501-26 Needs for Services Reported by OBJECTIVES: This study examined endorsement of Adults with Severe Mental Illness and HIV. A. Young, J. HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs and their relations to G. Sullivan, L. M. Bogart, P. Koegel, D. E. Kanouse. consistent condom use and condom attitudes among This study examined the needs of people with severe African Americans. METHODS: The authors conducted a mental illness and HIV. Results were based on interviews telephone survey with a random sample of 500 African and CD4 counts of 294 individuals who received services Americans aged 15 to 44 years and living in the from the Los Angeles County or the New York City public contiguous United States. RESULTS: A significant mental health system. Common unmet needs included proportion of respondents endorsed HIV/AIDS conspiracy financial assistance, housing, and mental health care. beliefs. Among men, stronger conspiracy beliefs were Thirty percent of the participants reported that they had at significantly associated with more negative condom least one basic need that was not being met. Unmet need attitudes and inconsistent condom use independent of was less common as HIV infection advanced and was selected sociodemographic characteristics, partner similar in frequency to that found in the general population variables, sexually transmitted disease history, perceived with HIV. People with severe mental illness and HIV may risk, and psychosocial factors. In secondary follow-up be benefiting from the special resources that are available analyses, men’s attitudes about condom use partially for people with HIV. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. mediated the effects of HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs on 56, no. 1, Jan 2005, p. 99–101. condom use behavior. CONCLUSIONS: HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs represent a barrier to HIV prevention LRP-200501-27 The Effects of Changes in Nursing among African Americans and may represent a facet of Home Staffing on Pressure Ulcer Rates. E. C. Hickey, G. negative attitudes about condoms among black men. To 314 counter such beliefs, government and public health entities BACKGROUND: Many aspects of quality of care for need to work toward obtaining the trust of black heart failure cannot be reliably obtained by chart review. communities by addressing current discrimination within METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors created and the health care system as well as by acknowledging the tested a telephone survey to measure provider-patient origin of conspiracy beliefs in the context of historical communication; satisfaction; patient education, discrimination. Published in JAIDS, Journal of Acquired knowledge, and self-management; and health status for the Immune Deficiency Syndromes, v. 38, no. 2, Feb. 1, 2005, Improving Chronic Illness Care Evaluation. A total of 781 p. 213–218. patients participated in the survey; 62% were age 65 or older, 66% had a history of coronary artery disease, and LRP-200502-02 Quality of Publicly-Funded 59% were cared for by a cardiologist. The measures of Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Care for Common communication, satisfaction, patient education, Childhood Psychiatric Disorders in California. B. T. knowledge, and self-management performed very well Zima, M. S. Hurlburt, P. Knapp, H. Ladd, L. Tang, N. with low rates of missing values and good psychometric Duan, P. Wallace, A. Rosenblatt, J. Landsverk, K. B. properties. The self-efficacy scale had acceptable Wells. reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.69); however, it was weakly correlated with objective measures of knowledge about OBJECTIVE: To describe the documented adherence to self-management. The Heart Failure Symptom Scale quality indicators for the outpatient care of attention- (HFSS) showed high reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.88) deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and major and good correlation with the SF-12 Physical Health depression for children in public mental health clinics and Summary Scale (r=0.63); the HFSS was also moderately to explore how adherence varies by child and clinic correlated with measures of mental health. CONCLU- characteristics. METHOD: A statewide, longitudinal SIONS: Reliable information about processes of care and cohort study of 813 children ages 6.0–16.9 years with at health outcomes that cannot be reliably assessed by chart least 3 months of outpatient care, drawn from 4,958 can be obtained by telephone. This tool should be useful patients in 62 mental health clinics in California from for measuring quality of care for large patient populations August 1, 1998, through May 31, 1999. The main outcome and determining the effectiveness of quality improvement was documented adherence to quality indicators based on activities. Published in Journal of Cardiac Failure, v. 11, scientific evidence and clinical judgment, assessed by no. 1, Feb. 2005, p. 36–42. explicit medical record review. RESULTS: Relatively high adherence was recorded for clinical assessment LRP-200502-05 Testing for Statistical Discrimina- (78%-95%), but documented adherence to quality tion in Health Care. A. I. Balsa, T. G. McGuire, L. S. indicators related to service linkage, parental involvement, Meredith. use of evidence-based psychosocial treatment, and patient protection were moderate to poor (74.1%-8.0%). For OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which doctors' children prescribed psychotropic medication, 28.3% of the rational reactions to clinical uncertainty ("statistical records documented monitoring of at least one clinically discrimination") can explain racial differences in the indicated vital sign or laboratory study. Documented diagnosis of depression, hypertension, and diabetes. adherence to quality indicators varied little by child DATA SOURCES: Main data are from the Medical demographics or clinic factors. CONCLUSION: Efforts to Outcomes Study (MOS), a 1986 study conducted by improve care should be directed broadly across clinics, RAND Corporation in three U.S. cities. The study with documentation of safe practices, particularly for compares the processes and outcomes of care for patients children prescribed psychotropic medication, being of in different health care systems. Complementary data from highest priority. Published in Journal of the American National Health And Examination Survey III (NHANES Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, v. 44, no. 2, III) and National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) are also Feb. 2005, p. 130-144. used. STYDT DESIGN: Across three systems of care (staff health maintenance organizations, multispecialty LRP-200502-03 Routine Screening for HIV groups, and solo practices), the MOS selected 523 health Infection--Timely and Cost-Effective. S. A. Bozzette. care clinicians. A representative cross-section (21,480) of patients was then chosen from a pool of adults who visited Published in The New England Journal of Medicine, v. any of these providers during a 9-day period. DATA 352, no. 6, editorial, Feb. 10, 2005, p. 620–621. COLLECTION: The authors analyzed a subsample of the MOS data consisting of patients of white family LRP-200502-04 A Telephone Survey to Measure physicians or internists (11,664 patients). The authors Communication, Education, Self-Management, and Health obtain variables reflecting patients' health conditions and Status for Patients with Heart Failure: The Improving severity, demographics, socioeconomic status, and Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE). D. Baker, J. insurance from the patients' screener interview Brown, K. S. Chan, K. A. Dracup, E. B. Keeler. 315

(administered by MOS staff prior to the patient's encounter LRP-200502-07 Hugs and Kisses: HIV-Infected with the clinician). They used the reports made by the Parents' Fears About Contagion and the Effects on Parent- clinician after the visit to construct indicators of doctors' Child Interaction in a Nationally Representative Sample. diagnoses. We obtained prevalence rates from NHANES M. A. Schuster, M. Beckett, R. Corona, A. J. Zhou. III and NCS. FINDINGS: The authors find evidence Objectives: To determine the effect of human consistent with statistical discrimination for diagnoses of immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related fears on HIV- hypertension, diabetes, and depression. In particular, we infected parents' interactions with their children and to find that if clinicians act like Bayesians, plausible priors identify parents who might be at greater risk of avoiding held by the physician about the prevalence of the disease interactions because of these fears. Participants: In-person across racial groups could account for racial differences in interviews with 344 parents from a nationally the diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes. In the case of representative probability sample of adults receiving depression, they find evidence that race affects decisions health care for HIV in the contiguous United States. Main through differences in communication patterns between Outcome Measures: Parents' fear of transmitting HIV to doctors and white and minority patients. CONCLUSIONS: their children, fear of catching an illness or opportunistic To contend effectively with inequities in health care, it is infection from their children, and avoidance of 4 types of necessary to understand the mechanisms behind the interactions (kissing on the lips, kissing on the cheeks, problem. Discrimination stemming from prejudice is of a hugging, and sharing utensils) because of these fears. very different character than discrimination stemming Results: Forty-two percent of parents feared catching an from the application of rules of conditional probability as a infection from their children, and 36.1% of parents feared response to clinical uncertainty. While in the former case, transmitting HIV to their children. Twenty-eight percent doctors are not acting in the best interests of their patients, of parents avoided at least 1 type of interaction with their in the latter, they are doing the best they can, given the children "a lot" because they feared transmitting HIV or information available. If miscommunication is the culprit, catching an opportunistic infection. When parents who then efforts should be aimed at reducing disparities in the avoided physical interactions "a little" are included, the ways in which doctors communicate with patients. overall avoidance rate rises to 39.5%. Hispanic parents Published in HSR, Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 1, were more likely than African American parents and Feb. 2005, p. 227–252. parents who were white or of other races or ethnicities to avoid interactions. Conclusions: Although many parents LRP-200502-06 A Socioeconomic Profile of Older feared transmitting HIV to their children or catching an Adults with HIV. G. Joyce, D. P. Goldman, A. A. infection from their children, few were avoiding the most Leibowitz, A. Alpert, Y. Bao. routine forms of physical affection. They were much more The objective of this study was to assess the likely to avoid interactions suggestive of fear of contagion socioeconomic circumstances of older patients with HIV through saliva. Clinicians may be able to provide and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The education to HIV-infected parents and reassurance about investigators compared subjects from a national HIV transmission and the safety of various activities. probability sample of 2,864 respondents from the HIV Published in Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS, 1996) with Medicine, v. 159, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. 173–179. 9,810 subjects from Wave 1 (1992) of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). Bivariate analyses compare LRP-200502-08 Economics and Physical Activity: demographic characteristics, financial resources, and A Research Agenda. R. Sturm. health insurance status between older and younger adults Both economic and public health/medical perspectives and between older adults with HIV and the general play an important role in the policy process, but often population. It was found that nearly 10% of the HIV- approach policy questions in an incompatible way. positive population is between the ages of 50 and 61 years. Economics and public health perspectives can complement Older whites with HIV are mostly homosexual men who each other, although harnessing any synergy requires an are more well educated, more often privately insured, and understanding of the other perspective. This article more financially stable than the HIV population as a contrasts the two perspectives and reviews existing whole. In contrast, older minorities with HIV possess few economic research in physical activity. Much effort has economic resources in either absolute or relative terms. gone into producing cost-of-illness numbers or cost-offset The success of new drug therapies and the changing claims with limited value from an economic perspective, demographics of the HIV population necessitate although some simple steps could make them more innovative policies that promote labor force participation informative. A more notable advance for active living and continuous access to antiretroviral therapies. research would be the adoption of standardized cost- Published in Journal of Health Care for the Poor and effectiveness analysis methods, even just as an add-on to Underserved, v. 16, no. 1, Feb. 2005, p. 19–28. ongoing intervention trials. Probably the most challenging 316 and exciting area, however, is the emerging research on Published in JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical the interaction between environmental incentives and Association, v. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. 142. physical activity. An economic perspective with its explicit focus on market failures is an important LRP-200502-12 Obstacles and Opportunities in complement to ongoing active living research as Providing Mental Health Services Through a Faith-Based policymakers in the United States are more likely to rely Network in Los Angeles. E. Dossett, S. Fuentes, R. Klap, on the market to solve policy problems than on regulation. K. B. Wells. It is imperative to understand how the market works in This study surveyed attitudes toward mental health actuality, not in the abstract, an area wide open for services and barriers to providing these services within the empirical research. Published in American Journal of agencies of QueensCare Health and Faith Partnership, a Preventive Medicine, v. 28, no. 2, Suppl. 2, Feb. 2005, p. network of faith based organizations, and parish nurses 141–149. who provided health care in a low-income, ethnically diverse area of Los Angeles. Representatives from 42 LRP-200502-09 How Does Race Matter, Anyway? organizations responded. Although 69 percent felt that J. J. Escarce. referrals to nonreligious counselors were appropriate, 50 Published in HSR, Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 1, percent were reluctant to collaborate with government editorial, Feb. 2005, p. 1–7. agencies. Barriers to providing mental health services included limited professional training, reluctance to LRP-200502-10 Mental Health Service Delivery and partner with government programs, and financial and Suicide Risk: The Role of Individual Patient and Facility staffing limitations. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. Factors. R. A. Desai, D. J. Dausey, R. A. Rosenheck. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. 206–208. 0BJECTIVE: This study explores suicide rates as a quality LRP-200502-13 Chiropractic in North America: A measure and identifies risk factors for suicide among Descriptive Analysis. I. D. Coulter, P. G. Shekelle. psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: Data from a prospective mortality study of psychiatric inpatients from 128 U.S. OBJECTIVE: This paper provides descriptive data on Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals throughout the chiropractors, their practice, and their patients in North United States were utilized to examine the relationship of America in the past decade. METHOD: Five sites in the death by suicide to patient-level sociodemographic, United States and 1 in Canada were chosen, and a random clinical, and mental health service delivery characteristics, sample of chiropractors was interviewed. In each practice, as well as to facility-level measures of service delivery. 10 patients were systematically selected on a single day. A Data were collected on all patients discharged with a total of 131 chiropractors and 1275 patients were diagnosis of schizophrenia, major depression, interviewed. SUMMARY: The results suggest that doctors posttraumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorder (N= of chiropractic have firmly established themselves within 121,933) between 1994 and 1998. RESULTS: There were the health care system in the United States and Canada and 481 suicides in the study sample. Several variables were are able to attract patients who come to them directly for associated with higher risk for suicide risk, including treatment, for largely back-related conditions, and who are length of stay less than 14 days, poorer continuity of care, willing to pay for their care. Published in Journal of and lack of readmission within 6 months. These variables Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, v. 28, no. 2, were significant even after adjustment for state suicide Feb. 2005, p. 83–89. rates, the proportion of members of racial minority groups in the state population, and state-level social capital. LRP-200502-14 Predictors of Surgery Resident CONCLUSIONS: Suicide rates are not likely to be a Satisfaction with Teaching by Attendings: A National useful indicator of the quality of mental health care Survey. C. Y. Ko, J. J. Escarce, L. C. Baker, J. Sharp, C. because of the instability of suicide rates, difficulty M. Guarino. collecting data, and the lack of association between suicide Published in Annals of Surgery, v. 241, no. 5, Feb. 2005, and facility quality of care. The lack of association with p. 373–380. facility-level variables suggests that systemic changes in these performance measures would be unlikely to LRP-200502-15 Does Alcohol Advertising Promote significantly reduce suicide rates. Published in The Adolescent Drinking? Results from a Longitudinal American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 162, no. 2, Feb. 2005, Assessment. P. L. Ellickson, R. L. Collins, K. p. 311–318. Hambarsoomians, D. F. McCaffrey. LRP-200502-11 M.D. Faculty Salaries in Psychiatry AIMS: To examine the relationship between exposure to and all Faculty Departments, 1980-2001. T. H. Dial, M. different forms of alcohol advertising and subsequent G. Haviland, H. A. Pincus. drinking among US adolescents and assess whether 317 exposure to an alcohol and drug prevention program LRP-200502-17 The Significance of Parks to mitigates any such relationship. DESIGN: Regression Physical Activity and Public Health: A Conceptual models with multiple control variables examined the Model. A. L. Bedimo-Rung, A. J. Mowen, D. Cohen. relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising in Park-based physical activity is a promising means to grade 8 and grade 9 drinking for two groups of South satisfy current physical activity requirements. However, Dakotan adolescents: (1) seventh-grade non-drinkers (n = there is little research concerning what park environmental 1206) and (2) seventh-grade drinkers (n = 1905). and policy characteristics might enhance physical activity Interactions between the intervention program and the levels. This study proposes a conceptual model to guide significant advertising predictors were tested. SETTING: thinking and suggest hypotheses. This framework Forty-one middle schools in South Dakota, USA. describes the relationships between park benefits, park PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3111 seventh-graders use, and physical activity, and the antecedents/correlates followed through grade 9. MEASUREMENTS: of park use. In this classification scheme, the discussion Advertising variables were constructed for four types of focuses on park environmental characteristics that could alcohol advertising television, in-store displays, magazines be related to physical activity, including park features, and concession stands. Other predictors tested included condition, access, aesthetics, safety, and policies. Data for measures tapping social influences, social bonds, problem these categories should be collected within specific behavior, alcohol beliefs, television exposure and geographic areas in or around the park, including activity demographics. FINDINGS: For seventh-grade non- areas, supporting areas, the overall park, and the drinkers, exposure to in-store beer displays predicted surrounding neighborhood. Future research should focus drinking onset by grade 9; for seventh-grade drinkers, on how to operationalize specific measures and exposure to magazines with alcohol advertisements and to methodologies for collecting data, as well as measuring beer concession stands at sports or music events predicted associations between individual physical activity levels frequency of grade 9 drinking. Although exposure to and specific park characteristics. Collaboration among television beer advertising had a significant bivariate many disciplines is needed. Published in American journal relationship with alcohol use for grade 7 non-drinkers, it of Preventive Medicine, v. 28, no. 2, suppl. 2, Feb. 2005, was not a significant predictor of drinking for either group p. 159–168. in multivariate analyses. Participation in the prevention program, ALERT Plus, reduced future drinking for both LRP-200502-18 Socioeconomic Status, Resources, groups and counteracted the effect of in-store beer Psychological Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A displays. CONCLUSIONS: Several forms of alcohol Test of the Reserve Capacity Model. L. C. Gallo, L. M. advertising predict adolescent drinking; which sources Bogart, A. Vranceanu, K. A. Matthews. dominate depends on the child's prior experience with alcohol. Alcohol prevention programs and policies should The current study used ecological momentary assessment help children counter alcohol advertising from multiple to test several tenets of the reserve capacity model (L.C. sources and limit exposure to these sources. Published in Gallo & K. A. Matthews, 2003). Women (N = 108) with Addiction, v. 100, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. 235–246. varying socioeconomic status (SES) monitored positive and negative psychosocial experiences and emotions LRP-200502-16 End-of-Life Care: An Agenda for across 2 days. Measures of intrapsychic and social Policy Improvement. L. R. Shugarman, K. A. Lorenz, J. resources were aggregated to represent the reserve Lynn. capacity available to manage stress. Lower SES was associated with less perceived control and positive affect Current arrangements for health care in the United States and more social strain. Control and strain contributed to do not adequately address the needs of a growing the association between SES and positive affect. Lower population that has serious, eventually fatal chronic SES elicited greater positive but not negative emotional illness. New programs and policies are necessary to reactivity to psychosocial experiences. Women with low encourage coordination of care; better match services to SES had fewer resources relative to those with higher the needs of patients; better provide education and SES, and resources contributed to the association between incentives; and better support formal and informal SES and daily experiences. Published in Journal of caregivers. Models of end-of-life care, such as Personality and Social Psychology, v. 88, no. 2, Feb. MediCaring, are described along with a research and 2005, p. 386–399. policy agenda that focuses on modifying the health care system and building on new innovations. Published in LRP-200502-19 Combination Endoscopic Band Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, v. 21, no. 1, Feb. 2005, p. Ligation and Sclerotherapy Compared with Endoscopic 255 272. Band Ligation Alone for the Secondary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis. H. 318

A. Karsan, S. C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle, B. M. R. Spiegel, dementia, particularly senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s M. J. Suttorp, M. A. Edelstein, I. M. Gralnek. type; multiple sclerosis and some of the peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) is the community- of omega-3 fatty acids on 1) cognitive function in normal accepted standard therapy for the secondary prophylaxis of aging 2) the incidence of dementia, 3) treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Recent data indicate that dementia, 4) the incidence of several neurological combination EBL and sclerotherapy may be a more diseases, and 5) clinical outcomes related to the effective therapy than EBL alone. Yet existing data are progression of multiple sclerosis. DATA SOURCES: The conflicting. The authors therefore performed a meta- authors searched computerized databases to identify analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of EBL and potentially relevant studies and contacted industry experts sclerotherapy versus EBL alone for the secondary for unpublished data. STUDY SELECTION: The authors prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. They screened 5,865 titles, reviewed 497 studies - of which 62 performed a systematic review of two computerized underwent a detailed review, and found 12 studies that databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE) along with manual- pertained to our objectives. The authors included searching of published abstracts to identify relevant controlled clinical trials and observational studies, citations without language restrictions from 1990 to 2002. including prospective cohort, case-control, and case series Eight studies met explicit inclusion criteria. The authors designs; they excluded case reports. The authors had no performed meta-analysis of these studies to pool the language restrictions. DATA EXTRACTION: The authors relative risk for the following outcomes: esophageal abstracted data on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and variceal rebleeding, death, number of endoscopic sessions on study design; relevant outcomes; study population; to achieve variceal obliteration, and therapeutic source, type, amount, and duration of omega-3 fatty acid complications. There were no significant differences consumption; and parameters of methodologic quality. between EBL and sclerotherapy versus EBL alone in the DATA SYNTHESIS: 1) A single cohort study has risk of esophageal variceal rebleeding (RR = 1.05; 95% CI assessed the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive = 0.67–1.64; P = 0.83), death (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.68- function with normal aging and found no association for 1.44; P = 0.96), or number of endoscopic sessions to fish or total omega-3 consumption. 2 and 3) In four studies variceal obliteration (RR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.055-0.51; P (3 prospective cohort studies and one RCT) that assessed = 0.11). However, the incidence of esophageal stricture the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on incidence and formation was significantly higher in the EBL group than treatment of dementia, a trend in favor of omega-3 fatty in the sclerotherapy group. There is no evidence that the acids (fish and total omega-3 consumption) toward addition of sclerotherapy to endoscopic band ligation reducing risk of dementia and improving cognitive changes clinically relevant outcomes (variceal rebleeding, function was reported. 4) Two studies, one cohort and one death, time to variceal obliteration) in the secondary case-control, that assessed the effects of omega-3 fatty prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Moreover, acids on incidence of MS were inconclusive. A single combination EBL and sclerotherapy had more esophageal cohort study evaluating the effects of omega-3 fatty acids stricture formation than EBL alone. Published in Digestive on incidence of Parkinson’s disease found no significant Diseases and Sciences, v. 50, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. 399-406. association between dietary intake of omega 3 fatty acids (fish, ALA, EPA, or DHA) and Parkinson’s. Another LRP-200502-21 Welfare Reform, Work and Wages: single case-control study found a significant association A Summary of the US Experience. J. Grogger, L. A. between maternal fish consumption at least once a week Karoly. throughout pregnancy and a lower risk of cerebral palsy in Published in CESifo DICE Report, no. 2, Feb. 2005, p. offspring. 5) In one RCT, omega-3 fatty acids (fish, ALA, 8–12. Online access: http://www.cesifo-group.de/ EPA, DHA) had no effect on the progression of multiple DocCIDL/dicereport205-forum2.pdf. sclerosis; two single-arm open-label trials showed improvement in disability with omega-3 supplementation. LRP-200502-22 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on CONCLUSIONS: The quantity and strength of evidence Cognitive Function with Aging, Dementia, and for effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the neurological Neurological Diseases. C. H. MacLean, A. M. Issa, W. conditions assessed vary greatly. Due to the small number Mojica, S. Newberry, S. C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle, L. G. of studies that met our inclusion criteria, further research Hilton, R. H. Garland, J. McGowan, N. Santesso, S. is necessary before substantive conclusions can be drawn. Rhodes, C. Rolon, S. Traina. The paucity of evidence in this area suggests that a great deal of epidemiological and clinical research remains to be CONTEXT: It has been suggested that omega 3-fatty acids done before any conclusions can be drawn or policy have beneficial effects in several conditions and disorders recommendations can be made regarding the health effects affecting the central nervous system, including providing a of omega-3 fatty acids on normal cognitive function with protective effect on cognitive function with aging; aging, dementia, and neurological diseases. Published in 319

Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 114 p. 923–935. Online access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. (Prepared by Southern California/RAND Evidence-Based socscimed.2004.06.051 Practice Center, under Contract No. 290–02- 0003). AHRQ Publication No. 05-E011-2. Rockville, MD: LRP-200503-02 Mediation Analysis of a School- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. February Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project 2005. Online access: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/ ALERT. M. Orlando, P. L. Ellickson, D. F. McCaffrey, evidence/pdf/o3cogn/o3cogn.pdf. D. Longshore. This study used mediation analyses, implemented in a LRP-200502-23 Concentrated Disadvantage and longitudinal structural equation modeling framework, to Youth-on-Youth Homicide: Assessing the Structural examine the mechanisms by which a social-influence- Covariates over Time. J. M. Macdonald, A. R. Gover. based school drug use prevention program (Project Between the mid-1980s and early 1990s, there was an ALERT) achieved its effects on past month cigarette use unprecedented growth in youth homicides. Numerous and alcohol misuse. Participants were 4,277 South studies note the importance of measures of concentrated Dakotan middle-school students (2,554 treatment and disadvantage in the social production of adult homicide. 1,723 control) measured at baseline and 1 year later on However, few studies have examined the relationship past month cigarette use and alcohol misuse, as well as between these social ecological factors and homicides in cigarette- and alcohol-related mediating variables targeted which youth are both the perpetrators and victims. This by the Project ALERT curriculum (i.e., resistance self- research examines the impact of structural indicators of efficacy, positive and negative beliefs about use, and peer concentrated disadvantage on city-level rates of youth-on- influence). Results for cigarettes showed that all youth homicide. Results indicate that concentrated hypothesized mediating variables were significant disadvantage is associated with youth-on-youth homicide mediators of ALERT's effect on intentions to smoke and rates in large U.S. cities over time. The rise in these past month cigarette use, with peer influence being the structural indicators of disadvantage is also associated strongest. Results for alcohol point to positive beliefs with the increase in youth-on-youth homicide rates in U.S. about the consequences of drinking as an important cities in the early 1990s. The theoretical significance of mediator for alcohol misuse. Taken together, the findings these findings for substantive theories of youth violence highlight an avenue for program improvement through and their social policy ramifications are discussed. increased impact on peer influence to use alcohol and Published in Homicide Studies, v. 9, no. 1, Feb. 2005, p. drugs. Published in Prevention Science, v. 6, no. 1, Mar. 30–54. 2005, p. 35–46.

LRP-200503-01 The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease LRP-200503-03 Predictors of Fatigue After Among Brazilian Children: Trends and Differentials from Treatment for Prostate Cancer. S. L. Maliski, L. Kwan, J. 1986 to 1996. N. Sastry, S. Burgard. R. Orecklin, C. S. Saigal, M. S. Litwin. In this paper, the authors examine trends and differentials OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether post-treatment in diarrhea prevalence and treatment in Brazil between fatigue among men treated for prostate cancer varies by 1986 and 1996. Our results indicate that there was a very treatment, demographics, or pretreatment general and modest decline in diarrhea prevalence in Brazil over this disease-specific health-related quality of life. The authors ten-year period. However, treatment with oral rehydration also sought to describe the baseline characteristics of men therapy (ORT) increased greatly. Although deaths due to who were fatigued at follow-up to allow for interventions diarrhea were reduced, high disease rates continue to place in those at greatest risk. METHODS: The authors a large number of children at risk of adverse nutritional conducted a secondary analysis on data gathered from men and developmental outcomes. There were dramatic with prostate cancer at biopsy and after treatment by differences in diarrhea prevalence across socioeconomic examining factors that predicted for post-treatment fatigue. groups and regions that persisted over time, although the RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate analysis results large regional differential in ORT treatment that was demonstrated that post-treatment fatigue was associated present in 1986 had disappeared by 1996. The persistence with baseline fatigue, role limitations due to emotional of high rates of diarrhea indicates that reducing the problems, treatment type, and treatment location. prevalence of the disease continues to be a major public RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that those who health priority. The large differential in the prevalence of were fatigued at follow-up were more likely to have been diarrhea across socioeconomic groups and regions means treated at a public facility (P = 0.0017), be nonwhite that interventions to prevent the disease should be targeted (Latino, African American, or Asian Pacific-Islander; P = towards the most disadvantaged segments in Brazil, which 0.0362), be married (P = 0.0413), be not employed at least also face the highest child mortality rates. Published part-time (P = 0.0327), to have one or more comorbidities in Social Science and Medicine, v. 60, no. 5, Mar. 2005, (P = 0.0005), and to have scored lower in all domains of 320 the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and UCLA Prostate BACKGROUND: Heavy alcohol use is associated with Cancer Index at baseline (all P

(alpha >/= 0.70 across all age groups) in the asthma LRP-200503-09 Patterns and Quality of Treatment sample. The PedsQLTM mark 4.0 SF15 and the for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric PedsQLTM 3.0 SF22 Asthma Module were able to Practice. J. C. West, J. E. Wilk, M. Olfson, D. S. Rae, S. distinguish between children of different clinical status C. Marcus, W. E. Narrow, H. A. Pincus, D. A. Regier. and correlated as expected with measures of productivity OBJECTIVES: This study provided generalizable national and family functioning in the asthma sample. The data on the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia psychometric properties of the PedsQLTM 4.0 SF15 were in the United States and assessed conformance with the generally comparable to those of the original instrument. practice guideline treatment recommendations of the CONCLUSION: The Total Score of the PedsQLTM 4.0 Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team and the SF15 and the Asthma Symptoms scale of the PedsQLTM American Psychiatric Association. METHODS: National 3.0 SF22 Asthma Module demonstrated the best reliability data from the American Psychiatric Institute for Research and validity and should be suitable for group-level and Education's 1999 Practice Research Network study of comparisons of generic and asthma-specific HRQoL in psychiatric patients and treatments were used to examine clinical research studies of children with asthma. treatment patterns for 151 adult patients with Published in Medical Care, v. 43, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. schizophrenia. Analyses were performed and adjusted for 256-265. the weights and sample design to generate nationally representative estimates. RESULTS: Findings indicated LRP-200503-07 Disparities and Quality that patients with schizophrenia who were treated by Improvement: Federal Policy Levers. N. Lurie, M. Jung, psychiatrists had complex clinical problems and were R. Lavizzo-Mourey. markedly disabled. Forty-one percent of patients had a Using a quality improvement framework to address racial comorbid axis I disorder, and 75 percent were currently and ethnic disparities in health care highlights multiple unemployed. Thirty-five percent were currently opportunities for federal and state governments to exert experiencing medication side effects, and 37 percent were policy leverage, particularly through their roles as currently experiencing problems with treatment adherence. purchasers and regulators. Under such a framework, Although most patients received guideline-consistent federal and state governments can expand their roles in psychopharmacologic treatment, treatment was collecting race/ethnicity data; define universal and characterized by significant polypharmacy. Rates of meaningful race/ethnicity categories; more broadly conformance with the guideline recommendations were disseminate standards for cultural competence; and significantly lower for psychosocial recommendations demand the reduction of disparities through leveraging than for psychopharmacologic recommendations. their status as collectively the largest U.S. health care Although 69 percent of patients received at least some payer. Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 2, Mar./Apr. psychosocial treatment, none of the unemployed patients 2005, p. 354–364. received vocational rehabilitation services in the past 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest unmet need LRP-200503-08 Use of Geocoding in Managed Care for psychosocial treatment services among individuals Settings to Identify Quality Disparities. A. M. Fremont, with schizophrenia. These findings raise questions about A. S. Bierman, S. L. Wickstrom, C. E. Bird, M. Shah, J. J. whether currently available antipsychotic medications are Escarce, T. Horstman, T. S. Rector. being used optimally or whether they offer limited effectiveness for patient. Published in Psychiatric Tracking quality-of-care measures is essential for Services, v. 56, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 283–291. improving care, particularly for vulnerable populations. Although managed care plans routinely track quality LRP-200503-10 How Do Ethnicity and Primary measures, few examine whether their performance differs Language Spoken at Home Affect Management Practices by enrollee race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status (SES), and Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Asthma? in part because plans do not collect that information. The K. S. Chan, E. B. Keeler, M. Schonlau, M. Rosen, R. authors show that plans can begin examining and targeting Mangione-Smith. potential disparities using indirect measures of enrollee race/ethnicity and SES based on geocoding. Using such BACKGROUND: Lower rates of preventive medication measures, the authors demonstrate disparities within both use and higher rates of hospitalization and emergency Medicare+Choice and commercial plans on Health Plan department use have been documented among Latino Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures of children and adolescents with asthma. However, little is diabetes and cardiovascular care, including instances in known about how language barriers influence asthma which race/ethnicity and SES have distinct effects. management practices and outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 2005, examine the effects of language on asthma management p. 516-529. practices and asthma-related outcomes. DESIGN: Cross- sectional survey of asthma management practices, 322 perceived efficacy, asthma knowledge, family functioning, of the effects of a parent intervention on college student and health-related quality of life in 405 white non-Latino, drinking tendencies. Findings suggested that the parent African American non-Latino, and Latino children and intervention seems to have its impact on student drinking adolescents from English- and Spanish-speaking homes. by reducing the influence of negative communications and RESULTS: Latino children and adolescents from Spanish- decreasing the susceptibility of influences from closest speaking homes had lower rates of goal setting and peak friends. Dr. Kim Fromme provided concluding remarks. flow monitoring, poorer asthma knowledge, and greater Published in Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental negative family impact than white children and Research, v. 29, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 474–484. adolescents (P< .05 for all). Although Latino children and adolescents from English-speaking homes did worse than LRP-200503-12 Characteristics of Malt Liquor Beer their non-Latino white peers, the decrements were modest Drinkers in a Low-Income, Racial Minority Community and not statistically significant (P> .16 for all). Sample. R. N. Bluthenthal, D. B. Taylor, N. Guzman- Management practices and outcomes for non-Latino Becerra, P. L. Robinson. African American children and adolescents closely BACKGROUND: The authors describe and compare approximated those of white children and adolescents. drinking patterns among malt liquor beer (MLB), regular CONCLUSIONS: Language barriers seem to contribute to beer (RB), and hard liquor (HL) drinkers in a low-income, poorer asthma management practices and knowledge racial/ethnic minority community. METHODS: Drinkers among Latino children and adolescents. Efforts to increase were recruited from randomly selected alcohol outlets in knowledge in this group may enhance asthma self-care South Los Angeles. Respondents were assessed on and limit the morbidity associated with asthma. Published sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol use history, in Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, v. 159, drinking patterns, and drinking context among other items no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 283–289. in a face-to-face interview with research staff. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-nine drinkers were interviewed, of LRP-200503-11 Developmental Considerations for whom 297 reported drinking MLB, RB, or HL brands of Substance Use Interventions from Middle School Through alcohol most often in the past 90 days. This subsample College. E. J. D'Amico, P. L. Ellickson, E. F. Wagner, R. was 88% African-American, 72% male, and 35% Turrisi, K. Fromme, B. Ghosh-Dastidar, D. Longshore, D. unemployed. As compared with RB and HL drinkers, F. McCaffrey, M. J. Montgomery, M. Schonlau, D. MLB drinkers were more likely to be homeless, to receive Wright. public assistance for housing, and to be unemployed. MLB This article summarizes a symposium organized by Dr. drinkers also reported significantly higher rates of daily or Elizabeth D'Amico and presented at the 2004 Annual near-daily drinking (74%, as compared with 48% for RB Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in and 29% for HL) of drinks per day on drinking days (5.2, Vancouver, Canada. The four presentations illustrate the as compared with 4.2 for RB and 3.1 for HL), and daily importance of creating substance use interventions that are average ethanol consumption (6.97 oz, as compared with developmentally appropriate for youth. They represent 2.13 oz for RB drinkers and 6.13 oz for HL drinkers). In innovative approaches to working with preteens, multinomial regression analysis that controlled for teenagers, and young adults. Dr. D'Amico's paper potential confounders, the odds of preferring RB as describes her research on the development of a voluntary compared with MLB were significantly increased among brief intervention targeting alcohol use among middle persons with blue-collar occupations and those who school students. Findings indicated that by using school reported drinking in public settings and were reduced and community input, she was able to obtain a diverse a among persons who drank outdoors, those who combined sample of youth across grades, sex, ethnicity, and drinking with tobacco smoking, and those who drank substance use status. Dr. Ellickson's paper describes her alcohol with members of the same sex. Average daily research on Project ALERT, a school-based prevention ethanol consumption odds were reduced for RB drinkers program for middle school youth. Her findings indicate as compared with MLB drinkers. The odds of preferring that Project ALERT worked for students at all levels of HL as compared with MLB were significantly increased risk (low, moderate, and high) and for all students for persons with white-collar occupations and those who combined. Dr. Wagner's Teen Intervention Project was a drank in public settings and were reduced for persons who randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of a drank outdoors and those who combined drinking and standardized Student Assistance Program for treating smoking. CONCLUSION: The authors observed middle and high school students with alcohol and other substantial differences in sociodemographic character- drug problems. The study provided a unique opportunity ristics, drinking patterns, and ethanol consumption by to begin to examine how development may impact beverage type in this community sample. MLB drinkers response to an alcohol or other drug intervention. Dr. seem to have distinctive drinking patterns that require Turrisi's paper examined processes underlying the nature additional study to determine whether this pattern is 323 associated with increased individual or community risk. provided. The authors also discuss estimating the number Published in Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental needed to treat (NNT) relative to clinically significant Research, v. 29, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 402–409. thresholds. Finally, they provide a rationale for applying group-derived standards to individual assessments. LRP-200503-13 Recruiting Drug-Using Men Who CONCLUSIONS: While no single method for determining Have Sex with Men into Behavioral Interventions: A clinical significance is unilaterally endorsed, the Two-Stage Approach. D. E. Kanouse, R. N. Bluthenthal, investigation and full reporting of multiple methods for L. M. Bogart, M. Y. Iguchi, S. Perry, K. Sand, S. Shoptaw. establishing clinically significant change levels for a QOL measure, and greater direct involvement of clinicians in Drug-using men who have sex with men (MSM) are at clinical significance studies are strongly encouraged. high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. Published in Quality of Life Research, v. 14, no. 2, Mar. Efforts to change behaviors in this population have been 2005, p. 285–295. hampered by difficulties in recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions. This study sought to develop LRP-200503-15 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in an effective strategy for recruiting drug-using MSM into Care: The Perspectives of Cardiologists. N. Lurie, A. M. behavioral interventions that consist of motivational Fremont, A. K. Jain, S. L. Taylor, R. McLaughlin, E. interviewing alone or motivational interviewing plus Peterson, B. W. Kong, T. B. Ferguson. contingency management. MSM were recruited through advertising and community outreach into groups to discuss BACKGROUND: Despite extensive documentation of party drugs, party burnout, and sexual behavior, with the racial and ethnic disparities in care, provider awareness of intervention subsequently described and enrollment disparities has been thought to be low. To be effective, offered in the group setting. Many more eligible MSM educational efforts for physicians must consider providers' responded to advertisements for the discussion groups than knowledge and beliefs about what causes disparities and advertisements for the interventions, and 58% of those what can be done about them. METHODS AND who participated in the discussion groups volunteered for RESULTS: The authors conducted a Web-based survey of counseling. Men who entered counseling reported high 344 cardiologists to determine their level of awareness of levels of drug use and sexual activity and were racially disparities and views of underlying causes. Responses and ethnically diverse; only 35% were willing to accept were assessed by means of 5-point Likert scales. Thirty- drug treatment. Results demonstrate that a two-stage four percent of cardiologists agreed that disparities existed strategy in which drug-using MSM are first recruited into in care overall in the US healthcare system, and 33% discussion groups before they are offered a behavioral agreed that disparities existed in cardiovascular care. Only intervention can be an effective way to induce voluntary 12% felt disparities existed in their own hospital setting, acceptance of an intervention employing a behavioral risk- and even fewer, 5%, thought disparities existed in the care reduction approach. Published in Journal of Urban Health, of their own patients. Despite this, most respondents rated v. 82, no. 1, suppl., Mar. 2005, p. i109-i119. the strength of the evidence about disparities as "very strong" or "strong." Respondents identified many potential LRP-200503-14 Estimating Clinically Significant causes for disparities in care but were more likely to Differences in Quality of Life Outcomes. K. W. Wyrwich, endorse patient and system level factors (eg, insurance M. Bullinger, N. K. Aaronson, R. D. Hays, D. L. Patrick, status or adherence) rather than provider level factors. T. Symond. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiologists' awareness of disparities in care remains low, and awareness is inversely OBJECTIVE: This report extracts important considera- proportional to proximity to their own practice setting. tions for determining and applying clinically significant Published in Circulation, v. 111, no. 10, Mar. 2005, p. differences in quality of life (QOL) measures from six 1264–1269. published articles written by 30 international experts in the field of QOL assessment and evaluation. The original six LRP-200503-16 Psychotropic Medication Use in a articles were presented at the Symposium on Clinical National Probability Sample of Children in the Child Significance of Quality of Life Measures in Cancer Welfare System. R. Raghavan, B. T. Zima, R. Andersen, Patients at the Mayo Clinic in April 2002 and A. A. Leibowitz, M. A. Schuster, J. Landsverk. subsequently were published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Specific examples and formulas OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the are given for anchor-based methods, as well as point prevalence of psychotropic medication use, and to distribution-based methods that correspond to known or describe relationships between child-level characteristics, relevant anchors to determine important differences in provider type, and medication use among children in the QOL measures. Important prerequisites for clinical child welfare system. METHODS: The National Survey of significance associated with instrument selection, Child and Adolescent Well-Being is the first nationally responsiveness, and the reporting of QOL trial results are representative study of children coming into contact with 324 the child welfare system. The authors used data from its populations. Published in Maternal and Child Health baseline and 12-month follow-up waves, and conducted Journal, v. 9, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 49–57. weighted bivariate analyses on a sample of 3114 children and adolescents, 87% of whom were residing in-home. LRP-200503-19 Prevalence of Substance Use RESULTS: Overall, 13.5% of children in child welfare Among White and American Indian Young Adolescents in were taking psychotropic medications in 2001 2002. Older a Northern Plains State. S. Spear, D. Longshore, D. F. age, male gender, Caucasian race/ethnicity, history of McCaffrey, P. L. Ellickson. physical abuse, public insurance, and borderline scores on This article documents the prevalence of self-reported the internalizing and externalizing subscales of the Child substance use among White and American Indian Behavior Checklist were associated with higher adolescents enrolled in seventh grade (ages 12 through 13) proportions of medication use. African-American and in 1997 in a Northern Plains state. Data were collected by Latino ethnicities, and a history of neglect, were self-administered questionnaire preceding adolescents' associated with lower proportions of medication use. participation in a randomized field trial of Project Alert, a CONCLUSIONS: These national estimates suggest that seventh and eighth grade substance use prevention children in child welfare settings are receiving curriculum. Rates of lifetime and past-month use of psychotropic medications at a rate between 2 and 3 times cigarettes and marijuana were higher among American that of children treated in the community. This suggests a Indians than among whites of the same gender. American need to further understand the prescribing of psychotropic Indian girls exceeded American Indian boys as well as medications for child welfare children. Published in White girls and White boys on lifetime and past-month use Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, v. of cigarettes and marijuana as well as alcohol and 15, no. 1, Mar. 1, 2005, p. 97–106. inhalants; differences on cigarette and inhalant use reached statistical significance. These findings add to the sparse LRP-200503-17 Canning Spam: Proposed Solutions literature on substance use among adolescents as young as to Unwanted Email. S. L. Pfleeger, G. Bloom. 12 through 13 years old and underscore the importance of Unsolicited email is a major problem for anyone who examining gender-specific substance use patterns early in transmits or receives email on a computer, telephone, or adolescence. Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, personal digital assistant. This article describes the v. 37, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 1–6. magnitude of the problem, the reasons for proliferation, some interventions available today, and the degree to LRP-200503-20 Isolating the Nexus of Substance which each has been effective. Published in IEEE Security Use, Violence and Sexual Risk for HIV Infection Among and Privacy, v. 3, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 2005, p. 40–47. Young Adults in the United States. R. L. Collins, P. L. Ellickson, M. Orlando, D. J. Klein. LRP-200503-18 Measuring Primary Care for Adults aged 18 to 29 are at significant sexual risk for HIV Children of Latino Farmworkers: Reliability and Validity infection. Substance use and violence are known to be of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care Measure associated with sexual risk in certain groups, but few (P3C). M. Seid, J. W. Varni. studies have examined these relationships in the general This study evaluates the feasibility, reliability, and validity population of young adults. No studies have tested of the Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care measure (P3C) whether the contributions of substance use and violence to in an underserved population: children of Latino farm sexual risk are independent, and few have looked at workers. Bilingual research assistants verbally whether drug use associations with risk are specific to administered the P3C, as well as a measure of child health- certain substances. Using structural modeling techniques, related quality of life (HRQL: the PedsQL 4.0) and the authors examined data for 3,437 adults aged 23–24, demographic questions to 297 Latino farm worker parents testing for associations between three measures of sexual of young children, in San Diego and Imperial Counties. risk for HIV, various forms of substance use, victimization The P3C was found to be feasible, as measured by a very and partner violence. Alcohol use and victimization low percent of missing/do not know values. Internal predicted high risk sex in independent samples of single consistency reliability for the Total Scale and most and married/cohabiting adults. Marijuana use, problem subscales was strong. The P3C's validity was drug use, and partner violence were inconsistently related demonstrated through factor analysis of the subscales, by to sexual risk across measures and subsamples. HIV- showing that scores were lower for children without a prevention interventions designed for young adults in the regular physician and for children experiencing foregone general population should target individuals who use health care, and by demonstrating that P3C scores were alcohol frequently and who are victims of violence, and related to HRQL. The P3C can be useful to various should address both factors, in addition to sexual risk stakeholders in measuring primary care for vulnerable behavior. Published in AIDS and Behavior, v. 9, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 73-78. 325

LRP-200503-21 Interprofessional Referral Patterns taxes. Published in Contagion, v. 2, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. in an Integrated Medical System. I. D. Coulter, B. B. 127–132. Singh, D. Riley, C. Der-Martirosian. LRP-200503-25 Effects of Testosterone Replacement OBJECTIVE: To determine the interreferral patterns in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women with among physicians and complementary and alternative Weight Loss. H. H. Choi, P. B. Gray, T. W. Storer, O. M. medicine (CAM) providers in an independent practice Calof, L. Woodhouse, A. B. Singh, C. Padero, R. P. Mac, association integrated medical system. METHOD: Data I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Shen, J. Dzekov, C. Dzekov, M. M. from a 1-year period were collected on referral patterns, Kushnir, A. L. Rockwood, A. W. Meikle, M. L. Lee, R. D. diagnosis, number of visits, cost, and qualitative aspects of Hays, S. Bhasin. patient care. The independent practice association provided care for approximately 12000 patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether RESULTS: In the selected integrative network, there are physiological testosterone replacement increases fat-free those primary care physicians (PCPs) who refer and those mass (FFM) and muscle strength and contributes to weight who do not. Among those PCPs that refer to CAM, a maintenance in HIV-infected women with relative preference is shown for a limited number of providers to androgen deficiency and weight loss. Fifty-two HIV- whom they refer. Although doctors of chiropractic get infected, medically stable women, 18–50 yr of age, with more referrals, they are also more concentrated among more than 5% weight loss over 6 months and testosterone selected providers than are doctors of oriental medicine. levels below 33 ng/dl were randomized into this double- CONCLUSION: This study shows the interreferral blind, placebo-controlled trial of 24-wk duration. Subjects patterns among the PCP and CAM providers working in the testosterone group applied testosterone patches within an integrated medical system. One effect of being twice weekly to achieve a nominal delivery of 300 mug in the network for doctors of chiropractic and doctors of testosterone over 24 h. Data were evaluable for 44 women. oriental medicine might be the possible interreferrals Serum average total and peak testosterone levels increased between each other. Published in Journal of Manipulative significantly in the testosterone group, but did not change and Physiological Therapeutics, v. 28, no. 3, Mar./Apr. in the placebo group. However, there were no significant 2005, p. 170–174. changes in FFM (testosterone, 0.7 +/- 0.4 kg; placebo, 0.3 +/- 0.4 kg), fat mass (testosterone, 0.3 +/- 0.7 kg; placebo, LRP-200503-22 HIV-Infected Population National 0.6 +/- 0.7 kg), or body weight (testosterone, 1.0 +/- 0.9 Data. D. E. Kanouse, R. L. Collins, A. Miu, S. H. Berry. kg; placebo, 0.9 +/- 0.8 kg) between the two treatment groups. There were no significant changes in leg press Published in JAIDS, Journal of Acquired Immune strength, leg power, or muscle fatigability in either group. Deficiency Syndromes, v. 38, suppl. 1, Mar. 2005, p. S6- Changes in quality of life, sexual function, cognitive S7. function, and Karnofsky performance scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. High-density LRP-200503-23 Syndromic Surveillance. M. A. lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased significantly in the Stoto. testosterone group. The patches were well tolerated. The Public health officials have been quick to adopt this new authors conclude that physiological testosterone tool for identifying emerging problems, but research is replacement was safe and effective in raising testosterone needed to assess its effectiveness. Published in Issues in levels into the mid to high normal range, but did not Science and Technology, v. 21, Spring 2005, p. 49–56. significantly increase FFM, body weight, or muscle performance in HIV-infected women with low LRP-200503-24 Maximizing Local Effect of HIV testosterone levels and mild weight loss. Additional Prevention Resources. S. Wu, D. Cohen, L. Shi, T. Farley. studies are needed to fully explore the role of androgens in the regulation of body composition in women. Published Comparing estimates of the cost-effectiveness of human in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interventions can help v. 90, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 1531-1541. communities select an HIV prevention portfolio to meet local needs efficiently. The authors developed a LRP-200503-26 Conspiracy Beliefs About spreadsheet tool to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among African Americans: of 26 HIV prevention interventions. HIV prevalence of the Implications for the Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and population at risk and the cost per person reached were the Unintended Pregnancy. S. T. Bird, L. M. Bogart. two most important factors determining cost-effectiveness. In low-prevalence populations, the most cost-effective In this article, the authors examine the potential role that interventions had a low per-person cost. Among the most conspiracy beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS (e.g., “HIV is a cost-effective interventions overall were showing videos manmade virus”) and birth control (e.g., “The government in sexually transmitted disease clinics and raising alcohol is trying to limit the Black population by encouraging the 326 use of condoms”) play in the prevention of HIV, other behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic intervention resulted STIs, and unintended pregnancies among African in sustained and gradually increasing improvement Americans in the United States. First, they review prior relative to treatment as usual, with significantly higher research indicating that substantial percentages of African rates at all points of both the proportion of subjects Americans endorse conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS remitted (3 months, 20% vs 12%; 12 months, 29% vs and birth control. Next, the authors present a theoretical 16%) and responding (3 months, 46% vs 27%; 12 months, framework that suggests how conspiracy beliefs influence 63% vs 38%) and significantly greater improvements in sexual behavior and attitudes. The authors offer several World Health Organization Disability Scale (all points) recommendations for future research. Finally, they discuss and short form 12 mental health functioning (3 and 6 the policy and programmatic implications of conspiracy months) scores. These effects were obtained in spite of beliefs for the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and similar rates of delivery of guideline-concordant unintended pregnancy. Published in Journal of Social pharmacotherapy to the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Issues, v. 61, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 109–126. Delivery of evidence-based CBT and medication using the collaborative care model and a CBT-naïve, midlevel LRP-200503-27 A Randomized Effectiveness Trial behavioral health specialist is feasible and significantly of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Medication for more effective than usual care for primary care panic Primary Care Panic Disorder. P. Roy-Byrne, M. G. disorder. Published in Archives of General Psychiatry, v. Craske, M. B. Stein, J. G. Sullivan, A. Bystritsky, W. 62, no. 3, Mar. 2005, p. 290–298. Katon, D. Golinelli, C. D. Sherbourne. LRP-200503-28 What Is EHealth (4): A Scoping BACKGROUND: Panic disorder is a prevalent, often Exercise to Map the Field. C. Pagliari, D. Sloan, P. disabling condition among patients in the primary care Gregor, F. Sullivan, F. Detmer, J. P. Kahan, W. J. setting. Although numerous studies have assessed the Oortwijn, S. MacGillivray. effectiveness of treatments for depression in primary care, few such studies have been conducted for panic disorder. BACKGROUND: Lack of consensus on the meaning of OBJECTIVE: To implement and test the effectiveness of a eHealth has led to uncertainty among academics, combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral policymakers, providers and consumers. This project was intervention for panic disorder tailored to the primary care commissioned in light of the rising profile of eHealth on setting. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled study the international policy agenda and the emerging UK comparing intervention to treatment as usual. SETTING: National Programme for Information Technology (now Six primary care clinics associated with 3 univer- called Connecting for Health) and related developments in sity medical schools, serving an ethnically and the UK National Health Service. OBJECTIVES: To map socioeconomically diverse patient population. the emergence and scope of eHealth as a topic and to PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred thirty-two primary care identify its place within the wider health informatics field, patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder. as part of a larger review of research and expert analysis Comorbid mental and physical disorders were permitted, pertaining to current evidence, best practice and future provided these did not contraindicate the treatment to be trends. METHODS: Multiple databases of scientific provided and were not acutely life threatening. abstracts were explored in a nonsystematic fashion to INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized to receive assess the presence of eHealth or conceptually related either treatment as usual or an intervention consisting of a terms within their taxonomies, to identify journals in combination of up to 6 sessions (across 12 weeks) of which articles explicitly referring to eHealth are contained cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) modified for the and the topics covered, and to identify published primary care setting, with up to 6 follow-up telephone definitions of the concept. The databases were Medline contacts during the next 9 months, and algorithm-based (PubMed), the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied pharmacotherapy provided by the primary care physician Health Literature (CINAHL), the Science Citation Index with guidance from a psychiatrist. Behavioral health (SCI), the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), the specialists, the majority inexperienced in CBT for panic Cochrane Database (including Dare, Central, NHS disorder, were trained to deliver the CBT and coordinated Economic Evaluation Database NHS EED Health overall care, including pharmacotherapy. MAIN Technology Assessment HTA database, NHS EED OUTCOMES MEASURES: Proportion of subjects bibliographic) and ISTP (now known as ISI proceedings). remitted (no panic attacks in the past month, minimal The authors used the search query, “Ehealth OR e-health anticipatory anxiety, and agoraphobia subscale score <10 OR e*health”. The timeframe searched was 1997–2003, on Fear Questionnaire) and responding (Anxiety although some analyses contain data emerging subsequent Sensitivity Index score <20) and change over time in to this period. This was supplemented by iterative searches World Health Organization Disability Scale and short of Web-based sources, such as commercial and policy form 12 scores. RESULTS: The combined cognitive- reports, research commissioning programmes and 327 electronic news pages. Definitions extracted from both over the course of a year. RESULTS: The overall process searches were thematically analyzed and compared in of asthma care improved significantly in the intervention order to assess conceptual heterogeneity. RESULTS: The group but remained unchanged in the control group term eHealth only came into use in the year 2000, but has (change in process score +13% vs 0%; P < .0001). Patients since become widely prevalent. The scope of the topic was in the intervention group were more likely than patients in not immediately discernable from that of the wider health the control group to monitor their peak flows (70% vs informatics field, for which over 320000 publications are 43%; P < .0001) and to have a written action plan (41% vs listed in Medline alone, and it is not explicitly represented 22%; P = .001). Patients in the intervention group had within the existing Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) better general health-related quality of life (scale score 80 taxonomy. Applying eHealth as narrative search term to vs 77; P = .05) and asthma-specific quality of life related multiple databases yielded 387 relevant articles, to treatment problems (scale score 89 vs 85; P < .05). distributed across 154 different journals, most commonly CONCLUSIONS: The intervention improved some related to information technology and telemedicine, but important aspects of processes of care that have previously extending to such areas as law. Most eHealth articles are been linked to better outcomes. Patients who received care represented on Medline. Definitions of eHealth vary with at intervention clinics also reported higher general and respect to the functions, stakeholders, contexts and asthma-specific quality of life. Published in Ambulatory theoretical issues targeted. Most encompass a broad range Pediatrics, v. 5, no. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2005, p. 75–82. of medical informatics applications either specified (eg, decision support, consumer health information) or LRP-200503-30 The U.S. Agricultural System: A presented in more general terms (eg, to manage, arrange or Target for Al-Qaeda? P. Chalk. deliver health care). However the majority emphasize the Published in Terrorism Monitor, v. 3, no. 5, Mar. 10, communicative functions of eHealth and specify the use of 2005, p. 4–6. Online access: http://www.jamestown.org/ networked digital technologies, primarily the Internet, thus terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369398. differentiating eHealth from the field of medical informatics. While some definitions explicitly target health LRP-200503-31 Approaches and Recommendations professionals or patients, most encompass applications for for Estimating Minimally Important Differences for all stakeholder groups. The nature of the scientific and Health-Related Quality of Life Measures. R. D. Hays, S. broader literature pertaining to eHealth closely reflects S. Farivar, H. Liu. these conceptualizations. CONCLUSIONS: The authors surmise that the field—as it stands today—may be The authors describe currently available approaches for characterized by the global definitions suggested by estimating the minimally important difference (MID) and Eysenbach and Eng. Published in Journal of Medical their associated strengths and weaknesses. Specifically, we Internet Research, v. 7, no. 1, article e9, Mar. 31, 2005, p. show that anchor-based methods should be the primary 68-86. method of estimating the MID because of the limitations of distribution-based methods. In addition, we provide LRP-200503-29 Measuring the Effectiveness of a recommendations for estimating the MID in future Collaborative for Quality Improvement in Pediatric research. Published in Journal of Chronic Obstructive Asthma Care: Does Implementing the Chronic Care Model Pulmonary Disease, v. 2, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 63–67. Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? R. Mangione- Smith, M. Schonlau, K. S. Chan, J. Keesey, M. Rosen, T. LRP-200503-32 Urologic Diseases in America A. Louis, E. B. Keeler. Project: Analytical Methods and Principal Findings. M. S. Litwin, C. S. Saigal, E. Yano, C. Avila, S. A. Geschwind, OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a collaborative to J. M. Hanley, G. Joyce, R. Madison, J. E. Pace, S. M. improve pediatric asthma care positively influenced Polich, M. Wang. processes and outcomes of that care. METHODS: Medical record abstractions and patient/parent interviews were PURPOSE: The burden of urological diseases on the used to make pre- and postintervention comparisons of American public is immense in human and financial terms patients at 9 sites that participated in the evaluation of a but it has been under studied. The authors undertook a Breakthrough Series (BTS) collaborative for asthma care project, Urologic Diseases in America, to quantify the with patients at 4 matched control sites. SETTING: burden of urological diseases on the American public. Thirteen primary care clinics. PATIENTS: Three hundred MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors identified eighty-five asthmatic children who received care at an public and private data sources that contain population intervention clinic and 126 who received care at a control based data on resource utilization by patients with benign clinic (response rate = 76%). INTERVENTION: Three 2- and malignant urological conditions. Sources included the day educational sessions for quality improvement teams Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, National from participating sites followed by 3 "action" periods Center for Health Statistics, Medical Expenditure Panel 328

Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination are addressed. Published in Journal of Quantitative Survey, Department of Veterans Affairs, National Criminology, v. 21, no. 1, Mar. 2005, p. 55–71. Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, and private data sets maintained by LRP-200503-34 Challenges in Measuring Nursing MarketScan Health and Productivity Management Home and Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First (MarketScan, Chichester, United Kingdom), Ingenix National Healthcare Quality Report. J. Sangl, D. Saliba, (Ingenix, Salt Lake City, Utah) and Center for Health Care D. R. Gifford, D. F. Hittle. Policy and Evaluation. Using diagnosis and procedure BACKGROUND: The availability of patient assessment codes the authors described trends in the utilization of data collected by all Medicare- and Medicaid-certified urological services. RESULTS: In 2000 urinary tract nursing homes (NHs) (the Minimum Data Set MDS and infections accounted for more than 6.8 million office visits home health agencies (HHAs) (the Outcome and and 1.3 million emergency room visits, and 245,000 Assessment Information Set OASIS provides an hospitalizations in women with an annual cost of more opportunity to measure quality of care in these settings. than $2.4 billion. Urinary tract infections accounted for OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine more than 1.4 million office visits, 424,000 emergency methodologic issues encountered as these datasets are used room visits and 121,000 hospitalizations in men with an to report the nation's health care in the National Healthcare annual cost of more than $1 billion. Benign prostatic Quality Report (NHQR) at national and state levels. hyperplasia was the primary diagnosis in more than 4.4 FINDINGS: Although the reliability of most data elements million office visits, 117,000 emergency room visits and from MDS and OASIS are considered acceptable in 105,000 hospitalizations, accounting for $1.1 billion in research studies, mixed evidence exists for the reliability expenditures that year. Urolithiasis was the primary and validity of the quality measures themselves. Detection diagnosis for almost 2 million office visits, more than bias can affect the quality measures, particularly for pain 600,000 emergency room visits, and more than 177,000 and pressure ulcers. Although risk adjustment is used for hospitalizations, totaling more than $2 billion in annual all measures, effectiveness varies among measures and expenditures. Urinary incontinence in women was the methods. Additional quality measures such as patient primary cause for more than 1.1 million office visits in satisfaction, quality of life, and structural measures would 2000 and $452 million in aggregate primary cause for be desirable but will require additional data collection more than 1.1 million office visits in 2000 and $452 efforts. Although the NH measures represent most NH million in aggregate annual expenditures. Other residents, the HHA measures only apply to Medicare and manuscripts in this series present further detail for specific Medicaid patients served by Medicare-certified agencies. urologic conditions. Conclusions: Recent trends in Finally, the absence of clinical benchmarks limits the epidemiology, practice patterns, resource utilization and interpretation of the NHQR HHA and NH measures. costs for urological diseases have broad implications for CONCLUSIONS: Further developmental work is needed quality of health care, access to care and the equitable to address many of these issues to improve the usefulness allocation of scarce resources for clinical care and of these quality measures in future NHQR reports. research. Published in The Journal of Urology, v. 173, no. Published in Medical Care, v. 43, no. 3, suppl., Mar. 2005, 3, Mar. 2005, p. 933–937. p. I-24-I-32. LRP-200503-33 Self-Control, Violent Offending, LRP-200504-01 The Accuracy of Teens' and Homicide Victimization: Assessing the General Expectations of Future Smoking. M. Schoenbaum. Theory of Crime. A. R. Piquero, J. M. Macdonald, A. Dobrin, L. E. Daigle, F. T. Cullen. BACKGROUND: Whether current and potential smokers recognize the full scope of smoking-related risks remains Criminologists have long recognized that offending and in dispute. This paper provides new evidence for one key victimization share common ground. Using Gottfredson group, teenagers, by assessing whether teens accurately and Hirschis general theory of crime, with its emphasis on assess the chances that they will be smoking in the future. self-control as a theoretical backdrop, the authors examine Among current smokers, this is one measure of whether the extent to which self-control is related to both violent they understand the addictiveness of smoking. Among offending and homicide victimization. To examine this current nonsmokers, this provides evidence regarding the issue, the authors use 5-year post-parole data on violent social environment in which teens decide whether to offending and homicide victimization from a sample of smoke. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of parolees from the California Youth Authority. Using rare- teens was asked to assess the chances that they would be events logistic regression models, results indicate that self- smoking 1 year later. Mean expectations of future smoking control is related to each outcome, but that other risk were compared with the actual probabilities of smoking factors are also uniquely related to each outcome. The initiation or continuation over 1 year from comparable implications of this study for theory and future research epidemiologic data. RESULTS: Among current smokers, 329 the mean expectation of continued smoking in 1 year was Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 2, Apr. 2005, p. significantly lower than the observed continuation rate (p 413–434. <0.01). Among nonsmoking teens, the mean expectation of smoking initiation was significantly lower than the LRP-200504-03 Mental Health of Low Income observed rate of initiation (p <0.02). Both types of Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. J. L. Gore, T. L. underestimations were substantively large and consistent Krupski, A. Fink, M. S. Litwin. across the teenage years. CONCLUSIONS: Currently- PURPOSE: The authors evaluated mental health outcomes smoking teens underestimate the chances that they will in a cohort of low income, uninsured men with prostate continue smoking—which is one measure of whether they cancer and identified factors that influence mental health. understand the addictiveness of cigarettes—while MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors performed a currently-nonsmoking teens underestimate the chance that retrospective cohort study of 277 subjects enrolled in a they will start to smoke, a measure of the social appeal of program that provides free care to men with prostate cigarettes. Tobacco control strategies should account for cancer who have an annual income of no more than 200% these misperceptions. Published in American Journal of of the federal poverty level. They compared scores on the Preventive Medicine, v. 28, no. 3, Apr. 2005, p. 274–280. 5-item RAND Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) to those in individuals with other chronic diseases. They also LRP-200504-02 How Much Is Postacute Care Use examined the relationship between MHI-5 scores and Affected by Its Availability? M. B. Buntin, A. D. Garten, validated measures of general and disease specific health S. M. Paddock, D. Saliba, M. Totten, J. J. Escarce. related quality of life. Disease specific quality of life OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative impact of clinical included measures of distress related to urinary, sexual and factors versus nonclinical factors - such as postacute care bowel habits. Multivariate analyses were performed to (PAC) supply - in determining whether patients receive evaluate factors associated with mental health score. care from skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) or inpatient RESULTS: Most men studied were Hispanic (51.6%) and rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) after discharge from acute had at most a high school education (85.9%). Mean MHI-5 care. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: score +/- SD was 68 +/- 23 on a 100-point scale, Medicare acute hospital, IRF, and SNF claims provided significantly worse than cohorts of men with diabetes, data on PAC choices; predictors of site of PAC chosen congestive heart failure and chronic pulmonary disease. were generated from Medicare claims, provider of Hispanic ethnicity, urinary bother and bowel bother were services, enrollment file, and Area Resource File data. negatively associated with mental health. Spirituality and STUDY DESIGN: The authors used multinomial logit physical functioning were positively associated with models to predict PAC use by elderly patients after mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Economically hospitalizations for stroke, hip fractures, or lower disadvantaged men with prostate cancer report worse extremity joint replacements. DATA mental health than people with other chronic diseases. COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: A file was Patients especially at risk are those with significant urinary constructed linking acute and postacute utilization data for or bowel distress, poor physical health, low spirituality all Medicare patients hospitalized in 1999. PRINCIPAL and Hispanic ethnicity. Published in The Journal of FINDINGS: PAC availability is a more powerful predictor Urology, v. 173, no. 4, Apr. 2005, p. 1323–1326. of PAC use than the clinical characteristics in many of our models. The effects of distance to providers and supply of LRP-200504-04 The Burden of Urologic Diseases in providers are particularly clear in the choice between IRF America. M. S. Litwin, C. S. Saigal, E. M. Beerbohm. and SNF care. The farther away the nearest IRF is, and the Published in The Journal of Urology, v. 173, no. 4, Apr. closer the nearest SNF is, the less likely a patient is to go 2005, p. 1065–1066. to an IRF. Similarly, the fewer IRFs, and the more SNFs, there are in the patient's area the less likely the patient is to LRP-200504-05 Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic go to an IRF. In addition, if the hospital from which the Treatment of Obesity. Z. Li, M. Maglione, W. Tu, W. patient is discharged has a related IRF or a related SNF the Mojica, D. Arterburn, L. R. Shugarman, L. Hilton, M. J. patient is more likely to go there. CONCLUSIONS: The Suttorp, V. Solomon, P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton. authors find that the availability of PAC is a major determinant of whether patients use such care and which BACKGROUND: In response to the increase in obesity, type of PAC facility they use. Further research is needed pharmacologic treatments for weight loss have become in order to evaluate whether these findings indicate that a more numerous and more commonly used. PURPOSE: To greater supply of PAC leads to both higher use of assess the efficacy and safety of weight loss medications institutional care and better outcomes—or whether it leads approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and to unwarranted expenditures of resources and delays in other medications that have been used for weight loss. returning patients to their homes. Published in HSR, DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases, experts in the 330 field, and unpublished information. STUDY in 2001, with little change over the past few decades. For SELECTION: Up-to-date meta-analyses of sibutramine, adolescents, there was no clear trend in physical education phentermine, and diethylpropion were identified. The during the past decade, but there are no data for after- authors assessed in detail 50 studies of orlistat, 13 studies school and day-care programs, which have become more of fluoxetine, 5 studies of bupropion, 9 studies of important as children spend more time away from home. topiramate, and 1 study each of sertraline and zonisamide. For younger children, time spent in organized sports and Meta-analysis was performed for all medications except outdoor activities increased by 73 minutes per week sertraline, zonisamide, and fluoxetine, which are between 1981 and 1997. Eating as a primary activity summarized narratively. DATA EXTRACTION: The declined, suggesting a shift toward snacking or eating as a authors abstracted information about study design, secondary activity. Statistically significant trends exist for intervention, co-interventions, population, outcomes, and carbohydrate intake, especially for chips/crackers/ methodologic quality, as well as weight loss and adverse popcorn/pretzels (intake tripled from the mid-1970s to the events from controlled trials of medication. DATA mid-1990s) and soft drinks (intake doubled during the SYNTHESIS: All pooled weight loss values are reported same period). Price and income data suggest possible relative to placebo. A meta-analysis of sibutramine economic reasons for these changes. The percentage of reported a mean difference in weight loss of 4.45 kg (95% disposable income spent on food has declined CI, 3.62 to 5.29 kg) at 12 months. In the meta-analysis of continuously, and almost all the decline has been orlistat, the estimate of the mean weight loss for orlistat- represented by food consumed at home, yet today's treated patients was 2.89 kg (CI, 2.27 to 3.51 kg) at 12 disposable income buys more calories than it has in the months. A recent meta-analysis of phentermine and past. Relative prices have encouraged shifts across food diethylpropion reported pooled mean differences in weight types. From a baseline of 100 during 1982–84, the price loss at 6 months of 3.6 kg (CI, 0.6 to 6.0 kg) for index for fresh fruit and vegetables increased to 258 by phentermine-treated patients and 3.0 kg (CI, -1.6 to 11.5 2002 (far exceeding general inflation), whereas the price kg) for diethylpropion-treated patients. Weight loss in index for soft drinks increased only to 126 by 2002 (below fluoxetine studies ranged from 14.5 kg of weight lost to general inflation). Published in Preventing Chronic 0.4 kg of weight gained at 12 or more months. For Disease, v. 2, no. 2, Apr. 2005, p. 1-9. Online access: bupropion, 2.77 kg (CI, 1.1 to 4.5 kg) of weight was lost at http://www. cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/apr/04_0039.htm. 6 to 12 months. Weight loss due to topiramate at 6 months was 6.5% (CI, 4.8% to 8.3%) of pretreatment weight. With LRP-200504-07 Meta-Analysis: Surgical Treatment one exception, long-term studies of health outcomes were of Obesity. M. A. Maggard, L. R. Shugarman, M. J. lacking. Significant side effects that varied by drug were Suttorp, M. Maglione, H. J. Sugarman, E. H. Livingston, reported. LIMITATIONS: Publication bias may exist N. T. Nguyen, Z. Li, W. Mojica, L. Hilton, S. Rhodes, S. despite a comprehensive search and despite the lack of C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle. statistical evidence for the existence of bias. Evidence of BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the heterogeneity was observed for all meta-analyses. effectiveness of surgery for weight loss and the resulting CONCLUSIONS: Sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, improvement in health-related outcomes. PURPOSE: To probably diethylpropion, bupropion, probably fluoxetine, perform a meta-analysis of effectiveness and adverse and topiramate promote modest weight loss when given events associated with surgical treatment of obesity. along with recommendations for diet. Sibutramine and DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane orlistat are the 2 most-studied drugs. Published in Annals Controlled Trials Register, and systematic reviews. of Internal Medicine, v. 142, no. 7, Apr. 5, 2005, p. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled trials; 532–546, w-88-w-93. observational studies; and case series reporting on surgical treatment of obesity. DATA EXTRACTION: Information LRP-200504-06 Childhood Obesity: What We Can about study design, procedure, population, comorbid Learn from Existing Data on Societal Trends, Pt. 2. R. conditions, and adverse events. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Sturm. authors assessed 147 studies. Of these, 89 contributed to The number of overweight and obese youth has increased the weight loss analysis, 134 contributed to the mortality in recent decades, yet few data assess how the lives of analysis, and 128 contributed to the complications children have changed during the "obesity epidemic." Part analysis. The authors identified 1 large, matched cohort 1 of this two-part study discussed trends in time use, analysis that reported greater weight loss with surgery than studying at home, and media use. Part 2 focuses on with medical treatment in individuals with an average transportation, physical education, and diet. Walking or body mass index (BMI) of 40 kg/m2 or greater. Surgery biking for transportation can expend a large amount of resulted in a weight loss of 20 to 30 kg, which was energy, but active transportation is not a major source of maintained for up to 10 years and was accompanied by physical activity for youth, averaging eight minutes a day improvements in some comorbid conditions. For BMIs of 331

35 to 39 kg/m2, data from case series strongly support Navy. Published in Industrial Relations, v. 44, no. 2, Apr. superiority of surgery but cannot be considered 2005, p. 341–363. conclusive. Gastric bypass procedures result in more weight loss than gastroplasty. Bariatric procedures in LRP-200504-10 Economic Costs of Benign Prostatic current use (gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable gastric Hyperplasia in the Private Sector. C. S. Saigal, G. Joyce. band, vertical banded gastroplasty, and biliopancreatic PURPOSE: Several studies document the impact of benign diversion and switch) have been performed with an overall prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in working, aged men. Direct mortality rate of less than 1%. Adverse events occur in medical costs related to BPH treatment are largely borne about 20% of cases. A laparoscopic approach results in by employees through higher premiums. However, fewer wound complications than an open approach. indirect costs related to lost work are primarily borne by LIMITATIONS: Only a few controlled trials were the employer. In this study the authors used claims data available for analysis. Heterogeneity was seen among and absentee records from large employers to estimate the studies, and publication bias is possible. CONCLUSIONS: costs associated with BPH in working age males. Surgery is more effective than nonsurgical treatment for MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors used 2 data weight loss and control of some comorbid conditions in sources to examine direct and indirect costs associated patients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater. More data are with BPH in a privately insured, nonelderly population. needed to determine the efficacy of surgery relative to Multivariate regression models were used to predict nonsurgical therapy for less severely obese people. spending for persons with and without a medical claim for Procedures differ in efficacy and incidence of BPH, controlling for relevant covariates. Data on work complications. Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, loss were linked to medical claims to estimate work loss v. 142, no. 7, Apr. 5, 2005, p. 547–559, w94-w118. related to treatment for BPH. RESULTS: Mean annual expenditures were $4,193 for men without a medical claim LRP-200504-08 Use of Herbal Medicine in Primary for BPH. In contrast, annual spending was $5,729 for men Care Patients with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. P. Roy- with a claim for BPH. Thus, the incremental cost Byrne, A. Bystritsky, J. E. Russo, M. G. Craske, C. D. associated with a diagnosis of BPH was $1,536 yearly. Sherbourne, M. B. Stein. Overall the average employee with the condition missed Studies have documented the increasing use of 7.3 hours of work yearly related to BPH with complementary and alternative medicine over the last approximately 10% reporting some work loss related to a decade, especially in distressed individuals with symptoms health care encounter for BPH. CONCLUSIONS: of anxiety, depression, and pain. Herbal medicine is a Treatment of men with BPH places a significant burden on specific form of complementary and alternative medicine employees and their employers through direct medical often used by individuals seeing traditional medical costs as well as through lost work time. Direct and indirect practitioners and, hence, has the potential to interact with costs to the private sector related to BPH treatment are other medically prescribed treatments. The study estimated to be $3.9 billion. Published in The Journal of examined the use of herbal medicine in a group of primary Urology, v. 173, no. 4, Apr. 2005, p. 1309–1313. care patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression. The rate of use of herbal medicines was 11%, and use was LRP-200504-11 Characteristics of Individuals with selectively associated with a diagnosis of major Severe Mental Illness Who Use Emergency Services. A. depression, higher education, and a lower burden of Young, M. Chinman, J. A. Cradock-O'Leary, J. G. medical illness. Use was not associated with receipt of Sullivan, D. Murata, J. Mintz, P. Koegel. pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy for anxiety or Emergency services are both a safety net and a locus for depression. Published in Psychosomatics, v. 46, no. 2, acute treatment. While the population with severe, Apr. 2005, p. 117–122. persistent mental illness uses emergency services at a high rate, few studies have systematically examined the causes LRP-200504-09 The Effect of Employer-Sponsored of this service use. This study examines a random sample Education on Job Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. Navy. of 179 people who were high utilizers of services from the R. J. Buddin, K. Kapur. Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. The authors examined the impact of employer-sponsored Interviews were conducted and 5 years of service use data part-time college education on job mobility, using the case were studied. Greater use of emergency services was of the Tuition Assistance (TA) program of the U.S. Navy. associated with male gender, minority race, severe illness, They used two modeling approaches-a bivariate probit homelessness, and less family support. Efforts to reduce model of job mobility and TA usage that accounts for the emergency services need to improve access to appropriate endogeneity of TA usage, and a propensity score model. community services, particularly for people who are The results from both models showed that TA usage homeless or lack family support. Published in Community significantly decreases the probability of staying in the 332

Mental Health Journal, v. 41, no. 2, Apr. 2005, p. commitment to quality improvement. Published in Health 159–168. Care Management Review, v. 30, no. 2, Apr./June 2005, p. 139–156. LRP-200504-12 Depression and Comorbid Pain as Predictors of Disability, Employment, Insurance Status, LRP-200504-15 Shaping the Future. S. W. Popper, and Health Care Costs. N. P. Emptage, R. Sturm, R. L. R. J. Lempert, S. C. Bankes. Robinson. Science has become an essential part of decision making OBJECTIVE: Individuals with depression commonly by governments and businesses, but uncertainty can foil experience pain with unclear pathology. This study decision-making frameworks such as cost-benefit analysis. examined depression and comorbid pain and associated People often end up doing nothing or taking steps that outcomes over six years in a nationally representative worsen the long-term outlook. The authors have developed cohort of older Americans. METHODS: The Health and an alternative framework focused on flexibility—finding, Retirement Study began in 1992 and follows 9,825 testing and implementing policies that work well no matter individuals between the ages of 50 and 61 years. The study what happens. Policies can have built-in mechanisms to reported here used data beginning in 1994 to contrast change with the circumstances. For climate change, one individuals with depression and those with depression plus such mechanism is a "safety valve" to ensure that comorbid pain. Regression models adjusted for differences emissions reductions occur but do not get too expensive. in sociodemographic characteristics and health status. Published in Scientific American, v. 292, no. 4, April RESULTS: Baseline (1994) data were available for 8,280 2005, p. 66–71. participants. At baseline, 65.2 percent reported that they did not have pain or depression, 8.1 percent had LRP-200504-16 Training Substance Abuse Treat- depression alone, 15.5 percent had mild or moderate pain ment Staff to Care for Co-Occurring Disorders. S. B. alone, 2 percent had severe pain alone, 6.6 percent had Hunter, K. E. Watkins, S. L. Wenzel, J. Gilmore, J. depression plus mild or moderate pain, and 2.6 percent had Sheehe, B. Griffin. depression plus severe pain. Compared with the group Although co-occurring disorders have been associated with no pain or depression, all the groups with depression, with poorer substance abuse treatment outcomes and pain, or both had greater decrements in outcomes. Groups higher costs of care, few individuals with co-occurring tended to have greater decrements in outcomes as levels of disorders receive appropriate mental health care. This pain increased. Overall, no statistically significant article describes the design and implementation of an differences were found between the groups with intervention to improve the quality of mental health care depression plus pain and their corresponding groups with provided in outpatient substance abuse treatment programs pain alone. Two to six years after baseline, compared with without requiring new treatment staff. The intervention participants with depression alone, those with severe pain focuses on individuals with affective and anxiety disorders or depression plus severe pain were more likely to and consists of three components: training and supervising experience new functional limitations and to have higher staff, educating and activating clients, and linking with total health care expenditures. Compared with participants community resources. The authors evaluated three with depression alone, participants with depression plus treatment programs (one intervention and two comparison) severe pain were also more likely to lose employment and for the first component by having program staff complete private health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to both self-administered questionnaires and semistructured depression alone, depression plus pain and pain alone interviews. Staff knowledge and attitudes about co- (particularly severe pain) were associated with significant occurring disorders, job satisfaction, and morale all functional limitations and economic burdens. Published in indicated an improvement at the intervention relative to Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 4, Apr. 2005, p. 468–474. the comparison sites. The evaluation is still under way; results for implementation of the other two components LRP-200504-14 Motivation to Change Chronic and for outcomes will be reported later. Published in Illness Care: Results from a National Evaluation of Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, v. 28, no. 3, Apr. Quality Improvement Collaboratives. M. K. Lin, J. A. 2005, p. 239–245. Marsteller, S. M. Shortell, P. Mendel, M. L. Pearson, M. Rosen, S. Wu. LRP-200504-17 Dysplasia and Risk of Further This article examines the motivation of health care Neoplastic Progression in a Regional Veterans professionals to improve quality of chronic illness care Administration Barrett's Cohort. G. S. Dulai, P. G. using the Chronic Care Model and Plan-Do-Study-Act Shekelle, D. M. Jensen, B. M. R. Spiegel, J. Chen, D. Oh, cycles. The findings suggest that organizational attempts K. L. Kahn. to redesign care require support of activities initiated by practitioners and managers and an organizational 333

OBJECTIVES: No published data are available on the risk commercial health plans in a large statewide initiative, of further neoplastic progression in Barrett's patients thus representing the kind and scale of interorganizational stratified by baseline dysplasia status. Our aims were to coordination that may be needed to have substantial estimate and compare the risk of progression to high-grade impact. Published in Quality management in Health Care, dysplasia or cancer in groups of Barrett's patients stratified v. 14, no. 2, Apr./June 2005, p. 66–79. by baseline dysplasia status. METHODS: Consecutive Barrett's cases from 1988–2002 were identified via LRP-200504-19 Impact of Hepatitis C on Health pathology databases in a regional VA health-care system Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and and medical record data were abstracted. The risk of Quantitative Assessment. B. M. R. Spiegel, Z. Younossi, progression to high-grade dysplasia or cancer was R. D. Hays, D. Revicki, S. Robbins, F. Kanwal. measured and compared in cases with versus without low- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) diminishes health related quality grade dysplasia within 1 yr of index endoscopy using of life (HRQOL), and it is now common to measure survival analysis. RESULTS: A total of 575 Barrett's cases HRQOL in clinical trials. We sought to summarize the had 2,775 patient-years of follow-up. There were 13 HRQOL data in HCV, and to establish the minimally incident cases of high-grade dysplasia and two of cancer. clinically important difference (MCID) in HRQOL scores The crude rate of high-grade dysplasia or cancer was 1 of in HCV. The authors performed a systematic review to 78 patient-years for those with baseline dysplasia versus 1 identify relevant studies, and converted HRQOL data from of 278 patient-years for those without (p = 0.001). One each study into clinically interpretable statistics. An expert case of high-grade dysplasia in each group underwent panel used a modified Delphi technique to estimate the successful therapy. One incident cancer case underwent MCID in HCV. The authors found that patients with HCV successful resection and the other was unresectable. Two scored lower than controls across all scales of the SF-36. cases with high-grade dysplasia later developed cancer, Patients achieving sustained virological response (SVR) one died postoperatively, the other was unresectable. scored higher across all scales versus patients without When these two cases were included (total of four SVR, especially in the physical health domains. HRQOL cancers), the crude rate of cancer was 1 of 274 patient- differences did not correspond with differences in liver years for those with baseline dysplasia versus 1 of 1,114 histology or ALT levels. Based upon the published data, patient-years for those without. CONCLUSIONS: In a the expert panel concluded that the SF-36 vitality scale large cohort study of Barrett's, incident malignancy was was most relevant in patients with HCV, and generated a uncommon. The rate of progression to high-grade mean MCID of 4.2 points on this scale. In conclusion, dysplasia or cancer was significantly higher in those with patients with HCV have a clinically significant decrement baseline low-grade dysplasia. These data may warrant in HRQOL versus controls, and physical HRQOL reevaluation of current Barrett's surveillance strategies. improves in patients achieving SVR but not in those Published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology, without SVR. The data further suggest that traditional v. 100, no. 4, Apr. 2005, p. 775-783. outcomes fail to capture the full spectrum of illness related to chronic HCV. A difference of 4.2 points on the SF-36 LRP-200504-18 Paying for Performance: vitality scale can be used as an estimate of the MCID in Implementing a Statewide Project in California. C. HCV, and this value may be used as the basis for power Damberg, K. Raube, T. Williams, S. M. Shortell. calculations in clinical trials evaluating HRQOL. The US health care system falls far short of providing care Published in Hepatology, v. 41, no. 4, Apr. 2005, p. consistent with national standards of care and available 790–800. knowledge. In 2002, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJ) and the California HealthCare LRP-200504-20 Development of the 12-Item Foundation (CHCF) funded 7 demonstration projects Expectations Regarding Aging Survey. C. A. Sarkisian, under the Rewarding Results program to implement and W. N. Steers, R. D. Hays, C. M. Mangione. evaluate financial and nonfinancial incentives for quality. PURPOSE: This study describes the development of a The largest is the Integrated Healthcare Association's short version of the Expectations Regarding Aging Survey (IHA) Pay for Performance (P4P) program, which (ERA-38), a 38-item survey measuring expectations currently covers over 6.5 million or close to one quarter of regarding aging. DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1999, all Californians. This article describes the implementation surveys containing the ERA-38 were mailed to 588 adults of the IHA P4P program and explores the difficult aged > or = 65 years who were recruited through decisions and collaborative structures that were created to physicians; 429 individuals (73%) returned completed make statewide P4P a reality in California. In contrast to surveys. The mean age of participants was 77 years; 76% several of the other Rewarding Results P4P were White. In 2001, we surveyed 643 adults aged > or = demonstrations that involve only one health plan, this 65 years recruited at 14 senior centers. The mean age of project is unique in that it involves multiple, competing participants was 78 years; 37% were Latino and 16% were 334

African American. With the 1999 data, we selected items to report an incident of OWP. Compared with whites, for the shorter version of the ERA-38 by using qualitative African Americans were 32% less likely to report OWP, criteria and by evaluating the items' factor structure, while current smokers were 62% more likely than internal consistency reliability of scales, and correlations nonsmokers. Being diagnosed with AIDS and having CD4 with age and self-reported measures of health. Then, using counts less than 500 significantly increased the likelihood the 2001 data, we evaluated the selected items with of reporting OWP. Published in Community Dentistry and confirmatory factor analysis, and we reevaluated the Oral Epidemiology, v. 33, no. 2, Apr. 2005, p. 99–106. internal consistency reliability and associations of the scales with age and self-reported measures of health. LRP-200505-01 Welfare-Enhancing Technological RESULTS: The factor analyses of the ERA-12 on both Change and the Growth of Obesity. D. Lakdawalla, T. J. samples provided support for three 4-item scales Philipson, J. Bhattacharya. (expectations regarding physical health, expectations There has been concern about the dramatic growth in regarding mental health, and expectations regarding obesity seen in developed countries. This paper advances cognitive function), and one global expectations regarding the view that a neoclassical interpretation of weight aging scale combining all 12 items. In both samples, growth that relies on changing incentives does surprisingly internal consistency reliability estimates for all scales well in explaining the observed trends, without resorting to exceeded 0.74, and the 12 items together explained over psychological, genetic, or addictive models. Published in 88% of the variance in the ERA-38 total score. We found American Economic Review, v. 95, no. 2, May 2005, p. comparable associations of the ERA-12 scales with age 253–257. and self-reported health measures in both samples. IMPLICATIONS: The ERA-12 demonstrated acceptable LRP-200505-02 Are African Americans Really Less reliability and validity to estimate expectations regarding Willing to Use Health Care? J. Schnittker, B. A. aging. Published in The Gerontologist, v. 45, no. 2, Apr. Pescosolido, T. W. Croghan. 2005, p. 240–248. Racial and ethnic disparities in medical treatment are LRP-200504-21 Oral White Patches in a National usually held to reflect an implicit physician bias and/or Sample of Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART. patient predispositions and expectations. Although M. Marcus, C. A. Maida, J. R. Freed, F. S. Younai, I. D. evidence favoring either side has been slim, Coulter, C. Der-Martirosian, H. Liu, B. A. Freed, N. predispositions have played an increasingly prominent role Guzman-Becerra, M. Shapiro. in the debate. Indeed, even opposing sides seem to take for granted that African Americans are more averse to using OBJECTIVES: Several types of HIV-related oral mucosal health care and more skeptical of its effectiveness. In this conditions have been reported to occur during the course article, black-white differences in treatment of HIV disease progression. Of these, few may be predispositions and expectations are explored for a variety manifested as 'white' lesions and many are noticeable to of hypothetical symptoms and treatment outcomes. Using the patient. This paper examines the relationships between data from the 2000 General Social Survey, we find no social, behavioral and medical aspects of HIV infection evidence that African Americans are less likely to seek and reporting an occurrence of oral white patches (OWP) treatment or that they expect less from treatment. If by HIV-infected patients. METHODS: The subjects are anything, African Americans report greater willingness to participants in all three interviews in the HIV Cost and seek treatment for some symptoms and greater optimism Services Utilization Study (HCSUS). The subjects were regarding some treatment outcomes. These black-white selected using a three-stage probability sampling design. differences are affected little by education or income. The The multivariate analysis is based on 2109 subjects with results are at odds with much previous speculation and are nonmissing binary outcome variable for all three waves discussed in light of research that suggests that African representing a national sample of 214,000 individuals. The Americans do seek care less often and refuse treatments at multivariate model was fitted using generalized estimating higher rates, and evidence that shows African Americans equations (GEE) by implementing the XTGEE command are less satisfied with their physician visits. By suggesting in STATA. RESULTS: The authors estimate that 75,000 a disjuncture between African Americans' expectations for persons (35%) reported at least one incident of OWP, of care and the reality of the care they receive, the results these 14,000 reported having OWP during all three point to the social process that transforms predispositions interviews, and that the rate of reporting declined over the and produces disparities. Results suggest several important three HCSUS waves. The multivariate analysis showed considerations for future research, including the dynamics seven variables that were significant predictors of at least of doctor-patient interaction. Published in Social one report of OWP. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with Problems, v. 52, no. 2, May 2005, p. 255–271. persons on HAART therapy, patients on other regimens or taking no antiviral medications were 23 46% more likely 335

LRP-200505-03 Functional Characteristics of absorbing soles worn alone (n = 13). Foot pain and Commercial Ambulatory Electronic Prescribing Systems: functional limitations were measured using the Pediatric A Field Study. C. J. Wang, R. Marken, R. Meili, J. B. Pain Questionnaire-visual analog scale (VAS), Timed Straus, A. B. Landman, D. S. Bell. Walking, Foot Function Index (FFI), and the Physical Functioning Subscale of the Pediatric Quality of Life OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional capabilities Inventory (PedsQL). Measures were administered by being offered by commercial ambulatory electronic personnel blinded to group status at baseline (before prescribing systems with a set of expert panel wearing the assigned intervention) and at 3 months' recommendations. DESIGN: A descriptive field study of followup. RESULTS: Children in the orthotics group 10 commercially available ambulatory electronic showed significantly greater improvements in overall pain prescribing systems, each of which had established a (p = 0.009), speed of ambulation (p = 0.013), activity significant market presence. Data were collected from limitations (p = 0.002), foot pain (p = 0.019), and level of vendors by telephone interview and at sites where the disability (p = 0.024) when compared with the other 2 systems were functioning through direct observation of the groups. Both children and parents in the orthotics group systems and through personal interviews with prescribers reported clinically meaningful improvement in child and technical staff. MEASUREMENTS: The capabilities health-related quality of life, although the group by time of electronic prescribing systems were compared with 60 interaction did not show statistical significance. Except for expert panel recommendations for capabilities that would a reduction in pain for supportive athletic shoes (paired t improve patient safety, health outcomes, or patients' costs. test, p = 0.011), neither the off-the-shelf shoe inserts nor Each recommended capability was judged as having been the supportive athletic shoes worn alone showed implemented fully, partially, or not at all by each system significant effect on any of the evaluation measures. that the recommendation applied to. Vendors' claims about CONCLUSION: In children with JIA, custom-made capabilities were compared with the capabilities found in semirigid foot orthotics with shock-absorbing posts the site visits. RESULTS: On average, the systems fully significantly improve pain, speed of ambulation, and self- implemented 50% of the recommended capabilities, with rated activity and functional ability levels compared with individual systems ranging from 26% to 64% prefabricated off-the-shelf shoe inserts or supportive implementation. Only 15% of the recommended athletic shoes worn alone. Published in The Journal of capabilities were not implemented by any system. Rheumatology, v. 32, no. 5, May 2005, p. 943–950. Prescribing systems that were part of electronic health records (EHRs) tended to implement more LRP-200505-05 Couple-Focused Support to Improve recommendations. Vendors' claims about their systems' HIV Medication Adherence: A Randomized Controlled capabilities had a 96% sensitivity and a 72% specificity Trial. R. H. Remien, M. J. Stirratt, C. Dolezal, J. S. when site visit findings were considered the gold standard. Dognin, G. J. Wagner, A. Carballo-Di*eguez, N. El- CONCLUSIONS: The commercial electronic prescribing Bassel, T. M. Jung. marketplace may not be selecting for capabilities that would most benefit patients. Electronic prescribing OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a couple-based standards should include minimum functional capabilities, intervention to improve medication-taking behavior in a and certification of adherence to standards may need to clinic population with demonstrated adherence problems. take place where systems are installed and operating. Design: A randomized controlled trial (SMART Couples Published in Journal of the American Medical Informatics Study) conducted between August 2000 and January 2004. Association, v. 12, no. 3, May/June 2005, p. 346–356. SETTING: Two HIV/AIDS outpatient clinics in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: Heterosexual and LRP-200505-04 Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics homosexual HIV-serodiscordant couples (n = 215) in in Improving Pain and Functional Status in Children with which the HIV-seropositive partner had < 80% adherence Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Randomized Trial. M. M. at baseline. The sample was predominantly lower-income Powell, M. Seid, I. S. Szer. racial/ethnic minorities. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to a four-session couple-focused OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of custom adherence intervention or usual care. The intervention foot orthotics, prefabricated "off-the-shelf" shoe inserts, consisted of education about treatment and adherence, and supportive athletic shoes worn alone, on reducing pain identifying adherence barriers, developing communication and improving function for children with juvenile and problem-solving strategies, optimizing partner idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: Children with JIA support, and building confidence for optimal adherence. and foot pain (n = 40) were randomized to one of 3 groups OUTCOME MEASURES: Medication adherence at week receiving: (1) custom-made semirigid foot orthotics with 8 (2 weeks after the intervention) compared with baseline, shock absorbing posts (n = 15), (2) off-the-shelf flat assessed with a Medication Event Monitoring System cap. neoprene shoe inserts (n = 12), or (3) supportive athletic RESULTS: Intervention participants showed higher mean shoes with a medial longitudinal arch support and shock 336 medication adherence at post-intervention when compared BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic disparities exist in with controls whether adherence was defined as proportion reported childhood asthma prevalence, but it is unclear if of prescribed doses taken (76% versus 60%) or doses disparities stem from true prevalence differences or a taken within specified time parameters (58% versus 35%). different likelihood of receiving a diagnosis from a health Also, participants in the intervention arm were professional. Concern has been raised that asthma may be significantly more likely to achieve high levels of underdiagnosed, particularly among minority children who adherence (> 80%, > 90%, or > 95%) when compared with have more restricted access to high-quality health care. controls. However, in most cases, effects diminished with OBJECTIVE: To examine racial/ethnic differences among time, as seen at follow-up at 3 and 6 months. currently symptomatic children in acquiring an asthma CONCLUSION: The SMART Couples program diagnosis to determine if relative underdiagnosis among significantly improved medication adherence over usual minorities exists. Children for whom no symptoms were care, although the level of improved adherence, for many reported (a group that includes those with well-controlled participants, was still suboptimal and the effect was symptoms) were excluded from the analysis. METHODS. attenuated over time. Published in AIDS, v. 19, no. 8, May The 1999 National Health Interview Survey includes a 20, 2005, p. 807–814. nationally representative sample of children with reported wheezing symptoms. The authors included children 3 to LRP-200505-06 Need for Eye Care Among Older 17 years old in the study and analyzed racial/ethnic Adults with Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and differences in asthma diagnosis, controlling for young age, Managed Medicare. A. F. Brown, P. R. Gutierrez, D. S. gender, parental education, single-parent household, Fong, P. R. Gutierrez, A. L. Coleman, P. P. Lee, J. L. central-city residence, region of residence, health Adams, C. M. Mangione. insurance, having a usual place of care, and parent- reported severity of wheezing symptoms. RESULTS: OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of need for eye care Among those reported to have wheezed in the past year (n among Medicare beneficiaries with network-model = 946), 83% of Puerto Rican, 71% of non-Hispanic black, Medicare+Choice (MC) and fee-for-service (FFS) health and 65% of Mexican children were diagnosed with asthma insurance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a random compared with 57% of non-Hispanic white children. sample of MC and FFS community-dwelling Medicare Using non-Hispanic white children as the reference group, beneficiaries with diabetes who are older than 65 years of the approximate adjusted relative risk for physician age in Los Angeles County. Study ophthalmologists diagnosis of asthma given wheezing in the past year was masked to the participants' type of health insurance 1.43 (95% confidence interval CI 1.04, 1.63) for Puerto performed standardized dilated eye examinations and Rican, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.37) for non-Hispanic black, indicated the need for ophthalmic care during the next 6 and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.39) for Mexican children. months. To evaluate the association between type of Minority children were reported to have greater severity of insurance and need for treatment, we constructed logistic wheezing symptoms. Even after accounting for this regression models adjusted for participant increased severity, children in racial and ethnic minority sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: groups were as or more likely to have a reported asthma The 311 MC and 107 FFS respondents reported diagnosis than non-Hispanic white children. CONCLU- comparable rates of eye care provider visits and SIONS: Our findings do not provide evidence for the preexisting eye diseases. However, on masked clinical hypothesis that symptomatic minority children are examination, MC respondents were more likely to have underdiagnosed with asthma compared with non-Hispanic diabetic retinopathy, visually significant cataract, white children. To the contrary, among currently glaucoma, or suspected glaucoma than FFS participants symptomatic children, minority children were more likely (68% vs 46%, P<.001). In multivariate analyses, persons to be diagnosed than non-Hispanic white children even enrolled in MC were significantly more likely than FFS after accounting for the higher wheezing severity among participants to require further treatment during the next 6 minority children. Published in Pediatrics, v. 115, no. 5, months (42% vs 24%, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Data May 1, 2005, p. 1254–1260. from standardized study ophthalmic examinations suggest high rates of unrecognized and untreated eye diseases LRP-200505-08 The Cost of an Emergency among Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in both FFS and Department Visit and Its Relationship to Emergency MC and significantly higher rates of need for care among Department Volume. A. Bamezai, G. Melnick, Nawathe MC participants. Published in Archives of Ophthal- Amar. mology, v. 123, no. 5, May 2005, p. 669–675. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This article addresses 2 questions: LRP-200505-07 Racial and Ethnic Differences in (1) to what extent do emergency departments (EDs) Asthma Diagnosis Among Children Who Wheeze. L. J. exhibit economies of scale; and (2) to what extent do Akinbami, J. C. Rhodes, M. Lara. publicly available accounting data understate the marginal 337 cost of an outpatient ED visit? Understanding the GAS test was performed. Rates of GAS testing in children appropriate role for EDs in the overall health care system with pharyngitis who received antibiotics were calculated is crucially dependent on answers to these questions. The for each health plan. Medical record abstractions were literature on these issues is sparse and somewhat dated and performed on a random sample (n = 465) of cases to assess fails to differentiate between trauma and nontrauma percent agreement with laboratory claims data for GAS hospitals. The authors believe a careful review of these testing. Sensitivity of the administrative data for questions is necessary because several changes (greater accurately identifying when GAS tests were performed managed care penetration, increased price competition, was also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 120 158 children cost of compliance with Emergency Medical Treatment aged 2 to 18 years who had at least 1 episode of and Active Labor Act regulations, and so on) may have pharyngitis during the measurement year, 51 172 (43%) significantly altered ED economics in recent years. received antibiotics. Group A streptococcal testing rates METHODS: The authors use a 2-pronged approach, 1 for patients who were prescribed antibiotics varied widely based on descriptive analyses of publicly available among the participating health plans (59%-83% of cases; accounting data and 1 based on statistical cost models P<.05). Percent agreement between administrative and estimated from a 9-year panel of hospital data, to address medical records data for GAS tests was 86%. The the above-mentioned questions. RESULTS: Neither the sensitivity of the administrative data for accurately descriptive analyses nor the statistical models support the identifying when GAS tests were performed was 85%. existence of significant scale economies. Furthermore, the CONCLUSIONS: This quality measure is feasible to marginal cost of outpatient ED visits, even without the implement at the health plan level and validly assesses emergency physician component, appear quite high in GAS testing rates using administrative data. The 1998 dollars, US$295 and US$412 for nontrauma and participating health plans are not performing GAS tests as trauma EDs, respectively. These statistical estimates indicated by current expert practice guidelines in a exceed the accounting estimates of per-visit costs by a substantial proportion of cases. Improvements in adhering factor of roughly 2. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest to these guidelines are warranted given the current levels that the marginal cost of an outpatient ED visit is higher of antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance nationally. than is generally believed. Hospitals thus need to carefully Published in Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent review how EDs fit within their overall operations and Medicine, v. 159, no. 5, May 2005, p. 491–497. cost structure and may need to pay special attention to policies and procedures that guide the delivery of LRP-200505-10 Psychosocial Risks Associated with nonurgent care through the ED. Published in Annals of Multiple Births Resulting from Assisted Reproduction. M. Emergency Medicine, v. 45, no. 5, May 2005, p. 483–490. A. Ellison, S. Hotamisligil, H. Lee, J. W. Rich-Edwards, S. C. Pang, J. E. Hall. LRP-200505-09 Measuring the Quality of Care for OBJECTIVE: To determine if increased psychosocial Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in 5 US Health Plans. risks are associated with each increase in birth multiplicity R. Mangione-Smith, M. N. Elliott, L. Wong, L. L. (i.e., singleton, twin, triplet) resulting from assisted McDonald, J. Roski. reproduction. DESIGN: Stratified random sample (n = BACKGROUND: There is a high degree of professional 249). SETTING: An academic teaching hospital and consensus that children diagnosed with pharyngitis should private practice infertility center. PATIENT(s): Mothers only receive antibiotics if they have a positive test for raising 1- to 4-year-old children (n = 128 singletons, n = group A streptococcus (GAS). OBJECTIVES: To develop 111 twins, and n = 10 triplets) conceived through assisted and test the validity of a quality of care performance reproduction. INTERVENTION(s): Self-administered, measure that examines GAS testing rates in children mailed survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(s): Scales diagnosed with pharyngitis and prescribed an antibiotic. measuring material needs, quality of life, social stigma, DESIGN: The measure developed examines the annual depression, stress, and marital satisfaction. RESULT(s): rate of GAS testing in children aged 2 to 18 years with an Using multivariate logistic regression models, for each episode of pharyngitis who were prescribed antibiotics. additional multiple birth child, the odds of having The measure was tested for feasibility of implementation difficulty meeting basic material needs more than tripled and validity in 5 health plans in the United States. Health and the odds of lower quality of life and increased social plan administrative data were used to identify episodes of stigma more than doubled. Each increase in multiplicity pharyngitis using International Classification of Diseases, was also associated with increased risks of maternal Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes 462, 463, and 034.0. depression. CONCLUSION(s): To increase patients’ Pharmacy data (National Drug Codes) were used to informed decision-making, assisted reproduction providers determine if antibiotics were prescribed for the pharyngitis might consider incorporating a discussion of these risks episode. Laboratory claims data (Current Procedural with all patients before they begin fertility treatment, and Terminology codes) were used to determine whether a holding the discussion again if the treatment results in a 338 multiple gestation. These data may also help providers to LRP-200505-12 Scope of HIV Risk and Co- identify appropriate counseling, depression screening, and Occurring Psychosocial Health Problems Among Young supports for patients with multiple births. Published in Adults: Violence, Victimization, and Substance Use. P. L. Fertility and Sterility, v. 83, no. 5, May 2005, p. Ellickson, R. L. Collins, L. M. Bogart, D. J. Klein, S. L. 1422–1428. Taylor. PURPOSE: This study examines the co-occurrence of LRP-200505-11 Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the sexual risk with violence, victimization, risky substance Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a use, and drug-related problems among young adults. Systemic Sclerosis Clinical Trial. D. Khanna, D. E. Furst, METHODS: Data were collected from 3392 young adults P. J. Clements, G. S. Park, R. D. Hays, J. Yoon, J. H. drawn from California and Oregon as youth, as part of the Korn, P. A. Merkel, N. Rothfield, F. M. Wigley, L. W. RAND adolescent panel study. Logistic regression Moreland, R. Silver, V. D. Steen, M. H. Weisman, M. D. analyses were used to test differences in psychosocial Mayes, D. H. Collier, T. A. Medsger, J. R. Seibold. health problems for participants at high, moderate, and OBJECTIVE: This study compares the responsiveness to low sexual risk, overall, and by gender. RESULTS: Nearly change of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health 80% of young adults exhibited some degree of sexual risk. Survey (SF-36), a measure of health related quality of life Both moderate (56%) and high (22%) HIV risks were (HRQOL), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire associated with multiple forms of drug use, drug-related Disability Index (HAQ-DI), a function instrument, in a problems, violence and victimization. Males and females randomized clinical trial for treatment of systemic had similar relative risk profiles, but females reported sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: A phase 2/3, multicenter, higher rates of victimization in the form of partner abuse prospective, placebo controlled trial was conducted to and sexual coercion. Over 80% of those at high sexual risk evaluate human recombinant relaxin treatment in patients exhibited psychosocial health problems in at least 2 other with diffuse SSc over 24 weeks. At baseline, subjects had areas. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual risk-taking is widespread stable, moderately severe, diffuse SSc of disease duration among young adults and typically co-occurs with other < 5 years, modified Rodnan skin score > 20, serum psychosocial health problems. Interventions designed for creatinine < 2.0 mg/dl, percentage forced vital capacity (% young adults at high sexual risk should take into account FVC) predicted > 50%, and % DLCO predicted > 40% their additional psychosocial problems; broad media and were not receiving concomitant disease modifying campaigns may be useful for those at moderate risk. therapies. Internal consistency reliability of multi-item Published in Journal of Adolescent Health, v. 36, no. 5, scales was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. May 2005, p. 401–409. Responsiveness to change of the SF-36 and HAQ-DI was computed between Weeks 0 and 24. Subjects were LRP-200505-13 Using Orthotics to Improve Pain and classified as unchanged or having a meaningful change in Function Status in Children with Arthritis. M. M. Powell, 4 different external measures: Change in (1) skin score > M. Seid. 30%; (2) % FVC predicted of > 15%; (3) self-reported Published in Research Update: A Publication of the patient global assessment by visual analog scale (VAS) > Arthritis Foundation, v. 3, no. 3, May-June 2005, p. 5. 20%; and (4) physician global assessment by VAS of > 20%. Responsiveness indices were computed and Cohen's LRP-200505-14 Evaluation of a Quality effect size criteria were used to assess the magnitude of Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does It change. RESULTS: A total of 239 patients participated in Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care? M. Schonlau, this trial, with 196 completing the 24 week trial. R. Mangione-Smith, K. S. Chan, J. Keesey, M. Rosen, T. Cronbach's alpha for the SF-36 scales ranged from 0.76 to A. Louis, S. Wu, E. B. Keeler. 0.93 and for the HAQ-DI ranged from 0.69 to 0.91 (good to excellent). The SF-36 had a larger magnitude of PURPOSE: The authors wanted to examine whether a responsiveness in overall disease (patient and physician collaborative to improve asthma care influences process global assessment) compared to the HAQ-DI, while the and outcomes of care in asthmatic adults. METHOD: They HAQ-DI had a larger magnitude of responsiveness in undertook a preintervention-postintervention evaluation of clinical measures (i.e., change in skin score and % FVC 185 patients in 6 intervention clinics and 3 matched predicted) than the SF-36. CONCLUSION: These data control sites that participated in the Institute for Healthcare support inclusion of both the SF-36 and HAQ-DI as Improvement Breakthrough Series (BTS) Collaborative outcome measures in future clinical trials of diffuse SSc. for asthma care. The intervention consisted of 3, 2-day Published in The Journal of Rheumatology, v. 32, no. 5, educational sessions for teams dispatched by participating May 2005, p. 832–840. sites, which were followed by 3 action periods during the course of a year. RESULTS: Overall process of asthma care improved significantly in the intervention compared 339 with the control group (change of 10% vs 1%, P = .003). as services received relative to those recommended by a Patients in the intervention group were more likely to multi-agency review team and barriers to services attend educational sessions (20% vs 5%, P = .03). Having identified by that team. These indicators, which provide a a written action plan, setting goals, monitoring peak flow system-level assessment of service access and function as rates, and using long-term asthma medications increased a proxy for the development of the system of care, fill a between 2% and 19% (not significant), but asthma-related gap in the existing literature for more system-level knowledge was unchanged for the 2 groups. Patients in the indicators of outcome. A total of 2073 children and youth BTS Collaborative were significantly more likely to be are assessed upon entry into Rhode Island's behavioral satisfied with clinician and lay educator communication health system of care and then followed for three months (62% vs 39%, P = .02). Health-related quality of life, to determine the extent of services received relative to asthma-specific quality of life, number of bed days caused those recommended as well as barriers to services by asthma-related illness, and acute care service use were identified at service entry. Multi-agency reviews are not significantly different between the 2 groups. conducted over an 8-year-period through three phases of CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was associated with system of care implementation-early in the establishment improved process-of-care measures that have been linked of the system of care, at the midpoint of implementation with better outcomes. Patients benefited through increased after substantial funding was received for service satisfaction with communication. Follow-up of patients enhancements, and after full implementation of the system who participated in the intervention may have been too of care philosophy. The results indicate that, as a system brief to be able to detect significant improvement in of care matures, access increases significantly on both of health-related outcomes. Published in Annals of Family these indicators, and that more and different types of Medicine, v. 3, no. 3, May/June 2005, p. 200–208. children are served and agencies are involved in the system of care. The results are discussed for their LRP-200505-15 Shaping Reduced Smoking in implications for assessing systems of care through Smokers Without Cessation Plans. R. J. Lamb, A. R. establishment of system-level empirical benchmarks of Morral, G. Galbicka, K. C. Kirby, M. Y. Iguchi. service system development. Published in Evaluation and Program Planning, v. 28, no. 2, May 2005, p. 151–160. Most smokers do not plan to quit in the next 6 months. The authors previously demonstrated that percentile LRP-200505-17 Health-Related Quality-of-Life in schedules shape lower breath carbon monoxide (BCO) Low-Income, Uninsured Men with Prostate Cancer. T. L. levels in smokers trying to quit (R. J. Lamb, A. R. Morral, Krupski, A. Fink, L. Kwan, S. Maliski, S. E. Connor, B. K. C. Kirby, M. Y. Iguchi, & G. Galbicka, 2004). In that Clerkin, M. S. Litwin. study, the authors set reinforcement criteria based on the 9 most recent samples. In this study, the authors examined The objective was to describe health-related quality-of-life whether a more responsive procedure using the 4 most (HRQOL) in low-income men with prostate cancer. recent samples is more effective in smokers not trying to Subjects were drawn from a statewide public assistance quit. Following institution of the contingencies in both prostate cancer program. Telephone and mail surveys groups, BCO levels were substantially reduced, and included the RAND 12-item Health Survey and UCLA readiness to quit and cessation self-efficacy increased. Prostate Cancer Index Short Form and were compared However, more individuals in the 4-sample window group with normative age-matched men without cancer from the achieved a BCO level below 4 ppm, indicating recent general population reported on in the literature. Of 286 abstinence. These individuals did so more rapidly and for eligible men, 233 (81%) agreed to participate and a greater number of visits Published in Experimental and completed the necessary items. The sample consisted of Clinical Psychopharmacology, v. 13, no. 2, May 2005, p. 51% Hispanics, 23% non-Hispanic whites, and 17% 83–92. African Americans. The low-income men had worse scores in every domain of prostate-specific and general LRP-200505-16 Service Access and Service System HRQOL than had the age-matched general population Development in a Children's Behavioral Health System of controls. The degree of disparity indicated substantial Care. J. K. Tebes, S. M. Bowler, S. Shah, C. M. Connell, clinical differences in almost every domain of physical E. Ross, R. Simmons, D. Tate, M. Chinman, J. S. and emotional functioning between the sample group and Kaufman. the control group. Linear regression modeling determined that among the low-income men, Hispanic race, and Systems of care provide comprehensive services to income level were predictive of worse physical children with emotional and behavioral disorders through functioning, whereas only comorbidities predicted mental a network of local agencies and providers that function as health. Low-income patients with prostate cancer appear a multi-agency case review team. A primary objective in to have quality-of-life profiles that are meaningfully worse any system of care is to provide individuals with access to than age-matched men from the general population appropriate services. In the present study, access is defined 340 without cancer reported on in the literature. Published in BACKGROUND: Both marriage and education appear to Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, v. confer a protective effect on health. Few studies have 16, no. 2, May 2005, p. 375 390. examined the extent to which both undersleeping and oversleeping explain these relationships. I examined LRP-200505-18 Police Suspicion and Discretionary whether marital status, educational background, and other Decision Making During Citizen Stops. G. P. Alpert, J. sociodemographic variables are associated with higher- M. Macdonald, R. G. Dunham. risk sleep durations. METHODS: Over 7000 individuals aged 25–64 collected timeuse diary data during a 24-h This study examines the influence of racial, demographic period. For both weekdays and weekend days, separate and situational variables on types of police suspicion and multinomial logistic regression models were estimated the ancillary decision to stop and question suspects. Data using three categories of sleep duration as the outcome were drawn from an observational study of police decision category. RESULTS: Unmarried individuals are making in Savannah, Georgia. Based on the literature, the significantly more likely to sleep a short amount on both authors hypothesized that minority suspects will be more weekdays and weekends compared to married people. likely to be viewed suspiciously by the police for Single people also are significantly more likely to sleep a nonbehavioral reasons. The authors also hypothesize that long amount. People with less than a college education are minority status will play a significant role in the decision significantly more likely to sleep both a short amount and to stop and question suspicious persons. The findings from a long amount on weekdays relative to the college this study provide partial support for these hypotheses. educated. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk sleep durations The results indicate that minority status does influence an (short sleeping and long sleeping) are positively associated officer's decision to form nonbehavioral as opposed to with sociodemographic categories associated with poorer behavioral suspicion, but that minority status does not health. More research should investigate whether social influence the decision to stop and question suspects. The inequalities in health can be explained in part by variation authors discuss the implications of these findings for in sleep duration. Published in Journal of Public Health, v. understanding race and its role in police decision making. 27, no. 2, June 2005, p. 205–211. Published in Criminology, v. 43, no. 2, May 2005, p. 407–434. LRP-200506-03 Imputation of SF-12 Health Scores for Respondents with Partially Missing Data. H. Liu, R. LRP-200506-01 Developing a Community Science D. Hays, J. L. Adams, W. Chen, D. M. Tisnado, C. M. Research Agenda for Building Community Capacity for Mangione, C. Damberg, K. L. Kahn. Effective Preventive Interventions. M. Chinman, G. Hannah, A. Wandersman, P. A. Ebener, S. B. Hunter, P. OBJECTIVE: To create an efficient imputation algorithm Imm, J. Sheldon. for imputing the SF-12 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores Research has shown that prevention programming can when patients have one to eleven SF-12 items missing. improve community health when implemented well. There STUDY SETTING: Primary data collection was are examples of successful prevention in local performed between 1996 and 1998. STUDY DESIGN: communities, however many continue to face significant Multi-pattern regression was conducted to impute the challenges, demonstrating a gap between science and scores using only available SF-12 items (simple model), practice. Common strategies within the United States to and then supplemented by demographics, smoking status address this gap are available (e.g., trainings), but lack and comorbidity (enhanced model) to increase the outcomes. Building community capacity to implement accuracy. A cut point of missing SF-12 items was high quality prevention can help communities achieve determined for using the simple or the enhanced model. positive health outcomes, thereby narrowing the gap. The algorithm was validated through simulation. DATA While there is ample research on the efficacy of evidence- COLLECTION: Thirty-thousand-three-hundred and eight based programs, there is little on how to improve patients from 63 physician groups were surveyed for a community capacity to improve prevention quality. In quality of care study in 1996, which collected the SF-12 order to narrow the gap, a new model of research-one and other information. The patients were classified as based in Community Science-is suggested that improves "chronic" patients if they reported that they had diabetes, the latest theoretical understanding of community capacity heart disease, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary and evaluates technologies designed to enhance it. In this disease, or low back pain. A follow-up survey was article, the authors describe this model and suggest a conducted in 1998. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Thirty-one research agenda that can lead to improved outcomes at the percent of the patients missed at least one SF-12 item. local level. Published in American Journal of Community Means of variance of prediction and standard errors of the Psychology, v. 34, no. 3–4, June 2005, p. 143-157. mean imputed scores increased with the number of missing SF-12 items. Correlations between the observed LRP-200506-02 Who Has Time to Sleep. L. Hale. 341 and the imputed scores derived from the enhanced models in overweight and obese women is likely to improve were consistently higher than those derived from the outcomes in this group of patients. Published in Archives simple model and the increments were significant for of Internal Medicine, v. 165, no. 11, June 13, 2005, p. patients with 6 missing SF-12 items (p<.03). CON- 1267-1273. CLUSION: Missing SF-12 items are prevalent and lead to reduced analytical power. Regression-based multi-pattern LRP-200506-06 Provider Type and Depression imputation using the available SF-12 items is efficient and Treatment Adequacy. T. J. Kniesner, R. H. Powers, T. W. can produce good estimates of the scores. The Croghan. enhancement from the additional patient information can The authors investigate the effect of initial provider significantly improve the accuracy of the imputed scores (psychiatrist versus primary care physician or non- for patients with 6 items missing, leading to estimated physician mental health spe-cialist) on the adequacy of scores that are as accurate as that of patients with <6 subsequent treatment for persons with depression. Our missing items. Published in HSR, health services research, data are from MarketScan(r), a medical and pharmacy v. 40, no. 2, June 2005, p. 905–921. insurance claims database, which they use to estimate models of the likelihood of treatment for depression and LRP-200506-04 Police Crackdowns, Societal Cost, the likelihood that any anti-depression treatments received and the Need for Alternative Approaches. R. N. are adequate. Patients initially seeing psychiatrists are Bluthenthal. most likely to receive adequate treatment. Provider type Published in International Journal of Drug Policy, v. 16, has a statistically and medically significant effect on no. 3, editorial, June 2005, p. 137–138. whether any treatment occurs but a smaller effect on treatment adequacy among treated patients. Our results LRP-200506-05 Undertreatment of Obese Women show the importance of provider type in treatment Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy. J. J. Griggs, M. patterns, but the effects on patient outcomes are yet to be Sorbero, G. H. Lyman. determined definitively. Published in Health Policy, v. 72, no. 3, June 2005, p. 321–332. BACKGROUND: Systematic undertreatment of breast cancer in overweight and obese women may contribute to LRP-200506-07 A Guide to This Supplement. M. the poorer prognosis in these women. The objective of this Helfand, S. C. Morton, E. Guallar, C. Mulrow. study was to investigate treatment patterns in overweight and obese women undergoing breast cancer adjuvant Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 142, no. 12, chemotherapy. METHODS: The authors performed a pt. 2, June 21, 2005, p. 1033–1034. retrospective cohort study of 9672 women treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride and cyclophosphamide LRP-200506-08 Worksite-Based Parenting Programs between 1990 and 2001. The main outcome measure was to Promote Healthy Adolescent Sexual Development: A the quality of chemotherapy as measured by the use of Qualitative Study of Feasibility and Potential Content. K. reduced doses for the first treatment (compared with L. Eastman, R. Corona, G. W. Ryan, A. L. Warsofsky, M. standard doses), the overall dose proportion (actual- A. Schuster. expected dose ratio), and relative dose intensity. CONTEXT: Parents can play a significant role in RESULTS: First-cycle dose reductions (defined as a dose promoting healthy sexual development and risk reduction proportion of <0.9 compared with standard published among adolescents, but many are uncertain about how to doses) were administered to 9% of the healthy weight, talk with their adolescents about sex. Worksites provide an 11% of the overweight, 20% of the obese, and 37% of the untapped but promising setting in which to reach parents severely obese women (P<.001). First-cycle reduction was to help them develop parenting and communication skills. independently associated with being overweight (P = .03), METHODS: Focus groups with 33 employed parents of obese (P<.001), severely obese (P<.001), older than 60 adolescents and 41 high school students, and interviews years (P<.001), and having a serious comorbid condition with seven worksite executives, explored the desire for (P = .03). Practices varied greatly in the use of dose worksite-based parenting programs, how best to reductions in overweight and obese patients. Severe implement programs and recommendations for content. obesity was independently associated with a lower Standard qualitative analysis techniques were used to likelihood of admission for febrile neutropenia, even identify major themes in participants' comments. among those subjects given full weight-based doses (odds RESULTS: Parents and employers were enthusiastic about ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.97). worksite-based parenting programs. Parents reported that CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obese women with adolescents are reluctant to talk with them, but breast cancer often receive intentionally reduced doses of acknowledged their own inexperience talking about sex. adjuvant chemotherapy. Administration of initial and Their suggestions included that programs be held at overall full weight-based doses of adjuvant chemotherapy 342 lunchtime, give participants opportunities to interact with Such syntheses present different challenges from those each other and with facilitators, and give participants conducted on western medicine topics, and in many ways exercises to practice at home. Employers described are more difficult. The authors discuss 3 challenges: potential benefits (e.g., improved employee morale) and identifying evidence about CAM, assessing the quality of challenges (e.g., privacy concerns) of programs. Teenagers individual studies, and addressing rare serious adverse said that their parents made false assumptions about their events. The author use illustrations from EPC evidence sexual activity if they asked about sex. Participants reports to show readers approaches to the 3 areas and then suggested that parenting programs cover adolescent present specific recommendations for each issue. development, sex, abstinence and communication (e.g., Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 142, no. 12, how to start conversations). CONCLUSIONS: A worksite- pt. 2, June 21, 2005, p. 1042–1047, W-246-W-248. based program designed to help parents of adolescents develop communication and parenting skills could provide LRP-200506-11 Quality Improvement for a way to reach busy parents. Recommendations from Depression in Primary Care: Do Patients with parents, employers and teenagers can be used to make Subthreshold Depression Benefit in the Long Run? K. B. such a program appealing and effective. Published in Wells, C. D. Sherbourne, N. Duan, J. Unützer, J. Miranda, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, v. 37, M. Schoenbaum, S. L. Ettner, L. S. Meredith, Lisa no. 2, June 2005, p. 62–69. Rubenstein. OBJECTIVE: Quality improvement programs for LRP-200506-09 Treating Low Back Pain. P. G. depression can improve outcomes, but the utility of Shekelle, A. M. Delitto. including patients with subthreshold depression in quality Prediction rules have yet to be published for the improvement programs is unclear. The authors examined interventions listed as brief pain-management 57-month effects of quality improvement on clinical programmes, but there is evidence that some tools are outcomes and mental health care utilization of primary useful in detecting psychosocial aspects of low back pain care patients with depressive disorder and subthreshold and are predictive of poor outcomes. In addition, the depression. METHOD: In a group-level, randomized, authors have limited evidence that using behavioural controlled trial, 46 primary care clinics were randomly approaches as an adjunct to ongoing therapy is more assigned to provide usual care or care with a quality effective in people who have high fear-avoidance—i.e., improvement intervention that included provider training avoidance of certain physical activities for fear that such and other resources for either medication management activities will cause back pain—than if the approach is (medications quality improvement) or evidence-based totally physical. Applying a one-size-fits-all approach, and psychotherapy (therapy quality improvement). Among applying the brief pain-management programme or the 1,356 enrolled depressed patients, 991 completed the 57- manual therapy treatment to everyone regardless of month follow-up interview (604 patients with depressive presentation, might have obscured the potential disorder and 387 with subthreshold depression). Outcomes effectiveness of treatment targeted more specifically to measured at 57 months were presence of probable patients for whom it is more likely to be of benefit. The depressive disorder, unmet need for appropriate care authors hope that in the not-too-distant future, (untreated probable disorder), and mental health care practitioners will have good evidence to use screening utilization in the prior 6 months. RESULTS: Among tools (e.g., fear-avoidance questionnaires) and clinical patients with subthreshold depression at baseline, those prediction rules (e.g., for manual therapy) to help identify seen in clinics with quality improvement programs with the subgroups of patients with low back pain most likely special resources for therapy were less likely to have to benefit from particular therapies—i.e., meaning they probable depressive disorder and unmet need for care at can move beyond trivial effects in therapy. Published in follow-up, compared with those seen in clinics that The Lancet, v. 365, no. 9476, June 28, 2005, p. provided usual care. Among patients with depressive 1987–1989. disorder at baseline, those seen in clinics with quality improvement programs with special resources for LRP-200506-10 Challenges in Systematic Reviews medication management were less likely to have unmet of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Topics. P. need for care at follow-up, compared with those seen in G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, M. J. Suttorp, N. Buscemi, C. clinics that provided usual care. Patients with subthreshold Friesen. depression at baseline seen in clinics with a quality improvement intervention were less likely at follow-up to The use of complementary and alternative medicine have had a mental health visit (in primary care or specialty (CAM) continues to grow in the United States. The care, depending on the intervention) in the prior 6 months. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has devoted CONCLUSIONS: Relative to usual care, quality a substantial proportion of the Evidence-based Practice improvement interventions improved 57-month outcomes Center (EPC) program to systematic reviews of CAM. 343

(probable depression, unmet need, or both) for primary and psychotherapy. These findings underscore the care patients with depressive disorder and subthreshold importance of assessing patient beliefs prior to the depression and lowered use of mental health visits for initiation of either psychotropic medications or those with subthreshold depression. The results highlight psychotherapy across diagnostic and demographic groups. the feasibility and utility of including patients with Practitioners should be particularly alert to the possibility subthreshold depression in such programs. Published in that patients with anxiety disorders and members of ethnic American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 162, no. 6, June 2005, minority groups may have less favorable attitudes toward p. 1149–1157. treatment options. Treatment adherence may therefore be increased by addressing these beliefs directly. Published in LRP-200506-12 Evaluating the Statistical Depression and Anxiety, v. 21, no. 3, June 17, 2005, p. 99 Significance of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Change in 105. Individual Patients. R. D. Hays, M. Brodsky, M. F. Johnston, K. L. Spritzer, K. Hui. LRP-200506-15 Measuring Developmental Changes in Alcohol Expectancies. T. L. Schell, S. C. Martino, P. L. Published in Evaluation and the Health Professions, v. 28, Ellickson, R. L. Collins, D. F. McCaffrey. no. 2, June 2005, p. 160–171. The goal of this study was to measure shifts in alcohol LRP-200506-13 Effects of Public Policy on expectancies from childhood into adolescence while Adolescents' Cigar Use: Evidence from the National controlling for changes in the psychometric properties of Youth Tobacco Survey. J. S. Ringel, J. Wasserman, T. the instrument. One thousand nine hundred ninety-three Andreyeva. 4th-grade and 1,632 9th-grade students from South Dakota rated the likelihood that 23 outcomes would result from To determine the effect of prices and regulations on youth alcohol use. These expectancies were modeled using a 2- cigar demand, the authors estimated logistic regression factor confirmatory factor analysis. After differences in models of the probability of current cigar smoking among the psychometric properties of the instrument were students in grades 6 to 12 with data from the 1999 and controlled, the cohorts were distinguished by a large 2000 waves of the National Youth Tobacco Survey. The difference in Alcohol Positivity, with older participants authors found that youth cigar demand is sensitive to price viewing alcohol's effects more positively. Additionally, but not state tobacco-control regulations. The results older participants displayed greater Alcohol Potency, suggested that raising excise taxes on cigars could reduce believing that alcohol has a larger impact on all outcomes. cigar use prevalence among youths. Published in There were also significant differences in the American Journal of Public Health, v. 95, no. 6, June interpretation of the alcohol expectancies items across 2005, p. 995–998. cohorts. Published in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, v. 19, no. 2, June 2005, p. 217–220. LRP-200506-14 Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy Among Primary Care LRP-200506-16 "Consumer-Driven" Health Plans: Patients with Anxiety Disorders. A. W. Wagner, A. Implications for Health Care Quality and Cost. M. B. Bystritsky, J. E. Russo, M. G. Craske, C. D. Sherbourne, Buntin, C. Damberg, A. Haviland, N. Lurie, K. Kapur, M. M. B. Stein, P. Roy-Byrne. S. Marquis. Primary health care clinics are increasingly providing Published in Eurohealth, v. 11, no. 1, June 2005, psychiatric/psychological treatment of anxiety disorders, p. 1–34. Online access: http://www.chcf.org/topics/health particularly for patients who do not have adequate access insurance/index.cfm?itemID=111973. to specialty mental health services. Adequate treatment requires knowledge of and attention to patients' beliefs LRP-200506-18 Data Pooling and Analysis to Build about available treatment options. The current a Preliminary Item Bank: An Example Using Bowel investigation examined beliefs about psychotropic Function in Prostate Cancer. D. T. Eton, J. Lai, D. Cella, medications and psychotherapy among a sample of B. B. Reeve, J. A. Talcott, J. A. Clark, C. P. McPherson, primary care patients with anxiety disorders. The influence M. S. Litwin, C. M. Moinpour. of key demographic variables on strength of these beliefs was also explored. The presence of specific anxiety Assessing bowel function (BF) in prostate cancer can help disorders was not found to impact strength of beliefs about determine therapeutic trade-offs. The authors determined either type of treatment. In contrast, there was a trend for the components of BF commonly assessed in prostate the presence of depression to relate to more favorable cancer studies as an initial step in creating an item bank attitudes toward psychotropic medication. Consistent with for clinical and research application. They analyzed six previous studies, ethnic minority patients reported less archived data sets representing 4,246 men with prostate favorable attitudes toward both psychotropic medications cancer. Thirty-one items from validated instruments were 344 available for analysis. Items were classified into domains to 1) and percent of biopsy positive cores (0 to 1). The (diarrhea, rectal urgency, pain, bleeding, bother/distress, UCSF-CAPRA score range is 0 to 10, with roughly double and other) then subjected to conventional psychometric the risk of recurrence for each 2-point increase in score. and item response theory (IRT) analyses. Items fit the IRT Recurrence-free survival at 5 years ranged from 85% for a model if the ratio between observed and expected item UCSF-CAPRA score of 0 to 1 (95% CI 73%-92%) to 8% variance was between 0.60 and 1.40. Four of 31 items had for a score of 7 to 10 (95% CI 0%-28%). The concordance inadequate fit in at least one analysis. Poorly fitting items index for the UCSF-CAPRA score was 0.66. included bleeding (2), rectal urgency (1), and CONCLUSIONS: The UCSF-CAPRA score is a bother/distress (1). A fifth item assessing hemorrhoids was straightforward yet powerful preoperative risk assessment poorly correlated with other items. Our analyses supported tool. It must be externally validated in future studies. four related components of BF: diarrhea, rectal urgency, Published in The Journal of Urology, v. 173, no. 6, pain, and bother/distress. Published in Evaluation and the June2005, p. 1938–1942. Health Professions, v. 28, no. 2, June 2005, p. 142–159. LRP-200507-01 Saturated in Beer: Awareness of LRP-200506-19 HCV AND HIV Counseling and Beer Advertising in Late Childhood and Adolescence. R. Testing Integration in California: An Innovative L. Collins, P. L. Ellickson, D. F. McCaffrey, K. Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates. Hambarsoomians. T. J. Stopka, C. Marshall, R. N. Bluthenthal, D. S. Webb, PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine S. R. Truax. exposure, response to, and awareness of beer advertising Published in California HIV Counseling and Testing in 2 age groups, including awareness of a Budweiser Annual Report, January—December 2002 (California advertisement (ad) that portrayed lizards and an animated Department of Health Services Office of AIDS, HIV ferret. METHODS: In the spring of 2000, 1,996 fourth Counseling, Testing, and Training, June 2005) p. 1–5. graders and 1,525 ninth graders attending 1 of 60 South Dakota schools participated in an in-school survey. LRP-200506-21 The University of California, San Several indicators of advertising awareness, exposure, and Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score: response were assessed: recognition, product naming, A Straightforward and Reliable Preoperative Predictor of brand naming, and liking in response to stills drawn from Disease Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy. M. R. 4 masked television beer ads, listing of beer brands, Cooperberg, D. J. Pasta, E. P. Elkin, M. S. Litwin, D. M. exposure, attention to, and skepticism toward television Latini, J. DuChane, P. R. Carroll. beer ads. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of 4th graders and 20% of 9th graders recognized at least 3 of 4 sample beer PURPOSE: Multivariate prognostic instruments aim to ads. Seventy-five percent of 4th graders and 87% of 9th predict risk of recurrence among patients with localized graders recognized the Budweiser ferret ad; about one in prostate cancer. The authors devised a novel risk three 4th graders could name the brand it advertised, assessment tool which would be a strong predictor of whereas more than three in four 9th graders could do so. outcome across various levels of risk, and which could be When asked to list as many beer brands as they could, easily applied and intuitively understood. MATERIALS almost 29% of 4th graders listed 3 or more beer brands AND METHODS: The authors studied 1,439 men and 82% of 9th graders did so. Ninth graders liked beer diagnosed between 1992 and 2001 who had undergone advertisements more and paid greater attention to them, radical prostatectomy and were followed in the Cancer of but 4th graders were exposed to them more often. the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor CONCLUSION: Television beer ads result in high levels (CaPSURE) database, a longitudinal, community based of beer advertising awareness in children as young as age disease registry of patients with prostate cancer. Disease 9, and even higher awareness among 14-year-olds. recurrence was defined as prostate specific antigen (PSA) Practices that expose or appeal to youth, including use of 0.2 ng/ml or greater on 2 consecutive occasions following animated characters, should be avoided by beer prostatectomy or a second cancer treatment more than 6 advertisers. Published in The Journal of Adolescent months after surgery. The University of California, San Health, v. 37, no. 1, July 2005, p. 29–36. Francisco-Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (UCSF- CAPRA) score was developed using preoperative PSA, LRP-200507-02 The Cost Effectiveness of Gleason score, clinical T stage, biopsy results and age. Gonorrhea Screening in Urban Emergency Departments. The index was developed and validated using Cox J. E. Aledort, E. W. Hook, M. C. Weinstein, S. J. Goldie. proportional hazards and life table analyses. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients (15%) had recurrence, 145 by PSA BACKGROUND: The prevalence of gonorrhea (GC) criteria and 65 by second treatment. Based on the results among adolescent and young women attending some of the Cox analysis, points were assigned based on PSA (0 urban emergency departments (EDs) ranges from 1% to to 4 points), Gleason score (0 to 3), T stage (0 to 1), age (0 7%, but historically screening has not been logistically 345 practical. GOAL: The primary goal of the study was to Clinics of North America, v. 14, no. 3, July 2005, p. assess the cost effectiveness of GC screening in women 371–385. ages 15 to 29, seeking care in urban EDs, using noninvasive or rapid point-of-care tests. STUDY: The LRP-200507-05 Cost-Effective Allocation of authors developed a state-transition Markov model to Government Funds to Prevent HIV Infection. D. Cohen, compare the net lifetime health consequences, costs, and S. Wu, T. Farley. cost effectiveness of routine ED care (no screening for Relative to the magnitude of the epidemic, government women without genitourinary symptoms) to GC screening funds available for HIV prevention are scarce. To optimize using 1 of 5 detection methods: Gram-stained smears of use of funds, the authors applied a mathematical model of endocervical swab specimens, urine-based nucleic acid the cost of HIV prevention interventions using national amplification tests (NAATs), NAATs performed on data on HIV risk-group size and HIV prevalence. This endocervical swabs, rapid immunochromotographic strip procedure suggested an allocation of funds across nine test (RIS) performed on clinician-collected vaginal swabs, interventions to potentially prevent an estimated 20,000 and RIS on patient-collected vaginal swabs. RESULTS: infections annually, compared with the estimated 7,300 Screening women between 15 and 29 years of age using infections potentially prevented through four interventions urine-based NAATs prevented 1247 cases of pelvic now recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and inflammatory disease (PID) and saved $177 per patient Prevention (CDC). The optimal allocation will involve a compared with no screening. Compared with urine-based combination of intensive interventions for high-prevalence NAAT, screening with RIS using clinician-obtained populations and inexpensive large-scale interventions for vaginal swabs prevented an additional 220 cases of PID lower-prevalence populations. Published in Health Affairs, and had an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of $6490 v. 24, no. 4, Jul./Aug. 2005, p. 915–926. per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results were sensitive to assumptions about loss to follow-up, LRP-200507-06 Payback Arising from Research gonorrhea prevalence, and test costs. CONCLUSION: Funding: Evaluation of the Arthritis Research Campaign. Screening females aged 15 to 29 for gonorrhea in some S. Wooding, S. Hanney, M. Buxton, J. Grant. urban EDs will prevent substantial reproductive morbidity. Screening with rapid, point-of-care tests is cost effective OBJECTIVES. Using a structured evaluation framework compared with other well-accepted preventive to systematically review and document the outputs and interventions. Published in Sexually Transmitted Diseases, outcomes of research funded by the Arthritis Research v. 21, no. 7, July 2005, p. 425–436. Campaign in the early 1990s. To illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of different modes of research funding. LRP-200507-03 Palestinians Need More Cash. R. E. METHODS. The payback framework was applied to 16 Hunter. case studies of research grants funded in the early 1990s. Case study methodology included bibliometric analysis, Title from title screen (viewed on July 11, 2005). Online literature and archival document review and key informant access: http://www.rand.org/commentary/070705IHT. interviews. RESULTS. A range of research paybacks was html. identified from the 16 research grants. The payback included 302 peer-reviewed papers, postgraduate training LRP-200507-04 Sex on Television and Its Impact on and career development, including 28 PhD/MDs, research American Youth: Background and Results from the informing recommendations in clinical guidelines, RAND Television and Adolescent Sexuality Study. R. L. improved quality of life for people with RA and the Collins. reduction of the likelihood of recurrent miscarriage for Many policy makers and parents have called for stricter women with antiphospholipid syndrome. The payback regulation of television, fearing that the sexual content in arising from project grants appeared to be similar to that this medium spurs adolescent sexual activity. Media arising from other modes of funding that were better theory and research over the last few decades are resourced. CONCLUSIONS. There is a wide diversity of consistent with this notion but fall short of answering the research payback. Short focused project grants seem to question of whether television content is causally related provide value for money. Published in Rheumatology to adolescent sexual behavior. This article briefly reviews advance access, July 27, 2005. Online access: http:// this earlier work and discusses the results of several new rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/keh708?ijkey studies based on the RAND Television and Adolescent =KVPh6o1oiK594yv&keytype=ref. Sexuality data set. Practitioners should discuss television use and television portrayals of sex with adolescents, and LRP-200507-07 Factors That Impact Adolescents' help youth to identity and avoid any adverse effects the Intentions to Utilize Alcohol-Related Prevention Services. media might have on their sexual development and sexual E. J. D'Amico. behavior. Published in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric 346

The current study is the first to examine factors that may and Japanese-speaking Japanese American respondents be associated with middle school students' intentions to reported more trust than Japanese respondents living in use alcohol-related prevention services. Youth (N = 1506; Japan (P values <.001). Greater religiosity (P <.001), less 46% male; 11–14 years old) completed surveys on their desire for autonomy (P <.001), and physician-patient intentions to use alcohol-related services, beliefs about relationships of longer duration (P <.001) were related to services, previous use of services, and substance use. increased trust. Among Japanese Americans, more Students who reported stronger positive beliefs reported acculturated respondents reported more trust (P <.001), greater intentions to use services. Girls, younger students, and Japanese physicians were trusted more than physicians and whites also reported stronger interest in using services of another ethnicity. Among respondents prompted to than boys, older students, and youth of mixed ethnicity, change physicians because of insurance coverage, the 48% respectively. Adolescents who reported current use of who did not want to switch reported less trust in their substances were less willing to use prevention services. current physician than in their former physician (mean Current research highlights the importance of creating score of 82 vs 89, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS Religiosity, prevention services for this age group that are autonomy preference, and acculturation were strongly developmentally relevant and that focus on features that related to trust in one's physician among the Japanese will attract youth, such as utilizing an interactive American and Japanese samples studied and may provide discussion format. Beginning to understand what avenues to enhance the physician-patient relationship. The motivates adolescents to seek help can facilitate the strong relationship of trust with patient-physician ethnic creation of better prevention programs. Published in The match and the loss of trust when patients, in retrospect, Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, v. report leaving a preferred physician suggest unintended 32, no. 3, July/Sep. 2005, p. 332-340. consequences to patients not able to continue with their preferred physicians. Published in Annals of Family LRP-200507-08 Use of Mental Health Care Among Medicine, v. 3, no. 4, July/Aug. 2005, p. 339–347. Youths in 1997 and 2002. R. Sturm, T. Andreyeva. LRP-200507-10 Medical Illness and Response to This column examines mental health service use among Treatment in Primary Care Panic Disorder. P. Roy-Byrne, youths in 1997 and 2002 for 13 U.S. states and for the M. B. Stein, J. E. Russo, M. G. Craske, J. G. Sullivan, W. nation. The data came from the National Survey of Katon, C. D. Sherbourne. America's Families, a nationally representative survey of youths, adults younger than 65 years, and their families OBJECTIVE: Although studies have suggested that that focused on 13 states, with smaller samples for the comorbid medical illness can affect the outcome of other states. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 7, patients with depression, little is known about whether July 2005, p. 793. medical illness comorbidity affects treatment outcome in patients with anxiety. METHOD: Primary care patients LRP-200507-09 Trust in One's Physician: The Role with panic disorder (n=232), participating in a randomized of Ethnic Match, Autonomy, Acculturation, and collaborative care intervention of CBT and pharmacology, Religiosity Among Japanese and Japanese Americans. D. were divided into those above (n=125) and below (n=107) M. Tarn, L. S. Meredith, M. Kagawa-Singer, S. the median for burden of chronic medical illness and Matsumura, S. Bito, R. K. Oye, H. Liu, K. L. Kahn, S. assessed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. RESULTS: Subjects Fukuhara, N. S. Wenger. with a greater burden of medical illness were more psychiatrically ill at baseline, with greater anxiety PURPOSE Trust is a cornerstone of the physician-patient symptom severity, greater disability and more psychiatric relationship. We investigated the relation of patient comorbidity. The intervention produced significant and characteristics, religiosity, acculturation, physician similar increases in amount of evidence-based care, and ethnicity, and insurance-mandated physician change to reductions in clinical symptoms and disability that were levels of trust in Japanese American and Japanese patients. comparable in the more and less medically ill groups. METHODS A self-administered, cross-sectional CONCLUSIONS: The comparable response of individuals questionnaire in English and Japanese (completed in the with more severe medical illness suggests that CBT and language of their choice) was given to community-based pharmacotherapy for panic disorder work equally well samples of 539 English-speaking Japanese Americans, 340 regardless of medical illness comorbidity. However, the Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans, and 304 Japanese more severe psychiatric illness both at baseline and living in Japan. RESULTS Eighty-seven percent of follow-up in these same individuals suggest that treatment English-speaking Japanese Americans, 93% of Japanese- programs may need to be extended in time to optimize speaking Japanese Americans, and 58% of Japanese living treatment outcome. Published in General Hospital in Japan responded to trust items and reported mean trust Psychiatry, v. 27, no. 4, July/Aug. 2005, p. 237–243. scores of 83, 80, and 68, respectively, on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. In multivariate analyses, English-speaking 347

LRP-200507-11 The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need than it was just 10 years ago. The chronic illness trajectory for Data Quality Standards for Studies That Impact denotes the fluctuating, variable course of illness phases Clinical Practice and Health Policy. J. Malin, N. L. over time as well as the actions taken by various Keating. participants to shape or control that course. The course of the patient's illness—the illness trajectory—shapes the Published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, v. 23, no. 21, caregiver's experience. Three different trajectories of editorial, July 20, 2005, p. 4581–4584. advanced, eventually fatal, chronic illness represent differing patient and family caregiver needs: (1) the long LRP-200507-12 Reemphasizing the Context of stable period followed by a rather abrupt, defined terminal Women's Risk for HIV/AIDS in the United States. S. L. phase and exemplified by cancer; (2) a trajectory marked Wenzel, J. S. Tucker. by a long course of decline with periodic crises alternating Published in Women's Health Issues, v. 15, no. 4, with periods of stability, and with a sudden death, Jul./Aug. 2005, p. 154–156. exemplified by congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and (3) a long, slow LRP-200507-13 Concurrent Use of Alcohol and decline with steadily progressive disability before dying of Cigarettes from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An complications of old age, stroke, or dementia. Patients and Examination of Developmental Trajectories and families want good pain and symptom management for Outcomes. M. Orlando, J. S. Tucker, P. L. Ellickson, D. J. their loved one; accurate, timely, and adequate information Klein. (communication); emotional support from and accessibility to providers; and continuity care across Concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco is common among settings. The health care system could be doing more to adolescents, yet little is known about the developmental support family caregivers. Published in Techniques in patterns of concurrent use, or the consequences associated Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, v. 9, no. 3, with such patterns during young adulthood. Using data Jul. 2005, p. 122–132. collected at six time points during 1985–1995 as part of an evaluation of a school-based substance abuse prevention LRP-200507-15 Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic program in California and Oregon, this study used latent Status, and Satisfaction with Health Care. M. G. growth mixture modeling to identify five distinct Haviland, L. S. Morales, T. H. Dial, H. A. Pincus. developmental trajectories of concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco from ages 13-23 in a cohort of 5873 The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the individuals and compared these distinct groups with effects of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on respect to demographic characteristics and young adult consumer health care satisfaction ratings. The authors outcomes (at age 23 and age 29). Results suggest that analyzed national data from the 2001 National Research while it is common during adolescence to drink but not Corporation Healthcare Market Guide Survey (N = 99 smoke, it is very unusual to smoke and not drink. 102). Four global and 3 composite ratings were examined. Compared to young people who smoked and drank In general, satisfaction ratings were high across all global consistently throughout their teens and early twenties, and composite measures; however, Asian/Pacific Islanders those who drank consistently but smoked only and Hispanics gave lower ratings than did whites, and occasionally or dramatically decreased their smoking over African Americans gave a mix of higher and lower ratings time had lower rates of deviant behavior and predatory (vs whites). Among the lowest ratings were those given by violence at age 23 and were less likely to have a history of American Indians/Alaska Natives living in poverty. arrest and substance use problems by age 29. This close Race/ethnicity effects were independent of education and examination of concurrent use of alcohol and cigarette use income. These findings are consistent with reports of from ages 13-23 further accentuates the importance of continuing racial/ethnic disparities in both coverage and curbing smoking behavior among adolescents before it care. Programs to improve quality of care must becomes habitual. Published in Substance Use and Misuse, specifically address these well-documented, severe, and v. 40, no. 8, Jul. 2005, p. 1051-1069. persistent disparities. Published in American Journal of Medical Quality, v. 20, no. 4, July/Aug. 2005, p. 195–203. LRP-200507-14 Caregiving for Advanced Chronic Illness Patients. A. M. Wilkinson, J. Lynn. LRP-200507-17 Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Education. A. MacLean. The transfer of care from the hospital to home settings has shifted responsibility for the day-to-day care of the long- Since World War II, the federal government has provided term, medically complex patient to the family. While funds to pay for the education of veterans through the GI family members have always provided care to seriously ill bill. Yet, these funds were unavailable from 1955 to 1965. relatives, the care that is expected of family members in This article considers four potentially overlapping today's health care environment is vastly more complex hypotheses to describe the effect of military service on 348 veterans' educational attainment in the absence of Forms. S. B. Traina, C. H. MacLean, G. S. Park, K. L. government funding. Military service may have (1) Kahn. reproduced civilian status defined by social background, BACKGROUND: This study assessed the impact of (2) reflected the process of selection on the basis of follow-up reminder phone calls on response rates to a individual characteristics, (3) changed men's educational mailed consent form packet. METHODS: Patients with trajectories by providing a positive turning point, or (4) rheumatoid arthritis were invited to enroll in a study by disrupted the educational portion of the transition to signing and returning consent forms by mail. Patients not adulthood. The results indicate that veterans who were returning completed study consent forms were called and drafted were less likely than were nonveterans and reminded to return the signed consent forms. RESULTS: veterans who were not drafted to go on to college, which Among 724 mailed consent form packets, 376 (52%) were is consistent with the disruption hypothesis, and that returned without further follow-up. Follow-up reminder military service diverted academically ambitious men calls were made to 220 of the 348 patients who did not from their plans for higher education. Thus, military return signed consent forms. Among subjects contacted by service disrupted some men's educational trajectories, but phone, 67 (31% of those called) returned signed consent may also be described as a turning point with negative, forms. CONCLUSION: Follow-up reminder phone calls rather than positive, consequences for the pursuit of higher raised the overall consent rate of 52 to 61%, suggesting education. Published in Sociology of Education, v. 78, July that they can be an effective technique in increasing 2005, p. 250–266. response rates. Published in Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, v. 58, no. 7, July 2005, p. 743–746. LRP-200507-19 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels Among LRP-200508-01 Predictors of Attempted Quitting Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the and Cessation Among Young Adult Smokers. J. S. United States. L. S. Morales, P. R. Gutierrez, J. J. Tucker, P. L. Ellickson, M. Orlando, D. J. Klein. Escarce. BACKGROUND: This study compared young adult OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess nonsmokers (n = 1216), light smokers (n = 406), and demographic and socioeconomic differences in blood lead regular smokers (n = 360) on demographic, psychosocial, levels (BLLs) among Mexican-American children and and behavioral characteristics, as well as identified adolescents in the United States. METHODS: The authors predictors of attempted quitting and 6-month cessation analyzed data from the Third National Health and among regular smokers. METHOD: Participants were Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, for 3,325 recruited from middle schools in 1985 (age 13) and Mexican-American youth aged 1 to 17 years. The main assessed repeatedly through 2001 (age 29). Mail surveys study outcome measures included a continuous measure were used to obtain information on smoking status and (microg/dL) of BLL and two dichotomous measures of hypothesized predictors of cessation at age 23, and quit BLL (> or =5 microg/dL and > or =10 microg/dL). attempts and cessation occurring between ages 23–39 RESULTS: The mean BLL among Mexican-American among regular smokers. Logistic regression analysis was children in the United States was 3.45 microg/dL (95% used to identify predictors of quit attempts and 6-month confidence interval CI 3.07, 3.87); 20% had BLL > or =5 cessation. RESULTS: Among initial smokers, 76% microg/dL (95% CI 15%, 24%); and 4% had BLL > or attempted to quit and 26% quit for 6 months or longer =10 microg/dL (95% CI 2%, 6%). In multivariate between ages 23-29. Higher rates of substance use, illegal analyses, gender, age, generational status, home language, activity, poor mental health, and victimization were found family income, education of head of household, age of among regular smokers than nonsmokers and lighter housing, and source of drinking water were statistically smokers at age 23. However, multivariate analyses significant independent predictors (p<0.05) of having indicated that these problems were less relevant to quitting higher BLLs and of having BLL > or =5 microg/dL, than social transitions and interpersonal factors, whereas age, family income, housing age, and source of demographics (e.g., race/ethnicity), and health status. drinking water were significant predictors (p<0.05) of CONCLUSIONS: Different risk and protective factors are having BLL > or =10 microg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: relevant to understanding why smokers attempt to quit Significant differences in the risk of having elevated BLLs versus why they are able to quit for 6 months or longer. exist among Mexican-American youth. Those at greatest The authors discuss implications of these findings for risk should be prioritized for lead screening and lead cessation interventions and programs for young adults. exposure abatement interventions. Published in Public Published in Preventive Medicine, v. 41, no. 2, Aug. 2005, Health Reports, v. 120, no. 4, July-Aug. 2005, p. 448-454. p. 554 61. LRP-200507-20 Telephone Reminder Calls LRP-200508-02 Patients' Preferences for Technical Increased Response Rates to Mailed Study Consent Versus Interpersonal Quality When Selecting a Primary 349

Care Physician. C. H. Fung, M. N. Elliott, R. D. Hays, K. temporal relationships among four variables: treatment L. Kahn, D. E. Kanouse, E. A. McGlynn, M. D. Spranca, dose, substance use problems, drug resistance self- P. G. Shekelle. efficacy, and perceived need for treatment (PNT). Data from this longitudinal study were analyzed using cross- OBJECTIVE: To assess patients' use of and preferences lagged panel models, and structural equation modeling for information about technical and interpersonal quality techniques were used to estimate the prospective, when using simulated, computerized health care report reciprocal relationships among these four variables in each cards to select a primary care provider (PCP). DATA of the two samples, while controlling for several SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Primary data collected covariates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Both PNT and low from 304 adult consumers living in Los Angeles County in drug resistance self-efficacy led to higher levels of January and February 2003. STUDY DESIGN/DATA subsequent treatment. However, low self-efficacy COLLECTION: Authors constructed computerized report presaged increases in drug problems while PNT predicted cards for seven pairs of hypothetical individual PCPs (two decreases. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the role of internal validity check pairs included). Participants psychological variables in the utilization of health services selected the physician that they preferred. A questionnaire is complicated for psychological disorders because beliefs collected demographic information and assessed that affect treatment can also influence the disorder itself. participant attitudes towards different sources of report Efforts to keep adolescents in drug treatment should focus card information. The relationship between patient on convincing youth that treatment can help them with characteristics and number of times the participant their problems, rather than convincing them that they selected the physician who excelled in technical quality cannot resist drugs on their own. While both messages are estimated using an ordered logit model. PRINCIPAL increase treatment utilization, the latter belief undermines FINDINGS: Ninety percent of the sample selected the the effects of treatment. Published in HSR, Health Services dominant physician for both validity checks, indicating a Research, v. 40, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. 1128–1147. level of attention to task comparable with prior studies. When presented with pairs of physicians who varied in LRP-200508-04 Assessing the Implementation of the technical and interpersonal quality, two-thirds of the Chronic Care Model in Quality Improvement sample (95 percent CI: 62, 72 percent) chose the physician Collaboratives. M. L. Pearson, S. Wu, J. Schaefer, A. E. who was higher in technical quality at least three out of Bonomi, S. M. Shortell, P. Mendel, J. A. Marsteller, T. A. five times (one-sample binomial test of proportion). Age, Louis, M. Rosen, E. B. Keeler. gender, and ethnicity were not significant predictors of choosing the physician who was higher in technical OBJECTIVE: To measure organizations' implementation quality. CONCLUSIONS: These participants showed a of Chronic Care Model (CCM) interventions for chronic strong preference for physicians of high technical quality care quality improvement (QI). DATA when forced to make tradeoffs, but a substantial SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Monthly reports proportion of the sample preferred physicians of high submitted by 42 organizations participating in three QI interpersonal quality. Individual physician report cards collaboratives to improve care for congestive heart failure, should contain ample information in both domains to be diabetes, depression, and asthma, and telephone interviews most useful to patients. Published in HSR, Health Services with key informants in the organizations. STUDY Research, v. 40, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. 957–977. DESIGN: The authors qualitatively analyzed the implementation activities of intervention organizations as LRP-200508-03 Dynamic Effects Among Patients' part of a larger effectiveness evaluation of yearlong Treatment Needs, Beliefs, and Utilization: A Prospective collaboratives. Key study variables included measures of Study of Adolescents in Drug Treatment. T. L. Schell, M. implementation intensity (quantity and depth of Orlando, A. R. Morral. implementation activities) as well as fidelity to the CCM. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: The OBJECTIVE: To document the prospective, reciprocal authors developed a CCM-based scheme to code sites' relationships among substance use problems, utilization of intervention activities and criteria to rate their depth or drug treatment, and predisposing beliefs thought to likelihood of impact. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The sites increase treatment utilization. DATA SOURCE: Persistent averaged more than 30 different change efforts each to Effects of Treatment Study-Adolescent (PETS-A), implement the CCM. The depth ratings for these changes, conducted by the Center on Substance Abuse Treatment. however, were more modest, ranging from 17 percent to This was a longitudinal study of youths originally 76 percent of the highest rating possible. The participating participating in one of two CSAT studies; one sample organizations significantly differed in the intensity of their included 476 youths receiving residential drug treatment, implementation efforts (p<.001 in both quantity and depth and the other included 519 youths receiving outpatient ratings). Fidelity to the CCM was high. CONCLUSIONS: treatment. STUDY DESIGN: This study uses five waves Collaborative participants were able, with some important of data collected over a 12-month period to examine the 350 variation, to implement large numbers of diverse QI because many clinicians lack the necessary competencies. change strategies, with high CCM fidelity and modest The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of implementation. QI collaboratives are a useful effectiveness of an innovative, consumer-led intervention, method to foster change in real world settings. Published Staff Supporting Skills for Self-Help, which was designed in HSR, Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 4, Aug. 2005, to improve provider quality, empower mental health p. 978–996. consumers, and promote mutual support. METHODS: The study was conducted at five large community mental LRP-200508-05 A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to health provider organizations in two western states. One Improve Care for Chronic Illnesses. A. Tsai, S. C. organization in each state received the intervention. The Morton, C. M. Mangione, E. B. Keeler. intervention included education, clinician-client dialogues, ongoing technical assistance, and support of self-help. It OBJECTIVE: To use empirical data from previously focused on client-centered care, rehabilitation, and published literature to address 2 research questions: (1) Do recovery. A one-year controlled trial evaluated the effect interventions that incorporate at least 1 element of the of the intervention on clinicians' competencies, care Chronic Care Model (CCM) result in improved outcomes processes, and the formation of mutual support groups. for specific chronic illnesses? (2) Are any elements Outcomes were assessed by using competency assessment essential for improved outcomes? STUDY DESIGN: survey instruments and semistructured interviews with Meta-analysis. METHODS: Articles were identified from clinicians and managers. RESULTS: A total of 269 narrative literature reviews and quantitative meta-analyses, clinicians participated in the study: 151 in the intervention each of which covered multiple bibliographic databases group and 118 in the control group. Compared with from inception to March 2003. The authors supplemented clinicians at the control organizations, clinicians at this strategy by searching the MEDLINE database intervention organizations showed significantly greater (1998–2003) and by consulting experts. They included improvement in education about care, rehabilitation randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials of methods, natural supports, holistic approaches, teamwork, interventions that contained 1 or more elements of the overall competency, and recovery orientation. CCM for asthma, congestive heart failure (CHF), CONCLUSIONS: A feasible, consumer-led intervention depression, and diabetes. They extracted data on clinical improves provider competencies in domains that are outcomes, quality of life, and processes of care. The necessary for the provision of high-quality care. Published authors then used random-effects modeling to compute in Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. pooled standardized effect sizes and risk ratios. 967–975. RESULTS: Of 1345 abstracts screened, 112 studies contributed data to the meta-analysis: asthma, 27 studies; LRP-200508-07 Perceived Unmet Need for Mental CHF, 21 studies; depression, 33 studies; and diabetes, 31 Health Treatment and Barriers to Care Among Patients studies. Interventions with at least 1 CCM element had with Panic Disorder. M. G. Craske, M. J. Edlund, G. consistently beneficial effects on clinical outcomes and Sullivan, P. Roy-Byrne, C. D. Sherbourne, A. Bystritsky, processes of care across all conditions studied. The effects M. B. Stein. on quality of life were mixed, with only the CHF and depression studies showing benefit. Publication bias was OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the extent of perceived noted for the CHF studies and a subset of the asthma unmet need for mental health treatment among individuals studies. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that contain at with panic disorder in primary care settings, investigated least 1 CCM element improve clinical outcomes and the determinants of unmet need, and assessed barriers to processes of care-and to a lesser extent, quality of life-for care. METHODS: Data were from baseline interviews in a patients with chronic illnesses. Published in American clinical trial that investigated primary care treatment of Journal of Managed Care, v. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. 478- panic disorder. Participants were asked whether there was 488. any time in the past three months when they did not get as much care for emotional or personal problems as they LRP-200508-06 Use of a Consumer-Led Intervention needed or whether they had delays in getting care. Patients to Improve Provider Competencies. A. Young, M. who endorsed unmet need were asked about specific Chinman, S. Forquer, E. Knight, H. Vogel, A. Miller, M. perceived barriers. Logistic regression was used to K. Rowe, J. Mintz. investigate the determinants of unmet need. RESULTS: Of the 231 patients eligible for the study, 88 (38 percent) OBJECTIVE: Client-centered care is a major aim of endorsed unmet need for emotional or mental health health care. In mental health, new client-centered problems. Individuals with worse mental health, those who treatment approaches that emphasize recovery, were more worried about panic, and those without sick rehabilitation, and empowerment can improve outcomes pay were significantly more likely to report unmet need. for people with severe and persistent mental illness. Commonly reported barriers included being unable to find However, these approaches are not widely used, in part 351 out where to go for help (43 percent), worry about cost (40 English-speaking proficiency, unemployment, being percent), lack of coverage by health plan (35 percent), and retired or disabled, and living in poverty were also being unable to get an appointment soon enough (35 associated with higher rates of PTSD and major percent). CONCLUSIONS: The relatively low level of depression. Following multivariate analyses, premigration patient-reported unmet need for mental health treatment trauma remained associated with PTSD (odds ratio OR among primary care patients with panic disorder suggests 2.08; 95% CI, 1.37–3.16) and major depression (OR, 1.56; that efforts to improve treatment of panic disorder should 95% CI, 1.24-1.97); postmigration trauma with PTSD include patient education about mental illness and the (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.21-2.26) and major depression (OR, effective treatments available. Although discussion of 1.45: 95% CI, 1.12-1.86); and older age with PTSD (OR, barriers to care has traditionally centered on stigma and 1.76; 95% CI, 1.46-2.13) and major depression (OR, 1.47; economic factors, the results of this study suggest that 95% CI, 1.15-1.89). CONCLUSION: More than 2 decades simple logistic factors, such as not knowing whom to call have passed since the end of the Cambodian civil war and for help, are also important barriers. Published in the subsequent resettlement of refugees in the United Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. 988–994. States; however, this population continues to have high rates of psychiatric disorders associated with trauma. LRP-200508-08 Mental Health of Cambodian Published in Journal of the American Medical Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United Association, v. 295, no. 5, Aug. 3, 2005, p. 571-579. States. G. N. Marshall, T. L. Schell, M. N. Elliott, S. M. Berthold, C. Chun. LRP-200508-09 Quality of Care Is Associated with Survival in Vulnerable Older Patients. T. Higashi, P. G. CONTEXT: Little is known about the long-term mental Shekelle, J. L. Adams, C. J. Kamberg, C. P. Roth, D. H. health of trauma-exposed refugees years after permanent Solomon, D. B. Reuben, L. Chiang, C. H. MacLean, J. T. resettlement in host countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess the Chang, R. Young, D. Saliba, N. S. Wenger. prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of psychiatric disorders in the US Cambodian refugee community. BACKGROUND: Although assessment of the quality of DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross- medical care often relies on measures of process of care, sectional, face-to-face interview conducted in Khmer the linkage between performance of these process language on a random sample of households from the measures during usual clinical care and subsequent patient Cambodian community in Long Beach, Calif, the largest outcomes is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the link such community in the United States, between October between the quality of care that patients received and their 2003 and February 2005. A total of 586 adults aged 35 to survival. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. 75 years who lived in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge SETTING: Two managed care organizations. Patients: reign and immigrated to the United States prior to 1993 Community-dwelling high-risk patients 65 years of age or were selected. One eligible individual was randomly older who were continuously enrolled in the managed care sampled from each household, with an overall response organizations from 1 July 1998 to 31 July 1999. rate (eligibility screening and interview) of 87% (n = 490). MEASUREMENTS: Quality of care received by patients MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure to trauma and (as measured by a set of quality indicators covering 22 violence before and after immigration (using the Harvard clinical conditions) and their survival over the following 3 Trauma Questionnaire and Survey of Exposure to years. RESULTS: The 372 vulnerable older patients were Community Violence); weighted past-year prevalence eligible for a mean of 21 quality indicators (range, 8 to 54) rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major and received, on average, 53% of the care processes depression (using the Composite International Diagnostic prescribed in quality indicators (range, 27% to 88%). Interview version 2.1); and alcohol use disorder (by the Eighty-six (23%) persons died during the 3-year follow- Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). RESULTS: up. There was a graded positive relationship between All participants had been exposed to trauma before quality score and 3-year survival. After adjustment for sex, immigration. Ninety-nine percent (n = 483) experienced health status, and health service use, quality score was not near-death due to starvation and 90% (n=437) had a family associated with mortality for the first 500 days, but a member or friend murdered. Seventy percent (n=338) higher quality score was associated with lower mortality reported exposure to violence after settlement in the after 500 days (hazard ratio, 0.64 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.84 for United States. High rates of PTSD (62%, weighted), major a 10% higher quality score). LIMITATIONS: The depression (51%, weighted), and low rates of alcohol use observational design limits causal inference regarding the disorder were found (4%, weighted). PTSD and major effect of quality of care on survival. CONCLUSIONS: depression were highly comorbid in this population Better performance on process quality measures is (n=209; 42%, weighted) and each showed a strong dose- strongly associated with better survival among response relationship with measures of traumatic community-dwelling vulnerable older adults. Published in exposure. In bivariate analyses, older age, having poor 352

Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 143, no. 4, Aug. 16, 2005, LRP-200508-14 Review of Treatment p. 274–281, w70-w79. Recommendations for Persons with a Co-Occurring Affective or Anxiety and Substance Use Disorder. K. E. LRP-200508-11 Emotional and Behavioral Watkins, S. B. Hunter, M. A. Burnam, H. A. Pincus, G. Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Nicholson. Response. D. Eisenman, B. D. Stein, T. L. Tanielian, H. OBJECTIVE: The authors review and evaluate the A. Pincus. literature and guidelines on care for individuals with a co- This paper examines primary care physicians' (PCP) roles occurring affective or anxiety disorder and substance use in helping the nation prepare for, respond to, and recover disorder. METHODS: MEDLINE and PsycINFO from the psychologic consequences of chemical, biologic, computerized searches of the English language literature radiologic, or nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. First, the authors were conducted for the period 1990–2002. These articles discuss the psychologic consequences of a CBRN attack were supplemented with searches of the Cochrane and PCPs' roles in responding to these consequences. Database of Systematic Reviews (1990 to 2002) and with Second, they analyze these roles in light of the known articles that were sent to the authors by experts in the field barriers to delivering high-quality, primary care based- to review. Bibliographies of selected papers were hand mental health care. Third, the authors offer searched for additional articles. From these searches a total recommendations for mitigating these barriers and of 219 articles were found, of which 127 were selected for preparing PCPs to respond to the psychosocial review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The literature consequences of a CBRN weapon. Importantly, our shows that, over the past several decades, treatment for co- recommendations provide dual-use benefits to PCPs faced occurring disorders has undergone a broad shift in with the daily concerns of primary care mental health, approach, from treating substance abuse before providing including improved linkages and electronic connectivity mental health care to providing simultaneous treatment for with mental health, information technology, and decision each disorder, regardless of the status of the comorbid support for providers, and needed education and research. condition. Many treatment recommendations are Published in Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 20, supported by a broad consensus. However, despite this no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. 772–776. broad agreement, recommendations are often not specific enough to guide clinical care. Most recommendations with LRP-200508-13 Conspiracy Beliefs About Birth specificity are for acute pharmacotherapy, but even Control: Barriers to Pregnancy Prevention Among African specific recommendations lag behind current clinical Americans of Reproductive Age. S. Thorburn, L. M. practice. Although the use of psychotropic medication for Bogart. mental illness is encouraged, experts disagree as to whether it is necessary to wait for abstinence before This article examines the endorsement of conspiracy beginning pharmacotherapy. In addition, most diagnosis- beliefs about birth control (e.g., the belief that birth control specific guidelines are silent as to whether the specific is a form of Black genocide) and their association with treatment recommendation applies to co-occurring contraceptive attitudes and behavior among African disorders. Finally, empirical evidence is lacking for most Americans. The authors conducted a telephone survey recommendations. The authors conclude that the mental with a random sample of 500 African Americans (aged health and substance abuse treatment fields need to 15–44). Many respondents endorsed birth control consider its research priorities and how to address the conspiracy beliefs, including conspiracy beliefs about multitude of potential combinations of disorders. Black genocide and the safety of contraceptive methods. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 8, Aug. 2005, Stronger conspiracy beliefs predicted more negative p. 913-926. attitudes toward contraceptives. In addition, men with stronger contraceptive safety conspiracy beliefs were less LRP-200508-15 The Role of the Safety Net in likely to be currently using any birth control. Among Employer Health Benefit Decisions. M. S. Marquis. current birth control users, women with stronger contraceptive safety conspiracy beliefs were less likely to The potential for sizable crowd-out of private expenditures be using contraceptive methods that must be obtained by public insurance and delivery programs has been from a health care provider. Results suggest that demonstrated. However, there is limited evidence about conspiracy beliefs are a barrier to pregnancy prevention. whether this stems from decisions of employers about Findings point to the need for addressing conspiracy their health benefit package or by decisions of workers. beliefs in public health practice. Published in Health This study focuses on the role of public programs on Education & Behavior, v. 32, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. 474- employer decisions to offer insurance and the amount the 487. employer contributes to the premium, using data from a large survey of employers and a database describing community characteristics. The study finds that both 353 public insurance and public delivery programs have a Published in The New England Journal of Medicine, v. significant effect on employer decisions, but the 353, no. 7, editoral, Aug. 18, 2005, p. 727–729. magnitude of the effect is small. Policies to limit crowd- out should focus on incentives to make continued private LRP-200508-19 Screening for Sexually Transmitted insurance purchase attractive to workers rather than Diseases in Non-Traditional Settings: A Personal View. incentives to employers. Published in Medical Care D. Cohen, D. E. Kanouse, M. Y. Iguchi, R. N. Bluthenthal, Research and Review, v. 62, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. 435–457. J. R. Galvin, E. G. Bing. The authors conducted a literature search to review studies LRP-200508-16 Public Health Response to Urgent that presented quantitative data on sexually transmitted Case Reports. D. J. Dausey, N. Lurie, A. Diamond. disease (STD) screening in non-traditional settings in the The authors evaluated the ability of local public health United States. The authors examined the studies for agencies (LPHAs) to meet a preparedness standard set by evidence of the feasibility of screening, population size the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reached, acceptability, yield, and potential for contributing (CDC): to receive and respond to urgent case reports of to STD control. We found 17 studies in jails, eight in communicable diseases twenty-four hours a day, seven emergency room, five in schools and 15 in other days a week. The authors found substantial variability in community settings. Jail-based and emergency room- performance and in the systems in place to respond to such based STD screenings have the highest yields and the reports. Development and implementation of measures of largest numbers screened and thus hold significant public health agencies’ performance are crucial to promise as settings for routine STD screening. More improving public health preparedness and, ultimately, to research needs to be done in school and community assuring the agencies’ accountability. Published in Health settings to better identify their potential. Published in Affairs, Aug. 30, 2005, p. w5–412-w5419. International Journal of STD and AIDS, v. 16, no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. 521–527. LRP-200508-17 Contextual Influences on Marriage: Implications for Policy and Intervention. B. R. Karney, T. LRP-200508-20 Mental Health Status and Use of N. Bradbury. General Medical Services for Person with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. G. Joyce, K. S. Chan, M. Current proposals to promote and strengthen marriage Orlando, M. A. Burnam. among low-income populations focus on values and behavioral skills as primary targets of intervention. Marital BACKGROUND: Serious medical illness often is research that examines contextual influences on marriage accompanied by psychological distress. Individuals calls these emphases into question. Ethnographic and experiencing mental disorders or symptoms have higher survey research reveal no evidence that populations rates of morbidity and mortality, worse social functioning, experiencing higher rates of divorce value healthy and use of general medical services. OBJECTIVES: We marriages any less than other populations do. Longitudinal sought to examine the association between mental health and observational research reveals two mechanisms and use of general medical services for persons in care for through which the environment of a marriage may HIV. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We used enhance or constrain effective relationship maintenance. longitudinal data from the HIV Cost and Services First, some environments contain fewer sources of support Utilization Study (HCSUS), a nationally representative and pose more severe challenges than others, presenting sample of 2267 HIV+ adults receiving care and who marriages in those environments with greater burdens than completed all 3 interviews during an 18-month period. marriages in more supportive environments are faced with. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Probability of use and Second, when demands external to the marriage are general medical expenditures, by type of service. relatively high, even couples with adequate coping skills RESULTS: HIV+ individuals who screened positive for may have difficulty exercising those skills effectively. depression or had 5 or more mental health symptoms at Together, such findings suggest that successful policies baseline spent 20% to 25% more for general medical and interventions to strengthen marriages need to services in the following 12 months than HIV+ adults acknowledge the environments within which marriages without mental health symptoms, after adjusting for take place. Published in Current Directions in disease severity and patient characteristics. Higher Psychological Science, v. 14, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. spending was largely the result of greater use of inpatient 171–174. and emergency services. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress remains an independent predictor of general LRP-200508-18 Health Disparities—Less Talk, medical service use, although the magnitude of effect More Action. N. Lurie. diminishes with better controls for physical well-being and previous service use. Identifying HIV patients with symptoms of affective or anxiety disorders may reduce 354 overall treatment costs modestly. Published in Medical with less education. Patients who did not report one of the Care, v. 43, no. 8, Aug. 2005, p. 834–839. risk factors assessed for HIV infection had higher religiousness scores than injection drug users (IDUs). LRP-200508-21 Identifying Churches for Women, nonwhites other than Hispanics, patients older Community-Based Mammography Promotion: Lessons than 45 years of age compared to those between 18 and 34 from the LAMP Study. N. Duan, S. A. Fox, K. P. Derose, years of age, and more educated patients reported higher S. Carson, S. E. Stockdale. spirituality. Clinical stage was not associated with religiousness or spirituality. CONCLUSIONS: A large There is great potential in public health and faith majority of HIV-infected patients in the United States communities partnering to promote health education and affirm the importance of religiousness and spirituality. research. This article describes lessons learned from the These findings support a comprehensive, humanistic design and implementation of such a partnership, the Los approach to the care of HIV-infected patients. Published in Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program Journal of Palliative Medicine, v. 8, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. (LAMP). It is feasible, although challenging, to enumerate 774–781. and survey churches in a geographically defined urban population, using data compiled from telephone LRP-200508-23 Using Health-Related Quality of directories, religious sources (e.g., denominational Life to Predict and Manage Pediatric Health Care. M. networks), chambers of commerce, and newspapers. Seid, H. Yu, D. Lotstein, J. W. Varni. Among those sources, telephone directories provided the broadest coverage, whereas religious sources yielded the Increasing healthcare costs and the prevalence of managed highest recruitment rate. For collecting survey data from care make population health management an imperative. churches, telephone methods are superior to mail methods. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a For church-based health education programs that seek multidimensional construct that includes both physical and comprehensive coverage and have adequate resources, it is psychosocial (i.e., social, emotional and role) dimensions. recommended that telephone directories be combined with Early studies suggest that HRQOL can predict costs of religious sources to identify target churches. For programs care for pediatric populations. A key issue is how to with limited resources and less emphasis on manage the care of those identified as high need. Here comprehensive coverage, using religious sources alone is again, HRQOL measurement can be useful. HRQOL recommended. Published in Health Education & measurement in the clinical setting can streamline and Behavior, v. 32, no. 4, Aug. 1, 2005, p. 536–548. structure the clinical interview, potentially leading to enhanced assessment. It can also make it easier for busy LRP-200508-22 Religiousness and Spirituality pediatricians to explore and address issues of psychosocial Among HIV-Infected Americans. K. A. Lorenz, R. D. functioning. A particularly promising area for HRQOL is Hays, M. F. Shapiro, P. D. Cleary, S. M. Asch, N. S. in identifying, proactively, suitable candidates for case Wenger. management in large enrolled populations. Further research should extend the initial studies on HRQOL PURPOSE: To describe the demographic and clinical predicting utilization and cost, more thoroughly specify factors associated with the importance of religiousness and the proportion of identified costs that are manageable and spirituality among patients with human immunodeficiency care management's effect on care for different groups of virus (HIV) infection in the United States. METHODS: children, document the causal links between physiologic Longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of variables and HRQOL on one hand and patient 2266 patients receiving care for HIV infection surveyed in functioning on the other, and understand the conditions 1996 and again in 1998. Measures included 12 items necessary for HRQOL assessment to affect clinical assessing religious affiliation and attendance, the practice. Published in Expert Review of Pharmaco- importance of religion and spirituality in life, and religious economics and Outcomes Research, v. 5, no. 4, Aug. and spiritual practices. Multi-item religiousness and 2005, p. 489–498. spirituality scales were constructed. RESULTS: Eighty percent of respondents reported a religious affiliation. LRP-200508-24 Changes in Quality of Life Among Sixty-five percent affirmed that religion and 85% that Low-Income Men Treated for Prostate Cancer. R. Brar, S. spirituality was "somewhat" or "very" important in their L. Maliski, L. Kwan, T. L. Krupski, M. S. Litwin. lives. A majority indicated that they "sometimes" or "often" rely on religious or spiritual means when making OBJECTIVES: To investigate as the primary objective decisions (72%) or confronting problems (65%). Women, changes over time in general and disease-specific health- nonwhites, and older patients were more religious and related quality of life (HRQOL) among low-income men spiritual. Residents of regions other than the western treated for prostate cancer in a longitudinal prospective United States reported higher religiousness. High school study. METHODS: Study participants were recruited from graduates were more religious and spiritual than those a state-funded program providing free prostate cancer 355 treatment to impoverished men. The authors included men and between urinary function and all bother scales, was who completed telephone interviews and self-administered reported only for patients treated with RRP. The expected questionnaires at study enrollment and 6 months of correlation between sexual function and sexual bother was follow-up. Covariates univariately associated with reported for the EBR group but not for the RRP group. HRQOL change scores were included in multivariate CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the excellent linear regression models. All HRQOL models were psychometric properties of the Italian version of the controlled for age at enrollment, race, baseline HRQOL, UCLA-PCI; the Italian version of the UCLA-PCI and treatment effects at baseline and follow-up. questionnaire will allow cross-cultural comparative studies RESULTS: Subjects with greater baseline Gleason scores in men with prostate cancer Published in Urology, v. 66, experienced more negative changes in their physical health no. 2, Aug. 2005, p. 338–343. than did men with lower Gleason scores. Men with less than a high school education experienced greater LRP-200508-26 Trauma, Depression, Coping, and improvement in their mental well-being than did men with Mental Health Service Seeking Among Impoverished more than a high school education. Those experiencing Women. N. Rayburn, S. L. Wenzel, M. N. Elliott, K. treatment effects at baseline displayed greater positive Hambarsoomians, G. N. Marshall, J. S. Tucker. changes in their urinary function than did those without The authors examined the relationship among trauma, treatment effects at baseline. Finally, men experiencing coping, depression, and mental health service seeking in a treatment effects at follow-up were characterized by probability sample of sheltered homeless and low-income profound reductions in sexual function compared with housed women. Results highlight the diversity of trauma. those free of treatment effects at follow-up. In a longitudinal analysis, women who lived in shelters or CONCLUSIONS: This work provides new insights into experienced major violence had a twofold increase in their HRQOL over time in a low-income, multiethnic group of risk of depression over the 6-month follow-up. In a cross- patients with prostate cancer. Published in Urology, v. 66, sectional analysis, childhood sexual abuse, living in a no. 2, Aug. 2005, p. 344–349. shelter, physical violence, childhood physical abuse, and death or injury of a friend or relative predicted avoidant LRP-200508-25 Quality of Life After Radical coping and symptoms of depression. Active coping and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Validation of the Italian depression predicted mental health service seeking among Version of the University of California-Los Angeles traumatized women. Modifying coping strategies may Prostate Cancer Index. M. Gacci, L. Livi, B. Detti, M. S. ameliorate some of the negative impact of trauma and Litwin, R. Bartoletti, G. Giubilei, T. Cai, M. Mariani, M. potentially enhance mental health service use among at- Carini. risk women. Published in Journal of Consulting and OBJECTIVES: To validate an Italian version of the Clinical Psychology, v. 73, no. 4, Aug. 2005, p. 667–677. University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI). METHODS: Men with prostate LRP-200509-01 A Review of Instruments Assessing cancer treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy Public Health Preparedness. S. M. Asch, M. A. Stoto, M. (RRP) or external beam radiation (EBR) were Mendes, R. O. B. Valdez, M. E. Gallagher, P. Halverson, retrospectively selected. Each subject was asked to N. Lurie. complete the UCLA-PCI short form and the 36-item short- OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to review form health survey (SF-36) questionnaires (principal instruments that assess the level of preparedness of state sample); a subgroup completed both questionnaires twice and local public health departments to respond to health (retest sample). A linguistic translation and validation was threats such as bioterrorism. METHODS: The authors performed. Psychometric properties were analyzed. examined 27 published population-based instruments for RESULTS: A total of 595 men were included in the study: planning or evaluating preparedness that were mostly 394 from the Department of Urology (treated with RRP) unavailable in the peer-reviewed literature. Using the and 201 from the Department of Radiotherapy (treated Essential Public Health Services framework, the with EBR). Of these, 75 patients (50 from the RRP group instruments were evaluated for (1) clarity of measurement and 25 from the EBR group) were selected as the retest parameters, (2) balance between structural and process cohort. Internal consistency reliability of the SF-36 and measures, (3) evidence of effectiveness, and (4) UCLA-PCI for the primary sample of the surgery and specification of an accountable entity. RESULTS: There radiotherapy populations ranged from 0.82 to 0.94; the was a great deal of overlap but little consistency in what mean values of sexual function were superior in the constitutes “preparedness” or how it should be measured. principal urology group, whereas the principal Most instruments relied excessively on subjective or radiotherapy group demonstrated superior mean values of structural measures, lacked scientific evidence for urinary function and urinary bother. A strong correlation measures assessed, and failed to clearly define what entity between urinary function and sexual and bowel function, was accountable for accomplishing the task or function. 356

CONCLUSION: Strategies for improvement include Government Action? R. Taylor, A. G. Bower, F. Girosi, J. measure standardization, better interagency H. Bigelow, K. Fonkych, R. Hillestad. communication, and investment in public health practice Health information technology (HIT) could save $81-$162 research to develop the underlying evidence base required billion or more annually while greatly reducing morbidity for developing quality measures and assessments. and mortality. However, gaining these benefits requires Published in Public Health Reports, v. 120, no. 5, broad adoption, effective implementation, and associated Sept./Oct. 2005, p. 532–542. changes in health care processes and structures. The policy options that could speed the adoption of HIT and the LRP-200509-02 Primary Care Provider Attitudes Are realization of these benefits include incentives to promote Associated with Smoking Cessation Counseling and standard-based electronic medical record (EMR) system Referral. L. S. Meredith, E. Yano, S. C. Hickey, S. E. adoption; subsidies to develop information-exchange Sherman. networks; and programs to measure, report, and reward OBJECTIVE: Most primary care providers (PCPs) performance. Investments in these and other identified endorse the importance of smoking cessation, but policy options should pay for themselves while also laying counseling rates are low. The authors evaluated the the foundation for needed transformation of the U.S. consistency of PCP's attitudes toward smoking cessation health care system. Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. counseling and corresponding smoking-cessation 5, Sept./Oct. p. 1234–1245. behaviors. DESIGN: This was a postintervention analysis of a population-based sample from a group randomized LRP-200509-04 Can Electronic Medical Record controlled trial to improve adherence to smoking cessation Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health guidelines. SETTING: A total of 18 VA sites in Benefits, Savings, and Costs. R. Hillestad, J. H. Bigelow, Southwestern and Western United States participated. A. G. Bower, F. Girosi, R. Meili, R. P. Scoville, R. Taylor. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 280 PCPs completed a survey To broadly examine the potential health and financial at 12 months after the implementation of a smoking- benefits of health information technology (HIT), this paper cessation quality improvement (QI) program. Their compares health care with the use of IT in other industries. patients also completed 12- (n = 1080) and 18-month (n = It estimates potential savings and costs of widespread 924) follow-up surveys. INTERVENTION: The quality adoption of electronic medical record (EMR) systems, improvement intervention included local priority setting, models important health and safety benefits, and quality improvement plan development, implementation, concludes that effective EMR implementation and and monitoring. Measurements and Main RESULTS: networking could eventually save more than $81 billion PCPs at intervention sites were more likely to report annually—by improving health care efficiency and counseling patients about smoking cessation (P = 0.04) but safety—and that HIT-enabled prevention and management not referral. PCP attitude toward smoking-cessation of chronic disease could eventually double those savings counseling was strongly associated with reported while increasing health and other social benefits. counseling (P < 0.001) and with referral (P = 0.01). Other However, this is unlikely to be realized without related associations with counseling were the perceived barrier changes to the health care system. Published in Health "patients are not interested in quitting" (P = 0.01) and Affairs, v. 24, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2005, p. 1103–1117. fewer years in practice (P = 0.03); other associations with referral were specialty consultation (P < 0.0001) and the LRP-200509-05 Federal Investment in Health perceived barrier "referral not convenient" (P = 0.001) Information Technology: How to Motivate It? A. G. (negative association). PCP attitudes were associated with Bower. higher rates of counseling, referral, and program attendance. CONCLUSIONS: PCPs, regardless of Health care market failures include inefficient standard intervention participation, had attitudes consistent with making, problems with coordination among local their reported smoking-cessation behaviors and more providers to optimize care, and inability to measure quality favorable attitudes were associated with higher rates of accurately, inexpensively, or reliably. Study of other patient-reported smoking cessation behavior. Findings industries suggests policy directions for health information suggest that PCPs who endorse smoking-cessation technology and the magnitude of gains from improving counseling and referral may provide more treatment market functioning, which are very large. A perspective recommendations and have higher patient quit rates. drawn from U.S. industrial history—in particular railroads Published in Medical Care, v. 43, no. 9, Sept. 2005, p. and the interstate highway system—suggests an 929–934. investment level roughly consistent with recent estimates drawn from the medical literature. The benefits of quick LRP-200509-03 Promoting Health Information action probably outweigh the benefits of delaying and Technology: Is There a Case for More-Aggressive choosing the perfect funding mechanism. Published in 357

Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 3, Sept./Oct. 2005, p. Published in American Journal of Public Health, v. 95, no. 1263–1265. 9, Sept. 2005, p. 1602–1606.

LRP-200509-06 E-Prescribing and the Medicare LRP-200509-08 Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Modernization Act of 2003: Paving the On-Ramp to Fully Care in a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV- Integrated Health Information Technology? D. S. Bell, M. Infected Adults Receiving Health Care. M. A. Schuster, A. Friedman. R. L. Collins, W. E. Cunningham, S. C. Morton, S. Zierler, M. Wong, W. Tu, D. E. Kanouse. Provisions of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 are BACKGROUND: Perceived discrimination in clinical intended to foster electronic prescribing by requiring settings could discourage HIV-infected people from standards for interoperability and by permitting third seeking health care, adhering to treatment regimens, or parties to offset implementation costs. Although returning for follow-up. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to physicians have been slow to embrace e-prescribing, determine whether HIV-infected people perceive that adoption may increase in 2006, when a new tide of physicians and other health care providers have pharmacy messages will arrive from patients entering discriminated against them. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS: multi-tier drug coverage under Medicare. However, the e- Cross-sectional data (1996 to 1997) from the HIV Cost prescribing systems selected may lack the advanced and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), which conducted features needed to improve patient safety and chronic in-person interviews with a nationally representative disease control. To optimize the return on Medicare drug probability sample of 2,466 HIV-infected adults receiving spending, the government should consider additional health care within the contiguous U.S. incentives to spur the uptake of more advanced systems. MEASUREMENTS: Reports of whether health care Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2005, providers have been uncomfortable with the respondent, p. 1159–1169. Online access: http://content.healthaffairs. treated the respondent as an inferior, preferred to avoid the org/cgi/reprint/24/5/1159 respondent, or refused the respondent service. Questions also covered the types of providers who engaged in these LRP-200509-07 Weight Gain Trends Across behaviors. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of HIV- Sociodemographic Groups in the United States. K. D. infected adults receiving health care reported experiencing Truong, R. Sturm. at least 1 of 4 types of perceived discrimination by a health care provider since becoming infected with HIV, including OBJECTIVES: To better understand health disparities, the 8% who had been refused service. White respondents authors compared US weight gain trends across (32%) were more likely than others (27%) and Latinos sociodemographic groups between 1986 and 2002. (21%) and nearly twice as likely as African Americans METHODS: The authors analyzed mean and 80th- (17%) to report perceived discrimination (P<.001). percentile body mass index (BMI), calculated from self- Respondents whose first positive HIV test was longer ago reported weight and height, for subpopulations defined by were also more likely to report discrimination (P<.001). education, relative income, race/ethnicity, and gender. Respondents who reported discrimination attributed it to Data were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance physicians (54%), nurses and other clinical staff (39%), System, a random-digit-dialed telephone survey (total dentists (32%), hospital staff (31%), and case managers or sample=1.88 million adult respondents). RESULTS: Each social workers (8%). CONCLUSIONS: Many HIV- sociodemographic group experienced generally similar infected adults believe that their clinicians have weight gains. The authors found no statistically significant discriminated against them. Clinicians should make efforts difference in increase in mean BMI by educational to address circumstances that lead patients to perceive attainment, except that individuals with a college degree discrimination, whether real or imagined. Published in gained less weight than did others. The lowest-income Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 20, no. 9, Sept. group gained as much weight on average as the highest- 2005, p. 807–813. income group, but lowest-income heavier individuals (80th percentile of BMI) gained weight faster than LRP-200509-09 Application of Structural Equation highest-income heavier individuals. The authors found no Modeling to Health Outcomes Research. R. D. Hays, D. differences across racial/ethnic groups except that non- Revicki, K. S. Coyne. Hispanic Blacks gained more weight than other groups. Women gained more weight than men. CONCLUSIONS: This article provides an overview of the basic underlying The authors found fewer differences, especially by relative principles of structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM income and education, in weight gain across models have two basic elements: a measurement model subpopulations than they had expected. Women and non- and a structural model. The measurement model describes Hispanic Blacks gained weight faster than other groups. the associations between the indicators (observed measures) of the latent variables, whereas the structural 358 model delineates the direct and indirect substantive effects This paper forecasts the impact of changing disability rates among latent variables and between measured and latent on spending by Medicare beneficiaries. The authors adjust variables. The application of SEM to health outcomes for differential changes in spending by the disabled research is illustrated using two examples: (a) assessing because the composition of the disabled population and the equivalence of the SF-36 and patient evaluations of the intensity of their treatment are changing. Among care for English- and Spanish-language respondents and community-dwelling elderly, spending growth among the (b) evaluating a theoretical model of health in myocardial least disabled grew more quickly than among the most infarction patients. The results of SEM studies can disabled, which offsets some of the cost savings associated contribute to better understanding of the validity of health with declining disability rates. Using estimates of outcome measures and of relationships between spending trends by disability category, the authors project physiologic, clinical, and health outcome variables. that the cost savings associated with improved disability Published in Evaluation and the Health Professions, v. 28, rates will not dramatically slow Medicare spending in the no. 3, Sept. 2005, p. 295–309. long run. Published in Health Affairs—Web Exclusive, Sept. 26, 2005, p. WR-R42–WR-R52. LRP-200509-10 Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. P. G. Shekelle, E. LRP-200509-13 The Health and Cost Consequences Ortiz, S. Newberry, M. W. Rich, S. Rhodes, R. H. Brook, of Obesity Among the Future Elderly. D. Lakdawalla, D. D. P. Goldman. P. Goldman, B. Shang. The authors used a method that combined literature review Obesity could have serious consequences for older and expert judgment to assess potential medical cohorts. The authors used a microsimulation to estimate innovations for older adults. They evaluated innovations in lifetime costs, life expectancy, disease, and disability for four domains: cardiovascular disease, cancer, the biology seventy-year-olds based on body mass. Obese seventy- of aging, and neurologic disease. The innovations can be year-olds will live about as long as those of normal weight categorized by common themes: improved disease but will spend more than $39,000 more on health care. prevention, better detection of subclinical or early clinical Moreover, they will enjoy fewer disability-free life years disease, and treatments for established disease. The and experience higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and authors report the likelihood, potential impact, and heart disease. Medicare will spend about 34 percent more potential cost implications for thirty-four innovations, and on an obese person than on someone of normal weight. they revisit this forecast five years later. Many of the Obesity might cost Medicare more than other diseases, innovations have the potential to greatly affect the costs because higher costs are not offset by reduced longevity. and outcomes of health care. Published in Health Published in Health Affairs—Web Exclusive, Sept. 26, Affairs—Web Exclusive, Sept. 26, 2005, p. W5-R67–W5- 2005, p. W5-R30–W5-R41. R76. LRP-200509-14 The Lifetime Burden of Chronic LRP-200509-11 Technological Advances in Cancer Disease Among the Elderly. G. Joyce, E. B. Keeler, B. and Future Spending by the Elderly. J. Bhattacharya, B. Shang, D. P. Goldman. Shang, C. K. Su, D. P. Goldman, B. Shang. The high costs of treating chronic diseases suggest that This paper forecasts the consequences of scientific reducing their prevalence would improve Medicare's progress in cancer for total Medicare spending between financial stability. In this paper the authors examine the 2005 and 2030. Because technological advance is impact of selected chronic diseases on the distribution of uncertain, widely varying scenarios are modeled. A health spending and its variation over the course of baseline scenario assumes that year 2000 technology stays disease. They also use a microsimulation model to frozen. A second scenario incorporates recent cancer estimate these conditions' impact on life expectancy and treatment advances and their attendant discomfort. health spending from age 65 to death. A 65-year-old with Optimistic scenarios analyzed include the discovery of an a serious chronic illness spends $1,000-$2,000 more per inexpensive cure, a vaccine that prevents cancer, and year on health care than a similar adult without the vastly improved screening techniques. Applying the condition. However, cumulative Medicare payments are Future Elderly Model, the authors find that no scenario only modestly higher for the chronically ill because of holds major promise for guaranteeing the future financial their shorter life expectancy. Published in Health health of Medicare. Published in Health Affairs—Web Affairs—Web Exclusive, Sept. 26, 2005, p. W5-R18–W5- Exclusive, Sept. 26, 2005, p. W5-R53–W5-R66. R-29.

LRP-200509-12 Disability and Health Care Spending LRP-200509-15 Consequences of Health Trends and Among Medicare Beneficiaries. M. E. Chernew, D. P. Medical Innovation for the Future Elderly. D. P. Goldman, F. Pan, B. Shang. Goldman, B. Shang, J. Bhattacharya, A. M. Garber, M. D. 359

Hurd, G. Joyce, D. Lakdawalla, C. W. A. Panis, P. G. Published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Shekelle. v. 100, no. 9, Sept. 2005, p. 1984–1994. Recent innovations in biomedicine seem poised to LRP-200509-17 Insurance and Innovation in Health revolutionize medical practice. At the same time, disease Care Market. D. Lakdawalla, N. Sood. and disability are increasing among younger populations. This paper considers how these confluent trends will affect Innovation policy often involves an uncomfortable trade- the elderly's health status and health care spending over off between rewarding innovators sufficiently and the next thirty years. Because healthier people live longer, providing the innovation at the lowest possible price. cumulative Medicare spending varies little with a However, in health care markets with insurance for beneficiary's disease and disability status upon entering innovative goods, society may be able to ensure efficient Medicare. On the other hand, ten of the most promising rewards for inventors and the efficient dissemination of medical technologies are forecast to increase spending inventions. Health insurance resembles a two-part pricing greatly. It is unlikely that a "silver bullet" will emerge to contract in which a group of consumers pay an up-front both improve health and dramatically reduce medical fee ex ante in exchange for a fixed unit price ex post. This spending. Published in Health Affairs—Web Exclusive, functions as if innovators themselves wrote efficient two- Sept. 26, 2005, p. W5-R5–W5-R17. part pricing contracts, where they extracted sufficient profits from the ex ante payment, but still sold the good ex LRP-200509-16 Impact of Chronic Viral Hepatitis on post at marginal cost. As a result, we show that complete, Health-Related Quality of Life in HIV: Results from a efficient, and competitive health insurance for innovative Nationally Representative Sample. F. Kanwal, I. M. products - such as new drugs, medical devices, or patented Gralnek, R. D. Hays, G. S. Dulai, B. M. R. Spiegel, S. A. procedures - can lead to perfectly efficient innovation and Bozzette, S. M. Asch. utilization, even when moral hazard exists. Conversely, incomplete insurance markets in this context lead to BACKGROUND: Little is known about the health burden inefficiently low levels of innovation. Moreover, optimally of chronic viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients. The designed public health insurance for innovative products authors compared health-related quality of life (HRQOL) can solve the innovation problem by charging ex ante of patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV premia equal to consumer surplus, and ex post co- and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection to those with HIV payments at or below marginal cost. When these quantities monoinfection. METHODS: Using a nationally are unknown, society can usually improve static and representative sample of 1,874 adults with HIV who dynamic welfare by covering the uninsured with contracts completed a baseline and two follow-up interviews, the that mimic observed private insurance contracts. Published authors identified those with HIV monoinfection (n = in NBER working papers /(Cambridge, MA: National 1,493), HIVHCV coinfection (n = 279), and HIVHBV Bureau of Economic Research, Sept. 2005), p. 1–42. coinfection (n = 122). The authors measured baseline and Online access: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11602.pdf. change over time scores for physical and mental health (PHS, MHS), overall quality of life (QOL), overall health, LRP-200509-18 End-of-Life Options. J. Lynn. and disability days. To identify the independent effect of coinfection, the authors adjusted for demographic and Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 3, letters, Sept./Oct. clinical predictors of HRQOL using multivariable 2005, p. 1377–1378. regression. RESULTS: Despite significant differences in socio-demographic characteristics between groups, there LRP-200509-19 Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease were no differences in the baseline scores for PHS, MHS, Self-Management Programs for Older Adults. J. Chodosh, overall QOL, overall health, or disability days between S. C. Morton, W. Mojica, M. Maglione, M. J. Suttorp, L. groups. The HRQOL did not decline significantly over Hilton, S. Rhodes, P. G. Shekelle. time for the HIV patients with or without HCV or HBV BACKGROUND: Although enthusiasm is growing for coinfection. All groups reported similar longitudinal self-management programs for chronic conditions, there changes in the HRQOL scores for all measures. are conflicting data regarding their effectiveness and no CONCLUSIONS: The authors found no significant agreement on their essential components. PURPOSE: To differences in disease burden as assessed by a generic assess the effectiveness and essential components of self- HRQOL instrument between patients with HIV management programs for hypertension, osteoarthritis, and monoinfection and HIVHCV or HIVHBV coinfection. diabetes mellitus. DATA SOURCES: The authors These data are relevant in counseling coinfected patients searched multiple sources dated through September 2004, regarding the impact of coinfection on HRQOL, and are including the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, important in designing clinical trials and conducting cost- and Nursing and Allied Health databases, and effectiveness analyses including this vulnerable cohort. bibliographies of 87 previous reviews. STUDY 360

SELECTION: Randomized trials that compared outcomes the validity and reliability of self-reported take of self-management interventions with a control or with information after smallpox vaccination. METHODS: A usual care for diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, or prospective cohort of subjects receiving the smallpox hypertension; outcomes included hemoglobin A1c level, vaccination volunteered to use an electronic monitoring fasting blood glucose level, weight, blood pressure, pain, system to track and report their vaccination reactions. or function. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers RESULTS: Users made 6.8 +/- 6.2 (mean +/- SD) reports independently identified trials and extracted data regarding using the electronic monitoring system. The sensitivity whether the intervention used tailored adjustments to meet and positive predictive value of self-reported takes were individual patient needs, a group setting, feedback, and high, 98.8% and 99.6%, respectively. The vaccination-site psychological services, and whether the intervention was reactions progressed faster for revaccinees than first-time provided by the patient's usual physician. DATA vaccinees. CONCLUSIONS: Simple-to-use telephone/ SYNTHESIS: Of 780 studies screened, 53 studies Internet-based technology allowed detailed self-recording contributed data to the random-effects meta-analysis (26 of response to smallpox vaccination among outpatients. diabetes studies, 14 osteoarthritis studies, and 13 Self-reports on site appearance were sufficient to hypertension studies). Self-management interventions led determine vaccine takes in most vaccinees. During a mass to a statistically and clinically significant pooled effect vaccination event, an electronic monitoring system could size of -0.36 (95% CI, -0.52 to -0.21) for hemoglobin A1c, facilitate tracking of vaccine reactions, including equivalent to a reduction in hemoglobin A1c level of about providing an early warning system for adverse events, and 0.81%. Self-management interventions decreased systolic might reduce the burden associated with follow-up visits blood pressure by 5 mm Hg (effect size, -0.39 CI, -0.51 to with healthcare professionals. Published in Biosecurity -0.28) and decreased diastolic blood pressure by 4.3 mm and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Hg (effect size, -0.51 CI, -0.73 to -0.30). Pooled effects of Science, v. 3, no. 3, Sept. 2005, p. 198–206. self-management interventions were statistically significant but clinically trivial for pain and function LRP-200509-21 Psychiatric Symptoms Associated outcomes for osteoarthritis. No consistent results with Ephedra Use. M. Maglione, K. Miotto, M. Y. Iguchi, supported any of the 5 characteristics examined as L. Hilton, P. G. Shekelle. essential for program success. LIMITATIONS: Studies The objective of this review is to describe psychiatric had variable quality, and possible publication bias was adverse events occurring after ingestion of dietary evident. CONCLUSIONS: Self-management programs for supplements containing herbal ephedra and to assess the diabetes mellitus and hypertension probably produce possible relationship between supplement use and the clinically important benefits. The elements of the events. The authors reviewed all adverse event reports programs most responsible for benefits cannot be related to dietary supplements containing herbal ephedra determined from existing data, and this inhibits from US FDA MedWatch files as of 30 September, 2001. specification of optimally effective or cost-effective Psychosis, mania or severe agitation, severe depression, programs. Osteoarthritis self-management programs do hallucinations, delusions, suicide attempts, paranoia and not appear to have clinically beneficial effects on pain or violent behaviour were classified as serious psychiatric function. Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 143, events. Events were categorised based on the amount of no. 6, Sep. 20, 2005, p. 427–438, w99-w106. information supporting a causal relationship. Out of almost 1800 total adverse events, 57 were classified as LRP-200509-20 Use of an Electronic Monitoring both psychiatric in nature and serious. Two-thirds of these System for Self-Reporting Smallpox Vaccine Reactions. psychiatric cases involved patients with pre-existing S. S. Olmsted, J. D. Grabenstein, A. K. Jain, W. psychological/psychiatric conditions and/or use of other Comerford, P. Giambo, P. Johnson, J. Mopsik, S. R. mood-altering medications or illicit substances. The Zimmerman, N. Lurie. majority of case reports were insufficiently documented to OBJECTIVES: Tracking vaccine reactions and adverse make an informed judgment about a relationship between events during a large-scale vaccination program such as the use of ephedra and the adverse event in question. The the recent smallpox program or a pandemic flu outbreak case reports evaluated do not prove a definitive causal link will be a challenge. The authors report on vaccine reaction between ephedra and psychiatric complications. However, data collected using a novel telephone- and web-based they do raise concern that such a relationship may exist. electronic reporting system. The system was used to Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, v. 4, no. 5, monitor vaccinees during the U.S. Army's smallpox Sept. 2005, p. 879–884. vaccination campaign, which was part of the national program to prepare against biological attack. In addition, LRP-200509-22 Systematic Review of the Effects of we report on the time course of events after smallpox N-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. C. H. vaccination based on the self-reported data and evaluate MacLean, W. Mojica, S. Newberry, J. N. Pencharz, R. H. 361

Garland, W. Tu, L. Hilton, S. Rhodes, P. Khanna, S. C. behavioral controls) and perceived peer-group attitudes Morton. toward alcohol-impaired driving (social control). The dependent variable in the study was a measure of self- BACKGROUND: N-3 fatty acids are purported to have reported alcohol-impaired driving over the preceding 2 health effects in patients with inflammatory bowel disease years, collected at 2-year follow-up from baseline. (IBD), but studies have reported mixed results. RESULTS: Results from multiple regression modeling OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to synthesize published showed significant protective effects associated with the and unpublished evidence to determine estimates of the beliefs that driving after drinking is immoral and that effect of n-3 fatty acids fatty acids on clinical outcomes in random police sobriety checks are a good idea (internal IBD and whether n-3 fatty acids fatty acids modify the control items). Results also showed that a social effects of or need for treatment with other agents. desirability control measure was predictive of increased DESIGN: Computerized databases were searched for risk, at follow-up, for driving after drinking. studies of n-3 fatty acids in immune-mediated diseases CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that internal from 1966 to 2003. The authors also contacted experts in controls may protect against alcohol-impaired driving the nutraceutical industry to identify unpublished studies; behavior, even in a high-risk sample of repeat DUI however, none were identified. RESULTS: Reviewers offenders. The results also suggest that future policy identified 13 controlled trials that assessed the effects of interventions to curtail drink-driving might profitably be n-3 fatty acids on clinical, sigmoidoscopic, or histologic designed to promote these sorts of behavioral controls. scores; rates of induced remission or relapse; or Published in Journal of Studies on Alcohol, v. 66, no. 5, requirements for steroids and other immunosuppressive Sept. 2005, p. 640–647. agents in Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. Most clinical trials were of good quality. Fewer than 6 were identified LRP-200509-25 Quality of Prostate Carcinoma Care that assessed the effects of n-3 fatty acids on any single in a Statewide Public Assistance Program. T. L. Krupski, outcome of clinical, endoscopic, or histologic scores or J. Bergman, L. Kwan, M. S. Litwin. remission or relapse rates. Consistent across 3 studies was the finding that n-3 fatty acids reduce corticosteroid BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the feasibility of requirements, although statistical significance was shown measuring quality of care in a statewide public assistance in only 1 of these studies. CONCLUSION: The available program for men with prostate carcinoma. METHODS: data are insufficient to draw conclusions about the effects The sample consisted of 84 men who were followed for > of n-3 fatty acids on clinical, endoscopic, or histologic or = 6 months after receiving primary treatment for early- scores or remission or relapse rates. Published in The stage prostate carcinoma (55 received radical American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 82, no. 3, Sept. prostatectomy and 29 received radiotherapy) through a 2005, p. 611–619. free public program for low-income, uninsured men. Quality was assessed by chart review with 16 indicators LRP-200509-23 Acknowledge Problem, Then Fix It. previously developed and validated at the RAND E. A. McGlynn. Corporation, as well as by telephone and mail surveys that included the University of California at Los Angeles Published in Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Commentary), Prostate Cancer Index short form. RESULTS: Quality of Sept. 30, 2005, p. 1–2 . care measurement was feasible for 13 (81%) indicators from electronic chart abstraction, administrative LRP-200509-24 Drink-Driving and DUI Recidivists' documents, and patient questionnaires. Communication Attitudes and Beliefs: A Longitudinal Analysis. M. D. between specialist and primary physician was better for Greenberg, A. R. Morral, A. K. Jain. men treated with radiotherapy than with surgery (84% vs. OBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional survey research has shown 45%, P = 0.004). Subjects treated in private institutions correlations between drink-driving behavior and people's were more likely than those treated in public institutions to beliefs concerning the riskiness, social acceptability and have > or = 2 follow-up visits with the treating physician morality of driving under the influence of alcohol. The or institution within 1 year of treatment (93% vs. 63%, P = current study examines the association between such 0.003) and to have documentation of communication with beliefs and subsequent alcohol-impaired driving in a the primary care physician (90% vs. 40%, P << 0.0001). sample of offenders who were driving under the influence Disease-specific, health-related quality of life 6 months (DUI). METHOD: Repeated interviews were conducted after treatment did not appear to differ between public and with 182 multiple DUI offenders. Baseline data included private facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found the measures of moral and prescriptive beliefs concerning application of quality of care indicators to be feasible in a alcohol-impaired driving (internal behavioral controls), statewide public assistance program, but with some perceived risks of criminal punishment and crashes differences between public and private providers. These associated with alcohol-impaired driving (external quality of care indicators identified target areas for 362 improvement. Published in American Cancer Society, v. with single subjects, those who were married had better 104, no. 5, Sept. 1, 2005, p. 985–992. survival, independent of age at the time of diagnosis, gender, race/ethnicity, disease stage, and lymph node LRP-200509-26 The Association of Partner Abuse status (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Marriage was with Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Women and Men associated with improved survival in patients with bladder with HIV/AIDS. L. M. Bogart, R. L. Collins, W. E. carcinoma, independent of other factors known to Cunningham, R. L. Beckman, D. Golinelli, D. Eisenman, influence mortality in this population. Although the C. E. Bird. mechanisms underlying this survival advantage are unknown, possibilities include differences in cancer Prior studies have found that partner abuse is related to screening, risk behaviors, and access to medical care. The risky sexual behavior. However, few studies have explored interaction between psychosocial factors and the body's gender, sexual orientation, or substance use differences in immune function may further explain the differential this association, especially among people with HIV. The survival in this cohort. Copyright 2005 American Cancer authors examined data from the Risk and Prevention Society. Published in Cancer, v. 104, no. 6, Sep. 15, 2005, survey from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study p. 1188–1194. (HCSUS) sample on 726 sexually-active individuals in three gender/orientation groups (286 women, 148 LRP-200509-28 Recovery Guides: An Emerging heterosexual men, and 292 gay/bisexual men). The study Model of Community-Based Care for Adults with assessed whether individuals with HIV who experienced Psychiatric Disabilities. L. Davidson, J. Tondora, M. or perpetrated abuse within a close relationship were likely Staeheli, M. O'Connell, J. Frey, M. Chinman. to engage in unprotected intercourse with that same partner. Both abuse perpetration and victimization were Published in Community Based Clinical Practice /Larry significantly associated with having any unprotected Davidson et al. (London, UK: Oxford University Press, intercourse. In multivariate tests, gender/orientation and Sept. 2005), Chapter 30, p. 476–501 substance use during sex moderated the perpetration effects. Secondary HIV prevention interventions need to LRP-200509-29 A Case-Control Study of Risk take into account potentially abusive contexts in which Factors in Men with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. M. sexual activity may occur for both men and women. A. Pontari, M. McNaughton-Collins, M. P. O'Leary, E. A. Published in AIDS and Behavior, v. 9, no. 3, Sept. 2005, p. Calhoun, T. Jang, J. W. Kusek, J. R. Landis, J. Knauss, M. 324–329. S. Litwin. OBJECTIVE: To compare the demographic, behavioural, LRP-200509-27 Marriage and Mortality in Bladder clinical and medical history characteristics of men with Carcinoma. J. L. Gore, L. Kwan, C. S. Saigal, M. S. chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Litwin. (CP/CPPS) and asymptomatic controls, to identify BACKGROUND: Being married confers significant characteristics that might be associated with this benefits in survival for patients with a variety of chronic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Self- conditions including breast and prostate carcinoma. The administered epidemiological questionnaires were authors attempted to determine whether marital status is completed by 463 men with CP/CPPS and 121 associated with survival in patients undergoing radical asymptomatic age-matched controls. The authors cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. METHODS: The compared the prevalence of possible risk factors between authors identified 7262 subjects from the Surveillance, men with CP/CPPS and controls, using generalized Epidemiology, and End Results public-use database who Mantel-Haenszel tests, and developed multivariate underwent radical cystectomy for transitional cell predictive models using logistic regression methods, carcinoma of the bladder. They performed survival adjusting for clustering by clinical centre within both analyses using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox methods. RESULTS: Compared to controls, men with proportional hazards models. The authors created CP/CPPS reported a significantly greater lifetime multivariate models to evaluate the independent prevalence of nonspecific urethritis (12% vs 4%, P = association between marital status and survival, 0.008), cardiovascular disease (11% vs 2%, P = 0.004), controlling for pathologic stage, lymph node status, age, neurological disease (41% vs 14%, P < 0.001), psychiatric race/ethnicity, and gender. RESULTS: Married subjects conditions (29% vs 11%, P < 0.001), and haematopoietic, were older and more often male, white, and had earlier lymphatic or infectious disease (41% vs 20%, P < 0.001). disease stage at diagnosis. Married subjects had CONCLUSION: A wide range of self-reported medical significantly better survival than did single or widowed conditions was associated with CP/CPPS. Further studies subjects (P < 0.001), and married subjects revealed a trend are necessary to determine whether they play a role in the toward better survival than separated/divorced subjects (P pathogenesis of CP/CPPS. Published in British Journal of = 0.20). Multivariate modeling revealed that compared 363

Urology International, v. 96, no. 4, Sept. 2005, p. of times patient data were collected was dependent on the 559–565. length of time the patient was treated and varied from 1 to 14 between 1992 and 1999. Key variables included: LRP-200509-30 Assessment of Beliefs About patients' ADL scores (the dependent variable); measures of Psychotropic Medication and Psychotherapy: team participation and team functioning; the number of Development of a Measure for Patients with Anxiety days from baseline on which a patient's ADLs were Disorders. A. Bystritsky, A. W. Wagner, J. E. Russo, M. assessed; and several control variables. Data Collection B. Stein, C. D. Sherbourne, M. G. Craske, P. Roy-Byrne. Methods. Team data were obtained via self-administered questionnaires distributed to staff on the study teams. OBJECTIVE: This study presents the psychometric Additional team data were obtained via questionnaires properties of a brief measure to assess beliefs about completed by unit directors contemporaneously with the psychotropic medications and psychotherapy among staff survey. Patient data were collected by trained patients with anxiety disorders. METHOD: Data were clinicians at regular intervals using a standard assessment collected on a large sample of primary care patients with a instrument. Principal Findings. Results indicated that range of anxiety disorders, as part of the Collaborative patients treated in teams with higher levels of staff Care for Anxiety and Panic study. Factor analyses using participation experienced greater improvement in ADL principal axis factoring with Varimax rotations were used over time. No differences in ADL change were noted for to determine the factor structure of the beliefs scale. patients treated in teams with higher levels of team Internal consistency, concurrent validity and predictive functioning. Conclusions. Findings support our premise validity of the resulting subscales were examined. that team process has important implications for patient RESULTS: Two subscales emerged, one reflecting beliefs outcomes. The results suggest that the level of about psychotropic medications and the other assessing participation by the team as a whole may be a more beliefs about psychotherapy. Both showed strong internal important process attribute, in terms of patient consistency and concurrent validity. The beliefs about improvements in ADLs, than the team's smooth psychotropic medication demonstrated strong predictive functioning. These findings indicate the potential validity. CONCLUSIONS: This measure may be a useful appropriateness of managerial interventions to encourage tool for assessing treatment beliefs among patients with member investment in team processes. Published in HSR, anxiety disorders toward the provision of more quality Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 5, pt. 1, Oct. 2005, p. treatment for this population. Its brevity may make it 1335-1355. particularly useful in primary health care settings. Published in General Hospital Psychiatry, v. 27, no. 5, LRP-200510-02 A Self-Report Measure of Sept.-Oct. 2005, p. 313–318. Clinicians' Orientation Toward Integrative Medicine. A. Hsiao, R. D. Hays, G. W. Ryan, I. D. Coulter, R. LRP-200509-31 Responding to the Needs of the Andersen, M. L. Hardy, D. L. Diehl, K. Hui, N. S. Community: A Stepped-Care Approach to Implementing Wenger. Trauma-Focused Interventions in Schools. L. Jaycox, S. H. Kataoka, B. D. Stein, M. Wong, A. K. Langley. OBJECTIVES: Patients in the U.S. often turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and may Published in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in use it concurrently with conventional medicine to treat Youth, v. 5, no. 4, Fall 2005, p. 85–88, 100-103. illness and promote wellness. However, clinicians vary in their openness to the merging of treatment paradigms. LRP-200510-01 Cross-Functional Team Processes Because integration of CAM with conventional medicine and Patient Functional Improvement. J. A. Alexander, R. can have important implications for health care, we Lichtenstein, K. Jinnett, R. Wells, J. Zazzali, D. Liu. developed a survey instrument to assess clinicians' Objective. To test the hypothesis that higher levels of orientation toward integrative medicine. STUDY participation and functioning in cross-functional SETTINGS: A convenience sample of 294 acupuncturists, psychiatric treatment teams will be related to improved chiropractors, primary care physicians, and physician patient outcomes. Data Sources/Study Setting. Primary acupuncturists in academic and community settings in data were collected during the period 1992–1999. The California. DATA COLLECTION METHODS: The study was conducted in 40 teams within units treating authors used a qualitative analysis of structured interviews seriously mentally ill patients in 16 Veterans Affairs to develop a conceptual model of integrative medicine at hospitals across the U.S. Study Design. A longitudinal, the provider level. Based on this conceptual model, we multilevel analysis assessed the relationship between developed a 30-item survey (IM-30) to assess five individual- and team-level variables and patients' ability to domains of clinicians' orientation toward integrative perform activities of daily living (ADL) over time. Team medicine: openness, readiness to refer, learning from data were collected in 1992, 1994, and 1995. The number alternate paradigms, patient-centered care, and safety of 364 integration. PRINICIPAL FINDINGS: Two hundred and number of clinical conditions, sex, age, VES-13 score two clinicians (69 percent response rate) returned the (composite score of function and self-rated health), survey. The internal consistency reliability for the 30-item income, education, mental health status, and number of total scale and the five subscales ranged from 0.71 to 0.90. quality indicators triggered. RESULTS: Patients whose Item-scale correlations for the five subscales were higher conditions required more history-taking, counseling, and for the hypothesized subscale than other subscales 75 medication-prescribing care processes and patients with percent or more of the time. Construct validity was diabetes mellitus received lower-than-expected quality of supported by the association of the IM-30 total scale score care. A greater number of comorbid conditions was (0 100 possible range, with a higher score indicative of associated with higher-than-expected quality of care. Age, greater orientation toward integrative medicine) with sex, VES-13 score, and other sociodemographic variables hypothesized constructs: physician acupuncturists scored were not associated with quality of care. CONCLUSION: higher than physicians (71 versus 50, p<.001), dual-trained Complexity, vulnerability, and age do not predispose older practitioners scored higher than single-trained practitioners persons to receive poorer-quality care. In contrast, older (71 versus 62, p<.001), and practitioners' self-perceived patients whose care requires time-consuming processes "integrativeness" was significantly correlated (r=0.60, such as history taking and counseling are at risk for worse p<.001) with the IM-30 total score. CONCLUSION: This quality of care and should be a target for intervention to study provides support for the reliability and validity of improve care. Published in Journal of the American the IM-30 as a measure of clinicians' orientation toward Geriatrics Society, v. 53, no. 10, Oct. 2005, p. 1705–1711. integrative medicine. The IM-30 survey, which the authors estimate as requiring 5 minutes to complete, can be LRP-200510-07 A Prospective Study of Risk and administered to both conventional and CAM clinicians. Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Published in HSR, Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 5, Impoverished Women Living in Temporary Shelter pt. 1, Oct. 2005, p. 1553–1569. Settings in Los Angeles County. J. S. Tucker, E. J. D'Amico, S. L. Wenzel, D. Golinelli, M. N. Elliott, S. LRP-200510-03 Health Costs of Katrina. D. P. Williamson. Goldman, M. A. Schuster. Alcohol and drug use are significant public health Published in United Press International commentary, problems facing homeless women, but few prospective Oct. 11, 2005. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ studies have examined risk and protective factors for commentary/101005UPI.html substance use in this population. This 6-month prospective study identified psychosocial, behavioral, and economic LRP-200510-04 Smog Alert: The Challenges of predictors of drinking to intoxication, crack use, and Battling Ozone Pollution. M. Bernstein, D. Whitman. marijuana use in a probability sample of 402 women living in temporary shelter settings in Los Angeles County with a Published in Environment, v. 47, no. 8, Oct. 2005, p. simple majority of homeless residents (92% of these 28–41. women had a history of homelessness). Engaging in sexual risk behavior and having depressive symptoms were risk LRP-200510-05 Predictors of Overall Quality of factors for more frequent intoxication, marijuana use, and Care Provided to Vulnerable Older People. L. C. Min, D. crack use. Drinking to intoxication was additionally B. Reuben, C. H. MacLean, P. G. Shekelle, D. H. predicted by perceived HIV susceptibility, lower social Solomon, H. Takahiro, J. T. Chang, C. P. Roth, C. J. support, more avoidant and less active coping, and lower Kamberg, J. L. Adams, R. Young, N. S. Wenger. self-esteem. Additional predictors of marijuana use OBJECTIVES: Prior research shows that the quality of included partner alcohol misuse and less social support, care provided to vulnerable older persons is suboptimal, whereas more frequent crack use was additionally but little is known about the factors associated with care predicted by partner alcohol misuse, lack of economic quality for this group. In this study, the influences of resources, and more avoidant and less active coping. clinical conditions, types of care processes, and These findings suggest that effective substance use sociodemographic characteristics on the quality of care programs may need an integrative approach that addresses received by vulnerable older people were evaluated. other types of risk behaviors, assists women in DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Two strengthening their support networks and learning senior managed care plans. PARTICIPANTS: Three effective coping skills, and provides access to basic hundred sixty-two community-dwelling patients aged 65 services (e.g., housing, health care). For women in and older identified as vulnerable by the Vulnerable Elder relationships, there may be a further need to address issues Survey (VES-13). MEASUREMENTS: Outcome variable: of partner substance use. Published in Drug and Alcohol patients' observed-minus-expected overall quality score. Dependence, v. 80, no. 1, Oct. 2005, p. 35–43. Predictor variables: types of care processes, types and 365

LRP-200510-08 Experiencing Interpersonal adverse events and at what cost. Published in Journal of Violence: Perspectives of Sexually Active, Substance- General Internal Medicine, v. 20, no. 10, Oct. 2005, p. Using Women Living in Shelters and Low-Income 873–878. Housing. J. S. Tucker, E. J. D'Amico, S. L. Wenzel, D. Golinelli, M. N. Elliott, S. Williamson. LRP-200510-10 Healing Storm Victims' Mental Health. K. B. Wells, J. G. Sullivan. As part of a larger study, the authors investigated experiences of recent violence among sexually active, Published in Newsday, commentary, Oct. 3, 2005, p. 1–2. substance-using women. Structured interviews were conducted with 172 women living in shelters and low- LRP-200510-11 Generalizability of Studies on income housing, 41 of whom also completed an in-depth Mental Health Treatment and Outcomes, 1981 to 1996. J. interview on their worst violent episode. Structured T. Braslow, N. Duan, S. L. Starks, A. Polo, E. Bromley. interviews indicated that rape and self-blame were more OBJECTIVE: This study operationalized and measured common among sheltered women. In-depth interviews the external validity, or generalizability, of studies on suggested that sheltered women were vulnerable to mental health treatment and outcomes published in four instrumental aggression from a range of perpetrators, journals between 1981 and 1996. METHOD: MEDLINE whereas housed women tended to experience hostile was searched for articles on mental health treatment and partner aggression. Intoxication during the violent outcomes that were published in four leading psychiatry episodes was more common among sheltered women. and psychology journals between 1981 and 1996. A 156- Implications for violence prevention and treatment item instrument was used to assess generalizability of services are discussed. Published in Violence Against study findings. RESULTS: Of more than 9,000 citations, Women, v. 11, no. 10, Oct. 2005, p. 1319–1340. 414 eligible studies were identified. Inclusion of community sites and patients from racial or ethnic LRP-200510-09 Residency Work-Hours Reform: A minority groups were documented in only 12 and 25 Cost Analysis Including Preventable Adverse Events. T. percent of studies, respectively. Random or systematic K. Nuckols, J. J. Escarce. sampling methods were rare (3 percent), and 75 percent of BACKGROUND: In response to proposed federal studies did not explicitly address sample legislation, the Accreditation Council for Graduate representativeness. Studies with funding from the National Medical Education limited resident work-hours in July Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) were more likely than 2003. The cost may be substantial but, if successful, the those without NIMH funding to document the inclusion of reform might lower preventable adverse event costs in patients from minority groups (30 percent compared with hospital and after discharge. OBJECTIVES: This study 20 percent). Randomized studies were more likely than sought to estimate the reform's net cost in 2001 dollars, nonrandomized studies to document the inclusion of and to determine the reduction in preventable adverse patients from minority groups (28 percent compared with events needed to make reform cost neutral from teaching 17 percent), include patients with comorbid psychiatric hospital and societal perspectives. DESIGN: Cost analysis conditions (31 percent compared with 19 percent), and using published literature and data. Net costs were attend to sample representativeness (28 percent compared determined for 4 reform strategies and over a range of with 15 percent). Modest improvements were seen over potential effects on preventable adverse events. time in inclusion of patients from minority groups, RESULTS: Nationwide, transferring excess work to task- inclusion of patients with psychiatric comorbidities, and tailored substitutes (the lowest-level providers appropriate attention to sample representativeness. CONCLUSIONS: for noneducational tasks) would cost $673 million; mid- Generalizability of studies on treatments and outcomes, level providers would cost $1.1 billion. Reform strategies whether experimental or observational, remained low and promoting adverse events would increase net teaching poorly documented over the 16-year period. Published in hospital and societal costs as well as mortality. If task- Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 10, Oct. 2005, p. tailored substitutes decrease events by 5.1% or mid-level 1261–1268. providers decrease them by 8.5%, reform would be cost neutral for society. Events must fall by 18.5% and 30.9%, LRP-200510-12 Hepatitis C Virus Treatment respectively, to be cost neutral for teaching hospitals. Decision-Making in the Context of HIV Co-Infection: CONCLUSIONS: Because most preventable adverse The Role of Medical, Behavioral and Mental Health event costs occur after discharge, a modest decline (5.1% Factors in Assessing Treatment Readiness. G. J. Wagner, to 8.5%) in them might make residency work-hours reform G. W. Ryan. cost neutral for society but only a much larger drop Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease is among the (18.5% to 30.9%) would make it cost neutral for teaching leading causes of mortality among HIV patients, yet very hospitals, unless additional funds are allocated. Future few co-infected patients receive pegylated-interferon and research should evaluate which reform approaches prevent 366 ribavirin combination therapy, the standard of care for health matter and that understanding these differences chronic HCV. Whereas factors related to the provider, requires an explanation of why rational people are not patient and clinic setting all contribute to HCV treatment effective in making health a priority in their everyday decision-making, the decision of the provider to lives. The authors describe some salient gender health recommend or defer treatment is perhaps the most critical differences in cardiovascular disease, immune function determinant of whether a patient receives treatment. This and disorders, and depression and indicate why neither paper reviews the literature related to the medical, social nor biological perspectives alone are sufficient to behavioral and mental health variables that contribute to account for them. The authors consider the limitations of providers' assessment of treatment readiness, and current models of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health associations with treatment response, adherence and disparities to explain the puzzling gender differences in retention. A greater understanding of the multilevel factors health. Finally, the authors discuss constrained choice, a contributing to HCV treatment decision-making, as well as key issue that is missing in the current understanding of patient characteristics that predict treatment outcome and these gender differences, and call on the social science adherence, can inform the development of interventions community to work with biomedical researchers on the aimed at improving HCV care for HIV patients. Published interdisciplinary work required to address the paradoxical in AIDS, v. 19, suppl. 3, Oct. 2005, p. S190-S198. differences in men's and women's health. Published in Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences LRP-200510-13 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of and Social Sciences, v. 60, spec. no. 2, Oct. 2005, p. S40- COX-2 Inhibitors: Effect on Appropriateness of S47. Prescribing. M. M. Spence, S. S. Teleki, T. C. Cheetham, S. O. Schweitzer, M. Millares. LRP-200510-15 Are Ayurvedic Herbs for Diabetes Effective? P. G. Shekelle, M. L. Hardy, S. C. Morton, I. Spending on direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of D. Coulter, S. Venuturupalli, J. Favreau, L. Hilton. prescription drugs has increased dramatically in the past several years. An unresolved question is whether such OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and synthesize the evidence on advertising leads to inappropriate prescribing. In this the effect of Ayurvedic therapies for diabetes mellitus. study, the authors use survey and administrative data to DESIGN: Systematic review of trials. MEASUREMENTS determine the association of DTCA with the appropriate AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors found no study that prescribing of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors for assessed Ayurvedic as a system of care. Botanical therapy 1,382 patients. Treatment with either a COX-2 or a was by far the most commonly studied Ayurvedic traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment. Herbs were studied either singly or as formulas. was defined as appropriate or not according to three In all, 993 titles in Western computerized databases and different definitions of gastrointestinal risk. Patients who 318 titles identified by hand-searching journals in India saw or heard a COX-2 advertisement and asked their were examined, yielding 54 articles reporting the results of physician about the advertised drug were significantly 62 studies. The most-studied herbs were G sylvestre, C more likely to be prescribed a COX-2 (versus a NSAID, as indica, fenugreek, and Eugenia jambolana. A number of recommended by evidence-based guidelines) than all other herbal formulas were tested, but Ayush-82 and D-400 patients. Findings also suggest that some patients may were most often studied. Thirty-five of the studies benefit from DTCA. The authors discuss the need for included came from the Western literature, 27 from the balanced drug information for consumers, increased Indian. Seven were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) physician vigilance in prescribing appropriately, and and 10 controlled clinical trials (CCTs) or natural further study of DTCA. Published in Medical Care experiments. Twenty-two studies went on to further Research and Review, v. 62, no. 5, Oct. 1, 2005, p. analysis based on a set of criteria. Of these, 10 were RCTs, 544–559. CCTs, or natural experiments, 12 were case series or cohort studies. There is evidence to suggest that the herbs LRP-200510-14 Rethinking Gender Differences in C indica, holy basil, fenugreek, and G sylvestre, and the Health: Why We Need to Integrate Social and Biological herbal formulas Ayush-82 and D-400 have a glucose- Perspectives. P. P. Rieker, C. E. Bird. lowering effect and deserve further study. Evidence of effectiveness of several other herbs is less extensive (C The complexity of gender differences in health (i.e., men's tamala, E jambolana, and Momordica charantia). lower life expectancy and women's greater morbidity) CONCLUSIONS: There is heterogeneity in the available extends beyond notions of either social or biological literature on Ayurvedic treatment for diabetes. Most disadvantage. Gaps remain in understanding the studies test herbal therapy. Heterogeneity exists in the antecedents of such differences and the issues this paradox herbs and formulas tested (more than 44 different raises regarding the connections between social and interventions identified) and in the method of their biological processes. The authors goals in this analytic preparation. Despite these limitations, there are sufficient essay are to make the case that gender differences in 367 data for several herbs or herbal formulas to warrant further individual health insurance products in California, US. We studies. Published in Journal of Family Practice, v. 54, no. used fitted logistic regression models to explore how 10, Oct. 2005, p. 876–886. preferences for the more generous attributes varied with the additional premium and with the characteristics of the LRP-200510-16 Oral Health Findings for HIV- subscriber. RESULTS: High quality was the most highly Infected Adult Medical Patients from the HIV Cost and valued attribute based on the amounts consumers report Services Utilization Study. J. R. Freed, M. Marcus, B. A. they are willing to pay. They were also willing to pay Freed, C. Der-Martirosian, C. A. Maida, F. S. Younai, J. substantial monthly premiums to reduce their overall M. Yamamoto, I. D. Coulter, M. F. Shapiro. financial risk. Individuals in lower health were willing to pay more to reduce their financial risk than individuals in BACKGROUND: The HIV Cost and Services Utilization better health. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Consumers Study (HCSUS) was conducted by a consortium of private may prefer tiered-benefit designs to those that involve and government institutions centered at the RAND Corp. overall increases in cost sharing. More consumer to provide national estimates of adult medical patients who information is needed to help consumers better evaluate are HIV-positive. This article presents descriptive oral the costs and benefits of their insurance choices. Published health findings from that study. METHODS: The National in Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, v. 4, no. Opinion Research Center (NORC) conducted four 2, Oct. 2005, p. 77–86. interviews of a nationally representative sample of adults with HIV who made a medical visit for regular care in LRP-200510-18 OncoSurge: A Strategy for early 1996. This article uses data from the second Improving Resectability with Curative Intent in Metastatic interview conducted between December 1996 and July Colorectal Cancer. G. J. Poston, R. Adam, S. Alberts, S. 1997. The authors constructed analytical weights for each Curley, J. Figueras, D. Haller, F. Kunstlinger, G. Mentha, respondent so the 2,466 interviewees represented a B. Nordlinger, Y. Patt, J. Primrose, M. Roh, P. Rougier, T. population of 219,700. RESULTS: Most adult medical Ruers, H. J. Schmoll, C. Valls, N. J. Vauthey, M. Cornelis, patients with HIV rated their oral health as at least "good," J. P. Kahan. but 12 percent (representing a population of 25,300) rated it as "poor." Xerostomia was the most commonly reported PURPOSE: Most patients with colorectal liver metastases symptom (37 percent) to arise in the time since the present to general surgeons and oncologists without a previous interview. Twenty-nine percent had a dental specialist interest in their management. Since treatment benefit under Medicaid and 23 percent had private strategy is frequently dependent on the response to earlier insurance. Eighteen percent had not revealed their HIV treatments, the authors aim was to create a therapeutic status to the dentist they usually saw. CONCLUSIONS: decision model identifying appropriate procedure National data on adult medical patients with HIV provide sequences. METHODS: The authors used the RAND a context for local or convenience sample studies and can Corporation/University of California, Los Angeles help give direction to public health and public policy Appropriateness Method (RAM) assessing strategies of programs directed to the oral health needs of this resection, local ablation and chemotherapy. After a population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The attitudes comprehensive literature review, an expert panel rated and beliefs of adult HIV patients should be taken into appropriateness of each treatment option for a total of account in the creation of community health education 1,872 ratings decisions in 252 cases. A decision model programs and continuing education for dentists. Medicaid was constructed, consensus measured and results validated programs should include adult dental benefits. Published using 48 virtual cases, and 34 real cases with known in Journal of the American Dental Association, v. 136, no. outcomes. RESULTS: Consensus was achieved with 10, Oct. 2005, p. 1396–1405. overall agreement rates of 93.4 to 99.1%. Absolute resection contraindications included unresectable LRP-200510-17 Using Contingent Choice Methods extrahepatic disease, more than 70% liver involvement, to Assess Consumer Preferences About Health Plan liver failure, and being surgically unfit. Factors not Design. M. S. Marquis, M. B. Buntin, K. Kapur, M. S. influencing treatment strategy were age, primary tumor Marquis, J. M. Yegian. stage, timing of metastases detection, past blood transfusion, liver resection type, pre-resection INTRODUCTION: American insurers are designing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and previous products to contain healthcare costs by making consumers hepatectomy. Immediate resection was appropriate with financially responsible for their choices. Little is known adequate radiologically-defined resection margins and no about how consumers will view these new designs. Our portal adenopathy; other factors included presence of < or objective is to examine consumer preferences for selected = 4 or > 4 metastases and unilobar or bilobar involvement. benefit designs. METHODS: We used the contingent Resection was appropriate postchemotherapy, independent choice method to assess willingness to pay for six health of tumor response in the case of < or = 4 metastases and plan attributes. Our sample included subscribers to 368 unilobar liver involvement. Resection was appropriate more co-morbid psychiatric disorders, particularly only for > 4 metastases or bilobar liver involvement, after schizophrenia or alcohol/substance use disorders; a lower tumor shrinkage with chemotherapy. When possible, Global Assessment Functioning score; and poorer resection was preferred to local ablation. CONCLUSION: treatment compliance than their counterparts. The results The results were incorporated into a decision matrix, suggest a very low rate of identification and treatment of creating a computer program (OncoSurge). This model nicotine problems among patients treated by psychiatrists, identifies individual patient resectability, recommending even though psychiatric patients who smoke seem to have optimal treatment strategies. It may also be used for more clinical and psychosocial stressors and more severe medical education. Published in Journal of Clinical psychiatric problems than those who do not smoke. Oncology, v. 23, no. 28, Oct. 1, 2005, p. 7125–7134. Programs should be developed to raise the awareness and ability of psychiatrists to diagnose and treat patients with LRP-200510-27 Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: nicotine problems, with a particular emphasis on the The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion under Mandatory increased medical and psychosocial needs of psychiatric Minimum Sentencing. D. D. B. Bjerk. patients who smoke. Published in The American Journal on Addictions, v. 14, no. 5, Oct-Dec. 2005, p. 441–454. This paper empirically documents one way in which prosecutorial discretion may be used to dampen the effects LRP-200511-01 The Relationship Between Life of mandatory minimum sentencing laws. Specifically, Satisfaction, Risk-Taking Behaviors, and Youth Violence. prosecutors can use their discretion over prosecution J. M. Macdonald, A. R. Piquero, R. F. Valois, K. J. Zullig. charges to circumvent a mandatory minimum sentencing law for some defendants by prosecuting defendants who This study builds on existing criminological theories and were initially arrested for the crime targeted by the examines the role of life satisfaction and self-control in sentencing law for lesser crimes not covered by the law. I explaining youth violence. Using data from a stratified document the use of such discretion with respect to several cluster sample of 5,414 public high school students who states’ “three-strikes”-type repeat-offender laws imposed responded to the South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior throughout the 1990s, and I find that prosecutors become Survey, the study examines the relationship between significantly more likely to lower a defendant’s adolescents' perceptions of life satisfaction, behavioral prosecution charge to a misdemeanor when conviction for risky acts, and self-reported acts of violence. Analyses the initial felony arrest charge would lead to sentencing indicate that higher levels of life satisfaction are associated under a three-strikes law. Moreover, accounting for such with lower violence. Participation in work and behavior is important, as I show that failure to do so can involvement in health-related risk-taking behaviors lead to overstating the effects of these laws on average pertaining to sex, drugs, and alcohol are also associated sentencing by almost 30 percent. Published in Journal of with increased violence. The implications of these findings Law and Economics, v. 48, No. 2, Jan. 2005, p. 591–625. for criminological theory and for school-based violence prevention programs are discussed. Published in Journal LRP-200510-28 Identification and Treatment of of Interpersonal Violence, v. 20, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. Patients with Nicotine Problems in Routine Clinical 1495–1518. Psychiatry Practice. I. D. Montoya, D. M. Herbeck, D. S. Svikis, H. A. Pincus. LRP-200511-02 Longevity Following the Experience of Parental Divorce. L. R. Martin, H. S. Friedman, K. M. The aim of this study is to assess the rates of nicotine Clark, J. S. Tucker. problems diagnosed by psychiatrists, the characteristics of psychiatric patients who smoke, and the services provided An archival prospective design was used to study to them in routine psychiatric practice. Data were obtained mediating and moderating variables for the association by asking psychiatrists participating in the American between parental divorce and increased mortality risk, Psychiatric Institute for Psychiatric Research and using a sub-group (n=1183) of individuals from the US Education's Practice Research Network to complete a self- Terman Life Cycle Study covering the period 1921–2000. administered questionnaire to provide detailed In childhood, both socioeconomic status (SES) and family sociodemographic, clinical, and health plan information on psychosocial environment were related to parental divorce three of their patients seen during routine clinical practice. but did little to explain its effects. The higher mortality A total of 615 psychiatrists provided information on 1,843 risk associated with experiencing parental divorce was patients, of which 280 (16.6%) were reported to have a ameliorated among individuals (especially men) who current nicotine problem. Of these, 9.1% were reported to achieved a sense of personal satisfaction by mid-life. receive treatment for nicotine dependence. Patients with Behaviorally, smoking was the strongest mediator of the nicotine problems were significantly more likely to be divorce-mortality link. This study extends previous work males, divorced or separated, disabled, and uninsured, and on the long-term effects of parental divorce and reveals have fewer years of education. They also had significantly some reasons why the stress of parental divorce in 369 childhood need not necessarily lead to negative later-life LRP-200511-05 Results of a Randomized Controlled outcomes. Published in Social Science and Medicine, v. Trial to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening in a 61, no. 10, Nov. 2005, p. 2177–2189. Managed Care Health Plan. P. Ganz, M. M. Farmer, M. J. Belman, C. A. Garcia, L. Streja, A. J. Dietrich, C. LRP-200511-03 Geographic and Socioeconomic Winchell, R. Bastani, K. L. Kahn. Variation in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. T. L. BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third Krupski, L. Kwan, A. A. Afifi, M. S. Litwin. most common cause of cancer deaths; however, rates of PURPOSE: Within a framework of quality assessment, regular screening for this cancer are low. A quality primary treatment choice constitutes an indicator of improvement (QI) program to increase CRC screening was quality of care. This study examines geographic and developed for use in a managed care health plan. socioeconomic variation in the primary treatment of men METHODS: Thirty-six provider organizations (POs) with prostate cancer during the era of prostate-specific contracting with the health plan were recruited for a antigen testing. METHODS: Using the National Cancer randomized controlled effectiveness trial testing the QI Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The intervention was delivered over a 2-year public use data files, we identified men with period, and its effectiveness was assessed by chart review localized/regional prostate cancer who underwent surgery, of a random sample of patients from each PO. RESULTS: radiation therapy, or watchful waiting. We used the year Thirty-two of the 36 POs were evaluable for outcome 2000 US Census information to ascribe education and assessment. During the 2-year intervention period, only income levels to these men based on their county of 26% of the eligible patients received any CRC screening residence and ethnicity. RESULTS: Among the 96,769 test. Twenty-nine percent of patients had any CRC men with localized/regional prostate cancer (during 1995 screening test within guidelines, with no differences to 1999) who had sufficient information for analysis, we between the intervention or control POs. Significant observed significant geographic variation nationwide in predictors of having received CRC screening within surgical, radiation, and watchful waiting treatment rates (P guidelines were older age (P = 0.0004), receiving care in <.0015). Patterns noted 10 years ago, such as higher an integrated medical group (P < 0.0001) and having had a surgical rates in western regions, persisted. Ethnicity, physical examination within the past 2 years (P < 0.0001). income, and grade were all independently associated with CONCLUSIONS: A facilitated QI intervention program primary treatment, or lack thereof. Blacks and low-income for CRC screening that focused on the PO did not increase patients had the lowest rates of surgery and radiation. rates of CRC screening. Overall CRC screening rates are Grade was the best predictor of aggressive treatment. low and are in need of improvement. Published in CONCLUSION: Nonclinical factors, such as ethnicity and American Cancer Society, v. 104, no. 10, Nov. 15, 2005, income, were associated with the use of watchful waiting p. 2072–2083. rather than surgery or radiation in men with early-stage prostate cancer. These findings have implications for LRP-200511-06 An Evaluation of an Intervention to quality of care. Published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, Assist Primary Care Physicians in Screening and v. 23, no. 31, Nov. 1, 2005, p. 7881–7888. Educating Older Patients Who Use Alcohol. A. Fink, M. N. Elliott, M. C. Tsai, J. C. Beck. LRP-200511-04 Legal Status and Health Insurance OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether providing physicians Among Immigrants. D. P. Goldman, J. P. Smith, N. Sood. and older patients with personalized reports of drinking The foreign-born represent a disproportionate share of risks and benefits and patient education reduces alcohol- nonelderly U.S. adults without health insurance. Using related risks and problems. DESIGN: Prospective data from Los Angeles County, we find that most of the comparison study. SETTING: Community primary care. insurance disparities between the foreign-born and native- PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three physicians and 665 born can be explained by traditional socioeconomic patients aged 65 and older. INTERVENTION: Combined factors. Undocumented immigrants, however, have lower report, in which six physicians and 212 patients received rates of coverage-both private and public-even after a wide reports of patients' drinking classifications and patients array of factors are controlled for. Applying Los Angeles also received education; patient report, in which 245 County rates to the U.S. population implies that patients received reports and education, but their five undocumented immigrants account for one-third of the physicians did not receive reports; and usual care. total increase in the number of uninsured adults in the MEASUREMENTS: Assessments at baseline and 12 United States between 1980 and 2000. Published in Health months later to determine patients' nonhazardous (no Affairs, v. 24, no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2005, p. 1640–1653; known risks), hazardous (risks for problems), or harmful editor's note, p. 1–8. (presence of problems) classifications using the Computerized Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (CARPS). The CARPS contains a scanned screening 370 measure and scoring algorithms and automatically explain the marriage effect. CONCLUSIONS: Results produces patient and physician reports and patient support role theory, which posits that individuals who education. RESULTS: At baseline, 21% were harmful marry are socialized into conventional adult roles that drinkers, and 26% were hazardous drinkers. The patient discourage deviant behavior. Published in Journal of report and combined report interventions were each Studies on Alcohol, v. 66, no. 6, Nov. 2005, p. 729–737. associated with greater odds of lower-risk drinking at follow-up than usual care (odds ratio=1.59 and 1.23, LRP-200511-09 The Effect of Socioeconomic Status respectively, P<.05 for each). The patient report on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV intervention significantly reduced harmful drinking at Infection in the United States. W. E. Cunningham, R. D. follow-up from an expected 21% in usual care to 16% and Hays, N. Duan, R. Andersen, T. T. Nakazono, S. A. increased nonhazardous drinking from 52% expected in Bozzette, M. F. Shapiro. usual care to 58%. Patients in the combined report HIV-infected people with low socioeconomic status (SES) intervention experienced a significantly greater average and people who are members of a racial or ethnic minority decrease in quantity and frequency. CONCLUSION: have been found to receive fewer services, including Older primary care patients can effectively reduce their treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy alcohol consumption and other drinking risks when given (HAART), than others. We examined whether these personalized information about their drinking and health. groups also have worse survival than others and the degree Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, to which service use and antiretroviral medications explain v. 53, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. 1937–1943. these disparities in a prospective cohort study of a national probability sample of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. LRP-200511-07 Fluconazole Prophylaxsis in HIV The independent variables were wealth (net accumulated Disease, Revisited. S. A. Bozzette. financial assets), annual income, educational attainment, Published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 41, no. 15, employment status (currently working or not working), editorial, Nov. 2005, p. 1481–1482. race/ethnicity, insurance status, use of services, and use of medications at baseline. The main outcome variable was LRP-200511-08 Effects of Early and Later Marriage death between January 1996 and December 2000. The on Women's Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A analysis was descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox Prospective Analysis. L. M. Bogart, R. L. Collins, P. L. proportional hazards regression analysis of survival. By Ellickson, S. C. Martino, D. J. Klein. December 2000, 20% (13% from HIV, 7% non-HIV causes) of the sample had died. Those with no OBJECTIVE: Previous research shows that marriage leads accumulated financial assets had an 89% greater risk of to reductions in alcohol use, especially for women. death (RR=1.89, 95% CI=1.15-3.13) and those with less Because marriage prior to age 20 (early marriage) is a than a high school education had a 53% greater risk of marker for deviance, the protective effects of marriage death (RR=1.53, 95% CI=1.15-2.04) than their may not extend to those who marry in adolescence. We counterparts, after adjusting for sociodemographic and compared the effects of marriage in adolescence versus clinical variables only. Further adjusting for use of young adulthood on alcohol consumption, negative services and antiretroviral treatment diminished, but did alcohol-related consequences and heavy episodic drinking not eliminate, the elevated relative risk of death for those at age 29. METHOD: The authors analyzed data from with low SES by three of the four measures. The finding 1,138 women in a longitudinal cohort followed from ages of markedly elevated relative risks of death for those with 18 to 29. The original sample was recruited from 30 HIV infection and low SES is of particular concern given California and Oregon middle schools and first surveyed the disproportionate rates of HIV infection in these groups. at age 13. RESULTS: Women who had not married, had Effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes married early or had married between ages 20 and 29 did for low SES groups with HIV infection. Published in not differ on alcohol use at age 18. Women who married Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, v. as young adults were less likely than singles to engage in 16, no. 4, Nov. 2005, p. 655–676. any alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking or experience negative consequences and reported less alcohol use at age LRP-200511-10 Processes Linking Adolescent 29. Women who married in adolescence reported fewer Problems to Substance-Use Problems in Late Young negative consequences at age 29 than did singles and (if Adulthood. W. E. Cunningham, E. J. D'Amico, P. L. they had not divorced) were less likely to engage in heavy Ellickson, R. L. Collins, S. C. Martino, D. J. Klein. episodic drinking or experience any negative consequences, reported fewer consequences and consumed OBJECTIVE: The current study explores three avenues in less alcohol. The protective effects of marriage in young early young adulthood through which adolescent problems adulthood were observed whether or not women divorced. may be linked to later substance use problems: Parenthood and college attendance before age 23 did not problematic substance use, failure to assume adult roles 371 and responsibilities, and exposure to pro-drug social with HIV. Published in AIDS Patient Care and STDs, v. influences. METHOD: Participants (N = 1,986; 49% 19, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. 728–736. female) filled out surveys at ages 18, 23 and 29. Participants were 67% white, 9% black, 10% Hispanic and LRP-200511-14 Does the Addition of Cognitive 8% Asian. Deviance, poor mental health, substance use, Behavioral Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems, and school drop- Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Primary- out were measured at age 18. AOD problems were also Care Setting? M. G. Craske, D. Golinelli, M. B. Stein, P. measured at age 23, as were role changes (e.g., marriage) Roy-Byrne, A. Bystritsky, C. D. Sherbourne. and pro-drug social influences (e.g., friends use drugs). BACKGROUND: Randomized clinical trials indicate a Indicators of substance abuse and dependence were benefit from combining medications with cognitive measured at age 29. Demographics and family history of behavioral therapy (CBT) relative to medication alone for AOD were covariates. RESULTS: Reporting more deviant panic disorder. Using an as-treated analysis, the authors behavior and heavier drinking at age 18 was associated evaluated whether the addition of CBT enhanced with a higher likelihood of abuse and dependence at age outcomes for panic disorder relative to medications alone 29. Alcohol use and pro-drug social influences at age 23 in the primary-care setting. METHOD: Primary-care appeared to mediate the effects of adolescent substance patients with panic disorder reported on their receipt of use; lack of role assumption did not. The effect of poor CBT and medications over the 3 months following mental health at age 18 was not mediated by any set of baseline assessment. The degree to which outcomes for variables but instead appeared to directly predict those who used anti-panic medications were enhanced by dependence at age 29. CONCLUSIONS: Findings the receipt of at least one component of CBT was analyzed highlight the importance of early young adult drinking and using a propensity score model that took into account substance-using peers in continuing patterns of heavy observable baseline patient characteristics influencing both substance use developed during adolescence and also treatment selection and outcomes. RESULTS: The underscore the long-term impact of poor mental health addition of CBT resulted in statistically and clinically during adolescence on substance use problems in late significant improvements at 3 months on anxiety young adulthood. Published in Journal of Studies on sensitivity, social avoidance, and disability. Also, patients Alcohol, v. 66, no. 6, Nov. 2005, p. 766–775. receiving CBT in the first 3 months of the study were more improved at 12 months than patients who took LRP-200511-11 Incidence and Impact of medications only during the first 3 months of the study. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression CONCLUSIONS: The clinical utility of the findings are on Adherence to HAART and CD4+ Counts in People discussed in terms of the importance of primary-care Living with HIV. E. M. Sledjeski, D. L. Delahanty, L. M. physicians encouraging their panic disorder patients to Bogart. receive CBT as well as medications. Published in Recent research suggests that the presence of Psychological Medicine, v. 35, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive 1645–1654. symptoms is independently related to abnormal hormone levels, inadequate medication adherence, and faster HIV LRP-200511-15 Hospitalization Rates for disease progression. Although PTSD and depression occur Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions in California comorbidly at high rates, the impact of both disorders on Medicare HMO's. F. Zeng, J. F. O'Leary, E. M. Sloss, N. adherence and disease progression has not been examined. Dhanani, G. Melnick. The present study examined the impact of PTSD and OBJECTIVE: To examine annual hospitalization rates for comorbid depression on CD4 cell counts and medication ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSCs) among adherence in 58 male and 11 female (36% African Medicare HMO beneficiaries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional American) HIV-positive individuals recruited from an descriptive study. Setting and participants: Medicare AIDS service organization. Results revealed that beneficiaries aged 65 years and older continuously participants high in depressive symptoms had lower CD4 enrolled in 1 of 15 California Medicare HMOs from 1 cell counts and were less likely to adhere to their January through 31 December 2001. MEASUREMENTS: medication regimens than participants high in PTSD Hospitalization rates overall and for each of 15 ACSCs symptoms and those high in comorbid symptomatology. (bacterial pneumonia, cellulitis, dehydration, gastric and The present results suggest that the presence of depressive duodenal ulcer, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, severe symptoms may be responsible for the observed impact of ear/nose/throat infections, urinary tract infections, PTSD on people living with HIV (PLWH), and that failure asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive to examine comorbid disorders may not adequately heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, seizure disorder, address the impact of clinical symptoms on people living influenza, and malnutrition). The rate for the 15 ACSCs combined as well as acute, chronic, and preventable 372 indices were also estimated. RESULTS: Of the 1.2 million LRP-200511-17 How Criminal System Racial Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in California HMOs Disparities May Translate into Health Disparities. M. Y. during 2001, 24% were 80 years or older (range among Iguchi, J. Bell, R. N. Ramchand, T. Fain. plans, 15%-34%), 5% were African American (range, 1%- Disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. are 25%), and 6% were Medicaid-eligible (range, 3%-16%). strikingly over-represented in the juvenile justice and adult Enrollees experienced a total of 315,503 hospitalizations criminal justice systems. This paper briefly reviews the in 2001 (267 per 1000), 22% of which were for an ACSC. extent of over-representation attributable primarily to drug ACSC hospitalization rates varied widely by plan and offenses and an earlier conceptual framework introduced were higher among older enrollees, males, and those by Iguchi and colleagues showing how the use of eligible for Medicaid. CONCLUSION: ACSC incarceration as a key drug control tool has hospitalization rates are easy to calculate based on disproportionately affected the health and well being of administrative data. These rates can be used by individual racial and ethnic minority communities. The authors then plans as a method to screen for possible access and quality provide observations from the field that demonstrate how of care problems. Published in Journal of Clinical the implementation of a quality assessment approach Outcomes Management, v. 12, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. might be used to mitigate procedural/structural biases that 559–562, 566-568. contribute to disparities in minority confinement, and ultimately, to reduce disparities in access to resources and LRP-200511-16 Comparative Efficacy of Rapid- health care. Published in Journal of Health Care for the Release Nicotine Gum Versus Nicotine Polacrilex Gum in Poor and Underserved, v. 16, no. 4, suppl. b, Nov. 2005, Relieving Smoking Cue-Provoked Craving. R. Niaura, M. p. 48 56. Sayette, S. Shiffman, E. D. Glover, M. Nides, M. Shelanski, W. Shadel, R. Koslo, B. Robbins, J. Sorrentino. LRP-200512-01 Equivalence of Mail and Telephone AIMS: Most relapse episodes occur when smokers are Responses to CAHPS® Hospital Survey. H. de Vries, M. confronted with craving provoked by situational cues. N. Elliott, K. A. Hepner, S. D. Keller, R. D. Hays. Current nicotine gum can help relieve cue-provoked OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of survey mode (mail cravings, but faster effects may result in more rapid relief. versus telephone) on reports and ratings of hospital care. The authors tested a prototype formulation of a new rapid- DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The total sample release nicotine gum (RRNG) that provides more rapid included 20,826 patients discharged from a group of 24 release and absorption of nicotine, for its ability to provide distinct hospitals in three states (Arizona, Maryland, New faster and better craving relief compared to current York). The authors collected CAHPS® data in 2003 by nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG). DESIGN: Random mail and telephone from 9,504 patients, of whom 39 assignment to RRNG or NPG, used during a smoking cue percent responded by telephone and 61 percent by mail. provocation procedure. PARTICIPANTS AND STUDY DESIGN: The authors estimated mode effects in SETTING: A total of 319 smokers were exposed to a an observational design, using both propensity score smoking cue in the laboratory by being asked to light but blocking and (ordered) logistic regression on covariates. not smoke a cigarette of their preferred brand. Subjects They used variables derived from administrative data then chewed a piece of 2 mg RRNG (n = 159) or 2 mg (either included as covariates in the regression function or NPG (n = 160) according to randomized assignment. used in estimating the propensity score) grouped in three MEASUREMENTS: Craving assessments were completed categories: individual characteristics, characteristics of the at regular intervals before and after cue exposure stay and hospital, and survey administration variables. (baseline, pre-cue, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 30 and DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS. The 35 minutes after the cue). FINDINGS: Smokers chewing authors mailed a 66-item questionnaire to everyone in the RRNG showed significantly lower craving than NPG sample and followed up by telephone with those who did subjects starting with the first assessment at 3 minutes (P < not respond. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The authors found 0.025). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant significant (p<.01) mode effects for 13 of the 21 questions treatment * time interaction (P < 0.05)-craving scores examined in this study. The maximum magnitude of the dropped more rapidly in RRNG subjects compared to survey mode effect was an 11 percentage-point difference NPG subjects. Survival analyses also indicated superiority in the probability of a "yes" response to one of the survey of RRNG in achieving more rapid self-reported questions. Telephone respondents were more likely to rate meaningful relief (P < 0.05) and complete relief (P < 0.05) care positively and health status negatively, compared of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid-release nicotine gum with mail respondents. Standard regression-based case- reduced cue-provoked craving more rapidly compared to mix adjustment captured much of the mode effects NPG, and thus merits further study in cessation efficacy detected by propensity score techniques in this application. trials. Published in Addiction, v. 100, no. 11, Nov. 2005, p. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone mode increases the 1720 1730. propensity for more favorable evaluations of care for more 373 than half of the items examined. This suggests that mode Spanish and English versions of H-CAHPS. The translated of administration should be standardized or carefully Spanish version can be used to assess hospital quality of adjusted for. Alternatively, further item development may care for Spanish speakers, and compare results across minimize the sensitivity of items to mode of data these two language groups. Published in HSR, Health collection. Published in HSR, Health Services Research, v. Services Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 2120–2139. 2140–2161.

LRP-200512-03 Assessment of the Equivalence of LRP-200512-04 Methods Used to Streamline the the Spanish and English Versions of the CAHPS® Hospital CAHPS® Hospital Survey. S. Keller, A. J. O'Malley, R. Survey on the Quality of Inpatient Care. M. P. Hurtado, J. D. Hays, R. A. Matthew, A. Zaslavsky, K. A. Hepner, P. Angeles, S. A. Blahut, R. D. Hays. D. Cleary. OBJECTIVE: To describe translation and cultural OBJECTIVE: To identify a parsimonious subset of adaptation procedures, and examine the degree of reliable, valid, and consumer-salient items from 33 equivalence between the Spanish and English versions of questions asking for patient reports about hospital care the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's quality. DATA SOURCE: CAHPS® Hospital Survey pilot (AHRQ) Consumer Assessments of Healthcare Providers data were collected during the summer of 2003 using mail and Systems (CAHPS®) Hospital Survey (H-CAHPS®) of and telephone from 19,720 patients who had been treated patient experiences with care. DATA SOURCES: in 132 hospitals in three states and discharged from Cognitive interviews on survey comprehension with 12 November 2002 to January 2003. METHODS: Standard Spanish-speaking and 31 English-speaking subjects. psychometric methods were used to assess the reliability Psychometric analyses of 586 responses to the Spanish (internal consistency reliability and hospital-level version and 19,134 responses to the English version of the reliability) and construct validity (exploratory and H-CAHPS survey tested in Arizona, Maryland, and New confirmatory factor analyses, strength of relationship to York in 2003. STUDY DESIGN: A forward/backward overall rating of hospital) of the 33 report items. The best translation procedure followed by committee review and subset of items from among the 33 was selected based on cognitive testing was used to ensure a translation that was their statistical properties in conjunction with the both culturally and linguistically appropriate. Responses to importance assigned to each item by participants in 14 the two language versions were compared to evaluate focus groups. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Confirmatory equivalence and assess the reliability and validity of both factor analysis (CFA) indicated that a subset of 16 versions. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION questions proposed to measure seven aspects of hospital METHODS: Comparative analyses were carried out on the care (communication with nurses, communication with 32 items of the shortened survey version, focusing on 16 doctors, responsiveness to patient needs, physical items that comprise seven composites representing environment, pain control, communication about different aspects of hospital care quality (communication medication, and discharge information) demonstrated with nurses, communication with doctors, communication excellent fit to the data. Scales in each of these areas had about medicines, nursing services, discharge information, acceptable levels of reliability to discriminate among pain control, and physical environment); three items that hospitals and internal consistency reliability estimates rate the quality of the nursing staff, physician staff, and the comparable with previously developed CAHPS hospital overall; one item on intention to recommend the instruments. CONCLUSION: Although half the length of hospital. The other 12 items used in the analyses addressed the original, the shorter CAHPS hospital survey mainly respondent characteristics. Analyses included item demonstrates promising measurement properties, identifies descriptives, correlations, internal consistency reliability variations in care among hospitals, and deals with aspects of composites, factor analysis, and regression analysis to of the hospital stay that are important to patients' examine construct validity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: evaluations of care quality. Published in HSR, Health Responses to both language versions exhibit similar Services Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. patterns with respect to item-scale correlations, factor 2057–2077. structure, content validity, and the association between each of the seven qualities of care composites with both LRP-200512-05 Patterns of Unit and Item the hospital rating and intention to recommend the Nonresponse in the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. M. N. hospital. Internal consistency reliability was slightly, yet Elliott, C. A. Edwards, J. Angeles, K. Hambarsoomians, significantly lower for the Spanish-language respondents R. D. Hays. for five of the seven composites, but overall the OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of unit and item composites were generally equivalent across language nonresponse, the magnitude of nonresponse bias, and the versions. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide need for nonresponse weights in the Consumer preliminary evidence of the equivalence between the Assessment of Health Care Providers and Systems 374

(CAHPS®) Hospital Survey. METHODS: A common set fear and anecdote than from facts; there is little systematic of 11 administrative variables (41 degrees of freedom) was evidence about quality of care in the United States. There used to predict unit nonresponse and the rate of item is no mandatory national system and few local systems to nonresponse in multivariate models. Descriptive statistics track the quality of care delivered to the American people. were used to examine the impact of nonresponse on More information is available on the quality of airlines, CAHPS Hospital Survey ratings and reports. RESULTS: restaurants, cars, and VCRs than on the quality of health Unit nonresponse was highest for younger patients and care. The authors conducted a review of the academic patients other than non-Hispanic whites (p<.001); item literature for articles on quality of care in the United nonresponse increased steadily with age (p<.001). States, and we summarize our findings in this article. In Fourteen of 20 reports of ratings of care had significant the absence of a national quality tracking system, such a (p<.05) but small negative correlations with nonresponse summary is the best way to provide an overview of the weights (median -0.06; maximum -0.09). Nonresponse quality of care delivered in the United States. The authors weights do not improve overall precision below sample provide examples to illustrate quality in diverse settings, sizes of 300–1,000, and are unlikely to improve the for diverse conditions, and for diverse demographic precision of hospital comparisons. In some contexts, case- groups, and to offer insight into the quality that exists mix adjustment eliminates most observed nonresponse nationwide. Published in The milbank quarterly, v. 83, no. bias. CONCLUSIONS: Nonresponse weights should not 4, Dec. 2005, p. 843–95. be used for between-hospital comparisons of the CAHPS Hospital Survey, but may make small contributions to LRP-200512-08 Role of Cognitive Testing in the overall estimates or demographic comparisons, especially Development of the CAHPS® Hospital Survey. R. E. in the absence of case-mix adjustment. Published in HSR, Levine, F. J. Fowler, J. Brown. Health Services Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. OBJECTIVE: To describe how cognitive testing results 2096–2119. were used to inform the modification and selection of items for the Consumer Assessment of Health Providers LRP-200512-06 Development and Evaluation of the and Systems (CAHPS®) Hospital Survey pilot test CAHPS® Hospital Survey. C. Darby, R. D. Hays, P. R. instrument. DATA SOURCES: Cognitive interviews were Kletke. conducted on 31 subjects in two rounds of testing: in This special issue of Health Services Research is intended December 2002–January 2003 and in February 2003. In to provide the reader with technical documentation of the both rounds, interviews were conducted in northern development and testing of the CAHPS Hospital Survey California, southern California, Massachusetts, and North and on the decisions that shaped the final product. In Carolina. STUDY DESIGN: A common protocol served addition, it gives readers a sense of the steps involved and as the basis for cognitive testing activities in each round. the various factors to be considered in developing a survey This protocol was modified to enable testing of the items for widespread use. Published in HSR, Health Services as interviewer-administered and self-administered items Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 1973–1976. and to allow members of each of three research teams to use their preferred cognitive research tools. DATA LRP-200512-07 How Good Is the Quality of Health COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Each Care in the United States? M. A. Schuster, E. A. research team independently summarized, documented, McGlynn, R. H. Brook. and reported their findings. Item-specific and general issues were noted. The results were reviewed and Quality of health care is on the national agenda. In discussed by senior staff from each research team after September 1996, President Clinton established the each round of testing, to inform the acceptance, Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and modification, or elimination of candidate items. Quality in the Health Care Industry, which has released its PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Many candidate items required final report on how to define, measure, and promote modification because respondents lacked the information quality of health care (President’s Advisory Commission required to answer them, respondents failed to understand on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care them consistently, the items were not measuring the Industry 1998). Much of the interest in quality of care has constructs they were intended to measure, the items were developed in response to the dramatic transformation of based on erroneous assumptions about what respondents the health care system in recent years. New organizational wanted or experienced during their hospitalization, or the structures and reimbursement strategies have created items were asking respondents to make distinctions that incentives that may affect quality of care. Although some were too fine for them to make. Cognitive interviewing of the systems are likely to improve quality, concerns enabled the detection of these problems; an understanding about potentially negative consequences have prompted a of the etiology of the problem informed item revisions. movement to assure that quality will not be sacrificed to However, for some constructs, the revisions proved to be control costs. The concern about quality arises more from 375 inadequate. Accordingly, items could not be developed to Time 2 P3C scores, relative to children whose parents did provide acceptable measures of certain constructs such as not report foregone care. Similar relationships were found shared decision making, coordination of care, and delays between all three measures of access to care and each of in the admissions process. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive the sub-domain measures of primary care experience. testing is the most direct way of finding out whether CONCLUSIONS: Financial, potential, and realized access respondents understand questions consistently, have the to care are associated prospectively with the full range of information needed to answer the questions, and can use primary care experiences comprehensiveness, the response alternatives provided to describe their communication, coordination, and contextual knowledge experiences or their opinions accurately. Many of the beyond continuity and accessibility. Access to a regular candidate questions failed to meet these standards. source of care and to needed care are each associated with Cognitive testing only evaluates the way in which larger effects on primary care experiences than is the respondents understand and answer questions. Although it presence of health insurance. Gaining insurance or a does not directly assess the validity of the answers, it is a regular source of care results in primary care experiences reasonable premise that cognitive problems will seriously similar to always having had these, while losing a regular compromise validity and reliability. Published in HSR, source of care has a more immediate effect than losing Health Service Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. insurance on primary care experiences. Published in HSR, 2037–2056. Health Service Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 1, Dec. 2005, p. 1758-1780. LRP-200512-09 Access to Care and Children's Primary Care Experiences: Results from a Prospective LRP-200512-10 Review of the Literature on Survey Cohort Study. M. Seid, G. D. Stevens. Instruments Used to Collect Data on Hospital Patients' Perceptions of Care. N. Castle, J. Brown, K. A. Hepner, OBJECTIVE: To examine whether and how different R. D. Hays. kinds of access to care (financial, potential, and realized) predict parent-report child primary care experiences in an OBJECTIVE: To review the existing literature urban community sample. DATA SOURCES/STUDY (1980–2003) on survey instruments used to collect data on SETTING: A prospective cohort study was performed. patients' perceptions of hospital care. STUDY DESIGN: Baseline survey data were collected (67 percent response Eight literature databases were searched (PubMED, rate) from 3,406 parents of kindergarten through sixth MEDLINE Pro, MEDSCAPE, MEDLINEplus, MDX grade students in a large urban school district in California Health, CINAHL, ERIC, and JSTOR). We undertook 51 during the 1999–2000 school year. A 1-year survey (80.4 searches with each of the eight databases, for a total of 408 percent response rate) resulted in a final sample of 2,738. searches. The abstracts for each of the identified STUDY DESIGN: Data were analyzed using multiple publications were examined to determine their regression models with robust estimation. The dependent applicability for review. METHODS OF ANALYSIS: For variable was Time 2 parent reports of primary care each instrument used to collect information on patient experiences, assessed via the Parents' Perceptions of perceptions of hospital care we provide descriptive Primary Care (P3C) measure. The independent variables information, instrument content, implementation were financial access (insurance status), potential access characteristics, and psychometric performance (presence of a regular source of care), and realized access characteristics. Principal Findings. The number of (foregone care), controlling for child and family institutional settings and patients used in evaluating patient characteristics (race/ethnicity, parent's language, mother's perceptions of hospital care varied greatly. The majority of education level, and child chronic health condition status) survey instruments were administered by mail. Response and baseline P3C scores. DATA COLLECTION: Data rates varied widely from very low to relatively high. Most were collected by mail, telephone, and in person in studies provided limited information on the psychometric English, Spanish, Vietnamese, and Tagalog. PRINCIPAL properties of the instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Our FINDINGS: Controlling for baseline P3C scores and child review reveals a diversity of survey instruments used in and family characteristics, having no health insurance at assessing patient perceptions of hospital care. We both baseline and Time 2 was associated with a 6.2-point conclude that it would be beneficial to use a standardized lower Time 2 P3C score, relative to having had health survey instrument, along with standardization of the insurance at both time points. Having a regular provider at sampling, administration protocol, and mode of Time 2 (either always having had one or gaining one administration. Published in HSR, Health Services during the year) was associated with, on average, a 10- Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 1996-2017. point higher Time 2 P3C score, compared to children without a regular provider (either never having had one or LRP-200512-11 Commentary: Work, Well-Being, losing one during the year). Episodes of foregone care and a New Calling for Countercyclical Policy. R. D. during the year were associated with 10.7 points lower Edwards. 376

Published in International Journal of Epidemiology, v. 34, changes with least-squares regression, and median changes no. 6, Dec. 2005, p. 1222–1225. and 85th percentile changes with quantile regression. We controlled for baseline BMI, age, real family income and LRP-200512-12 Measuring Preference Weights for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Lower real American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for prices for vegetables and fruits were found to predict a Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. C. Chou, M. H. significantly lower gain in BMI between kindergarten and Weisman, C. D. Sherbourne, C. Reyes, M. Dylan, J. J. third grade; half of that effect was found between Ofman, D. J. Wallace, W. Mizutani, M. E. Suarez- kindergarten and first grade. Lower meat prices had the Almazor. opposite effect, although this effect was generally smaller in magnitude and was insignificant for BMI gain over 3 OBJECTIVE: To estimate weights for health states years. Differences across subgroups were not statistically comprising American College of Rheumatology (ACR) significant due to smaller sample sizes in subgroup response and different levels of adverse events associated analyses, but the estimated effects were meaningfully with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments. METHODS: A larger for children in poverty, children already at risk for survey was mailed to 748 patients with RA from southern overweight or overweight in kindergarten, and Asian and California. In addition to several questionnaires commonly Hispanic children. There were no significant effects for used for patients with RA, patients were instructed to dairy or fast-food prices, nor for outlet density, once we evaluate 10 hypothetical health states, in which they could had controlled for individual characteristics and random have an ACR response and/or adverse events due to new intercepts to adjust standard errors for the sampling treatments, with a visual analog scale (VAS). Patients also design. DISCUSSION: The geographic variation in fruit evaluated their current health with a VAS question and a and vegetable prices is large enough to explain a time tradeoff (TTO) question. Linear extrapolation was meaningful amount of the differential gain in BMI among used to derive 6 more health states. The Pearson elementary school children across metropolitan areas. correlation coefficient was used to validate VAS and TTO However, as consumption information was not available, results. RESULTS: A total of 487 (65%) patients returned we cannot confirm that this is the actual pathway. We the survey. Among the 10 health states evaluated with found no effects of food outlet density at the VAS directly, the health state in which a patient has neighbourhood level, possibly because availability is not ACR70 with no adverse events had the highest VAS an issue in metropolitan areas. Published in Public Health, weight (0.84), followed by the one having an ACR50 v. 119, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. 1059–1068. response with no adverse events (0.80). Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 for the correlation between LRP-200512-14 Exploratory Factor Analyses of the VAS and physical component summary to -0.18 between CAHPS Hospital Pilot Survey Responses Across and TTO and pain and tender joint count; the correlation Within Medical, Surgical, and Obstetric Services. A. J. coefficients were all statistically significant, indicating O'Malley, A. Zaslavsky, R. D. Hays, K. A. Hepner, S. there was convergent validity of the VAS and that VAS Keller, P. D. Cleary. functioned differently from TTO in how it measured weights. CONCLUSION: VAS weights for 16 ACR OBJECTIVES: To estimate the associations among response health states of patients with RA were derived. hospital-level scores from the Consumer Assessments of These weights could be used for cost-utility analyses of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) Hospital interventions for patients with RA. Published in Journal of pilot survey within and across different services (surgery, Rheumatology, v. 32, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. 2326-2329. obstetrics, medical), and to evaluate differences between hospital- and patient-level analyses. DATA SOURCE: LRP-200512-13 Body Mass Index in Elementary CAHPS Hospital pilot survey data provided by the Centers School Children, Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food for Medicare and Medicaid Services. STUDY DESIGN: Outlet Density. R. Sturm, A. Datar. Responses to 33 questionnaire items were analyzed using patient- and hospital-level exploratory factor analytic OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the (EFA) methods to identify both a patient-level and association between food prices and food outlet density hospital-level composite structures for the CAHPS and changes in the body mass index (BMI) among Hospital survey. The latter EFA was corrected for patient- elementary school children in the USA. METHODS: The level sampling variability using a hierarchical model. We Early Childhood Longitudinal Study followed a nationally compared results of these analyses with each other and to representative sample of kindergarten children over 4 separate EFAs conducted at the service level. To quantify years. We merged individual-level data to (a) metropolitan the similarity of assessments across services, we compared data on food prices and (b) per capita number of correlations of different composites within the same restaurants, grocery stores and convenience stores in the service with those of the same composite across different child's home and school zip code. The dependent variables services. DATA COLLECTION: Cross-sectional data were BMI changes over 1 and 3 years. We analysed mean 377 were collected during the summer of 2003 via mail and disorder, potential gaps in continuity of outpatient care telephone from 19,720 patients discharged from may exist for African-American patients. Published in November 2002 through January 2003 from 132 hospitals Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. in three states. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Six factors 1549–1555. provided the best description of inter-item covariation at the patient level. Analyses that assessed variability across LRP-200512-16 Impact of Diet on Prostate Cancer: both services and hospitals suggested that three A Review. G. A. Sonn, W. Aronson, M. S. Litwin. dimensions provide a parsimonious summary of inter-item Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors covariation at the hospital level. Hospital-level factor may mediate the transformation of latent prostate cancer structures also differed across services; as much variation into clinically apparent tumors and that diet appears to in quality reports was explained by service as by influence this progression. Close correlations between composite. CONCLUSIONS: Variability of CAHPS average per capita fat intake and prostate cancer mortality scores across hospitals can be reported parsimoniously internationally generated interest in underlying using a limited number of composites. There is at least as mechanisms for this link, such as through serum levels of much distinct information in composite scores from androgens, free radicals, proinflammatory fatty acid different services as in different composite scores within metabolites, or insulin-like growth factor. Much interest each service. Because items cluster slightly differently in currently lies in the potential of HMG-CoA reductase the different services, service-specific composites may be inhibitors (statins) to play a chemopreventative role in more informative when comparing patients in a given prostate cancer. Lycopene, a potent antioxidant found in service across hospitals. When studying individual-level tomatoes, may exert a protective effect in the prostate. variability, a more differentiated structure is probably Selenium and vitamin E have also been shown to decrease more appropriate. Published in HSR, Health Services the risk of prostate cancer in some men. Calcium may Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 2078–2095. support vitamin D-related antiproliferative effects in prostate cancer. Certain soy proteins, common in the LRP-200512-15 Racial Differences in the Treatment Asian diet, have been shown to inhibit prostate cancer cell of Veterans with Bipolar Disorder. A. M. Kilbourne, M. growth. Finally, green tea may also have a S. Bauer, X. Han, Gretchen L Haas, P. Elder, C. B. Good, chemopreventive effect by inducing apoptosis. Despite M. Shad, J. Conigliaro, H. A. Pincus. confounding factors present in clinical studies assessing OBJECTIVES: The authors examined whether African the effect of diet on cancer risk, the data remain Americans, compared with whites, received guideline- compelling that a variety of nutrients may prevent the concordant care for bipolar I disorder. METHODS: A development and progression of prostate cancer. Published retrospective analysis was conducted of data for patients in Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, v. 8, no. 4, who received a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in fiscal Dec. 2005, p. 304–310. year 2001 and received care in facilities in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mid-Atlantic region. Indicators LRP-200512-17 Functional Impact and Health Utility of guideline-concordant care were based on prescription of Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients. M. B. data and data on utilization of inpatient and outpatient Stein, P. Roy-Byrne, M. G. Craske, A. Bystritsky, J. G. services from VA databases. RESULTS: A total of 2,316 Sullivan, J. M. Pyne, W. Katon, C. D. Sherbourne. patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder were OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine identified. Their mean age was 52 years; 9.4 percent the relative impact of anxiety disorders and major (N=218) were women, and 13.1 percent (N=303) were depression on functional status and health-related quality African American. Overall, mood stabilizers were of life of primary care outpatients. METHOD: Four prescribed for 74.6 percent (N=1,728) of the patients; 67.1 hundred eighty adult outpatients at an index visit to their percent (N=1,554) had an outpatient mental health visit primary care provider were classified by structured within 90 days after the index diagnosis, and 54.3 percent diagnostic interview as having anxiety disorders (panic (N=1,258) had an outpatient visit within 30 days after disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, and discharge from a psychiatric hospitalization. Multivariate posttraumatic stress disorder; generalized anxiety disorder logistic regression analyses with adjustment for was also assessed in a subset) with or without major sociodemographic and facility factors revealed that depression. Functional status, sick days from work, and African Americans were less likely than whites to have an health-related quality of life (including a preference-based outpatient follow-up visit within 90 days after the index measure) were assessed using standardized measures diagnosis. Race was not associated with receipt of mood adjusting for the impact of comorbid medical illnesses. stabilizers or use of outpatient services after a hospital Relative impact of the various anxiety disorders and major discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Although a majority of depression on these indices was evaluated. RESULTS: In patients received guideline-concordant care for bipolar multivariate regression analyses simultaneously adjusting 378 for age, sex, number of chronic medical conditions, adjustment has a small impact on hospital ratings, but can education, and/or poverty status, each of major depression, lead to important reductions in the bias in comparisons panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social between hospitals. Published in HSR, Health Services phobia contributed independently and relatively equally to Research, v. 40, no. 6, pt. 2, Dec. 2005, p. 2162–2181. the prediction of disability and functional outcomes. Generalized anxiety disorder had relatively little impact on LRP-200512-19 Selecting Performance Measures by these indices when the effects of comorbid major Consensus: An Appropriate Extension of the Delphi depression were considered. Overall, anxiety disorders Method? M. A. Burnam. were associated with substantial decrements in preference- Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 56, no. 12, Dec. based health states. CONCLUSIONS: These observations 2005, p. 1583–1584. demonstrate that the presence of each of 3 common anxiety disorders (ie, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress LRP-200512-20 Mortality Among Very Low- disorder, and social phobia)-over and above the impact of Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority chronic physical illness, major depression, and other Populations. L. S. Morales, D. Staiger, J. D. Horbar, J. H. socioeconomic factors-contributes in an approximately Carpenter, M. Kenny, J. Geppert, J. A. Rogowski. additive fashion to the prediction of poor functioning, reduced health-related quality of life, and more sick days OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated whether the from work. Greater awareness of the deleterious impact of proportion of Black very low-birth-weight (VLBW) anxiety disorders in primary care is warranted. Published infants treated by hospitals is associated with neonatal in Medical Care, v. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. 1164–1170. mortality for Black and White VLBW infants. METHODS: The authors analyzed medical records linked LRP-200512-18 Case-Mix Adjustment of the to secondary data sources for 74050 Black and White CAHPS® Hospital Survey. A. J. O'Malley, A. Zaslavsky, VLBW infants (501 g to 1500 g) treated by 332 hospitals M. N. Elliott, L. Zaborski, P. D. Cleary. participating in the Vermont Oxford Network from 1995 to 2000. Hospitals where more than 35% of VLBW infants OBJECTIVES: To develop a model for case-mix treated were Black were defined as "minority-serving." adjustment of Consumer Assessment of Healthcare RESULTS: Compared with hospitals where less than 15% Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Hospital survey of the VLBW infants were Black, minority-serving responses, and to assess the impact of adjustment on hospitals had significantly higher risk-adjusted neonatal comparisons of hospital quality. Data Sources: Survey of mortality rates (White infants: odds ratio OR 1.30, 95% 19,720 patients discharged from 132 hospitals. confidence interval CI = 1.09, 1.56; Black infants: OR = METHODS: The authors analyzed CAHPS Hospital 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.64; Pooled: OR = 1.28, 95% survey data to assess the extent to which patient CI=1.10, 1.50). Higher neonatal mortality in minority- characteristics predict patient ratings ("predictive power") serving hospitals was not explained by either hospital or and the heterogeneity of the characteristics across treatment variables. CONCLUSIONS: Minority-serving hospitals. The authors combined the measures to estimate hospitals may provide lower quality of care to VLBW the impact of each predictor ("impact factor") and selected infants compared with other hospitals. Because VLBW high impact variables for adjusting ratings from the Black infants are disproportionately treated by minority- CAHPS Hospital survey. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: The serving hospitals, higher neonatal mortality rates at these most important case-mix variables are: hospital service hospitals may contribute to racial disparities in infant (surgery, obstetric, medical), age, race (non-Hispanic mortality in the United States. Published in American black), education, general health status (GHS), speaking Journal of Public Health, v. 95, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. Spanish at home, having a circulatory disorder, and 2206–2212. interactions of each of these variables with service. Adjustment for GHS and education affected scores in each LRP-200512-21 Developing Quality Indicators for of the three services, while age and being non-Hispanic Elderly Patients Undergoing Abdominal Operations. M. black had important impacts for those receiving surgery or L. McGory, P. G. Shekelle, L. Z. Rubenstein, A. Fink, C. medical services. Circulatory disorder, Spanish language, Y. Ko. and Hispanic affected scores for those treated on surgery, obstetrics, and medical services, respectively. Of the 20 BACKGROUND: Although the expanding and aging medical conditions we tested, only circulatory problems population will likely increase demand for surgical had an important impact within any of the services. services, surgeons and other providers must develop Results were consistent for the overall ratings of nurse, strategies to optimize care. The authors sought to develop doctor, and hospital. Although the overall impact of case- process-based quality indicators for elderly patients mix adjustment is modest, the rankings of some hospitals undergoing abdominal operations to identify necessary may be substantially affected. CONCLUSIONS: Case-mix and meaningful ways to improve care in this cohort. 379

STUDY DESIGN: Through structured interviews with LRP-200512-23 Condom Attitudes and Behaviors thought leaders and systematic reviews of the literature, Among Injection Drug Users Participating in California we identified candidate quality indicators addressing Syringe Exchange Programs. R. Heimer, S. Clair, L. E. perioperative care in elderly patients undergoing Grau, R. N. Bluthenthal, P. L. Marshall, M. Singer. abdominal operations. Using a modification of the This study examined condom attitudes, preferences, RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology, an expert barriers, and use among a sample of 550 injection drug panel of physicians in surgery, geriatrics, anesthesia, using clients of syringe exchange programs in California. internal, and rehabilitation medicine formally rated and In multivariate analyses, positive attitudes toward discussed the indicators. RESULTS: Eighty-nine condoms were significantly associated with consistent candidate indicators were identified and categorized into condom use for vaginal, anal, and oral sex in the past six seven domains: comorbidity assessment (eg, months, beyond the effects of confounding socio- cardiopulmonary disease), elderly issues (eg, cognition), demographic and HIV risk variables. Participants medication use (eg, polypharmacy), patient-to-provider commonly cited partner-related barriers to condom use, discussions (eg, life-sustaining preferences), intraoperative such as reluctance to use condoms with steady partners care (eg, preventing hypothermia), postoperative (34%). Almost a quarter of the sample cited dislike of management (eg, preventing delirium), and discharge condoms (e.g., because of pleasure reduction). In addition, planning (eg, home health care). Of the 89 candidate a third of respondents stated specific preferences regarding indicators, 76 were rated as valid by the expert panel. condom brands, sensitivity, sizes, and textures. Importantly, the majority of indicators rated as valid Interventions that increase awareness about positive address processes of care not routinely performed in aspects of condom use and sexual risk from steady younger surgical populations. CONCLUSIONS: Attention partners may be successful in increasing condom use to the quality of surgical care in elderly patients is of great among injection drug users. Published in AIDS and importance because of the increasing numbers of elderly Behavior, v. 9, no. 4, Dec. 2005, p. 423–432. undergoing operations. This project used a validated methodology to identify and rate process measures to LRP-200512-24 Social Cognitive Processes achieve high-quality perioperative care for elderly surgical Mediating the Relationship Between Exposure to patients. This is the first time quality indicators have been Television's Sexual Content and Adolescents' Sexual developed in this regard Published in Journal of the Behavior. S. C. Martino, R. L. Collins, D. E. Kanouse, M. American College of Surgeons, v. 201, no. 6, Dec. 2005, p. N. Elliott, S. H. Berry. 870–883. This study used multiple-group structural equation LRP-200512-22 Psychosocial and Behavioral modeling to test a model explaining the association Differences Among Drug Injectors Who Use and Do Not between exposure to televised sexual content and initiation Use Syringe Exchange Programs. L. E. Grau, R. N. of intercourse among an ethnically diverse national sample Bluthenthal, P. Marshall, M. Singer, R. Heimer. of 1,292 adolescents. The authors hypothesized, on the basis of social-cognitive theory, that exposure to televised Most research on the benefits of syringe exchange sexual content would influence adolescents' safe-sex self- programs (SEPs) has focused on assessing program efficacy, sex-related outcome expectancies, and perceived effectiveness and identifying risk profiles of SEP peer norms regarding sex, and that each of these would, in customers. To our knowledge, no empirical studies have turn, influence intercourse initiation. Findings support a considered the psychosocial characteristics of IDUs who model in which the relationship between exposure to TV's do and do not use SEPs. To determine whether IDUs who sexual content and intercourse initiation is mediated by do and do not use SEPs differ along demographic, safe-sex self-efficacy among African Americans and psychosocial, and HIV risk characteristics and behaviors, Whites but not among Hispanics. Outcome expectancies the authors analyzed data from a three-city (Chicago, IL; and perceived peer norms may also mediate the link Hartford, CT; Oakland, CA) observational study of how between exposure and intercourse initiation among all 3 HIV prevention messages and supplies diffuse from SEPs. racial/ethnic groups, although evidence of this could not The study sample consisted of 350 participants with no be confirmed. Published in Journal of Personality and reported history of HIV, hepatitis B or C virus infection. Social Psychology, v. 89, no. 6, Dec. 2005, p. 914–924. Self-efficacy was the only psychosocial factor to differentiate SEP customers from all non-customers LRP-200512-25 Primacy of Affect over Cognition in groups; injecting others and pre-injection cleaning of the Determining Adult Men's Condom-Use Behavior: A injection site differentiated some non-customers from Review. T. R. Norton, L. M. Bogart, H. Cecil, S. D. customers. Implications for future interventions are Pinkerton. discussed. Published in AIDS and Behavior, v. 9, no. 4, Dec. 2005, p. 495–504. 380

Prior research suggests that failure to use condoms can be finances of charter schools in California, which has more understood within the context of condom-related attitudes. charter students than any other state, and by highlighting The authors reviewed quantitative and qualitative their fiscal challenges. Using survey data of California literature on adult men's condom-use attitudes; condom- charter and conventional public schools, the results related attitudinal beliefs were classified as cognitive (e.g., suggest that the degree charter schools are struggling with effectiveness) or affective (e.g., pleasure-related), and resources and facilities depends upon charter school type their relationships to behavior were examined. To Published in Education Policy Analysis Archives, v. 13, determine differences in the effects of cognitive and no. 50, Dec. 14, 2005, p. 1–27. Online access: affective beliefs, the authors conducted a critical http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v13n50/. qualitative review, a meta-analysis, and a "vote-count." In support of the primacy of affect hypothesis (Zajonc, LRP-200512-28 Depression and Role Impairment 1984), cognitive beliefs were weaker predictors of condom Among Adolescents in Primary Care Clinics. J. R. use than were affective beliefs. Results suggest that HIV- Asarnow, L. Jaycox, N. Duan, A. P. LaBorde, M. M. Rea, prevention interventions will have greater success by L. Tang, M. Anderson, P. Murray, C. Landon, B. Tang, D. addressing negative affective reactions to condom use in P. Huizar, K. B. Wells. addition to promoting the protective value of condoms. PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between Published in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, v. 35, depression and role impairment in a primary care sample, no. 12, Dec. 2005, p. 2493–2534. with and without controlling for the effects of general medical conditions. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of LRP-200512-26 Research-Practice Partners Assess consecutive primary care patients, ages 13–21 years (n = Their First Joint Project. S. L. Wenzel, P. A. Ebener, S. B. 3471), drawn from six sites including public health, Hunter, K. E. Watkins, J. M. Gilmore. managed care, and academic health center clinics. The Investigators from RAND Corporation and community authors assessed probable depressive disorder, depressive treatment providers at Behavioral Health Services joined symptoms, and common medical problems using youth forces to test an intervention to improve services for self-report on a brief screening questionnaire. Main patients with co-occurring mental disorders. In the course outcome measures were two indicators of role impairment: of working together, the partners confronted many of the (a) decrement in productivity/role activity, defined as not issues that typify research-practice collaborations in in school or working full time; and (b) low educational community settings. The researchers' applied theoretical attainment, defined as more than 2 years behind in school understanding and the counselors' intimacy with patient or = 20 years of age and failed to complete high school. responses combined to strengthen the intervention. RESULTS: Adolescents screening positive for probable However, counselors' discomfort with some protocols and depressive disorder had elevated rates of productivity/role changes reflecting the extremely dynamic nature of the activity decrements (19% vs. 13%; OR 1.69; 95% community-based research setting complicated the study confidence interval CI 1.39-2.06; p < 0.001) and low execution and interpretation. Despite these challenges, the educational attainment (20% vs. 15%; OR 1.47; 95% CI intervention improved the counselor's ability to identify 1.21-1.78; p < 0.001). Probable depressive disorder made and respond appropriately to patient's co-occurring a unique contribution to the prediction of these impairment disorders, and one of its components was associated with indicators after adjusting for the effect of having a general improved patient outcomes. The experience also medical condition; controlling for depression, the presence demonstrated the advisability of consulting collaboratively of a general medical condition did not contribute to role with clinic staff during the planning of studies and the impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent primary care pretesting of study protocols. Published in NIDA, Science patients screening positive for depression are at increased and Practice Perspectives, v. 3, no. 1, Dec. 2005, p. risk for impairment in school/work productivity and 38–45. educational attainment. These findings emphasize the importance of primary care clinicians' attention to LRP-200512-27 Charter School Type Matters When depression and role limitations. Published in Journal of Examining Funding and Facilities: Evidence from Adolescent Health, v. 37, no. 6, Dec. 2005, p. 477–483. California. C. S. Krop, R. W. Zimmer. LRP-200512-29 Labor Market, Financial, Insurance Currently, charter schools represent one of the fastest and Disability Outcomes Among near Elderly Americans growing movements of educational reform. The first with Depression and Pain. H. Tian, R. L. Robinson, R. charter school opened in 1992 and there are now over Sturm. 3,400 charter schools nationwide. Despite this growth, we are only beginning to learn about the performance and Economic burden of depression has been documented, but operation of these schools. This article adds to our the role of comorbid pain among the depressed is unclear. knowledge of charter schools both by examining the Using Wave 3 of the Health and Retirement Survey in 381

1996, we conducted multivariate regression analyses to pain, not depression alone was responsible for a large part estimate associations between depression and comorbid of the higher economic burden associated with depression. pain, and labor market, financial, insurance and disability The study is limited by self-reported measures of pain, outcomes among near elderly Americans aged 55–65, depression, and outcomes. It is cross-sectional and cannot controlling for socio-demographics and health conditions. identify causal effects of depression with pain. These Primary explanatory variables included the presence of findings may not be generalizable to other age groups. severe pain, mild/moderate pain, or absence of pain, with Implications for Health Care Provision and Use: The or without depression. Compared to depression alone, depressed with comorbid pain appear to experience greater depression and comorbid pain was associated with worse burden through increased costs and worse functioning and labor market, financial, insurance and disability outcomes may require different management than those with (p<0.01). Results were even more disparate as level of depression alone. The depressed with comorbid pain may pain severity increased. We found that depression with benefit from treatment practices and guidelines that comorbid pain, not depression alone was responsible for a address the duality of these conditions throughout the large part of the higher economic burden associated with process of care. Implication for Health Policies: The depression. Treatment should address the duality of these depressed with comorbid pain were more likely to receive conditions. Background: The economic burden of government support than depression alone. Given the depression has been documented, but the role of comorbid central role of employer-sponsored health insurance in the conditions is unclear. Depression and comorbid pain are U.S., they may have worse access to health care because particularly common, are associated with worse clinical they leave employment or retire earlier. With the evolving outcomes and require different care than "pure'' state of Medicare, broad formulary access to mental health depression. Does this comorbidity account for a large treatments might be considered. Implications for Further share of the adverse social outcomes attributed to Research: Further research should focus on causality of depression? Aims of Study: We analyzed the relationship depression and comorbid pain on economic outcomes. between depression and comorbid pain, and labor market, Depression research should consider the heterogeneity of financial, insurance and disability outcomes among this disorder in outcomes assessment. Published in The Americans aged 55-65. Methods: Cross-sectional data Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, v. 8, no. were used from Wave 3 of the Health and Retirement 4, Dec. 2005, p. 205-217. Survey, a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 55-65 surveyed in 1996. Multivariate regression LRP-200512-30 Is the Individual Market More Than analyses, controlling for socio-demographics and chronic a Bridge Market? An Analysis of Disenrollment health conditions, estimated the associations between Decisions. M. S. Marquis, M. B. Buntin, J. J. Escarce, K. depression and pain, and economic outcomes. Outcomes Kapur, T. A. Louis. included: employment and retirement status, household The individual insurance market is perceived by many to income, total medical expenditures, government health provide primarily transition coverage, but there is limited insurance, social security, limitations in activities of daily research about how long people stay in this market and living (ADLs), and health limitations affecting work. what affects their disenrollment decisions. The authors Primary explanatory variables included the presence of examine these issues using administrative records and severe pain, mild/moderate pain, or absence of pain, with survey data for those enrolled in the individual market in or without depression. Results: Compared to depression California. The authors conclude that there is less turnover alone, depression and comorbid pain was associated with in this market than is commonly believed. They find that worse labor market (non-employment, retirement), economic factors and coverage characteristics are financial (total medical expenditures), insurance important in the decision to disenroll, but that perceptions (government insurance, social security) and disability about insurance and the health care system also affect this outcomes (limitations in ADLs, health limitations decision. Published in Inquiry, v. 42, no. 4, Winter affecting work), after covariate adjustment (p = 0.01, 2005/2006, p. 381 396. except retirement with p < 0.1). Findings were even more disparate as level of pain severity increased. The simulated results showed that the magnitudes of the adverse effects were attributed disproportionally to individuals with comorbid pain and depression versus ``pure'' depression. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS Of those with depression, 51% had comorbid pain. Yet, (Not available from RAND) this subgroup of depressed individuals accounted for 59% of those not employed, 61% of those with government health insurance, 79% of those with limitations in ADLs, EP-2005-001 Delivering Public Services to a Diverse and 72% of those with health limitations affecting work. Society: Report. S. Sivadasan, M. Shergold, S. A. Law, J. Discussion and Limitation: Depression with comorbid P. Kahan, R. Thomson. 2004. 382

Report examines the progress being made by central the problems associated with a complex system requires a government bodies towards delivering services to meet the systematic and strategic approach focusing on the system needs of diverse customers in the six recognised areas of as a whole. Online access: http://www.nao.org.uk/ diversity: disability; gender; race; religion and belief; age; publications/nao_reports/05–06/0506592.pdf. and sexual orientation. The examination included a major survey of 131 bodies as well as a more detailed review of selected government initiatives and international practices. Online access: http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/ nao_reports/04–05/040519_i.pdf.

EP-2005-002 End-of-Life Care and Outcomes. Prepared by Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center RAND Corporation; Principal Investigators, Karl Lorenz, Joanne Lynn. K. A. Lorenz, J. Lynn, S. C. Morton, S. Dy, R. Mularski, L. R. Shugarman, V. Sun, A. M. Wilkinson, M. Maglione, P. G. Shekelle. 2004. This report addresses the following key questions: 1. What outcome variables are valid indicators of the quality of the end-of-life experience for the dying person and for the surviving loved ones? a. What individual outcome measures are most strongly associated with overall satisfaction with end-of-life care? b. What is the reliability and validity of specific instruments for measuring quality of life or quality of care at the end-of-life? 2. What patient, family, and health care system factors are associated with better or worse outcomes at end of life? a. What individual patient factors (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, underlying illness, education, etc.) are associated with better or worse outcomes at end of life? b. What family factors (e.g., relationship to patient, race/ethnicity, etc.) are associated with better or worse outcomes at end of life, including both outcomes reported by the family and how the family affects outcomes experienced by the patient? c. What health care system factors (e.g., site of care, type of provider, support services, etc.) are associated with better or worse outcomes? Online access: http://purl. access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57267 or http://www. ahrq.gov/ downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/eolcare/eolcare.pdf.

EP-2005-004 Encuesta Guatemalteca De Salud Familiar = The Guatemalan Survey of Family Health. A. R. Pebley, N. Goldman. 1997.

EP-2005-005 The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook. D. G. Kamien. 2005.

EP-2005-006 Dealing with the Complexity of the Benefits System: Report. J. P. Kahan, M. Shergold, A. Lierens, M. van het Loo, A. Bunker, S. Gordon, P. Jones, S. Kingston. 2005. Sir John Bourn, head of the National Audit Office, reported on the complexity of the benefits system, which he considers is one of the most important issues affecting the performance of the Department for Work and Pensions. According to the report to Parliament, tackling ORDER FORM

SELECTED RAND ABSTRACTS, Volume 43 January–December 2005 Unit Total Unit Total Quantity Publication Number Price Price Quantity Publication Number Price Price

______MG-131-AF 20.00 ______MG-290-PCT 20.00 ______MG-146-DCR 35.00 ______MG-291-A 25.00 ______MG-146/1-RC 12.00 ______MG-293-A 20.00 ______MG-162-ICJ 20.00 ______MG-294-MOD 30.00 ______MG-166-CENTAF 35.00 ______MG-296-A 24.00 ______MG-179-NAVY/USMC ______MG-299-AF 20.00 ______30.00 ______MG-301-AF 25.00 ______MG-181-A 20.00 ______MG-304-RC 35.00 ______MG-184-RC 20.00 ______MG-304/1-RC 63.00 ______MG-186-EDU 24.00 ______MG-306-OSD 28.00 ______MG-191-A 24.00 ______MG-311-1-DCR 20.00 ______MG-193-AF 20.00 ______MG-317-BMG 20.00 ______MG-198-MOD 30.00 ______MG-319-A 30.00 ______MG-198/1-MOD 61.20 ______MG-320-KISTEP 22.00 ______MG-202-OSD 20.00 ______MG-320/1-KISTEP 20.00 ______MG-205-A 20.00 ______MG-323-EDU 20.00 ______MG-219-A 22.00 ______MG-324-OSD 20.00 ______MG-225-HE 20.00 ______MG-326/1-MOD 20.00 ______MG-231-A 26.00 ______MG-326/2-MOD 20.00 ______MG-235-MOD 18.00 ______MG-326/3-MOD 20.00 ______MG-236-MOD 20.00 ______MG-327-GG 32.50 ______MG-240-MOD 24.00 ______MG-328-A 24.00 ______MG-241-AF 18.00 ______MG-330-OSD 20.00 ______MG-242-WF 20.00 ______MG-331-NIJ 20.00 ______MG-244-RC 20.00 ______MG-332-NIJ 30.00 ______MG-253-OSD 18.00 ______MG-333-OSD 20.00 ______MG-255-EDU 22.00 ______MG-334-AF 30.00 ______MG-256-PRGS 32.00 ______MG-337-AF 28.00 ______MG-258-ICJ 24.00 ______MG-338-AF 20.00 ______MG-260-1-AF 30.00 ______MG-341-PNC 24.00 ______MG-260-AF 30.00 ______MG-342-A 25.00 ______MG-262-A 20.00 ______MG-344-A 30.00 ______MG-267-1-OSD 20.00 ______MG-348-AF 20.00 ______MG-268-OSD 24.00 ______MG-349-PF 28.00 ______MG-269-AF 20.00 ______MG-349/1-PF 15.00 ______MG-272-HLTH 20.00 ______MG-350-AF 20.00 ______MG-274-AF 20.00 ______MG-351-EDU 28.00 ______MG-276-AF 20.00 ______MG-353 20.00 ______MG-277-A 24.00 ______MG-358-CF 18.00 ______MG-282-A 20.00 ______MG-360-AF 20.00 ______MG-284-AF 20.00 ______MG-361-EDU 27.50 ______MG-288-RWJ 20.00 ______MG-362-A 20.00 ______MG-289-NAVY 20.00 ______MG-365-OSD 20.00 ______

National Book Network (NBN) carries selected RAND titles. Contact NBN at 800-462-6420 to determine availability. SELECTED RAND ABSTRACTS, Volume 43 January–December 2005 Unit Total Unit Total Quantity Publication Number Price Price Quantity Publication Number Price Price

______MG-369-OSD 20.00 ______RB-170-AF 0.00 ______MG-374-RC 27.50 ______RB-175-AF 0.00 ______MG-385-OSD 15.00 ______RB-9072/1-DCR 0.00 ______MG-388-RC 20.00 ______RB-9079-RC 0.00 ______MG-393-CTRMP 20.00 ______RB-9104 0.00 ______MG-394-RC 20.00 ______RB-9119/1-GG 0.00 ______MG-400-ICJ 28.00 ______RGSD-185 0.00 ______MG-402-HLTH 20.00 ______RGSD-186 0.00 ______MG-404-NAVY 20.00 ______RGSD-190 0.00 ______MG-408-HLTH 30.00 ______RP-1087 0.00 ______MG-409-HLTH 18.00 ______RP-1155 0.00 ______MG-410-HLTH 20.00 ______RP-1156 0.00 ______MG-411-BGASD 18.00 ______RP-1163 0.00 ______MG-414-NETL 20.00 ______RP-1168 0.00 ______MG-422-CC 24.00 ______RP-1169 0.00 ______MG-427-CTRMP 20.00 ______RP-1171 0.00 ______TR-116-FFLA 20.00 ______RP-1178 0.00 ______TR-127-OSD 20.00 ______RP-1198 0.00 ______TR-150-AF 18.00 ______RP-1209 0.00 ______TR-167-A 20.00 ______CF-195-PAF/NSRD 20.00 ______TR-170-A 18.00 ______CF-199-OSD 20.00 ______TR-175-AF 20.00 ______CF-200 15.00 ______TR-184 15.00 ______CF-211 18.00 ______TR-192-RC 20.00 ______CF-212-RC 18.00 ______TR-193-OSD 20.00 ______CF-215 15.00 ______TR-194-OSD 20.00 ______CF-218-ISE 15.00 ______TR-197-RC 12.00 ______CF-221-EC 15.00 ______TR-200-HE 15.00 ______CP-22-0504 0.00 ______TR-203-AHRQ 20.00 ______CP-22-0508 0.00 ______TR-221-ATSC 30.00 ______CP-22-0512 0.00 ______TR-234-A 20.00 ______CP-485 0.00 ______TR-235-CARB 20.00 ______CP-491 0.00 ______TR-253-A 20.00 ______CP-501 (12/05) 13.00 ______TR-260-DHHS 24.00 ______CP-501/1 (12 13.00 ______TR-262-MDA 20.00 ______CP-505 0.00 ______TR-263-OSD 18.00 ______OP-121-DPRC 15.00 ______TR-264-NAVY 15.00 ______OP-152-RC 15.00 ______TR-274-OSD 20.00 ______OP-154-RC 15.00 ______TR-286-A 20.00 ______DB-457-AF 20.00 ______TR-307-NSF 20.00 ______DB-458-AF 20.00 ______DB-465-A 20.00 ______DB-471-1-LA 20.00 ______

______DB-472-NAVY 32.00 ______DB-478-OSD 18.00 ______DB-484-OSD 18.00 ______

National Book Network (NBN) carries selected RAND titles. Contact NBN at 800-462-6420 to determine availability. SELECTED RAND ABSTRACTS, Volume 43 January–December 2005

TOTAL NUMBER of items ordered: ______

TOTAL ORDER (from previous page): $______

SALES TAX: California residents, 8.25%: Pennsylvania residents, 7%: Virginia residents, 5%: $______

Shipping and handling: $______

DOMESTIC (U.S. Postal Service): (approx. 10–15 business days): $4 for one book, $2 for each additional book

RUSH (U.S. Postal Service First Class): (approx. 3–4 days): $6 for one book, $3 for each additional book

UPS Ground (5 business days): $6 for the first publication and $2 for each additional publication. OVERNIGHT (next day delivery): $16.00 for one book, $3.50 for each additional book

INTERNATIONAL, air: $7 for one book, $3 for each additional book (does not include any customs fees that may be required in receiving country)

TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED: $______

Indicate method of payment (payment must accompany all orders):

❏ Check or money order in U.S. dollars enclosed (payable to RAND Distribution Services) ❏ VISA ❏ MASTERCARD ❏ AMEX

Credit Card No.: ______Expiration Date: ______

Signature (required if using credit card):

Daytime Telephone: ( )

Name: ______Date:______Address: City/State: ______Zip:______

Order by:

Telephone: (310) 451-7002, toll-free (877) 584-8642 (in the U.S.) Fax: (310) 451-6915 E-mail: [email protected]

Mail: RAND Distribution Services P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138

Prices are subject to change without notice.