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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...... v SERIAL LIST...... 1 INDEXES Subject ...... 4 Author ...... 64 Title ...... 122 ABSTRACTS Monographs...... 138 Monograph/Reports ...... 156 Technical Reports ...... 162 Research Briefs ...... 171 Dissertations ...... 180 Reprints ...... 182 Conference Proceedings...... 189 Testimony ...... 191 Corporate Publications...... 192 Occasional Papers...... 193 Documented Briefings...... 196 Drafts ...... 199 Working Papers ...... 199 Journal Articles and Book Chapters (RAND Library Reprints)...... 207 ORDER FORM ...... 277

v INTRODUCTION

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SB-1001—Africa SB-1050—Gaming (Pre-1970) SB-1024—Arms Control (Pre-1985) SB-2050—Gaming (1970–1984) SB-2024—Arms Control (1985–present) SB-3050—Gaming (1985–present) SB-1017—Asia (Pre-1980) SB-1011—Health Care Costs and Coverage (Pre-1980) SB-2017—Asia (1980–1994) SB-2011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-2017—Asia (1995-present) (1980–1989) SB-1065—California (Pre-1980) SB-3011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-2065—California (1980–present) (1990–1994) SB-1002—China (Pre-1980) SB-4011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-2002—China (1980–present) (1995–1998t) SB-1028—Homeland Security SB-5011—Health Care Costs and Coverage CP-253—Civil Justice (1999-2002) SB-1020—Communication Satellites SB-6011—Health Care Costs and Coverage SB-1021—Communications (Pre-1980) (2003–present) SB-2021—Communications (1980–present) SB-1027—Health-Related Research (Pre-1980) SB-1036—Computing at RAND (1980–1992) SB-2027—Health-Related Research SB-2036—Computing at RAND (1970–1979) (1980–1989) SB-3036—Computing at RAND (Pre-1970) SB-3027—Health-Related Research SB-1061—Cost Analysis (Pre-1980) (1990–1994) SB-2061—Cost Analysis (1980–present) SB-4027—Health-Related Research SB-1059—Criminality, Justice, and Public Safety (Pre- (1995–1998) 1985) SB-5027—Health-Related Research SB-2059—Criminality, Justice, and Public Safety (1999–2000) (1985–present) SB-6027—Health-Related Research SB-1072—Critical Technologies (2001) SB-1025—Decisionmaking (Pre-1980) SB-7027—Health-Related Research SB-2025—Decisionmaking (1980–present) (2002) SB-1019—Delphi and Long-Range Planning SB-8027—Health-Related Research SB-1026—Education (Pre-1980) (2003) SB-2026—Education (1980–1989) SB-9027—Health-Related Research SB-3026—Education (1990–1994) (2004) SB-4026—Education (1995–1999) SB-1028—Homeland Security (Pre-2000) SB-5026—Education (2000–present) SB-2028—Homeland Security (2000–present) SB-1052—Energy and Nuclear Power SB-1067—Housing (Pre-1980) SB-1043—Human Resources (Pre-1985) SB-2052—Energy and Nuclear Power (1980–1989) SB-2043—Human Resources (1985–1994) SB-3052—Energy and Nuclear Power (1990–present) SB-3043—Human Resources (1995–present) SB-1032—Environment (Pre-1980) SB-1075—Immigration SB-2032—Environment (1980–1990) SB-1073—Information Sciences (Pre-1970) SB-3032—Environment (1991–present) SB-2073—Information Sciences (1970–1985) SB-1062—Europe (Pre-1980) SB-3073—Information Sciences (1985–present) SB-2062—Europe (1980–1989) SB-1013—International Trade (Pre-1985) SB-3062—Europe (1990–present) SB-2013—International Trade (1985-present) SB-1005—Expert Systems SB-1018—Latin America (Pre-1980) SB-1071—Former Soviet Union SB-2018—Latin America (1980–present) 1 SERIAL LIST

MONOGRAPHS MONOGRAPH/REPORTS RB-112-AF RB-9086 RB-117-AF RB-9087-ICJ MG-100-RC MR-1327-OSD RB-118-AF RB-9090 MG-103-A MR-1467-OSD RB-119-AF RB-9093-MIPT MG-104-MIPT MR-1501-CMS RB-120-AF RB-9094 MG-105-OSD MR-1501/1-CMS RB-121-AF RB-9097 MG-107-OSD MR-1640-AF RB-122-AF MG-108-OSD MR-1655-USDE RB-124-AF MG-109-AF MR-1674-A RB-125-AF RGS DISSERTATIONS MG-111-RC MR-1684/1-OSD RB-128-AF MG-112-A MR-1684/2-OSD RB-131-AF/KF RGSD-179 MG-114-USCG MR-1692-IAACD RB-133-AF RGSD-180 MG-115-AF/KF MR-1698/1-HECFE RB-134-AF RGSD-181 MG-116-AF MR-1711-AF RB-135-AF RGSD-182 MG-117-OSD MR-1712-OSD RB-136-AF RGSD-183 MG-118-OSTP MR-1731/2-SF RB-139-AF MG-121-WF MR-1743-NAVY RB-141-AF MG-123-A MR-1758-A RB-144-AF REPRINTS MG-126-RC MR-1769-RE/CVZ RB-148-AF MG-128-A MR-1782-AF RP-1090-ICJ RB-151-AF RP-1094 MG-134-OSD MR-1789-A RB-1505-OSTP MG-135-OSD MR-1797-AF RP-1101 RB-3032-A RP-1102 MG-136-WFHF MR-1812-AF RB-4545-1 MG-137 MR-1819-AF RP-1104 RB-4559 RP-1107 MG-138-OSD MR-1821-AF RB-4560 MG-139-EDU MR-1824-NSF RP-1109 RB-5070-DOL RP-1111 MG-140-A RB-7556-OSD MG-141-AF RP-1115 RB-7562-OSD RP-1116 MG-142-NGA TECHNICAL REPORTS RB-7563-OSD MG-143-AF RP-1120 TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH RB-7564-OSD RP-1122 MG-145-FFLA RB-7566-OSD MG-151-AF TR-105-BF RP-1124 TR-105/1-BF RB-7568-OSD RP-1126 MG-153-OSD RB-7570-OSD MG-154-OSD TR-110-AVV RP-1127 TR-112-NETL RB-8025-EDU RP-1128 MG-156-A RB-8026-WFHF MG-158-EDU TR-118-OSD RP-1129 TR-119-FOI RB-9039 RP-1130 MG-161-RC RB-9040-RC MG-163-DVA TR-121-CDSS RP-1131 TR-122-EDU RB-9041-RC RP-1132 MG-164-DOL RB-9042 MG-165-A TR-123-EDU RP-1133 TR-126-EDU RB-9043 RP-1134 MG-169-OSD RB-9044-NIOSH MG-170-NIOSH TR-129-EDU RP-1135 TR-131-RC RB-9045-NGA RP-1136 MG-176-AF RB-9046-OSD MG-178-NASA/OSD TR-132-DHHS RP-1137 TR-133-RC RB-9047-RC RP-1138 MG-190-AF RB-9048-A/OSD MG-195-EC TR-134-NASA/OSD RP-1139 TR-136-OSTP RB-9049-DPRC RP-1140 MG-196-OSD RB-9050-EDU MG-199-A TR-138-VROM RP-1141 TR-139-HE RB-9051 RP-1142 MG-200-RC RB-9052 MG-206-EC TR-140-OSD RP-1144 TR-141-SRF RB-9053 RP-1148 MG-210-A RB-9053-1 MG-212-OSD TR-144-AF RP-1149 TR-149-EDU RB-9054-EDU MG-214-AF RB-9055 MG-216-FF TR-159-AF TR-160-PNNL RB-9057 CONFERENCE MG-217-OSD RB-9058-EDU MG-218-WF TR-164-EDU PROCEEDINGS TR-169-CMS RB-9059-EDU MG-221-A RB-9060-EDU CF-193-OSTP MG-222-EDU TR-176-ARC TR-177-CCPP RB-9061-EDU CF-194-OSTP MG-226-UK RB-9062-EDU CF-196-ARDA MG-234-ICJ TR-180-EDU TR-181 RB-9063-EDU CF-201-CAPP/ORF MG-237-OSD RB-9064-A CF-203-CC MG-238-A TR-211-MRI TR-214-RC RB-9066-NASA/OSD CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP MG-246-AF RB-9068 MG-248-FF RB-9069-A MG-251-ARC RESEARCH BRIEFS RB-9070-OAK TESTIMONY MG-261-AF RB-9071-ICJ MG-264-ICJ RB-92-AF RB-9075-FF CT-215 MG-271-NAVY RB-104-AF RB-9078-FF CT-216 MG-273 RB-108-AF RB-9080 CT-217 MG-280-ICJ RB-111-1-AF RB-9081-EDU CT-218 MG-308-EC CT-219 2

CT-220 WR-129-OJP LRP-200401-13 LRP-200405-15 CT-221 WR-133-NIJ LRP-200401-14 LRP-200405-16 CT-222 WR-136 LRP-200401-15 LRP-200405-17 CT-223 WR-137-NICHD LRP-200401-16 LRP-200405-18 CT-224 WR-138 LRP-200402-01 LRP-200405-19 CT-225 WR-142-OJP LRP-200402-02 LRP-200405-20 CT-226 WR-145 LRP-200402-03 LRP-200405-21 CT-227 WR-146 LRP-200402-04 LRP-200405-22 CT-228 WR-147 LRP-200402-06 LRP-200405-23 CT-229-1 WR-155 LRP-200402-07 LRP-200405-24 CT-231-1 WR-158 LRP-200402-08 LRP-200405-25 CT-232-1 WR-159 LRP-200402-09 LRP-200405-26 CT-239 WR-162-EDU LRP-200402-10 LRP-200405-27 WR-164-CEC LRP-200402-11 LRP-200405-28 WR-165-EDU LRP-200402-12 LRP-200405-29 CORPORATE WR-166-EDU LRP-200402-13 LRP-200406-01 PUBLICATIONS WR-167 LRP-200402-14 LRP-200406-02 WR-168 LRP-200402-15 LRP-200406-03 CP-22-0404 WR-171-ICJ LRP-200402-16 LRP-200406-04 CP-22-0408 WR-172 LRP-200402-17 LRP-200406-05 CP-22-0412 WR-174 LRP-200402-18 LRP-200406-06 CP-477 WR-176 LRP-200402-19 LRP-200406-07 CP-478 WR-177 LRP-200403-01 LRP-200406-08 WR-178 LRP-200403-02 LRP-200406-09 WR-179 LRP-200403-03 LRP-200406-10 OCCASIONAL PAPERS WR-180 LRP-200403-04 LRP-200406-11 OP-101-RC WR-181 LRP-200403-05 LRP-200406-12 OP-103-RC WR-182 LRP-200403-06 LRP-200406-13 OP-108-OSD WR-185 LRP-200403-07 LRP-200406-14 OP-109-RC WR-186 LRP-200403-08 LRP-200406-15 OP-110-RC WR-187 LRP-200403-09 LRP-200406-16 OP-111-FF WR-188-OJP LRP-200403-10 LRP-200406-17 OP-117-CAPP WR-189 LRP-200403-11 LRP-200406-18 OP-118-CMEPP/CRE WR-191 LRP-200403-12 LRP-200406-19 OP-127-IPC/CMEPP WR-193-LAC LRP-200403-13 LRP-200406-20 OP-132-RC WR-195 LRP-200403-14 LRP-200406-21 OP-134-RC WR-196 LRP-200403-15 LRP-200407-01 OP-135-ICJ WR-197 LRP-200403-16 LRP-200407-02 OP-136-RC WR-198 LRP-200403-17 LRP-200407-03 WR-201-ISE LRP-200403-18 LRP-200407-04 WR-202-EDU LRP-200404-01 LRP-200407-06 DOCUMENTED BRIEFINGS WR-203-ICJ LRP-200404-02 LRP-200407-07 WR-205-ICJ LRP-200404-03 LRP-200407-08 DB-385-AF WR-206 LRP-200404-04 LRP-200407-09 DB-391-NAVY WR-207 LRP-200404-05 LRP-200407-10 DB-407-ONR WR-214-ICJ LRP-200404-06 LRP-200407-11 DB-410-RC WR-216 LRP-200404-07 LRP-200407-12 DB-411-RC WR-223 LRP-200404-08 LRP-200407-13 DB-412-RC LRP-200404-09 LRP-200407-14 DB-418-NAVY LRP-200404-10 LRP-200407-15 DB-423-A RAND LIBRARY REPRINTS LRP-200404-11 LRP-200407-16 DB-428-USTC/DLA LRP-200404-12 LRP-200408-01 DB-430-A LRP-198806-01 LRP-200404-13 LRP-200408-02 DB-434-AF LRP-200400-01 LRP-200404-14 LRP-200408-03 DB-435-AF LRP-200400-02 LRP-200404-15 LRP-200408-04 DB-468-1-LAWA LRP-200400-03 LRP-200404-16 LRP-200408-05 LRP-200400-04 LRP-200404-17 LRP-200408-06 LRP-200400-05 LRP-200404-18 LRP-200408-07 DRAFTS LRP-200400-06 LRP-200404-19 LRP-200408-08 LRP-200400-07 LRP-200404-20 LRP-200408-09 DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS LRP-200400-08 LRP-200404-21 LRP-200408-10 DRU-2400/3-2-LAFANS LRP-200400-09 LRP-200404-22 LRP-200408-11 DRU-2400/4-LAFANS LRP-200400-10 LRP-200405-01 LRP-200408-12 DRU-2400/5-1-LAFANS LRP-200401-01 LRP-200405-02 LRP-200408-14 DRU-2400/6-1-LAFANS LRP-200401-02 LRP-200405-03 LRP-200408-15 LRP-200401-03 LRP-200405-04 LRP-200408-16 LRP-200401-04 LRP-200405-06 LRP-200408-17 WORKING PAPERS LRP-200401-05 LRP-200405-07 LRP-200408-18 LRP-200401-06 LRP-200405-08 LRP-200409-01 WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA LRP-200401-07 WR-110-NICHD/NIA LRP-200405-09 LRP-200409-02 LRP-200401-08 LRP-200405-10 LRP-200409-03 WR-112-RC LRP-200401-09 WR-125 LRP-200405-11 LRP-200409-04 LRP-200401-10 LRP-200405-12 LRP-200409-06 WR-126 LRP-200401-11 WR-128-OJP LRP-200405-13 LRP-200409-07 LRP-200401-12 LRP-200405-14 LRP-200409-08 3

LRP-200409-09 LRP-200409-10 LRP-200409-11 LRP-200409-12 LRP-200409-13 LRP-200409-14 LRP-200409-15 LRP-200409-16 LRP-200409-17 LRP-200409-18 LRP-200409-19 LRP-200409-20 LRP-200409-21 LRP-200409-22 LRP-200409-23 LRP-200409-24 LRP-200409-25 LRP-200409-26 LRP-200409-27 LRP-200409-28 LRP-200409-29 LRP-200409-30 LRP-200410-01 LRP-200410-02 LRP-200410-03 LRP-200410-04 LRP-200410-05 LRP-200410-06 LRP-200410-07 LRP-200410-08 LRP-200410-09 LRP-200410-10 LRP-200410-11 LRP-200410-12 LRP-200410-13 LRP-200410-14 LRP-200411-01 LRP-200411-02 LRP-200411-03 LRP-200411-04 LRP-200411-05 LRP-200411-06 LRP-200411-07 LRP-200411-08 LRP-200411-09 LRP-200411-10 LRP-200412-01 LRP-200412-02 LRP-200412-03 LRP-200412-04 LRP-200412-05 LRP-200412-06 LRP-200412-07 LRP-200412-08 LRP-200412-09 LRP-200412-10 LRP-200412-11 LRP-200412-12 LRP-200412-13 LRP-200412-14 LRP-200412-15 LRP-200412-16 LRP-200412-17 LRP-200412-18 LRP-200412-19 LRP-200412-20 LRP-200412-21 LRP-200412-22 4 SUBJECT INDEX

ACCIDENT PREVENTION ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Trials LRP- 200403-06 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness ACCIDENTAL FALLS—PREVENTION & CONTROL LRP-200404-03 Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR—DRUG EFFECTS Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Substance Use and Early Marriage LRP-200402-03 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials LRP- 200403-06 ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR—ETHNOLOGY Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 in Smoking RP- 1124 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME—DRUG Sexual Behavior LRP-200409-13 THERAPY Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV- ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR—PSYCHOLOGY Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking Problems LRP-200407-08 LRP-200403-07 Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Multiple ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME—PREVENTION Developmental Trajectories and Their Associated Outcomes & CONTROL LRP-200405-16 Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A Multivariate Analysis LRP-200408-12 ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 ADOLESCENTS The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for Substance- Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Outcomes of Youths Entering Older Persons LRP-200406-17 Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a LRP-200409-20 Sample of the Los Angeles General Population LRP-198806-01 ADULT Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System LRP-200407-10 LRP-200405-04

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL ADULTS A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons with Serious of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Mental Illness LRP-200404-15 Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13 ADVANCE CARE PLANNING—ORGANIZATION & ADENOMA—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ADMINISTRATION National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care Planning Adenomas LRP-200409-28 LRP-200409-26

ADMIRALS ADVERTISING Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Officer Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free Management MR- 1712 Condoms LRP- 200407-01

ADOLESCENT AERONAUTICS, COMMERCIAL—PASSENGER Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study TRAFFIC—SECURITY MEASURES of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Multiple Screening Requirements DB-411 Developmental Trajectories and Their Associated Outcomes LRP-200405-16 AERONAUTICS, COMMERCIAL—SECURITY MEASURES— Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from CALIFORNIA Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of International Airport DB-468-1 Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse AERONAUTICS—RESEARCH Treatment LRP- 200404-08 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Drug Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Prevention LRP- 200403-11 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs MG-178 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs TR- 134 5

AFGHAN WAR, 2001-—CIVILIAN RELIEF Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Civilian Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, September 2001-June Improvements in Disability Among Older Americans 2002 MG-212 LRP-200403-02 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: AFGHANISTAN—FOREIGN RELATIONS Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Civilian Trials LRP- 200403-06 Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, September 2001-June Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use 2002 MG-212 LRP-200402-07 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with AFGHANISTAN—HISTORY Depression LRP-200405-03 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder WR-178 AFRICAN AMERICANS Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 Elders WR- 177 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life Among Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Hemodialysis Patients LRP-200404-16 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease AFRICAN AMERICANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 LRP-200410-08 Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-176 Health-Related Quality of Life LRP-200410-07 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: WR-186 Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community- Based Patients with Urinary Incontinence LRP-200405-25 AGE AND EMPLOYMENT The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After with Chronic Pain LRP-200405-01 Retirement WR-196 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the Patients LRP-200405-09 Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers LRP-200407-07 AGED—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the Workers WR- 136 Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223

AGE DISTRIBUTION AGED—EMPLOYMENT Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: An Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the Ecologic Analysis LRP-200405-27 Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers LRP-200407-07 AGE DISTRIBUTION (DEMOGRAPHY)—EUROPE Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Workers WR- 136 Policy Options MG-206 AGED—HOSPITAL CARE AGE FACTORS Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Their Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 Correlates from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood LRP-200406-10 AGED—MEDICAL CARE Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Years of Depression LRP-200405-03 Life RP- 1109 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers LRP-200407-07 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. WR-178 Workers WR- 136 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 AGE FACTORS—UNITED STATES Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Elders WR- 177 Retirement WR-196 Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in WR-197 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? WR-195 AGED—MEDICAL CARE—UTILIZATION The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health AGED Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview WR-197 RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Developing AGED—NUTRITION Quality Indicators RP-1129 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional AGE—EMPLOYMENT—HEALTH ASPECTS Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Older Persons LRP-200406-17 Retirement WR-196 6

AGING—EUROPE A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment International Comparisons of Work Disability WR-155 Requirements MG-176

AGING—SOCIAL ASPECTS—EUROPE AIR FORCE—MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Air Force Procurement Workforce Transformation: Lessons from Policy Options MG-206 the Commercial Sector MG-214 Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support Location Operations AGRICULTURE—DEFENSE MEASURES MG-151 Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Requirements of Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and the 2002 National Defense Authorization Act MR-1821 Food Industry MG-135 Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Supply Management Implementation MG-116 AGRICULTURE—DEFENSE MEASURES—UNITED Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Prospective Air Force STATES—CONGRESSES Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Summary of The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel Selected Findings DB-434 on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against Livestock CF- 193 AIR FORCE—OFFICERS Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Service AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN MR-1327 PROGRAMS—CALIFORNIA —EVALUATION Results from the First California Health and Social Services AIR FORCE—OFFICERS—TRAINING OF Survey TR-121 The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village in AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN Saudi Arabia DB-435 PROGRAMS—UNITED STATES—EVALUATION Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? WR-167 AIR FORCE—OPERATIONAL READINESS The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- AIR BASES, AMERICAN—FOREIGN COUNTRIES Level Logistics MG-190 Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment Requirements MG-176 AIR FORCE. AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND —EVALUATION AIR FORCE—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity System: Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity System: Implications for Organizational and Data Flow Changes Implications for Organizational and Data Flow Changes MR-1797 MR-1797 Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Plans into Total AIR FORCES—EUROPE U.S. Air Force Manpower Requirements TR-144 Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development OP-101 AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT Air Force Procurement Workforce Transformation: Lessons from AIR FORCE—APPOINTMENTS AND RETIREMENTS the Commercial Sector MG-214 Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Service Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support Location Operations MR-1327 MG-151 Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation Support AIR FORCE—APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES— Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Sector EVALUATION MR-1812 Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Requirements of Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Requirements of the 2002 National Defense Authorization Act MR-1821 the 2002 National Defense Authorization Act MR-1821 Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Supply Management Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Implementation MG-116 Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711 Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Prospective Air Force Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Summary of Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected Findings DB-434 Selected Findings DB-434

AIR FORCE—COMBAT SUSTAINABILITY AIR FORCE—PROCUREMENT—MANAGEMENT Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Supply Management Implementation MG-116 AIR FORCE—EQUIPMENT—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR— DATABASES AIR FORCE—SUPPLIES AND STORES A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Requirements MG-176 Level Logistics MG-190 Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 AIR FORCE—FACILITIES Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation Support Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Sector AIR FORCE—WEAPONS SYSTEMS—COSTS MR-1812 Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Weapons MG- 109 AIR FORCE—FOREIGN SERVICE Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 AIR FORCE—WEAPONS SYSTEMS—TESTING A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Requirements MG-176 Weapons MG- 109

AIR FORCE—GROUND SUPPORT AIR PILOTS, MILITARY—JOB SATISFACTION The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Service Level Logistics MG-190 MR-1327 7

AIR PILOTS, MILITARY—RETIREMENT How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Service Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive MR-1327 Summary DB- 412

AIR WARFARE AIRPORTS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—NETHERLANDS The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Airports in the Level Logistics MG-190 Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang Van Regionale Luchthavens in AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES—COSTS Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Regional Airports in the Netherlands) TR-138 Weapons MG- 109 AIRPORTS—EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES—TESTING How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Screening Equipment by Considering the Economic Cost of Weapons MG- 109 Passenger Delays DB-410 How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage AIRLIFT, MILITARY Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 Summary DB- 412 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment AIRPORTS—NETHERLANDS—DECISION MAKING Requirements MG-176 Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Airports in the Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Bepalen Van Het Support to the Army Science Board MG-123 Maatschappelijk Belang Van Regionale Luchthavens in Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Commanders CT-223 Regional Airports in the Netherlands) TR-138

AIRLINE PASSENGER SECURITY SCREENING AIRPORTS—NETHERLANDS—PLANNING The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Airports in the Screening Requirements DB-411 Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang Van Regionale Luchthavens in AIRPLANES, MILITARY—COSTS Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Regional Airports in the Netherlands) TR-138 Weapons MG- 109 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: AIRPORTS—SECURITY MEASURES Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Needs? MG-114 Screening Requirements DB-411 How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage AIRPLANES, MILITARY—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR Screening Equipment by Considering the Economic Cost of The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Passenger Delays DB-410 Level Logistics MG-190 How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive AIRPLANES, MILITARY—TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS Summary DB- 412 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security AIRPORTS—SECURITY MEASURES—CALIFORNIA Needs? MG-114 Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles International Airport DB-468-1 AIRPLANES, MILITARY—TESTING Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided ALCOHOL DRINKING Weapons MG- 109 Substance Use and Early Marriage LRP-200402-03

AIRPLANES—JET PROPULSION ALCOHOL DRINKING—ECONOMICS Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs MG-178 ALCOHOL DRINKING—MORTALITY Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: An to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Ecologic Analysis LRP-200405-27 Needs TR- 134 ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS AIRPLANES—TESTING Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Behavioral Interventions in Primary Care LRP-200400-09 Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs MG-178 Communities LRP-200412-11 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION—EPIDEMIOLOGY Needs TR- 134 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving and DUI AIRPORTS—BAGGAGE HANDLING—SECURITY MEASURES Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief LRP-200407-12 The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Screening Requirements DB-411 ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION—PREVENTION & CONTROL How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? Screening Equipment by Considering the Economic Cost of Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving and DUI Passenger Delays DB-410 Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief LRP-200407-12 8

ALCOHOLISM—DIAGNOSIS ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS— Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among THERAPEUTIC USE Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins ALCOHOLISM—EPIDEMIOLOGY on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry LRP-200401-10 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 ANIMAL INDUSTRY—DEFENSE MEASURES Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of ALCOHOLISM—THERAPY Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Food Industry MG-135 Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 ANIMAL INDUSTRY—DEFENSE MEASURES—UNITED ALCOHOLISM—TREATMENT STATES—CONGRESSES Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against Communities LRP-200412-11 Livestock CF- 193

ALGORITHMS ANTHRAX—DRUG THERAPY Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That Antibiotics During the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Private Have Chronic Medical Conditions LRP-200412-15 Physicians LRP-200400-08

ALIEN CRIMINALS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE COUNTY—STATISTICS Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles County Jail: Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal-Local Partnership WR-193 ANTI-HIV AGENTS—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE No Evidence of an Association Between Transient HIV Viremia ALIENS—CALIFORNIA—LOST ANGELES ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication COUNTY—STATISTICS Regimen LRP-200404-17 Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal-Local Partnership ANTI-HIV AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE WR-193 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons with Serious Mental Illness LRP-200404-15 ALLEGHENY COUNTY (PA.)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL— Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 THERAPEUTIC USE Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT—CALIFORNIA—LOS Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 ANGELES Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Los ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE Angeles County Superior Court WR-201 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV- Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health ALZHEIMER DISEASE—THERAPY Problems LRP-200407-08 Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Elders RP-1130 ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES—COSTS Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided ANALGESICS Weapons MG- 109 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES—TESTING Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL—DRUG THERAPY Weapons MG- 109 Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First Effective Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia LRP-200412-04 ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL—HISTORY Antibiotics During the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Private Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First Effective Treatment Physicians LRP-200400-08 for Sickle Cell Anemia LRP-200412-04 ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS—ADVERSE EFFECTS ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY—NEW YORK Severe Irritability Associated with Statin Cholesterol-Lowering (STATE)—EVALUATION Drugs LRP- 200404-10 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND- Procedures RP- 1144 GENERATION—ECONOMICS Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and Sideliners ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS LRP-200409-08 CORONARY—STANDARDS Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS—THERAPEUTIC USE on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Procedures RP- 1144 for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 9

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE ARMED FORCES—OFFICERS Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Officer LRP-200412-01 Management MR- 1712 Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Self-Reported Developing and Using General and Flag Officers CT-221 Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren G. Miller New Paths to Success: Determining Career Alternatives for Field- LRP-200402-02 Grade Officers MG-117 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the United States LRP- 200407-02 ARMED FORCES—OPERATIONAL READINESS The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Failure Rates: A ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE—UTILIZATION Study of M1 Tanks MR-1789 Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users ARMED FORCES—PAY, ALLOWANCES, ETC. LRP-200407-10 Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Military Manpower and Personnel Policy? OP-108 ANXIETY DISORDERS—DIAGNOSIS Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders ARMED FORCES—PAY, ALLOWANCES, ETC.—EVALUATION LRP-200412-02 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412

ANXIETY DISORDERS—PSYCHOLOGY ARMED FORCES—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Officer Sample of the Los Angeles General Population Management MR- 1712 LRP-198806-01 Deployment, Retention, and Compensation CT-222 Developing and Using General and Flag Officers CT-221 ARBITRATION AND AWARD An Executive Perspective on Workforce Planning MR-1684/2 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Feasibility MG-134 ARMED FORCES—APPOINTMENTS AND RETIREMENTS Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Use TR-140 New Paths to Success: Determining Career Alternatives for Field- RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 Grade Officers MG-117 ARMED FORCES—PROCUREMENT ARMED FORCES—CIVIC ACTION An Executive Perspective on Workforce Planning MR-1684/2 Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military to Terrorist Attacks MG-217 Ammunition Production MG-169

ARMED FORCES—CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES ARMED FORCES—PROCUREMENT—EVALUATION Intern Programs as a Human Resources Management Tool for the Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the Department of Defense: Department of Defense MG-138 Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Defense MG-107

ARMED FORCES—CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES—CLASSIFICATION ARMED FORCES—PROMOTIONS Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information New Paths to Success: Determining Career Alternatives for Field- Technology Personnel MG-108 Grade Officers MG-117

ARMED FORCES—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ARMED FORCES—RECRUITING, ENLISTMENT, ETC. Communications Networks to Support Integrated Intelligence, Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Strike Operations TR-159 Technology Personnel MG-108 Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Feasibility Decisionmaking MG-226 MG-134 Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the College Market: ARMED FORCES—MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Results from a National Survey MG-105 Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the Department of Defense: Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Defense MG-107 ARMED FORCES—REORGANIZATION Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Organizational ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE Restructuring in the DOD: Implications for Education and Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Training Infrastructure MG-153 Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector MG-154 ARMED FORCES—RESERVES Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Use TR-140 to Terrorist Attacks MG-217 ARMED FORCES—TRAINING ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village in Pharmacy Program MG-237 Saudi Arabia DB-435

ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL SUPPLIES—STANDARDS ARMY Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Army Forces for Homeland Security MG-221 Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term MG-154 Strategy MG- 112

ARMED FORCES—OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES ARMY MEDICAL DEPT Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Findings from the Technology Personnel MG-108 Army Medical Department Transformation Workshops, 2002 Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Use TR-140 MG-103 Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical Department MR-1758 10

ARMY —SUPPLIES AND STORES AROUSAL Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Pipeline MG-238 All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural Course of Posttraumatic ARMY—INFANTRY—DRILL AND TACTICS—COMPUTER Psychological Distress LRP-200405-20 SIMULATION Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation ART COMMISSIONS—FINANCE of Candidate Technologies MG-140 State Arts Agencies 1965–2003: Whose Interests to Serve? MG-121 ARMY—COMBAT SUSTAINABILITY Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant ART IN EDUCATION Commanders CT-223 Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School District's Experience MG-222 ARMY—COMBAT SUSTAINABILITY—COMPUTER SIMULATION ARTHRITIS The Impact of Equipment Availability and Reliability on Mission The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Case Studies Outcomes: An Initial Look DB-423 TR-176 The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Approach, Analysis ARMY—COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS and Recommendations MG-251 Future Army Bandwidth Needs and Capabilities MG-156 ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID—DIAGNOSIS ARMY—EQUIPMENT Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid The Impact of Equipment Availability and Reliability on Mission Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- Outcomes: An Initial Look DB-423 Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 ARMY—FACILITIES Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Case- Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200408-10 Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Options for the Future MG-199 ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID—DRUG THERAPY Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's ARMY—FIELD SERVICE Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Developing the Commanders CT-223 Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set LRP-200404-07

ARMY—INVENTORY CONTROL ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Pipeline MG-238 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form ARMY—INVENTORY CONTROL—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Instrument LRP-200406-19 Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs MG-128 ARTHRITIS—RESEARCH The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Approach, Analysis ARMY—MANAGEMENT and Recommendations MG-251 U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Improved Planning and Management MG-165 ARTHRITIS—RESEARCH—CASE STUDIES The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Case Studies ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—CONGRESSES TR-176 Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Findings from the Army Medical Department Transformation Workshops, 2002 ARTIFICIAL REEFS MG-103 Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships DB-391 ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—EVALUATION Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Findings from the ARTS AND SOCIETY Army Medical Department Transformation Workshops, 2002 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the MG-103 Arts MG- 218

ARMY—MEDICAL CARE—STANDARDS ARTS—STUDY AND TEACHING Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School Implementation in the Army Medical Department MR-1758 District's Experience MG-222

ARMY—PROCUREMENT ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for Levels for Army SSAs MG-128 Chinese Bond Market OP-117

ARMY—REORGANIZATION ASIAN AMERICANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on of Candidate Technologies MG-140 Health-Related Quality of Life LRP-200410-07 Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Support to the Army Science Board MG-123 Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13

ARMY—SUPPLIES AND STORES—MATHEMATICAL MODELS ASSIMILATION (SOCIOLOGY) Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot Levels for Army SSAs MG-128 OP-132 Assimilation Across the Latino Generation RP-1094 ARMY—WEAPONS SYSTEMS—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks MR-1789 11

ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES—STANDARDS BEDSORES—TREATMENT Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139

ASYMMETRIC WARFARE BEER Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: An Strategy MG- 112 Ecologic Analysis LRP-200405-27

ATTITUDE BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving and DUI Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World MR-1782 Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief LRP-200407-12 BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY) ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients LRP-200404-21 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE—SAFETY MEASURES Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2 Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH—ORGANIZATION & Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 ADMINISTRATION Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 Difficult? LRP- 200412-06 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH—TRENDS Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System Difficult? LRP- 200412-06 LRP-200411-07 BIOTERRORISM ATTITUDE TO DEATH Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200400-01 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 BIOTERRORISM—CONGRESSES The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel ATTITUDE TO HEALTH on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Perceived Livestock CF- 193 Quality of Insurance Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Use of Mental Health Specialty Care LRP-200410-04 BIOTERRORISM—ETHNOLOGY Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03 Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event LRP-200400-05 AUSTRALIAN SECURITY INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATION Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, BIOTERRORISM—PREVENTION and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and AUTOMOBILE DRIVING—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Food Industry MG-135 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving and DUI BIOTERRORISM—PSYCHOLOGY Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief LRP-200407-12 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200409-30 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND TRADE—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) BIOTERRORISM—SAFETY MEASURES Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future of the Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Automotive Industry WR-145 Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL—RESEARCH—NETHERLANDS Mass Destruction CT-216 Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Goederen over De Weg = Main Survey into the Value of Time Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket in Freight Transport by Road TR-110 Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2

AUTOMOBILES—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) BIPOLAR DISORDER—DIAGNOSIS Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future of the Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Automotive Industry WR-145 Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09

BACKACHE—TREATMENT—EVALUATION BIPOLAR DISORDER—EPIDEMIOLOGY Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Implementation in the Army Medical Department MR-1758 Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09

BEDSORES—PREVENTION BIPOLAR DISORDER—THERAPY Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139 Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09

BIRTH CONTROL—PUBLIC OPINION Changes in American Opinion About Family Planning RP-1148 12

BIRTH INTERVALS—BANGLADESH—MATLAB BAZAR A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Challenge to Prescribing THANA—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Physicians LRP-200411-06 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 LRP-200402-04 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare BIRTH WEIGHT Beneficiaries LRP-200410-02 Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Insurance Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the United Premiums? LRP- 200403-03 States RP- 1104 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW—SOCIAL ASPECTS on Philanthropy and Health Policy Making LRP-200405-11 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Investment on Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe Exchange Child Test Scores WR-168 Programs with Different Syringe Dispensation Policies LRP-200410-06 BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 California LRP-200406-02 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators BLACK SEA COAST—STRATEGIC ASPECTS of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black Sea LRP-200405-07 Region RP-1127 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles General Population BLINDNESS—PREVENTION & CONTROL LRP-198806-01 Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from Scientific Review LRP-200403-16 Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender BODY MASS INDEX Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City LRP-200406-12 Youth LRP-200404-11 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: California LRP-200410-03 Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures LRP-200409-06 LRP-200401-15 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial BOSTON—EPIDEMIOLOGY Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated Outcomes LRP- 200404-04 with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event BREAST FEEDING—COST EFFECTIVENESS LRP-200400-05 An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Patterns RGSD- 182 CALIFORNIA WORK OPPORTUNITY AND RESPONSIBILITY TO KIDS (PROGRAM) BREAST FEEDING—HEALTH ASPECTS Results from the First California Health and Social Services An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Survey TR-121 Patterns RGSD- 182 CALIFORNIA. SUPERIOR COURT (LOS ANGELES BREAST NEOPLASMS—DIAGNOSIS COUNTY)—EVALUATION Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Screening: A Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Los Review of Model Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention Angeles County Superior Court WR-201 Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups LRP-200400-10 CALIFORNIA—EPIDEMIOLOGY Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community- Study-2: Model Evaluation LRP-200407-11 Based Patients with Urinary Incontinence LRP-200405-25 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders BREAST NEOPLASMS—EPIDEMIOLOGY LRP-200412-02 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Screening: A Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk Review of Model Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04 Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups LRP-200400-10 CALIFORNIA—WORKERS' COMPENSATION Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Diminished Future Study-2: Model Evaluation LRP-200407-11 Earnings and Capacity in Compliance with SB 899 WR-214

BREAST NEOPLASMS—THERAPY CANADA Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed Therapy and Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening Palliative Care LRP-200409-02 Study-2: Model Evaluation LRP-200407-11

BROADBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CANADA—ARMED FORCES—ORDNANCE AND ORDNANCE Future Army Bandwidth Needs and Capabilities MG-156 STORES Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military CALIFORNIA Ammunition Production MG-169 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice Programs LRP- 200409-11 CANADA—ARMED FORCES—PROCUREMENT Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Ammunition Production MG-169 13

CANADIAN SECURITY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE CHICAGO—EPIDEMIOLOGY Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04

CANCER—RESEARCH CHILD Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Sources RGSD-179 LRP-200409-06

CANCER—TREATMENT—COSTS CHILD BEHAVIOR—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of Sources RGSD-179 Kindergartners LRP-200408-03

CAPITAL MARKET—CHINA CHILD CARE SERVICES The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare Prices and Chinese Bond Market OP-117 Choices WR- 137

CAPITAL MOVEMENTS CHILD CARE—DECISION MAKING Venture Capital Investments in China RGSD-180 The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare Prices and Choices WR- 137 CAPITATION FEE The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for CHILD DEVELOPMENT Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200410-09 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR—SURGERY CHILD HEALTH SERVICES Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Survival? LRP-200403-17 Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES—MORTALITY Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—STANDARDS of Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200404-19 Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Drops: Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES—PREVENTION & CONTROL Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the Benefits Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment Until Quality Is Addressed LRP-200409-07 of Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200404-19 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish- Speaking Medicaid Enrollees LRP-200411-09 CAREER CHOICE Predictors for Medical Students Entering a General Surgery CHILD HEALTH SERVICES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL Residency: National Survey Results LRP-200409-21 DATA Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood CATCHMENT AREA (HEALTH) LRP-200406-09 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 CHILD REARING Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: LRP-200404-01 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM—DRUG EFFECTS CHILD WELFARE The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Outcomes LRP- 200404-04 Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03

CERTIFICATE OF NEED CHILD WELFARE—ETHNOLOGY Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: LRP-200403-01 Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status LRP-200407-15 CHEMICAL TERRORISM—SAFETY MEASURES What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, CHILD, PRESCHOOL Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2 of Kindergartners and First-Graders LRP-200401-09 Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported CHEMICAL TERRORISM—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Kindergartners LRP-200408-03 Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 CHILDREN WITH SOCIAL DISABILITIES—EDUCATION— CHEMICAL WARFARE—SAFETY MEASURES CALIFORNIA What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? MG-145 Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2 CHILDREN—BANGLADESH—MATLAB BAZAR THANA The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, CHEMICAL WARFARE—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 14

CHILDREN—BRAZIL—SÃO PAULO CHRONIC DISEASE—THERAPY Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality in Developing An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic Countries: The Case of Child Survival in São Paulo, Brazil Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 RP-1142 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Urbanization, Development, and Under-Five Mortality Differentials Illness Care LRP-200411-04 by Place of Residence in São Paulo, Brazil, 1970–1991 RP-1115 CHRONIC PAIN—TREATMENT Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders CHILDREN—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY RP-1137 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook DRU-2400/2-1 CIGARETTE HABIT—SOCIAL ASPECTS The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Field Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Met Roken Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/5-1 = (Perceptions on a Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Smoking Support) MR-1769 Questionnaires (Spanish) DRU-2400/4 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household CIGARETTE SMOKERS—PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT Questionnaires DRU-2400/3-2 Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Met Roken The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood = (Perceptions on a Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/6-1 Smoking Support) MR-1769

CHILDREN—HEALTH AND HYGIENE—BRAZIL CIVIL DEFENSE Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality in Developing Army Forces for Homeland Security MG-221 Countries: The Case of Child Survival in São Paulo, Brazil Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to RP-1142 Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 Urbanization, Development, and Under-Five Mortality Differentials Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of by Place of Residence in São Paulo, Brazil, 1970–1991 Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and RP-1115 Food Industry MG-135 Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications CHILDREN—NUTRITION of Publicly Available Geospatial Information MG-142 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the The Right Stuff: Defense Planning Challenges for a New Nutrition of Children and Families WR-189 Century RP- 1149 Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond CHILDREN—SOCIAL CONDITIONS to Terrorist Attacks MG-217 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 CIVIL JUSTICE CHINA—ARMED FORCES—REORGANIZATION RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Implications for Chinese Military Modernization CT-217 CIVIL PROCEDURE Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution CHINA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Movement Is Reshaping Our Legal System RP-1090 China's Economy, Resilience and Challenge RP-1116 CIVIL SERVICE—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CHINA—ECONOMIC POLICY An Executive Perspective on Workforce Planning MR-1684/2 China's Economy, Resilience and Challenge RP-1116 An Operational Process for Workforce Planning MR-1684/1

CHINA—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS—TAIWAN CIVIL SERVICE—STUDY AND TEACHING (INTERNSHIP) Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow Intern Programs as a Human Resources Management Tool for the of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Department of Defense MG-138 Strait TR- 133 CLASS ACTIONS (CIVIL PROCEDURE) CHINA—MILITARY RELATIONS RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military-to- Military Relationship MG-143 CLINICAL COMPETENCE Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms CHIROPRACTIC—ETHICS on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic LRP-200400-06 Procedures RP- 1144

CHIROPRACTIC—METHODS CLINICAL COMPETENCE—STANDARDS Communication in the Chiropractic Health Encounter Sociological How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable Evaluations of and Anthropological Approaches LRP-200400-07 Individual Clinicians? LRP-200403-04

CHIROPRACTIC—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION CLINICAL PHARMACY INFORMATION SYSTEMS Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic LRP-200400-06 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help CHOLESTEROL—BLOOD Early Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: A Likely to Benefit Patients LRP-200405-23 Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry LRP-200401-10 CLINICAL PHARMACY INFORMATION SYSTEMS— ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION CHRONIC DISEASE A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Prescribing Systems Based on Their Functional Capabilities Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the LRP-200401-08 Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 15

CLINICAL TRIALS COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS—SECURITY Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, MEASURES—UNITED STATES —CONGRESSES with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 Sources RGSD-179 Workshop CF-196

CLINICAL TRIALS—METHODS COMMAND OF TROOPS Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village in Sources RGSD-179 Saudi Arabia DB-435 A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions COMMERCIAL POLICY to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Europe MG-195 CLUSTER ANALYSIS Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in COMMUNICATION the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing LRP-200412-17 Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16

COGNITION DISORDERS—COMPLICATIONS COMMUNICATION BARRIERS Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish- with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 Speaking Medicaid Enrollees LRP-200411-09

COGNITIVE THERAPY COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATION Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the External Audiences for Test-Based Accountability: The Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04 Perspectives of Journalists and Foundations OP-111

COLLABORATING FOR EDUCATION REFORM INITIATIVE COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL—UNITED STATES—CASE Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Approach to Education STUDIES Reform MG- 216 Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Approach to Education Reform MG- 216 COLLEGE STUDENTS—EMPLOYMENT Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the College Market: COMMUNITY COLLEGES—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Results from a National Survey MG-105 Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles Community College District TR-122 COLONIC POLYPS—EPIDEMIOLOGY National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Adenomas LRP-200409-28 Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from Homicides WR-188 COLONOSCOPY National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING—ECONOMICS Adenomas LRP-200409-28 Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Interventions LRP-200411-03 COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS—DIAGNOSIS Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING—FLORIDA Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for the Uninsured TR-177 COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING—METHODS of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services LRP-200405-07 Research LRP- 200406-04

COMBAT COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING—ORGANIZATION & Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation ADMINISTRATION of Candidate Technologies MG-140 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster LRP- 200408-04 COMBINED OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE)—PLANNING Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Safety Net U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Improved Planning and LRP-200405-21 Management MG-165 COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Home and Communications Networks to Support Integrated Intelligence, Community-Based Services Program LRP-200409-25 Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Strike Operations TR-159 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—FLORIDA Awareness MR- 1467 Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on the Uninsured TR-177 Decisionmaking MG-226 COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—FLORIDA—MIAMI COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS—GREAT BRITAIN Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on the Uninsured TR-177 Decisionmaking MG-226 16

COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES—STANDARDS COMPUTER NETWORKS—SECURITY MEASURES—UNITED Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Results from STATES—CONGRESSES the CQI Study: Information on Quality at the Community Level Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Impact on Workshop CF-196 Americans' Health LRP-200405-12 COMPUTER SECURITY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE COMMUNITY LIFE The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12

COMMUNITY MEDICINE—STANDARDS COMPUTER WAR GAMES Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 of Candidate Technologies MG-140

COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION—NEW ENGLAND & ADMINISTRATION When Computers Go to School: How Kent School Implemented Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services Information Technology to Enrich Teaching and Learning Research LRP- 200406-04 TR-126

COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION CONDOMS—ECONOMICS Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free Community Violence LRP-200404-05 Condoms LRP- 200407-01

COMMUNITY VOICES MIAMI (PROJECT) CONDOMS—UTILIZATION Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free the Uninsured TR-177 Condoms LRP- 200407-01

COMORBIDITY CONNECTICUT—EPIDEMIOLOGY Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? LRP-200402-16 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04 COMPARATIVE STUDY Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and CONSUMER BEHAVIOR—GERMANY Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine LRP-200410-08 Literaturübersicht = Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Health Care: A Literature Review TR-105/1 Health-Related Quality of Life LRP-200410-07 Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle- Literature Review TR-105 Aged, and Older Adults LRP-200407-09 CONSUMER PARTICIPATION COMPENSATION (LAW)—CALIFORNIA The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Malpractice Trials: Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Provider Organizations in the California Jury Verdicts under MICRA MG-234 United States: A Discussion of Industry Concerns LRP-200405-29 COMPETITION, INTERNATIONAL Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and CONSUMER SATISFACTION Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed Europe MG-195 Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities LRP-200402-12 High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Competitiveness TR-136 CONSUMER SATISFACTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- Communication in the Chiropractic Health Encounter Sociological Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200410-09 and Anthropological Approaches LRP-200400-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES—TRENDS Integration and Paradigm Clash: The Practical Difficulties of CONSUMERS' PREFERENCES—GERMANY Integrative Medicine LRP-200400-02 Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Literaturübersicht = Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Sociological Perspective LRP-200406-11 Health Care: A Literature Review TR-105/1 Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A COMPLEX LITIGATION Literature Review TR-105 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 CONSUMPTION (ECONOMICS)—SURVEYS COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS—UTILIZATION Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Severe Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 Mental Illness LRP-200410-10 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? WR-195 COMPUTER NETWORKS—SECURITY MEASURES Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance and Information Data WR- 146 Assurance MR- 1692 A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in Experimental Consumption Data WR-147 17

CONTAINER PORTS—SECURITY MEASURES COST CONTROL—METHODS Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who Chain TR-214 Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Coverage LRP- 200408-16 CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing COST OF ILLNESS Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 CONTINUITY OF PATIENT CARE Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the COST SHARING Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Challenge to Prescribing Physicians LRP-200411-06 CONTINUITY OF PATIENT CARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small Group DATA of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood Coming for Tiered Copayment Designs LRP-200401-02 LRP-200406-09 COST SHARING—TRENDS CONTRACTING OUT Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium Increases Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation Support LRP-200401-11 Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Sector Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill MR-1812 LRP-200405-17

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Providers: Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Characteristics and Challenges LRP-200405-15 Interventions LRP-200411-03 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Latinos COOPERATIVE INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH LRP-200405-19 Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Identify Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Scientists TR- 211 Fraction LRP-200403-18 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Drug COOPERATIVE INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH—JAPAN Prevention LRP- 200403-11 Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS Scientists TR- 211 Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free Condoms LRP- 200407-01 CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms COUNSELING on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- Procedures RP- 1144 Analysis LRP-200406-05

CORONARY DISEASE—ETIOLOGY COUNTERINSURGENCY Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 US Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency LRP-200400-03

CORONARY DISEASE—PREVENTION & CONTROL COUNTERINSURGENCY—IRAQ A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq OP-127 Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or COUNTERINSURGENCY—PREVENTION Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404

CORONARY HEART DISEASE—ETIOLOGY COURTSHIP Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness LRP-200404-03 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance and Information CRIME FORECASTING Assurance MR- 1692 Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Behavior MG-126 CORPORATIONS—SECURITY MEASURES—MANAGEMENT Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance and Information CRIME VICTIMS Assurance MR- 1692 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV LRP-200412-21 CORRESPONDENCE The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological CRIME—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: An Item Response Theory Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Analysis LRP-200403-08 LRP-200403-14

COST AND STANDARD OF LIVING—INDONESIA CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey MG-137 Behavior MG-126 18

CRIMINAL JUSTICE, ADMINISTRATION United States: A Discussion of Industry Concerns OF—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES LRP-200405-29 Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Los Angeles County Superior Court WR-201 DATA COLLECTION—INSTRUMENTATION Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Severe CRIMINAL METHODS Mental Illness LRP-200410-10 Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Behavior MG-126 DATA COLLECTION—METHODS Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Mainstream Research? CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN GOVERNMENT—DECISION LRP-200409-22 MAKING The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who DATA COLLECTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Participates, and How? LRP-200406-18 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 CROPS—GENETIC ENGINEERING The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green DATA COLLECTION—TRENDS Revolution MG- 161 Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Mainstream Research? RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 LRP-200409-22

CROSS INFECTION—ECONOMICS DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Stay Associated The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Birth Weight Infants LRP-200408-17 Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health LRP-200410-11 DEAFNESS—AGED Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in CUBA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments MG-111 DECISION MAKING Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and Solution Appendices TR-131 Elements OP- 103 Coordinating the War on Terrorism OP-110 CUBA—FORECASTING Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 MG-111 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. California LRP-200410-03 Appendices TR-131 Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: How to Find Them and What to Do with Them LRP-200411-08 CUBA—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments DECISION MAKING—DRUG EFFECTS MG-111 The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Contents? RP-1101 Appendices TR-131 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS CUBA—SOCIAL CONDITIONS Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity System: Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments Implications for Organizational and Data Flow Changes MG-111 MR-1797 Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Appendices TR-131 DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, CULTURAL DIVERSITY with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice Sources RGSD-179 Programs LRP- 200409-11 A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16 to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 CULTURAL POLICY State Arts Agencies 1965–2003: Whose Interests to Serve? DEFENSE CONTRACTS MG-121 Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711 CULTURE Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Prospective Air Force How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Summary of Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving and DUI Selected Findings DB-434 Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief LRP-200407-12 DEFENSE CONTRACTS—APPROPRIATIONS AND CURRICULUM EXPENDITURES—FORECASTING Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Requirements of Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 the 2002 National Defense Authorization Act MR-1821

DATA COLLECTION DEFENSE CONTRACTS—COST EFFECTIVENESS The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation Support Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Provider Organizations in the Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Sector MR-1812 19

DEFENSE CONTRACTS—EVALUATION There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries Need to Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the Department of Defense: Improve the Way They Measure and Track the Quality of Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Defense MG-107 Patient Care LRP-200405-10 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to DEFENSE INDUSTRIES Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Ammunition Production MG-169 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—TRENDS Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Safety Net DEFENSE INDUSTRIES—CANADA LRP-200405-21 Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? Ammunition Production MG-169 LRP-200409-29

DEFENSE INDUSTRIES—CHINA DEMENTIA—DIAGNOSIS Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Implications for Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the Chinese Military Modernization CT-217 Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04

DEFENSES DEMOCRACY—HONG KONG (CHINA) Army Forces for Homeland Security MG-221 The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September 12, 2004: Assessment and Implications CT-232 DEFENSES—CONGRESSES Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Workshop CF-196 Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages WR-207 DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of- DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION—CASE STUDIES Life Care LRP- 200412-03 Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options MG-206 DELAYED-ACTION PREPARATIONS—THERAPEUTIC USE The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release DEMOGRAPHY Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will Current Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer LRP-200412-17 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Drops: Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the Benefits DEPLOYMENT (STRATEGY) Until Quality Is Addressed LRP-200409-07 The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth Level Logistics MG-190 LRP-200402-11 Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options MG-261 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer Strategy MG- 112 LRP-200412-17 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 Integration and Paradigm Clash: The Practical Difficulties of A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment Integrative Medicine LRP-200400-02 Requirements MG-176 The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16 Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village in Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Saudi Arabia DB-435 Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant LRP-200400-05 Commanders CT-223

DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED— DEPORTATION ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles County Jail: Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal-Local Partnership Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System WR-193 LRP-200411-07 DEPRESSION DISORDER—THERAPY DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—ETHICS Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Quality in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 Improvement Programs for Depression LRP-200405-08 DEPRESSION, MENTAL DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—METHODS Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and Elders WR- 177 Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 LRP-200410-08 DEPRESSION, MENTAL—TREATMENT Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 ADMINISTRATION The Role of the Individual Health Insurance Market and Prospects DEPRESSION—ECONOMICS for Change LRP- 200411-02 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with Depression LRP-200405-03 DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed Therapy and DEPRESSION—PSYCHOLOGY Palliative Care LRP-200409-02 Depression and Leaving Employment Among Older Adult Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy Americans LRP-200401-05 RP-1141 20

Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable DEPT. OF DEFENSE—SUPPLIES AND STORES Elders WR- 177 The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation Enduring Freedom DB-428 DEPRESSION—THERAPY Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes of Persistent DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Care Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free LRP-200403-12 Condoms LRP- 200407-01 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Latinos LRP-200405-19 DIABETES MELLITUS The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Quality Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Improvement Programs for Depression LRP-200405-08 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 DIABETES—TREATMENT Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR—EPIDEMIOLOGY Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200412-02 DIAGNOSIS, DUAL (PSYCHIATRY) Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—DIAGNOSIS Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ LRP-200412-18 for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological How Important Are Client Characteristics to Understanding Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: An Item Response Theory Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Community? Analysis LRP-200403-08 LRP-200412-16

DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—DRUG THERAPY DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS—ECONOMICS Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Primary An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Inpatient Diagnostic Care LRP- 200401-12 Cost Group Model LRP-200406-08 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prescriptions LRP-200405-28 DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—ECONOMICS Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care LRP-200406-15 in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Use DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES—EVALUATION Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral Health Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Patients LRP-200401-04 Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Communities LRP-200412-11 DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—THERAPY Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE—UTILIZATION of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in LRP-200404-13 Primary Care LRP-200404-20

DEPT. OF DEFENSE—RULES AND PRACTICE DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 of Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200404-19

DEPT. OF DEFENSE—COMPUTER NETWORKS—SECURITY DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION MEASURES—CONGRESSES Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System Workshop CF-196 LRP-200411-07

DEPT. OF DEFENSE—OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES DIPLOMACY Intern Programs as a Human Resources Management Tool for the Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It OP-134 Department of Defense MG-138 DISABILITY EVALUATION DEPT. OF DEFENSE—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information Appear to Be on the Rise Among People Ages Eighteen to Technology Personnel MG-108 Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Growing Obesity Epidemic Intern Programs as a Human Resources Management Tool for the LRP-200401-01 Department of Defense MG-138 Depression and the Ability to Work LRP-200401-14 An Operational Process for Workforce Planning MR-1684/1 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Working Around the Military: Challenges to Military Spouse Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Employment and Education MG-196 Instrument LRP-200406-19 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Netherlands DEPT. OF DEFENSE—PROCUREMENT WR-206 Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the Department of Defense: Time-Inconsistency and Welfare WR-158 Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Defense MG-107 The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation DISABILITY EVALUATION—EUROPE Enduring Freedom DB-428 International Comparisons of Work Disability WR-155

DEPT. OF DEFENSE—PROCUREMENT—PLANNING DISABILITY EVALUATION—NETHERLANDS An Operational Process for Workforce Planning MR-1684/1 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Netherlands WR-206 21

DISABLED CHILDREN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE—ETHNOLOGY Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the LRP-200412-21 Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 DRAFT—IRAQ DISABLED PERSONS RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability Appear to Be on the Rise Among People Ages Eighteen to DRUG ABUSE AND CRIME Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Growing Obesity Epidemic Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond LRP-200401-01 Prohibition? WR-125 Time-Inconsistency and Welfare WR-158 DRUG ABUSE—TREATMENT DISABLED PERSONS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Communities LRP-200412-11 Improvements in Disability Among Older Americans LRP-200403-02 DRUG ABUSE—TREATMENT—UNITED STATES The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: DISASTER MEDICINE—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES Implications for NIMBY Disputes and Client Placement Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Decisions RGSD-183 Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 DRUG COMPOUNDING—ECONOMICS DISASTER PLANNING The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Contents? RP-1101 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200409-30 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from DRUG COSTS California LRP-200406-02 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from Pharmacy Program MG-237 Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector DISASTER PLANNING—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION MG-154 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster LRP- 200408-04 DRUG COSTS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who DISASTER RELIEF Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in Coverage LRP- 200408-16 Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170 DRUG COSTS—TRENDS DISCLOSURE The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small Group Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of- of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Life Care LRP- 200412-03 Coming for Tiered Copayment Designs LRP-200401-02 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill DISCRIMINATION LRP-200405-17 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 DRUG INDUSTRY—ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION IN MEDICAL CARE Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and Sideliners Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? LRP-200409-08 LRP-200402-18 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and DRUG INDUSTRY—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 Contents? RP-1101

DISEASES—CODE NUMBERS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS DRUG MONITORING—STANDARDS The Costs and Benefits of Moving to the ICD-10 Code Sets Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable TR-132 Elders RP- 1134 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older DISPUTE RESOLUTION (LAW) Patients LRP-200405-09 Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement Is Reshaping Our Legal System RP-1090 DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the United DISSENT AND DISPUTES States LRP- 200407-02 Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations DRUG THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED—METHODS LRP-200402-04 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help DIVORCE Early Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce Likely to Benefit Patients LRP-200405-23 WR-110 DRUG THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED—ORGANIZATION & DOCUMENTATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA ADMINISTRATION Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04 Prescribing Systems Based on Their Functional Capabilities LRP-200401-08 22

DRUG THERAPY—STANDARDS EDUCATION, SECONDARY—EVALUATION Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in Elders RP- 1134 Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State Policies The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older MR-1655 Patients LRP-200405-09 EDUCATION, URBAN—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES DRUGS, GENERIC—ECONOMICS Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Approach to Education Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and Sideliners Reform MG- 216 LRP-200409-08 EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY DRUGS, NON-PRESCRIPTION—THERAPEUTIC USE Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Phenazopyridine a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 LRP-200405-18 Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability Report Cards WR-202 DRUGS—COST CONTROL Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior MG-158 Pharmacy Program MG-237 External Audiences for Test-Based Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists and Foundations OP-111 DRUGS—LAW AND LEGISLATION Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons for Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean in the United Education from Other Sectors MG-136 States? WR-126 Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY—STATES Prohibition? WR-125 Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 DRUGS—PRICES Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: EDUCATIONAL CHANGE Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive School Reform MG-154 Models WR- 162 The Environment of American Higher Education: A Constellation DRUGS—RESEARCH—EUROPE of Changes RP- 1120 Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Regulation on Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use MG-308 Report Cards WR-202 Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives from DURABLE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT—UTILIZATION Leaders in the Scale-Up of Educational Interventions Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in MG-248 a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Middle School MG-139 EARTHQUAKES Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Science Strengthening Research & Development for Wind Hazard Achievement? WR-166 Mitigation CT- 215 Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era TR-149 EAST ASIA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project WR-165 The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for Chinese Bond Market OP-117 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability ECOLOGY MG-158 Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: An Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons for Ecologic Analysis LRP-200405-27 Education from Other Sectors MG-136 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Participation in Environmental EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS Decision Making LRP-200404-22 Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive School Reform Models WR- 162 ECONOMIC COMPETITION Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition Report Cards WR-202 LRP-200404-01 Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Science Achievement? WR-166 ECONOMIC FORECASTING—CUBA Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project WR-165 Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments MG-111 EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP—ILLINOIS Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: Insights from an Appendices TR-131 Analysis of State Data TR-123

EDUCATION, HIGHER—SOCIAL ASPECTS EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP—NORTH CAROLINA The Environment of American Higher Education: A Constellation Career Paths of School Administrators in North Carolina: Insights of Changes RP- 1120 from an Analysis of State Data TR-129

EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15 of Kindergartners and First-Graders LRP-200401-09 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Investment on EDUCATION, MEDICAL—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Child Test Scores WR-168 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a General Surgery Residency: National Survey Results LRP-200409-21 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING The Environment of American Higher Education: A Constellation of Changes RP- 1120 23

EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in The Environment of American Higher Education: A Constellation Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170 of Changes RP- 1120 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT—EVALUATION EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY—NEW ENGLAND When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and Local When Computers Go to School: How Kent School Implemented Law Enforcement? MG-104 Information Technology to Enrich Teaching and Learning TR-126 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT—RESEARCH Strengthening Research & Development for Wind Hazard EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS Mitigation CT- 215 External Audiences for Test-Based Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists and Foundations OP-111 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS—EVALUATION Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 MG-158 Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons for EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL—HEALTH AND Education from Other Sectors MG-136 HYGIENE Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Analysis of EDUCATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Surveillance Data TR-100 The Environment of American Higher Education: A Constellation of Changes RP- 1120 EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL—SAFETY MEASURES Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Analysis of EDUCATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—CAMEROON Surveillance Data TR-100 Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality: Cameroon, Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in 1987–1995 RP- 1102 Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170

EDUCATION—EVALUATION EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL—WOUNDS AND Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: INJURIES a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Analysis of Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability Surveillance Data TR-100 Report Cards WR-202 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES EDUCATION—STANDARDS Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives from Mass Destruction CT-216 Leaders in the Scale-Up of Educational Interventions MG-248 EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE EFFICIENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 LRP-200402-04

ELECTIONS—HONG KONG (CHINA) EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September 12, 2004: Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Assessment and Implications CT-232 Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02

ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION—FORECASTING EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: Phase I Assimilation Across the Latino Generation RP-1094 Report TR-160 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION—GOVERNMENT POLICY ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot PERSONNEL—RECRUITING OP-132 Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information Technology Personnel MG-108 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION—GOVERNMENT POLICY—FRANCE ELECTRONICS, MEDICAL—ECONOMICS Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare OP-132 Process on Quality and Costs LRP-200401-16 EMPLOYEE RETENTION ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION Deployment, Retention, and Compensation CT-222 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible for Home- EMPLOYEES—MEDICAL CARE—CALIFORNIA and Community-Based Services LRP-200410-13 Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California MG-280

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Analysis of The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on Small Firm Surveillance Data TR-100 Employment LRP-200403-10 Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic EMPLOYER-SPONSORED HEALTH INSURANCE Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Mass Destruction CT-216 Filing? WR- 205 Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security System CT-220 24

EMPLOYMENT—ECONOMICS ETHNIC GROUPS Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for LRP-200412-01 Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Quality EMPLOYMENT—PSYCHOLOGY Improvement Programs for Depression LRP-200405-08 Depression and Leaving Employment Among Older Adult The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing Americans LRP-200401-05 Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16 Depression and the Ability to Work LRP-200401-14 ETHNIC GROUPS—TOBACCO USE EMPLOYMENT—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities Depression and the Ability to Work LRP-200401-14 in Smoking RP- 1124

ENERGY CONSUMPTION—CALIFORNIA EUROPE Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting Energy Efficiency in Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth New California Homes WR-164 LRP-200402-11

ENERGY CONSUMPTION—ECONOMIC EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP ASPECTS—CALIFORNIA Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting Energy Efficiency in Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 New California Homes WR-164 EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY ENERGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and Development and Evaluation TR-112 Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 LRP-200410-08 ENGINEERS Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Requirements Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 of the Federal Government? MG-118 EUROPEAN UNION ENGINEERS—UNITED STATES—CONGRESSES Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, 2004 OP-136 The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Decisionmaking CF-194 EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, 2004 OP-136 ENGLAND Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the EUROPE—ECONOMIC INTEGRATION USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, 2004 OP-136

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT EUROPE—FOREIGN RELATIONS Strengthening Research & Development for Wind Hazard Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development Mitigation CT- 215 OP-101 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1107 EPIDEMIOLOGY After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City EUROPE—FOREIGN RELATIONS—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Youth LRP-200404-11 Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Stage of Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported NATO-Russia Relations CF-203 Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black Sea Kindergartners LRP-200408-03 Region RP-1127 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention EUROPE—MILITARY POLICY—CONGRESSES Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East CF-210 LRP-200400-10 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority EUROPE—POPULATION Patients' Clinical Status and Employment LRP-200408-08 Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Policy Options MG-206 the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer LRP-200412-17 EVALUATION RESEARCH (SOCIAL ACTION Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at PROGRAMS)—CALIFORNIA Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Results from the First California Health and Social Services Improvements in Disability Among Older Americans Survey TR-121 LRP-200403-02 Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the LRP-200409-06 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the United States LRP- 200407-02 EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE—STANDARDS Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: How to Implications for Policy: Two Approaches Hold Promise for Find Them and What to Do with Them LRP-200411-08 Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the Highest in the Industrialized World LRP-200409-10 EXERCISE After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City ERROR ANALYSIS (MATHEMATICS) Youth LRP-200404-11 Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Data WR- 146 EXERCISE—PHYSIOLOGY The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal Trends and Rationales for Interventions LRP-200410-05 25

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL—ENVIRONMENTAL Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What ASPECTS Are the Causes? LRP-200403-09 Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Methods MR-1674 FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS—STANDARDS Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL—GOVERNMENT POLICY Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200410-09 Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Methods MR-1674 FEES AND CHARGES Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL—SAFETY MEASURES Condoms LRP- 200407-01 Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Methods Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in MR-1674 California LRP-200410-03

EYE DISEASES—DIAGNOSIS FEES AND CHARGES—TRENDS Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Insurance Scientific Review LRP-200403-16 Premiums? LRP- 200403-03

FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL FERTILITY, HUMAN—EUROPE How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable Evaluations of International Comparisons of Work Disability WR-155 Individual Clinicians? LRP-200403-04 Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options MG-206 FACULTY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported FERTILITY—EUROPE Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of International Comparisons of Work Disability WR-155 Kindergartners LRP-200408-03 Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options MG-206 FALLS (ACCIDENTS)—PREVENTION Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and FINANCIAL CRISES—ASIA Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for Chinese Bond Market OP-117 FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY FINANCIAL CRISES—LATIN AMERICA The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for DRU-2400/2-1 Chinese Bond Market OP-117 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Field Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/5-1 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group and the Questionnaires (Spanish) DRU-2400/4 Effects of Payer Generosity LRP-200409-18 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Questionnaires DRU-2400/3-2 FINANCIAL REINSURANCE The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/6-1 WR-171 Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS—INDONESIA Terrorism Insurance OP-135 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey MG-137 FINANCING, GOVERNMENT Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in FAMILY PLANNING California LRP-200410-03 Changes in American Opinion About Family Planning RP-1148 FINANCING, PERSONAL FAMILY PRACTICE—STANDARDS Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Depression LRP-200405-03 Scientific Review LRP-200403-16 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in California LRP-200410-03 FAMILY—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook FIRE FIGHTERS—SAFETY MEASURES DRU-2400/2-1 Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Field Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170 Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/5-1 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household FIREARMS AND CRIME—CALIFORNIA—EAST LOS ANGELES Questionnaires (Spanish) DRU-2400/4 Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Research Results The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household and Policy Options WR-128 Questionnaires DRU-2400/3-2 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood FIREARMS—CALIFORNIA—EAST LOS ANGELES Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/6-1 Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Research Results RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 and Policy Options WR-128

FEDERAL AID TO RESEARCH FLUOXETINE—ECONOMICS Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and Sideliners the Nation's Universities and Colleges MR-1824 LRP-200409-08

FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS—ECONOMICS FOOD INDUSTRY AND TRADE—DEFENSE MEASURES Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium Increases Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of LRP-200401-11 Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and Food Industry MG-135 26

FOOD INDUSTRY AND TRADE—DEFENSE MEASURES— FRAIL ELDERLY UNITED STATES —CONGRESSES Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel RP-1128 on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Developing Livestock CF- 193 Quality Indicators RP-1129 Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable FOOD SUPPLY—SAFETY MEASURES Elders RP- 1134 Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Community-Dwelling Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and and Hospitalized Elders RP-1130 Food Industry MG-135 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Elders RP-1131 FOOD SUPPLY—SAFETY MEASURES—CONGRESSES Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel RP-1137 on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Livestock CF- 193 Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139 Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and FOREIGN PUBLIC OPINION Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It OP-134 Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in Vulnerable Elders RP-1133 FOREIGN RELATIONS Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 India MG- 141 Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Conflict, Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 Stability, and Political Change MR-1640 Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act of Elders RP- 1138 2004 CT-218 Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 FOREIGN RELATIONS ADMINISTRATION Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It OP-134 FRANCE. DIRECTION DE LA SURVEILLANCE DU TERRITOIRE FOREIGN RELATIONS—AFGHANISTAN Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Civilian and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, September 2001-June 2002 MG-212 FREIGHT AND FREIGHTAGE—NETHERLANDS Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van FOREIGN RELATIONS—EUROPE Goederen over De Weg = Main Survey into the Value of Time Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development in Freight Transport by Road TR-110 OP-101 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1107 FUND RAISING Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private FOREIGN RELATIONS—HAITI Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable A Fresh Start for Haiti? Charting Future U.S. Haitian Relations on Philanthropy and Health Policy Making LRP-200405-11 CT-219 GENDER IDENTITY FOREIGN RELATIONS—INDIA Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness India MG- 141 LRP-200404-03 U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue CF-201 GENERALS FOREIGN RELATIONS—KOREA (SOUTH) Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Officer Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes Toward the Management MR- 1712 U.S TR- 141 GENETIC ENGINEERING FOREIGN RELATIONS—MIDDLE EAST The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle Revolution MG- 161 East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian Partnership RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 OP-118 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS—DEFENSE FOREIGN RELATIONS—PAKISTAN MEASURES The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications India MG- 141 of Publicly Available Geospatial Information MG-142

FORMULARIES GEOPOLITICS—BLACK SEA COAST A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Challenge to Prescribing The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black Sea Physicians LRP-200411-06 Region RP-1127 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program MG-237 GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 MG-154 GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT—METHODS FORMULARIES—STANDARDS Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-19 27

Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and HEALTH BEHAVIOR Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 GOUT—THERAPY Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users LRP-200403-05 LRP-200407-10 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle- GOVERNMENT AID TO THE ARTS Aged, and Older Adults LRP-200407-09 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts MG- 218 HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS, EMPLOYEE—ECONOMICS State Arts Agencies 1965–2003: Whose Interests to Serve? Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium Increases MG-121 LRP-200401-11 The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on Small Firm GREAT BRITAIN. MI5 Employment LRP-200403-10 Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 California LRP-200410-03

GREAT BRITAIN—ARMED FORCES—COMMUNICATION HEALTH CARE COSTS SYSTEMS Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Myocardial Infarction Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Decisionmaking MG-226 Conditions LRP-200405-26 The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs and Revenues: GREEN REVOLUTION Is There a Difference Between For-Profit and Nonprofit The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Plans? LRP- 200409-27 Revolution MG- 161 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction LRP-200402-17 GROUP PRACTICE—ECONOMICS Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and Medical Care Costs LRP-200412-22 Groups: A Comment LRP-200409-17 Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Transformation? Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures GROUP PRACTICE—STANDARDS LRP-200405-22 Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and Medical Groups: A Comment LRP-200409-17 HEALTH CARE COSTS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare GUIDELINE ADHERENCE Process on Quality and Costs LRP-200401-16 Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Use Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral Health Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Patients LRP-200401-04 Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt HEALTH CARE REFORM—CALIFORNIA Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Reminders LRP- 200401-07 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Self-Reported Jurisdictions CT- 227 Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren G. Miller LRP-200402-02 HEALTH CARE REFORM—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION GUIDELINE ADHERENCE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United California LRP-200406-02 States: Appendix WR-174 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 GUIDELINES Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid HEALTH CARE SURVEYS Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Case- Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200408-10 LRP-200406-14

GUN CONTROL—CALIFORNIA—EAST LOS ANGELES HEALTH EXPENDITURES Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Research Results Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Years of and Policy Options WR-128 Life RP- 1109 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use HAITI—FOREIGN RELATIONS LRP-200402-07 A Fresh Start for Haiti? Charting Future U.S. Haitian Relations Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with CT-219 Depression LRP-200405-03 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare HEALTH Managed Care WR-216 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles General Population HEALTH EXPENDITURES—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA LRP-198806-01 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What Are the Causes? LRP-200403-09 Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Care Costs LRP-200412-22 28

HEALTH EXPENDITURES—TRENDS HEALTH POLICY—FLORIDA Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for Report TR-169 the Uninsured TR-177

HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY HEALTH POLICY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE ACT—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on Serious Chronic The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Illness and Palliative Care LRP-200402-19 Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 HEALTH PRIORITIES HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Global Health Services Research: Challenging the Future Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Phenazopyridine LRP-200412-19 LRP-200405-18 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from HEALTH PROMOTION the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Quality Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Preferences for Initial Improvement Programs for Depression LRP-200405-08 Care by Specialists LRP-200405-24 HEALTH PROMOTION—ECONOMICS HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal Trends and The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Rationales for Interventions LRP-200410-05 Beneficiaries LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare HEALTH PROMOTION—METHODS Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix WR-138 Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 LRP-200409-06 Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Insurance Premiums? LRP- 200403-03 HEALTH PROMOTION—MEXICO RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—ECONOMICS The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs and Revenues: HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT Is There a Difference Between For-Profit and Nonprofit RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Plans? LRP- 200409-27 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Drops: Infarction LRP-200402-17 Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the Benefits HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—FINANCE Until Quality Is Addressed LRP-200409-07 The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs and Revenues: Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Is There a Difference Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System Plans? LRP- 200409-27 LRP-200405-04 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—LEGISLATION & Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 JURISPRUDENCE The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Perceived Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A Quality of Insurance Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations Use of Mental Health Specialty Care LRP-200410-04 LRP-200402-04 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS—UTILIZATION Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium Increases Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic LRP-200401-11 Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States LRP-200407-03 HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 California LRP-200406-02 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—FLORIDA Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for the Uninsured TR-177 HEALTH PLANNING Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—STANDARDS Report TR-169 Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 HEALTH PLANNING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE—FLORIDA LRP-200410-08 Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for the Uninsured TR-177 HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA HEALTH POLICY Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private Programs LRP- 200409-11 Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition on Philanthropy and Health Policy Making LRP-200405-11 LRP-200404-01 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Difficult? LRP- 200412-06 HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders LRP-200406-14 29

HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—ECONOMICS HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services RP-1128 Research LRP- 200406-04 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 Primary Care LRP-200404-20 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Years of Life RP- 1109 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—ECONOMICS The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Transformation? Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures Older Persons LRP-200406-17 LRP-200405-22 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—LEGISLATION & Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final JURISPRUDENCE Report TR-169 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare WR-197 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—STANDARDS Global Health Services Research: Challenging the Future Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the LRP-200412-19 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable HEALTH SERVICES—ECONOMICS Elders RP- 1134 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200400-01 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Elders RP-1131 HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health RP-1137 Care Costs LRP-200412-22 Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139 HEALTH STATUS Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Severe Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 Mental Illness LRP-200410-10 Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Multiple Vulnerable Elders RP-1133 Developmental Trajectories and Their Associated Outcomes Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in LRP-200405-16 Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 LRP-200407-15 Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: Elders RP- 1138 Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in LRP-200409-06 Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles General Population HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED—UTILIZATION LRP-198806-01 Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical Procedures and Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life Among Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly Persons: 1986–1997 Hemodialysis Patients LRP-200404-16 LRP-200410-08 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health LRP-200410-11 HEALTH SERVICES MISUSE Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health LRP-200405-07 Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the United Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health States RP- 1104 Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS—UNITED STATES— Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System LONGITUDINAL STUDIES LRP-200405-04 Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 HEALTH STATUS—AGED The Role of the Individual Health Insurance Market and Prospects Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: for Change LRP- 200411-02 Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND—ECONOMICS Report TR-169 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 HEALTH SURVEYS—CALIFORNIA Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND—STATISTICS & Jurisdictions CT- 227 NUMERICAL DATA Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through HEARING DISORDERS Community Violence LRP-200404-05 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 30

HEARING DISORDERS—EPIDEMIOLOGY The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Provider and Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in Met and Unmet Mental Health Needs in a Nationally Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Representative Sample of HIV-Positive Patients LRP-200404-18 HEARING LOSS Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in HIV INFECTIONS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered HEART FAILURE and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in LRP-200409-01 Vulnerable Elders RP-1133 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the United States LRP- 200407-02 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING—RESEARCH—FINANCE Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk Identifying Federally Funded Research and Development on Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04 Information Technology CT-229-1 HIV INFECTIONS—PREVENTION & CONTROL HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION—NEW ENGLAND Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention When Computers Go to School: How Kent School Implemented Interventions LRP-200411-03 Information Technology to Enrich Teaching and Learning Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk TR-126 Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04

HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES HIV INFECTIONS—THERAPY High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Competitiveness Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality TR-136 Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES—GOVERNMENT POLICY Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Competitiveness Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt TR-136 Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical HISPANIC AMERICANS Reminders LRP- 200401-07 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Latinos LRP-200405-19 HIV INFECTIONS—TRANSMISSION Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV Structure and English-Spanish Measurement Invariance LRP-200412-21 LRP-200406-16 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe Exchange Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic Programs with Different Syringe Dispensation Policies Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States LRP-200410-06 LRP-200407-03 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors HISPANIC AMERICANS—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS LRP-200406-12 Assimilation Across the Latino Generation RP-1094 HIV-POSITIVE PERSONS—MEDICAL CARE HISPANIC AMERICANS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05

HIV INFECTIONS HOME CARE SERVICES Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States WR-159 LRP-200407-03 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible for Home- HIV INFECTIONS—COMPLICATIONS and Community-Based Services LRP-200410-13 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Quality of HIV Care Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Home and LRP-200402-10 Community-Based Services Program LRP-200409-25

HIV INFECTIONS—DRUG THERAPY HOME CARE SERVICES—UTILIZATION Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons with Serious Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in Mental Illness LRP-200404-15 a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients HOMELESS PERSONS—PSYCHOLOGY LRP-200404-21 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 LRP-200409-01 Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults LRP-200412-01 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans LRP-200403-13 Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from No Evidence of an Association Between Transient HIV Viremia Homicides WR-188 ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Regimen LRP-200404-17 HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the United Violence in East and West Oakland: A Descriptive Analysis States LRP- 200407-02 WR-129 Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users HOMICIDE—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO—CASE STUDIES LRP-200407-10 Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis WR-142 31

HONG KONG (CHINA)—ECONOMIC POLICY HOSPITALS—REHABILITATION SERVICES—PROSPECTIVE Hong Kong at the Crossroads CT-228 PAYMENT Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective HONG KONG (CHINA)—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Payment System MR-1501 Hong Kong at the Crossroads CT-228 Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Payment System: Appendices MR-1501/1 HONG KONG (CHINA)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September 12, 2004: HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Assessment and Implications CT-232 A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in Experimental Consumption Data WR-147 HONG KONG (CHINA: SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS—INDONESIA Hong Kong at the Crossroads CT-228 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey MG-137 HOSPICE CARE Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Data WR- 146 HOSPICE CARE—STANDARDS Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION Programs LRP- 200409-11 When Does Quality Improvement Count as Research? Human Subject Protection and Theories of Knowledge HOSPICE CARE—UTILIZATION LRP-200402-13 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use LRP-200402-07 HUMAN OSTEOARTHRITIS—THERAPY Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's HOSPICES Quality Indicator Set for Osteoarthritis LRP-200408-18 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 HUMAN SERVICES—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION Results from the First California Health and Social Services HOSPICES—STANDARDS Survey TR-121 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice Programs LRP- 200409-11 HUMAN SERVICES—EVALUATION Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? WR-167 HOSPITAL COSTS—TRENDS The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE—AFGHANISTAN Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Civilian Older Persons LRP-200406-17 Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, September 2001-June 2002 MG-212 HOSPITAL MORTALITY Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth HUNGER—PREVENTION Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the Nutrition of Children and Families WR-189 HOSPITALIZATION—ECONOMICS Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE Process on Quality and Costs LRP-200401-16 INHIBITORS—PHARMACOLOGY The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial HOSPITALIZATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Associated Outcomes LRP- 200404-04 with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization LRP-200409-12 HYDROXYUREA—THERAPEUTIC USE HOSPITALS, COMMUNITY—CLASSIFICATION Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First Effective Treatment Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition for Sickle Cell Anemia LRP-200412-04 LRP-200404-01 HYPERTENSION—THERAPY HOSPITALS, VETERANS—MANPOWER Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Primary WR-186 Care Practices LRP-200408-02 HYPERTENSION—TREATMENT—EVALUATION HOSPITALS, VETERANS—ORGANIZATION & Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons ADMINISTRATION WR-186 Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED—ECONOMICS Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational Process on Quality and Costs LRP-200401-16 Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 IMMIGRANTS—CULTURAL ASSIMILATION Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot HOSPITALS—REHABILITATION SERVICES OP-132 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? Assimilation Across the Latino Generation RP-1094 WR-159 IMMIGRANTS—CULTURAL ASSIMILATION—FRANCE Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot OP-132 32

IMMUNOTHERAPY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE INFANTS—MORTALITY—RESEARCH The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will Current Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 INFLATION, ECONOMIC INCOME DISTRIBUTION Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Insurance Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First Premiums? LRP- 200403-03 Marriage on Career Development and Wages WR-207 INFLUENZA—PREVENTION & CONTROL INCOME DISTRIBUTION—MALAYSIA Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 Married-Couple Households in Malaysia RP-1111 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION INDIA—FOREIGN RELATIONS Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and RP-1141 India MG- 141 U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue CF-201 INFORMATION NETWORKS—GOVERNMENT POLICY Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on INDIA—STRATEGIC ASPECTS Decisionmaking MG-226 U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue CF-201 Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than War OP-109 INDONESIA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: INFORMATION NETWORKS—GOVERNMENT Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey MG-137 POLICY—GREAT BRITAIN Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION—CHINA Decisionmaking MG-226 Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Implications for Chinese Military Modernization CT-217 INFORMATION SERVICES—SECURITY MEASURES—UNITED STATES —CONGRESSES INFANT MORTALITY Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Workshop CF-196 Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—CHINA Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Strait TR- 133 INFANT MORTALITY—TRENDS Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY—RESEARCH—FINANCE Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the United Identifying Federally Funded Research and Development on States RP- 1104 Information Technology CT-229-1 Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 INFORMATION WARFARE Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and Solution INFANT NUTRITION Elements OP- 103 An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Measuring Patterns RGSD- 182 the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared Awareness MR- 1467 INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Forces in Demanding Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 Contingencies Other Than War OP-109 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 INFORMATION WARFARE—UNITED STATES—CONGRESSES Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT Workshop CF-196 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 INPATIENTS Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Stay Associated Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Birth Weight Infants LRP-200408-17 Facilities LRP-200412-07 Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: Implications for Policy: Two Approaches Hold Promise for INSURANCE CLAIM REVIEW Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for Highest in the Industrialized World LRP-200409-10 Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Chronic Medical Conditions LRP-200412-15 INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT—UNITED STATES—STATISTICS INSURANCE COVERAGE—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 LRP-200402-04 The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Perceived INFANTS—BANGLADESH—MATLAB BAZAR THANA Quality of Insurance Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Use of Mental Health Specialty Care LRP-200410-04 Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 33

INSURANCE COVERAGE—STANDARDS INTELLIGENCE LEVELS—SOCIAL ASPECTS Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department Services: A The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Investment on Study of Two Health Maintenance Organizations Child Test Scores WR-168 LRP-200402-04 INTELLIGENCE SERVICE INSURANCE, BUSINESS—LAW AND LEGISLATION Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and Solution Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks MG-264 Elements OP- 103 Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual INSURANCE, DENTAL Behavior MG-126 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for- Service Dental Benefit Plans LRP-200410-09 INTELLIGENCE—CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, INSURANCE, DISABILITY and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 Time-Inconsistency and Welfare WR-158 INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL—STANDARDS INSURANCE, DISABILITY—CALIFORNIA Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California MG-280 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 INSURANCE, HEALTH Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 LRP-200406-09 The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL—STATISTICS & Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare NUMERICAL DATA WR-197 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Stay Associated The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on Small Firm with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Employment LRP-200403-10 Birth Weight Infants LRP-200408-17 The Role of the Individual Health Insurance Market and Prospects for Change LRP- 200411-02 INTENSIVE CARE, NEONATAL—STANDARDS Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: INSURANCE, HEALTH, REIMBURSEMENT—STATISTICS & Implications for Policy: Two Approaches Hold Promise for NUMERICAL DATA Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group and the Highest in the Industrialized World LRP-200409-10 Effects of Payer Generosity LRP-200409-18 INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN INSURANCE, HEALTH—CALIFORNIA EDUCATION—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California MG-280 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15 INSURANCE, HEALTH—ECONOMICS Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Insurance INTERNAL SECURITY—CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES Premiums? LRP- 200403-03 Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 California LRP-200410-03 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES INSURANCE, HEALTH—GERMANY Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Literaturübersicht = Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Europe MG-195 Health Care: A Literature Review TR-105/1 Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Literature Review TR-105 The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on Transatlantic Cooperation in the War on Terror CT-225 INSURANCE, LIFE—POLICIES Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Markets INTERNET—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE LRP-200412-09 Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing and Dispensing Medications Using the Internet LRP-200402-14 INSURANCE, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL Pharmacy Program MG-237 DATA Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Predictors for Medical Students Entering a General Surgery Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Residency: National Survey Results LRP-200409-21 MG-154 INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW) INSURANCE, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES—ECONOMICS Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act of Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who 2004 CT-218 Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Coverage LRP- 200408-16 INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW)—DECISION MAKING The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who INSURANCE, PHYSICIANS' LIABILITY—CALIFORNIA Participates, and How? LRP-200406-18 Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Malpractice Trials: California Jury Verdicts under MICRA MG-234 INTERVENTION STUDIES Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention INSURANCE, PSYCHIATRIC Interventions LRP-200411-03 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 34

INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL—METHODS KOREA (SOUTH)—FOREIGN RELATIONS The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes Toward the Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: An Item Response Theory U.S TR- 141 Analysis LRP-200403-08INTERVIEWING—TECHNIQUE Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone Interviewing KOREA (SOUTH)—MILITARY POLICY LRP-200405-02 Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After 9/11 MG-115 INVESTMENTS, FOREIGN—CHINA Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow KOREA (SOUTH)—MILITARY RELATIONS of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After Strait TR- 133 9/11 MG-115

INVESTMENTS—CHINA KOREANS—KOREA (SOUTH)—ATTITUDES Venture Capital Investments in China RGSD-180 Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes Toward the U.S TR- 141 IRAQ WAR, 2003—PRESS COVERAGE Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in KOSOVO (SERBIA)—HISTORY Historical Context MG-200 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819

IRAQ—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT LABOR ECONOMICS Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq OP-127 Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages WR-207 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME—ETHNOLOGY Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on LABOR MOBILITY Health-Related Quality of Life LRP-200410-07 Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Feasibility MG-134 IRRITABLE MOOD Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Severe Irritability Associated with Statin Cholesterol-Lowering Military Manpower and Personnel Policy? OP-108 Drugs LRP- 200404-10 LABOR SUPPLY ISLAM Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223

ISLAM AND CIVIL SOCIETY LABOR—FORECASTING RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the Future Workforce and Workplace in the United States MG-164 ISLAM AND POLITICS—ISLAMIC COUNTRIES The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246 LATIN AMERICA—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Crises for ISLAMIC COUNTRIES—RELATIONS Chinese Bond Market OP-117 The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246 LAW ENFORCEMENT—EVALUATION ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and Local The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246 Law Enforcement? MG-104

ISLAMIC MODERNISM LEADERSHIP RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village in JAMMU AND KASHMIR (INDIA)—POLITICS AND Saudi Arabia DB-435 GOVERNMENT The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Illness Care LRP-200411-04 India MG- 141 LEAVE OF ABSENCE JOINTS An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Surface Warfare Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid Officers DB-418 Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of LEISURE ACTIVITIES Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal Trends and Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Case- Rationales for Interventions LRP-200410-05 Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200408-10 LENGTH OF STAY—ECONOMICS JUDAISM Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Stay Associated Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 Birth Weight Infants LRP-200408-17

JUDICIAL ROLE LIFE CHANGE EVENTS Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Providers: Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse Characteristics and Challenges LRP-200405-15 Treatment LRP- 200404-08 Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Los Angeles County Superior Court WR-201 LINEAR MODELS Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use KIDNEYS—TRANSPLANTATION—SOCIAL ASPECTS LRP-200402-07 Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? LRP-200402-18 35

LIPIDS—BLOOD Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans LRP-200403-13 Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users LRP-200407-10 LITERACY—GOVERNMENT POLICY Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: LOS ANGELES (CALIF.)—SOCIAL a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 CONDITIONS—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook Report Cards WR-202 DRU-2400/2-1 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Field LIVER FAILURE—DIAGNOSIS Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/5-1 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices Associated with The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with End-Stage Liver Questionnaires (Spanish) DRU-2400/4 Disease? LRP- 200409-14 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Questionnaires DRU-2400/3-2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT—PENNSYLVANIA—CASE STUDIES The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/6-1 Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 LOS ANGELES COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT—FINANCE LOCAL TRANSIT—SECURITY MEASURES Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles Community Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface Transportation College District TR-122 CT-226 LOS ANGELES FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD SURVEY LOGISTICS Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? MG-145 The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing- Level Logistics MG-190 LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT—SECURITY The Impact of Equipment Availability and Reliability on Mission MEASURES Outcomes: An Initial Look DB-423 Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 International Airport DB-468-1 Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711 LOS ANGELES—EPIDEMIOLOGY Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: LOGISTICS—CONTRACTING OUT Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation Enduring Freedom DB-428 LOUISIANA—EPIDEMIOLOGY Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: An LOGISTICS—MANAGEMENT Ecologic Analysis LRP-200405-27 Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs MG-128 LUGGAGE—INSPECTION How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage LONG-TERM CARE Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Summary DB- 412 Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible for Home- and Community-Based Services LRP-200410-13 LUGGAGE—INSPECTION—COSTS How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Screening Equipment by Considering the Economic Cost of Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During Passenger Delays DB-410 Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study LUNGS—DISEASES—TREATMENT of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A Elders RP- 1138 Multivariate Analysis LRP-200408-12 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of M1 (TANK)—MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks MR-1789 LOS ANGELES Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary MALE Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through LRP-200405-04 Community Violence LRP-200404-05 Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for Substance- Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Outcomes of Youths Entering MALNUTRITION Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- LRP-200409-20 Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster LRP- 200408-04 MAMMOGRAPHY Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring MAMMOGRAPHY—METHODS Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening LRP-200412-18 Study-2: Model Evaluation LRP-200407-11 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered MANAGED CARE PLANS (MEDICAL CARE) and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior LRP-200409-01 Pharmacy Program MG-237 36

The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare MARIJUANA SMOKING Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix WR-138 Substance Use and Early Marriage LRP-200402-03 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 MARIJUANA SMOKING—ECONOMICS Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Infarction LRP-200402-17 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare MARIJUANA SMOKING—EPIDEMIOLOGY Managed Care WR-216 Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Plans RP- 1126 MARIJUANA—LAW AND LEGISLATION MANAGED CARE PLANS (MEDICAL CARE)—EVALUATION— Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean in the United STANDARDS States? WR-126 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Does Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200412-12 Prohibition? WR-125

MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS MARINE TERMINALS—SECURITY MEASURES Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities LRP-200402-12 Chain TR-214 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain LRP-200405-01 MARRIAGE Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Marriage on Career Development and Wages WR-207 The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—ECONOMICS WR-110 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care WR-216 MARRIAGE—ECONOMIC ASPECTS—MALAYSIA The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—STANDARDS Married-Couple Households in Malaysia RP-1111 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 MARRIAGE—PSYCHOLOGY Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority Substance Use and Early Marriage LRP-200402-03 Patients' Clinical Status and Employment LRP-200408-08 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators MARRIED WOMEN—EMPLOYMENT—MALAYSIA of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among LRP-200405-07 Married-Couple Households in Malaysia RP-1111 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Patients LRP-200405-09 MASS SCREENING Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to Developing and Comparing Population Models for the Early Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 Detection Center LRP-200412-08 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Screening: A MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS—UTILIZATION Review of Model Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting LRP-200400-10 LRP-200405-07 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans LRP-200403-13 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening MANEUVER WARFARE Study-2: Model Evaluation LRP-200407-11 Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science Board MG-123 MASS SCREENING—ECONOMICS Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to MANIPULATION, CHIROPRACTIC Identify Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Communication in the Chiropractic Health Encounter Sociological Fraction LRP-200403-18 and Anthropological Approaches LRP-200400-07 MASS SCREENING—UTILIZATION MANPOWER Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Plans into Total of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting U.S. Air Force Manpower Requirements TR-144 LRP-200405-07

MANPOWER PLANNING MATERNAL AND INFANT WELFARE—BANGLADESH— An Executive Perspective on Workforce Planning MR-1684/2 MATLAB BAZAR THANA An Operational Process for Workforce Planning MR-1684/1 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in MARIJUANA Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean in the United States? WR-126 MATERNAL AND INFANT WELFARE—GOVERNMENT POLICY Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond Does WIC Work? The Effects of WIC on Pregnancy and Birth Prohibition? WR-125 Outcomes LRP- 200412-13

MARIJUANA ABUSE—EPIDEMIOLOGY MATERNAL AND INFANT WELFARE—MEXICO Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Multiple Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential Developmental Trajectories and Their Associated Outcomes Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 LRP-200405-16 37

MATERNAL MORTALITY Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Elders WR- 177 Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in MATHEMATICS—STUDY AND TEACHING Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Science Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease Achievement? WR-166 in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project WR-165 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 MEDIATION Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-176 Movement Is Reshaping Our Legal System RP-1090 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-186 MEDICAID Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed RP-1141 Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities LRP-200402-12 Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Outcomes MEDICAL CARE—UTILIZATION REVIEW—NEW YORK WR-172 (STATE) Welfare Reform and Health WR-102-1 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization MEDICAID—ECONOMICS Procedures RP- 1144 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group and the Effects of Payer Generosity LRP-200409-18 MEDICAL CARE—UTILIZATION—FORECASTING—UNITED STATES MEDICAID—STANDARDS The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish- Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix WR-138 Speaking Medicaid Enrollees LRP-200411-09 MEDICAL EDUCATION—UNITED STATES—LONGITUDINAL MEDICAID—UTILIZATION STUDIES Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish- Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Speaking Medicaid Enrollees LRP-200411-09 Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15

MEDICAL CARE, COST OF MEDICAL ELECTRONICS Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Sources RGSD-179 Early Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Likely to Benefit Patients LRP-200405-23 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care WR-216 MEDICAL INFORMATICS A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The MEDICAL CARE, COST OF—CALIFORNIA Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) LRP-200409-09 Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California WR-203 MEDICAL INFORMATICS—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL CARE, COST OF—FORECASTING Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final LRP-200402-11 Report TR-169 MEDICAL ONCOLOGY MEDICAL CARE—CALIFORNIA—COST CONTROL Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Care: Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality in California WR-203 LRP-200408-07

MEDICAL CARE—EVALUATION MEDICAL PERSONNEL—MALPRACTICE—CALIFORNIA Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Malpractice Trials: Administration and Patients in a National Sample California Jury Verdicts under MICRA MG-234 LRP-200412-10 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy MEDICAL POLICY—FLORIDA—MIAMI RP-1141 Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for the Uninsured TR-177 MEDICAL CARE—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final MEDICAL POLICY—GERMANY Report TR-169 Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in MEDICAL CARE—QUALITY CONTROL Health Care: A Literature Review TR-105/1 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample MEDICAL RECORD LINKAGE LRP-200412-10 Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- LRP-200402-11 Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED WR-178 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) LRP-200409-09 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 38

MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— MEDICARE PART C—ECONOMICS LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 MEDICARE+CHOICE PROGRAM (U.S.) MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Plans RP- 1126 A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based on Their Functional Capabilities MEDICARE—ECONOMICS LRP-200401-08 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Years of Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth Life RP- 1109 LRP-200402-11 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 Reminders LRP- 200401-07 Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Report TR-169 MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED— Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use UTILIZATION LRP-200402-07 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Reminders LRP- 200401-07 MEDICARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare LRP-200411-07 WR-197

MEDICALLY UNINSURED MEDICATION ERRORS—PREVENTION & CONTROL Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Safety Net A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic LRP-200405-21 Prescribing Systems Based on Their Functional Capabilities LRP-200401-08 MEDICALLY UNINSURED PERSONS—FLORIDA—MIAMI Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for MEDICINE, MILITARY—COSTS the Uninsured TR-177 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program MG-237 MEDICALLY UNINSURED—FLORIDA Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Health Policy for MEDICINE, MILITARY—SIMULATION METHODS the Uninsured TR-177 Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Findings from the Army Medical Department Transformation Workshops, 2002 MEDICARE MG-103 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model LRP-200406-08 MEDICINE, MILITARY—STANDARDS The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Beneficiaries LRP-200410-02 Implementation in the Army Medical Department MR-1758 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix WR-138 MEDICINE—FORMULAE, RECEIPTS, PRESCRIPTIONS— Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective STANDARDS Payment System MR-1501 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Pharmacy Program MG-237 Payment System: Appendices MR-1501/1 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 MG-154 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? WR-159 MEDICINE—RESEARCH—GOVERNMENT POLICY The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare WR-197 MEDICINE—STUDY AND TEACHING (GRADUATE)—UNITED Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in STATES —LONGITUDINAL STUDIES a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15 Plans RP- 1126 MEN MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES—MEDICAL CARE Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Plans RP- 1126 Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare WR-197 MENTAL DISORDERS Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of MEDICARE PART A—ECONOMICS Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Community Violence The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional LRP-200401-13 Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons LRP-200406-17 MENTAL DISORDERS—DIAGNOSIS Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses MEDICARE PART C LRP-200406-15 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Severe Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 Mental Illness LRP-200410-10 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? LRP-200402-16 Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Have Chronic Medical Conditions LRP-200412-15 LRP-200403-14 39

Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV- MEXICO Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential Problems LRP-200407-08 Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14

MENTAL DISORDERS—EPIDEMIOLOGY MICHIGAN Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Sample of the Los Angeles General Population Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible for Home- LRP-198806-01 and Community-Based Services LRP-200410-13 Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Home and MENTAL DISORDERS—PSYCHOLOGY Community-Based Services Program LRP-200409-25 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons with Serious Mental Illness LRP-200404-15 MIDDLE AGED The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Provider and Depression and Leaving Employment Among Older Adult Met and Unmet Mental Health Needs in a Nationally Americans LRP-200401-05 Representative Sample of HIV-Positive Patients LRP-200404-18 MIDDLE EAST—FOREIGN RELATIONS Supported Socialization for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle Lessons from a Randomized Controlled Trial East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian Partnership LRP-200407-14 OP-118

MENTAL DISORDERS—THERAPY MIDDLE EAST—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East CF-210 Behavioral Interventions in Primary Care LRP-200400-09 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services MIDDLE EAST—STRATEGIC ASPECTS Research LRP- 200406-04 The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Conflict, Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Stability, and Political Change MR-1640 Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Communities LRP-200412-11 MIDDLE EAST—STRATEGIC ASPECTS—CONGRESSES Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East CF-210 Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American LRP-200412-18 Middle School MG-139

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES MIDDLE SCHOOLS—PLANNING Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Middle School MG-139 Communities LRP-200412-11 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Does MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200412-12 Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: Visualizing the Elephant DB-430 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—EVALUATION The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Does MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE—DECISION MAKING Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200412-12 Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Effects on Decisionmaking MG-226 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE MILITARY ASSISTANCE, AMERICAN The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Perceived U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Improved Planning and Quality of Insurance Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Management MG-165 Use of Mental Health Specialty Care LRP-200410-04 MILITARY BASE CLOSURES MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Organizational Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's Restructuring in the DOD: Implications for Education and Traumatic Symptoms LRP-200408-06 Training Infrastructure MG-153 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Options for the Future MG-199 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for MILITARY BASE CONVERSION Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Organizational Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Use Restructuring in the DOD: Implications for Education and Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral Health Training Infrastructure MG-153 Patients LRP-200401-04 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Provider and MILITARY DEPENDENTS—MEDICAL CARE Met and Unmet Mental Health Needs in a Nationally Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Representative Sample of HIV-Positive Patients Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector LRP-200404-18 MG-154

META-ANALYSIS MILITARY DEPENDENTS—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: How to Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Find Them and What to Do with Them LRP-200411-08 Pharmacy Program MG-237

METHAMPHETAMINE MILITARY DOCTRINE Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term LRP-200403-14 Strategy MG- 112 40

Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation MILITARY RESEARCH of Candidate Technologies MG-140 Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force Simulation Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic of Candidate Technologies MG-140 Support to the Army Science Board MG-123 MILITARY SERVICE, VOLUNTARY—IRAQ MILITARY EDUCATION RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity System: Implications for Organizational and Data Flow Changes MILITARY SPOUSES—EMPLOYMENT MR-1797 Working Around the Military: Challenges to Military Spouse Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Organizational Employment and Education MG-196 Restructuring in the DOD: Implications for Education and Training Infrastructure MG-153 MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX—CHINA Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Implications for MILITARY MEDICINE—ECONOMICS Chinese Military Modernization CT-217 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program MG-237 MINORITIES—EDUCATION Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: MINORITIES—TOBACCO USE Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities MG-154 in Smoking RP- 1124

MILITARY MEDICINE—STANDARDS MINORITY GROUPS Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08

MILITARY PLANNING MINORITY GROUPS—PSYCHOLOGY Army Forces for Homeland Security MG-221 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment Patients' Clinical Status and Employment LRP-200408-08 Requirements MG-176 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Plans into Total Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities LRP-200402-12 U.S. Air Force Manpower Requirements TR-144 MINORITY GROUPS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA MILITARY PLANNING—EUROPE Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development Patients' Clinical Status and Employment LRP-200408-08 OP-101 MINORITY STUDENTS—ECONOMIC ASPECTS MILITARY PLANNING—INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Improved Planning and Management MG-165 MINORITY STUDENTS—SOCIAL ASPECTS RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 MILITARY POLICY Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development MODELS, ECONOMETRIC OP-101 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 9/11 MG-115 Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Transformation? The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Conflict, Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures Stability, and Political Change MR-1640 LRP-200405-22 Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq OP-127 Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act of MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL 2004 CT-218 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military-to- Illness Care LRP-200411-04 Military Relationship MG-143 US Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency LRP-200400-03 MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking MILITARY POLICY—CONGRESSES LRP-200403-07 The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East CF-210 MODELS, STATISTICAL MILITARY POLICY—DECISION MAKING Developing and Comparing Population Models for the Early The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who Detection Center LRP-200412-08 Participates, and How? LRP-200406-18 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention MILITARY RELATIONS Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who LRP-200400-10 Participates, and How? LRP-200406-18 MODELS, THEORETICAL MILITARY RELATIONS—CHINA Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military-to- with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Military Relationship MG-143 Sources RGSD-179 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So MILITARY RELATIONS—KOREA (SOUTH) Difficult? LRP- 200412-06 Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After 9/11 MG-115 41

MOTHERS—BANGLADESH—MATLAB BAZAR THANA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION— The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, EVALUATION Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Matlab, Bangladesh WR-198 Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of MOTHERS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs MG-178 Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Kindergartners LRP-200408-03 —RESEARCH Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses MOTIVATION to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Improving Contingency Management Programs for Addiction Needs TR- 134 LRP-200405-14 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS MUNICIPAL POWERS AND SERVICES BEYOND CORPORATE (PROJECT) LIMITS —PENNSYLVANIA—ALLEGHENY COUNTY Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Uphill Road: A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York TR-180 Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (U.S.) MUNICIPAL SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—ALLEGHENY Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer COUNTY Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented (CanCORS) LRP- 200408-05 Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (U.S.)—ORGANIZATION MUNICIPAL SERVICES—PENNSYLVANIA—PITTSBURGH & ADMINISTRATION A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A Review of an Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 Important National Research Council-Institute of Medicine Report to Revitalize the NIH LRP-200401-03 MURDER—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL SURVEY OF YOUTH LABOR Homicides WR-188 MARKET EXPERIENCE (U.S.) How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation MURDER—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND Filing? WR- 205 Violence in East and West Oakland: A Descriptive Analysis WR-129 NATIONAL SECURITY Army Forces for Homeland Security MG-221 MURDER—CALIFORNIA—SAN DIEGO—CASE STUDIES Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis WR-142 East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian Partnership OP-118 MUSCULOSKELETAL EQUILIBRIUM Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable and the National Strategies CT-231-1 Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After 9/11 MG-115 MUSLIMS—CULTURAL ASSIMILATION—FRANCE The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Conflict, Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Cannot Stability, and Political Change MR-1640 OP-132 Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security System CT-220 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION—ECONOMICS Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Myocardial Infarction of Publicly Available Geospatial Information MG-142 and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246 Conditions LRP-200405-26 Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes Behavior MG-126 of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Infarction LRP-200402-17 NATIONAL SECURITY—EUROPE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION—PREVENTION & CONTROL Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment OP-101 of Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200404-19 NATIONAL SECURITY—GOVERNMENT POLICY MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION—TREATMENT—EVALUATION The Right Stuff: Defense Planning Challenges for a New Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes Century RP- 1149 of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction LRP-200402-17 NATIONAL SECURITY—INDIA U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue CF-201 MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION—COSTS Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes NATIONAL SECURITY—KOREA (SOUTH) of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After Infarction LRP-200402-17 9/11 MG-115

MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION—NEW YORK NATIONAL SECURITY—KOREA (SOUTH)—PUBLIC OPINION (STATE)—EVALUATION Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes Toward the Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms U.S TR- 141 on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures RP- 1144 NATIONAL SECURITY—MIDDLE EAST—CONGRESSES The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East CF-210 42

NATIONAL SECURITY—PLANNING NEOPLASMS—THERAPY Coordinating the War on Terrorism OP-110 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium NATIONAL SECURITY—UNITED STATES—CONGRESSES (CanCORS) LRP- 200408-05 Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 Workshop CF-196 NEUROTIC DISORDERS—EPIDEMIOLOGY Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN—BLOOD Community Violence LRP-200404-05 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection NEW JERSEY Fraction LRP-200403-18 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 NATURAL DISASTERS Strengthening Research & Development for Wind Hazard NEW YORK Mitigation CT- 215 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization NATURAL DISASTERS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Procedures RP- 1144 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster LRP- 200408-04 NICOTINE—ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- NAVAL RESEARCH—MANAGEMENT Analysis LRP-200406-05 Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and Development MG-271 NIMBY SYNDROME—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: NAVAL STRATEGY Implications for NIMBY Disputes and Client Placement Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and Decisions RGSD-183 Development MG-271 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION NAVY-YARDS AND NAVAL STATIONS—ECONOMIC Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Stage of ASPECTS NATO-Russia Relations CF-203 Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide MR-1743 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION—MEMBERSHIP ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1107 NAVY—OFFICERS An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Surface Warfare NOSOLOGY—COST EFFECTIVENESS Officers DB-418 The Costs and Benefits of Moving to the ICD-10 Code Sets TR-132 NAVY—PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Surface Warfare NOSOLOGY—COSTS Officers DB-418 The Costs and Benefits of Moving to the ICD-10 Code Sets TR-132 NEEDLE SHARING—ADVERSE EFFECTS Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk NUCLEAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS—DESIGN AND Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04 CONSTRUCTION Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide NEEDLE-EXCHANGE PROGRAMS MR-1743 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe Exchange Programs with Different Syringe Dispensation Policies NUCLEAR TERRORISM—SAFETY MEASURES LRP-200410-06 What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2 LRP-200406-12 NURSE PRACTITIONERS—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION NEEDS ASSESSMENT Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Primary Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care Care Practices LRP-200408-02 in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Home and NURSE'S ROLE Community-Based Services Program LRP-200409-25 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- Analysis LRP-200406-05 NEIGHBORHOOD Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Primary Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 Care Practices LRP-200408-02

NEIGHBORHOOD—CALIFORNIA—LOS NURSING AUDIT ANGELES—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Patterns Questionnaires (Spanish) DRU-2400/4 LRP-200402-15 The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual DRU-2400/6-1 NURSING HOMES How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? NEOPLASMS—DIAGNOSIS WR-159 Developing and Comparing Population Models for the Early Detection Center LRP-200412-08 NURSING HOMES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster LRP- 200408-04 43

NURSING HOMES—STANDARDS OLDER PEOPLE—MEDICAL CARE Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-19 Plans RP- 1126 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality LRP-200403-01 OLDER PEOPLE—MEDICAL CARE—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Conditions in Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-23 Report TR-169 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 OLDER VETERANS—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior NUTRITION DISORDERS IN OLD AGE Pharmacy Program MG-237 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 OPERATION ALLIED FORCE, 1999 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 NUTRITION POLICY Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the OPERATIONAL ART (MILITARY SCIENCE) Nutrition of Children and Families WR-189 Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy MG- 112 NUTRITION—AGED Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- OPERATIONAL READINESS (MILITARY SCIENCE) Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy MG- 112 OBESITY Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability Commanders CT-223 Appear to Be on the Rise Among People Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Growing Obesity Epidemic OPERATIONAL READINESS (MILITARY LRP-200401-01 SCIENCE)—COMPUTER SIMULATION Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study The Impact of Equipment Availability and Reliability on Mission of Kindergartners and First-Graders LRP-200401-09 Outcomes: An Initial Look DB-423

OBESITY —PREVENTION & CONTROL OPIUM Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Multivariate Analysis LRP-200408-12 LRP-200409-06 OREGON OBESITY—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care Planning RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 LRP-200409-26

OBESITY—ECONOMICS ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Care Costs LRP-200412-22 Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711

OBESITY—EPIDEMIOLOGY ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE—MANAGEMENT Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study of Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711 Kindergartners LRP-200408-03 Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS—EVALUATION Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability Improvements in Disability Among Older Americans MG-158 LRP-200403-02 Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons for Education from Other Sectors MG-136 OBESITY—ETIOLOGY After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION Youth LRP-200404-11 Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A Review of an Important National Research Council-Institute of Medicine OBESITY—HEALTH ASPECTS Report to Revitalize the NIH LRP-200401-03 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH—MANAGEMENT The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on Small Firm Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and Employment LRP-200403-10 Development MG-271 OSTEOARTHRITIS—DRUG THERAPY OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Developing the (HEALTH AFFAIRS). TRICARE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set LRP-200404-07 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 OSTEOARTHRITIS—THERAPY Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in OLD AGE—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223 OSTEOARTHRITIS—TREATMENT Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in OLDER PEOPLE—HEALTH AND HYGIENE—FORECASTING Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Report TR-169 44

OSTEOPOROSIS IN WOMEN PAKISTAN—FOREIGN RELATIONS Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 India MG- 141

OSTEOPOROSIS—THERAPY PALLIATIVE CARE Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed Therapy and Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 Palliative Care LRP-200409-02

OSTEOPOROSIS—TREATMENT PALLIATIVE CARE—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on Serious Chronic Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 Illness and Palliative Care LRP-200402-19

OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) PANEL STUDY OF INCOME DYNAMICS (U.S.) Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 Instrument LRP-200406-19 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ PARADIGMS (SOCIAL SCIENCES) for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized Integration and Paradigm Clash: The Practical Difficulties of Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 Integrative Medicine LRP-200400-02 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS Infarction LRP-200402-17 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- Traumatic Symptoms LRP-200408-06 Analysis LRP-200406-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer PARENTS Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: (CanCORS) LRP- 200408-05 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01 Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03 CARE)—METHODS Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's PARENTS—PSYCHOLOGY Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 Quality Indicator Set for Osteoarthritis LRP-200408-18 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Developing the PATIENT Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set LRP-200404-07 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms LRP-200408-06 OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE LRP-200406-15 A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13 (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth PATIENT ADMISSION Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 OUTLIERS, DRG Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting PATIENT ADMISSION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Facilities LRP-200412-07 Beneficiaries LRP-200410-02

OUTPATIENT CLINICS, HOSPITAL PATIENT CARE PLANNING Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Home and Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Community-Based Services Program LRP-200409-25 LRP-200412-18 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 PAIN MEASUREMENT Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Primary PATIENT CARE TEAM—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Care LRP- 200401-12 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients Illness Care LRP-200411-04 with Chronic Pain LRP-200405-01 PATIENT CARE—STANDARDS PAIN—COMPLICATIONS Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Primary RP-1141 Care LRP- 200401-12 There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries Need to Improve the Way They Measure and Track the Quality of PAIN—ETIOLOGY Patient Care LRP-200405-10 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders RP-1137 PATIENT COMPLIANCE Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Self-Reported PAIN—TREATMENT Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren G. Miller Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders LRP-200402-02 RP-1137 No Evidence of an Association Between Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Regimen LRP-200404-17 45

Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and PHARMACIES—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug Users Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing and Dispensing LRP-200407-10 Medications Using the Internet LRP-200402-14

PATIENT PARTICIPATION PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE— A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' STANDARDS Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 PHARMACY, MILITARY PATIENT RIGHTS—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 MG-154

PATIENT SATISFACTION PHARMACY, MILITARY—STANDARDS Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior LRP-200406-14 Pharmacy Program MG-237

PATIENT SATISFACTION—ETHNOLOGY PHENAZOPYRIDINE—THERAPEUTIC USE Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Preferences for Initial Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Phenazopyridine Care by Specialists LRP-200405-24 LRP-200405-18 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish- Speaking Medicaid Enrollees LRP-200411-09 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING—STANDARDS Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: PATIENT SATISFACTION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable Evaluations of LRP-200409-06 Individual Clinicians? LRP-200403-04 PHYSICIAN INCENTIVE PLANS PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY—EUROPE Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and Medical Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Regulation on Groups: A Comment LRP-200409-17 Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use MG-308 PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS PEDIATRICS Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes of Persistent Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Care Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03 LRP-200403-12 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About PEDIATRICS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: LRP-200404-21 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of- Life Care LRP- 200412-03 PEER GROUP Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS—STANDARDS Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 PEER REVIEW OF RESEARCH GRANT PROPOSALS—GREAT BRITAIN PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS—STATISTICS & Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' View MR-1698/1 NUMERICAL DATA Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: PENNSYLVANIA Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care in Pittsburgh LRP-200404-06 PHYSICIAN'S ROLE A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES—EMPLOYMENT Antibiotics During the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Private Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Netherlands Physicians LRP-200400-08 WR-206 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- Analysis LRP-200406-05 PERFORMANCE CONTRACTS Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation Support PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Sector Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and MR-1812 Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? LRP-2 00411-05 PHARMACEUTICAL POLICY—EUROPE Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Regulation on Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use MG-308 R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in the Health Care Setting and Its Impact on Care LRP-200409-15 PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS—SUPPLY & When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? DISTRIBUTION LRP-200409-29 The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Contents? RP-1101 PHYSICIANS Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04 Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' Pharmacy Program MG-237 Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 46

PHYSICIANS, WOMEN—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT—MILITARY ASPECTS When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and LRP-200409-29 Development MG-271

PHYSICIANS—MALPRACTICE POSTEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence from the Social Security Retirement Earnings Test WR-223 PITTSBURGH (PA.)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented POSTMENOPAUSE Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania TR-139 A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions PNEUMONIA—EPIDEMIOLOGY to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Coronary Heart Disease LRP-200407-06 Elders RP- 1138 POVERTY PNEUMONIA—PREVENTION Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women Elders RP- 1138 in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and PNEUMONIA—PREVENTION & CONTROL Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County Elders RP- 1138 LRP-200409-01

PNEUMONIA—TREATMENT POVERTY—SOCIAL ASPECTS Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 Elders RP- 1138 POWER RESOURCES POLICE—SAFETY MEASURES Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in Development and Evaluation TR-112 Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170 PRACTICE GUIDELINES POLICY MAKING Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: Reminders LRP- 200401-07 Implications for Policy: Two Approaches Hold Promise for Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURE Highest in the Industrialized World LRP-200409-10 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408

POLITICAL STABILITY—EUROPE PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity RP-1107 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Provider Organizations in the POLITICAL STABILITY—SOUTH ASIA United States: A Discussion of Industry Concerns U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue CF-201 LRP-200405-29

POLITICS PREJUDICE The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on Serious Chronic R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in the Health Care Illness and Palliative Care LRP-200402-19 Setting and Its Impact on Care LRP-200409-15 Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A Review of an Important National Research Council-Institute of Medicine PRESCRIPTION FEES Report to Revitalize the NIH LRP-200401-03 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Challenge to Prescribing Physicians LRP-200411-06 POOR CHILDREN The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small Group Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being RP-1122 of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Coming for Tiered Copayment Designs LRP-200401-02 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event Coverage LRP- 200408-16 LRP-200400-05 PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG POPULATION DYNAMICS A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between Prescribing Systems Based on Their Functional Capabilities Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the United LRP-200401-08 States RP- 1104 Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing and Dispensing Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Medications Using the Internet LRP-200402-14 Report TR-169 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help POPULATION SURVEILLANCE Early Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at Likely to Benefit Patients LRP-200405-23 Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Improvements in Disability Among Older Americans PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG—ECONOMICS LRP-200403-02 The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small Group National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Adenomas LRP-200409-28 Coming for Tiered Copayment Designs LRP-200401-02 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill POPULATION SURVEILLANCE—METHODS LRP-200405-17 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200400-01 47

PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA PRISONERS—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES COUNTY— A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in STATISTICS Primary Care LRP-200404-20 Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles County Jail: Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prescriptions Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal-Local Partnership LRP-200405-28 WR-193

PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES PRIVACY—LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 Communities LRP-200412-11 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder PRIVATE SECTOR WR-178 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & on Philanthropy and Health Policy Making LRP-200405-11 ADMINISTRATION Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Results from PRIVATIZATION the CQI Study: Information on Quality at the Community Level Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Impact on Ammunition Production MG-169 Americans' Health LRP-200405-12 PRIVATIZATION—CANADA PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES—UTILIZATION Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: Ammunition Production MG-169 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE)—ORGANIZATION WR-178 & ADMINISTRATION Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 RP-1128 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Developing Plans RP- 1126 Quality Indicators RP-1129

PRIMARY CARE (MEDICINE) PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities LRP-200409-16 Communities LRP-200412-11 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE—STANDARDS Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic LRP-200400-06

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL-FAMILY RELATIONS A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: Primary Care LRP-200404-20 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders LRP-200412-02 PROGNOSIS Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—ECONOMICS Survival? LRP-200403-17 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Latinos LRP-200405-19 PROGRAM EVALUATION An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—MANPOWER Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Primary Care Practices LRP-200408-02 PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and Facilities LRP-200412-07 Behavioral Interventions in Primary Care LRP-200400-09 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM—ECONOMICS Patients' Clinical Status and Employment LRP-200408-08 Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results Payment System MR-1501 of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective LRP-200404-13 Payment System: Appendices MR-1501/1 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Setting PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS—THERAPY LRP-200405-07 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer Community-Based Primary Care Practices LRP-200412-14 LRP-200412-17

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA PROTEASE INHIBITORS—THERAPEUTIC USE Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About LRP-200406-09 Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients LRP-200404-21 PRIMARY HEALTH CARE—UTILIZATION Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System LRP-200405-04 48

PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES PUBLIC WELFARE—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? WR-167 Structure and English-Spanish Measurement Invariance LRP-200406-16 PUBLIC WELFARE—SOCIAL ASPECTS The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce PSYCHIATRY—METHODS WR-110 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses LRP-200406-15 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Blocks of Text PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY LRP-200402-09 Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking LRP-200403-07 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and Medical PSYCHOLOGY Groups: A Comment LRP-200409-17 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the Analysis LRP-200406-05 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results PSYCHOMETRICS of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders LRP-200404-13 LRP-200406-14 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Quality of HIV Care LRP-200402-10 PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS—ECONOMICS There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries Need to Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Use Improve the Way They Measure and Track the Quality of Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral Health Patient Care LRP-200405-10 Patients LRP-200401-04 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—METHODS PUBLIC HEALTH Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Care: Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200400-01 ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality LRP-200408-07 PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-19 California LRP-200406-02 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set LRP-200404-07 PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION—ETHICS Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Conditions in Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-23 Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event LRP-200400-05 QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Illness Care LRP-200411-04 Planning a Public Health Response LRP-200409-30 QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE PUBLIC HEALTH—CALIFORNIA—EVALUATION Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned from RP-1128 Seven Health Jurisdictions TR-181 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Developing Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Seven Quality Indicators RP-1129 Jurisdictions CT- 227 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample PUBLIC HEALTH—METHODS LRP-200412-10 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the Research LRP- 200406-04 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality PUBLIC OPINION Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Patterns Changes in American Opinion About Family Planning RP-1148 LRP-200402-15 An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic PUBLIC SECTOR Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-19 on Philanthropy and Health Policy Making LRP-200405-11 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 PUBLIC WELFARE Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Outcomes Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 WR-172 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? WR-167 Quality Indicator Set for Osteoarthritis LRP-200408-18 Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable PUBLIC WELFARE—CALIFORNIA Elders RP- 1134 Results from the First California Health and Social Services Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Community-Dwelling Survey TR-121 and Hospitalized Elders RP-1130 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Elders PUBLIC WELFARE—HEALTH ASPECTS RP-1131 Welfare Reform and Health WR-102-1 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 49

Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: RP-1137 Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Results from Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139 the CQI Study: Information on Quality at the Community Level Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Impact on WR-178 Americans' Health LRP-200405-12 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Vulnerable Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 Elders RP- 1134 Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Community-Dwelling Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 and Hospitalized Elders RP-1130 Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Elders Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 RP-1131 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable Elders Vulnerable Elders RP-1133 RP-1137 Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Conditions in Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-23 WR-178 Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 Elders WR- 177 Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and Elders RP- 1138 Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders RP-1132 Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-176 Vulnerable Elders RP-1133 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease WR-186 in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community- Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in Based Patients with Urinary Incontinence LRP-200405-25 Vulnerable Elders RP-1135 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in with Chronic Pain LRP-200405-01 Vulnerable Elders RP-1136 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Patients LRP-200405-09 Elders RP- 1138 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in RP-1141 Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in LRP-200401-15 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Quality of HIV Care Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for LRP-200402-10 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-176 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Does Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200412-12 WR-186 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS LRP-200412-02 Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 with Chronic Pain LRP-200405-01 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 LRP-200403-05 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy RP-1141 QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Drops: Homes and Assisted Living Facilities LRP-200406-07 Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the Benefits Implications for Policy: Two Approaches Hold Promise for Until Quality Is Addressed LRP-200409-07 Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview Highest in the Industrialized World LRP-200409-10 RP-1128 Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed Therapy and QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—ETHICS Palliative Care LRP-200409-02 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Quality Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Improvement Programs for Depression LRP-200405-08 Administration and Patients in a National Sample LRP-200412-10 QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—STANDARDS Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Care: Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality RP-1141 LRP-200408-07 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease DATA Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed LRP-200403-01 Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities LRP-200402-12 50

The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS—METHODS States: Appendix WR-174 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac QUALITY OF LIFE Outcomes LRP- 200404-04 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with End-Stage Liver RATE SETTING AND REVIEW Disease? LRP- 200409-14 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting Instrument LRP-200406-19 Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Primary Facilities LRP-200412-07 Care LRP- 200401-12 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: REACTION TIME Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic LRP-200407-15 Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life Among LRP-200400-05 Hemodialysis Patients LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on READINESS FOR SCHOOL Health-Related Quality of Life LRP-200410-07 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412

QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS READINESS FOR SCHOOL—CALIFORNIA—LOS ANGELES Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Latinos COUNTY LRP-200405-19 Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? MG-145 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY) Fraction LRP-200403-18 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the Need for Improvement LRP-200407-04 QUESTIONNAIRES Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid RECOVERING ADDICTS—UNITED STATES—LOS ANGELES Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Implications for NIMBY Disputes and Client Placement Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 Decisions RGSD-183 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Case- Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200408-10 RECURRENCE—PREVENTION & CONTROL Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible for Home- Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 and Community-Based Services LRP-200410-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION—STATISTICS & Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the NUMERICAL DATA Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone Interviewing Process on Quality and Costs LRP-200401-16 LRP-200405-02 REHABILITATION CENTERS QUESTIONNAIRES—STANDARDS How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological WR-159 Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis LRP-200403-08 REHABILITATION CENTERS—ECONOMICS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective RACIAL PROFILING IN LAW ENFORCEMENT Payment System MR-1501 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Payment System: Appendices MR-1501/1 RAILROADS—SAFETY MEASURES Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting Terrorism and Rail Security CT-224 Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities LRP-200412-07 RAILROADS—SECURITY MEASURES Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface Transportation REIMBURSEMENT MECHANISMS CT-226 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality LRP-200403-01 RAND CORPORATION—BIBLIOGRAPHY Selected Rand Abstracts. Vol. 41 (Jan. - Dec. 2003): A Guide to RELATIONS—ISLAMIC COUNTRIES RAND Publications SRA-41 The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246

RAND CORPORATION—PERIODICALS RELATIONS—RUSSIA (FEDERATION) RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004 CP-22-0408 East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian Partnership RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 OP-118

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS RELATIVE VALUE SCALES Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: A Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins Are the Causes? LRP-200403-09 on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry LRP-200401-10 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: RELIABILITY (ENGINEERING) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project Management: A Critical Trials LRP- 200403-06 Review WR-112 51

RELIGION AND MEDICINE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS—DRUG THERAPY Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 Implications for Public Health Campaigns LRP-200405-13

REMINDER SYSTEMS—UTILIZATION RESUSCITATION ORDERS Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care Planning Reminders LRP- 200401-07 LRP-200409-26 Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY) LRP-200411-07 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment LRP- 200404-08 RENAL DIALYSIS Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life Among RETIRED MILITARY PERSONNEL—MEDICAL CARE Hemodialysis Patients LRP-200404-16 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- MG-154 Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 RETIRED MILITARY PERSONNEL—MEDICAL CARE—COSTS Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Pharmacy Program MG-237 Instrument LRP-200406-19 RETIREMENT—DECISION MAKING RESEARCH Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 Contents? RP-1101 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? WR-195 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS, GOVERNMENT REVIEW LITERATURE Identifying Federally Funded Research and Development on Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: How to Information Technology CT-229-1 Find Them and What to Do with Them LRP-200411-08

RESEARCH DESIGN REWARD Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Clinical Trials, Improving Contingency Management Programs for Addiction with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data LRP-200405-14 Sources RGSD-179 An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS—TREATMENT Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form RESEARCH DESIGN—TRENDS Instrument LRP-200406-19 Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Mainstream Research? Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's LRP-200409-22 Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20

RESEARCH INSTITUTES—FINANCE RISK Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project Management: A Critical the Nation's Universities and Colleges MR-1824 Review WR-112

RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL—FINANCE RISK (INSURANCE) Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks MG-264 Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism Scientists TR- 211 WR-171 Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL—JAPAN—FINANCE Terrorism Insurance OP-135 Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists TR- 211 RISK ADJUSTMENT An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Inpatient Diagnostic RESEARCH—EVALUATION—METHODOLOGY Cost Group Model LRP-200406-08 Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' View MR-1698/1 The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Case Studies RISK ASSESSMENT TR-176 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Approach, Analysis Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical and Recommendations MG-251 Trials LRP- 200403-06 Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project Management: A Critical RESEARCH—GREAT BRITAIN Review WR-112 Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' View MR-1698/1 RISK ASSESSMENT—CLASSIFICATION—EVALUATION RESOURCE ALLOCATION Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Methods Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable MR-1674 Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach MG- 163 RISK FACTORS Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 52

Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from SCHIZOPHRENIA—DIAGNOSIS Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 SCHIZOPHRENIA—EPIDEMIOLOGY RISK MANAGEMENT Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Evaluation of a Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Method for Improving Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making LRP-200404-22 SCHIZOPHRENIA—THERAPY Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Multivariate Analysis LRP-200408-12 Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) LRP-200409-09

RISK-TAKING SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS—ILLINOIS Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation During Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: Insights from an Adolescence LRP-200411-01 Analysis of State Data TR-123 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS—NORTH CAROLINA in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 Career Paths of School Administrators in North Carolina: Insights Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and from an Analysis of State Data TR-129 Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County SCHOOL BREAKFAST PROGRAMS—EVALUATION LRP-200409-01 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Nutrition of Children and Families WR-189 Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors LRP-200406-12 SCHOOL CHILDREN—FOOD Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the RUSSIA (FEDERATION)—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Nutrition of Children and Families WR-189 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future of the Automotive Industry WR-145 SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION RUSSIA (FEDERATION)—FOREIGN RELATIONS—EUROPE Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Stage of Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 NATO-Russia Relations CF-203 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Drug The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black Sea Prevention LRP- 200403-11 Region RP-1127 SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES—STANDARDS RUSSIA (FEDERATION)—MILITARY POLICY Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Stage of Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study NATO-Russia Relations CF-203 LRP-200409-06

RUSSIA (FEDERATION)—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES—SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Stage of Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's NATO-Russia Relations CF-203 Traumatic Symptoms LRP-200408-06 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future of the Automotive Industry WR-145 SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black Sea Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive School Reform Region RP-1127 Models WR- 162 Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives from RUSSIA (FEDERATION)—RELATIONS Leaders in the Scale-Up of Educational Interventions Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle MG-248 East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian Partnership OP-118 SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS—UNITED STATES—CASE STUDIES SABBATICAL LEAVE Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Approach to Education An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Surface Warfare Reform MG- 216 Officers DB-418 SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: MG-158 Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons for Early Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most Education from Other Sectors MG-136 Likely to Benefit Patients LRP-200405-23 SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION—ILLINOIS SAMPLE SIZE Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: Insights from an How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable Evaluations of Analysis of State Data TR-123 Individual Clinicians? LRP-200403-04 SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION—NORTH SCHIPHOL (AIRPORT) CAROLINA Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Airports in the Career Paths of School Administrators in North Carolina: Insights Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Bepalen Van Het from an Analysis of State Data TR-129 Maatschappelijk Belang Van Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Regional Airports in the Netherlands) TR-138 53

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INSTITUTE (RAND SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS—THERAPEUTIC USE CORPORATION) Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prescriptions Science and Technology Policy Institute: A Report to the LRP-200405-28 President, Analytic Perspectives on Science and Technology Issues Facing the Nation CP-478 SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices Associated with SCIENCE—STUDY AND TEACHING Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with End-Stage Liver Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Science Disease? LRP- 200409-14 Achievement? WR-166 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project WR-165 Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Community Violence LRP-200401-13 SCIENTISTS Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Requirements SEX DISTRIBUTION of the Federal Government? MG-118 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood SCIENTISTS—UNITED STATES—CONGRESSES LRP-200406-10 The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Decisionmaking CF-194 SEX FACTORS Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ SELECTION BIAS for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Inpatient Diagnostic Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 Cost Group Model LRP-200406-08 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors SELF-EMPLOYED LRP-200406-12 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers LRP-200407-07 Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. SEX OFFENSES—PSYCHOLOGY Workers WR- 136 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 SELF-EMPLOYED—MATHEMATICAL MODELS Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Retirement WR-196 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness SELF-EXAMINATION LRP-200404-03 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria- and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200404-14 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Case- Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis LRP-200408-10 LRP-200406-12

SELF-RELIANCE—GERMANY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Literaturübersicht= Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Sexual Behavior LRP-200409-13 Health Care: A Literature Review TR-105/1 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Competitiveness and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women TR-136 in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20

SENSATION DISORDERS—DIAGNOSIS SHIP PROPULSION, ELECTRIC Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 DB-407

SENSATION DISORDERS—PREVENTION & CONTROL SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 MR-1743

SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY SHIPBUILDING—COSTS Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That MR-1743 Have Chronic Medical Conditions LRP-200412-15 SHIPBUILDING—DATABASES SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS, 2001—ECONOMIC Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide ASPECTS MR-1743 Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks MG-264 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 SHIPPING—SECURITY MEASURES Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS, 2001—INFLUENCE Chain TR-214 The Muslim World After 9/11 MG-246 SHIPS—ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS, Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design 2001—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS DB-407 A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13 54

SHIPS—SCRAPPING SOCIAL SURVEYS Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in Experimental DB-391 Consumption Data WR-147

SHIPS—STORAGE SOCIAL SURVEYS—CALIFORNIA Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships Results from the First California Health and Social Services DB-391 Survey TR-121

SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE SOCIAL SURVEYS—INDONESIA Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices Associated with Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with End-Stage Liver Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey MG-137 Disease? LRP- 200409-14 SOCIAL SURVEYS—MATHEMATICAL MODELS SMOKING CESSATION—METHODS Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Improving Contingency Management Programs for Addiction Data WR- 146 LRP-200405-14 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Meta- SOCIALIZATION Analysis LRP-200406-05 Supported Socialization for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Randomized Controlled Trial SMOKING CESSATION—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA LRP-200407-14 Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Met Roken = (Perceptions on a Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting SOCIETIES, MEDICAL Smoking Support) MR-1769 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality SMOKING—EPIDEMIOLOGY LRP-200408-07 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS LRP-200406-10 Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study of Kindergartners and First-Graders LRP-200401-09 SMOKING—ETHNOLOGY Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities LRP-200402-18 in Smoking RP- 1124 Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the United SMOKING—PREVENTION & CONTROL States RP- 1104 Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking Los Años De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Differential LRP-200403-07 Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico LRP-200408-14 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: SMOKING—PSYCHOLOGY Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status Improving Contingency Management Programs for Addiction LRP-200407-15 LRP-200405-14 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States SOCIAL CLASS LRP-200407-03 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Managed Care WR-216 Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle- Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Aged, and Older Adults LRP-200407-09 Plans RP- 1126

SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SOCIOLOGY Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Self-Reported The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren G. Miller Sociological Perspective LRP-200406-11 LRP-200402-02 SOFTWARE SOCIAL PREDICTION—CUBA A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) LRP-200409-09 Appendices TR-131 SOLDIERS—MEDICAL CARE SOCIAL PROBLEMS—CUBA—HISTORY Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments Implementation in the Army Medical Department MR-1758 MG-111 SOUTH DAKOTA—EPIDEMIOLOGY SOCIAL STATUS—HEALTH ASPECTS Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 Managed Care WR-216 SPARE PARTS—INVENTORIES SOCIAL STATUS—HEALTH ASPECTS—UNITED Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Pipeline MG-238 STATES—LONGITUDINAL STUDIES Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using SPECIAL OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE)—SIMULATION Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 METHODS A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to Suppression of Enemy SOCIAL SUPPORT Defenses and Other Time Critical Target Analyses DB-385 Supported Socialization for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Randomized Controlled Trial LRP-200407-14 55

SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS—EPIDEMIOLOGY WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN (U.S.) Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Outcomes Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors WR-172 LRP-200406-12 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities LRP-200409-04 WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN (U.S.)—EVALUATION Does WIC Work? The Effects of WIC on Pregnancy and Birth SUBSTANCE ABUSE—TREATMENT—UNITED STATES Outcomes LRP- 200412-13 The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: Implications for NIMBY Disputes and Client Placement SPECIALTIES, MEDICAL Decisions RGSD-183 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists LRP-200405-24 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV STREET FIGHTING (MILITARY SCIENCE) LRP-200412-21 Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and Visualizing the Elephant DB-430 Behavioral Interventions in Primary Care LRP-200400-09 Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC Problems in Primary Care: Results from Healthcare for Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of Communities LRP-200412-11 Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Community Violence Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior LRP-200401-13 and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—DIAGNOSIS Substance Use and Early Marriage LRP-200402-03 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—DIAGNOSIS Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Structure and English-Spanish Measurement Invariance LRP-200403-14 LRP-200406-16 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—EPIDEMIOLOGY STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—EPIDEMIOLOGY From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among in Smoking RP- 1124 Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—ETHNOLOGY and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor LRP-200409-01 Structure and English-Spanish Measurement Invariance Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV- LRP-200406-16 Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health Problems LRP-200407-08 STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—PSYCHOLOGY All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The Prominent Role of SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—PREVENTION & Hyperarousal in the Natural Course of Posttraumatic CONTROL Psychological Distress LRP-200405-20 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences Project ALERT LRP-200406-06 of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Drug Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13 Prevention LRP- 200403-11

STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC—THERAPY SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—PSYCHOLOGY Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release Persons with Bipolar Disorder LRP-200408-09 Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will Current Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL—THERAPY A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—REHABILITATION of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for Substance- Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13 Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions STUDENTS LRP-200409-20 Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse of Kindergartners and First-Graders LRP-200401-09 Treatment LRP- 200404-08

STUDENTS—PSYCHOLOGY SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS—THERAPY Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Providers: Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Characteristics and Challenges LRP-200405-15 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Understanding STUDENTS—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Community? Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic LRP-200412-16 Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT CENTERS—LEGISLATION LRP-200412-18 & JURISPRUDENCE The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Providers: Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will Current Characteristics and Challenges LRP-200405-15 Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 56

SUBURBAN HEALTH TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program LRP-200410-11 Development and Evaluation TR-112

SURGICAL INDICATIONS—NEW YORK (STATE) TECHNOLOGISTS Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Requirements on the Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Revascularization of the Federal Government? MG-118 Procedures RP- 1144 TECHNOLOGISTS—UNITED STATES—CONGRESSES SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE—STANDARDS The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures Decisionmaking CF-194 LRP-200401-15 TECHNOLOGY AND STATE SURPLUS GOVERNMENT PROPERTY Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships Development and Evaluation TR-112 DB-391 TECHNOLOGY AND STATE—EUROPE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Survival? LRP-200403-17 Europe MG-195

SURVIVAL SKILLS TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Development and Evaluation TR-112 Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT—ECONOMIC ASPECTS SWEDEN—ARMED FORCES—ORGANIZATION High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Competitiveness Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An TR-136 Assessment Methodology / Walter Perry ... Et Al. TR- 119 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER—CHINA SWEDEN—DEFENSES Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Assessment Methodology / Walter Perry ... Et Al. TR- 119 Strait TR- 133

SWEDEN—MILITARY POLICY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER—GOVERNMENT POLICY Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in Assessment Methodology / Walter Perry ... Et Al. TR- 119 Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists TR- 211 SYRINGES Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe Exchange TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER—GOVERNMENT POLICY—JAPAN Programs with Different Syringe Dispensation Policies Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in LRP-200410-06 Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists TR- 211 TAIWAN—FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS—CHINA Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow TEENAGERS—EDUCATION (MIDDLE SCHOOL) of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Strait TR- 133 Middle School MG-139

TEACHER TURNOVER TEENAGERS—TOBACCO USE A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Recruitment and From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities Retention TR- 164 in Smoking RP- 1124

TEACHERS—JOB SATISFACTION TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS—POWER SUPPLY A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Recruitment and Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: Phase I Retention TR- 164 Report TR-160

TEACHERS—RECRUITING TELECOMMUNICATION—TECHNOLOGICAL A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Recruitment and INNOVATIONS—EUROPE Retention TR- 164 Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in TEACHERS—SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT Europe MG-195 A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Recruitment and Retention TR- 164 TELECONFERENCING Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: Videoconferencing, TEACHERS—TRAINING OF Audioconferencing, and Computer-Mediated Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Report on Communications MG-273 Teachers for a New Era TR-149 TELEMATICS TECHNICAL EDUCATION—LAW AND LEGISLATION Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: Videoconferencing, Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in Audioconferencing, and Computer-Mediated Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State Policies Communications MG-273 MR-1655 57

TELEPHONE TERRORISM—PREVENTION The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: An Item Response Theory and the National Strategies CT-231-1 Analysis LRP-200403-08 Coordinating the War on Terrorism OP-110 The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group TELEPHONE SURVEYS—TECHNIQUE Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World MR-1782 Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone Interviewing Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply LRP-200405-02 Chain TR-214 Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to TELEVISION Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Sexual Behavior LRP-200409-13 Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and Food Industry MG-135 TERMINAL CARE Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security System Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Years of CT-220 Life RP- 1109 Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the of Publicly Available Geospatial Information MG-142 Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 Organizational Learning and Terrorist Groups WR-133 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of- RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004 CP-22-0404 Life Care LRP- 200412-03 Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than War OP-109 TERMINAL CARE—FINANCE Terrorism and Rail Security CT-224 Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Markets LRP-200412-09 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—CALIFORNIA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles TERMINAL CARE—PSYCHOLOGY International Airport DB-468-1 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Behaviors LRP- 200410-14 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, the Police, TERMINAL CARE—STANDARDS and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies MG-100 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Elders RP-1131 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—EVALUATION When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and Local TERRORISM Law Enforcement? MG-104 The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World MR-1782 TERRORISM—PREVENTION—GOVERNMENT POLICY The Right Stuff: Defense Planning Challenges for a New TERRORISM INSURANCE Century RP- 1149 Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks MG-264 Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism TERRORISM—PREVENTION—INTERNATIONAL WR-171 COOPERATION Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and Terrorism Insurance OP-135 India MG- 141 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 TERRORISM—PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS TERRORISM—ECONOMIC ASPECTS Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks MG-264 Behavior MG-126 Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism WR-171 TERRORISM—PSYCHOLOGY Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences Terrorism Insurance OP-135 of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 Impairment, and Help-Seeking LRP-200406-13

TERRORISM—FORECASTING TERRORISM—SAFETY MEASURES Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Behavior MG-126 Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of TERRORISM—GOVERNMENT POLICY Mass Destruction CT-216 Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security System and the National Strategies CT-231-1 CT-220 Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Management in Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 Disaster and Terrorism Response MG-170 Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security System CT-220 TERRORISM—SRI LANKA—PREVENTION Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri TERRORISM—INDIA—PREVENTION Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 TERRORISTS The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group TERRORISM—PAKISTAN—PREVENTION Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World MR-1782 Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Organizational Learning and Terrorist Groups WR-133 Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 TEXT PROCESSING (COMPUTER SCIENCE) Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Blocks of Text LRP-200402-09 58

THEATER OF WAR TRANSPORTATION—FORECASTING—MATHEMATICAL Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term MODELS Strategy MG- 112 Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main Survey into the Value of Time THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY in Freight Transport by Road TR-110 Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for Substance- Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Outcomes of Youths Entering TRANSPORTATION—SECURITY MEASURES Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions Terrorism and Rail Security CT-224 LRP-200409-20 Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface Transportation How Important Are Client Characteristics to Understanding CT-226 Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Community? LRP-200412-16 TRANSPORTATION—SECURITY MEASURES—CALIFORNIA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED International Airport DB-468-1 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) LRP-200409-09 TREATMENT OUTCOME Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes of Persistent THREATS—PREVENTION Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Care The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group LRP-200403-12 Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World MR-1782 Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Providers: Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Measuring Characteristics and Challenges LRP-200405-15 the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults Awareness MR- 1467 LRP-200412-01 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Understanding TOBACCO HABIT—NETHERLANDS—PREVENTION Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Community? Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Met Roken LRP-200412-16 = (Perceptions on a Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting Improving Contingency Management Programs for Addiction Smoking Support) MR-1769 LRP-200405-14 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve TOBACCO HABIT—PREVENTION Survival? LRP-200403-17 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Smoking RP- 1124 Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes LRP- 200404-04 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy TREATMENT REFUSAL RP-1141 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic When Does Quality Improvement Count as Research? Human Antibiotics During the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Private Subject Protection and Theories of Knowledge Physicians LRP-200400-08 LRP-200402-13 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients TRAINING SUPPORT LRP-200404-21 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15 TREATMENT REFUSAL—STATISTICS & NUMERICAL DATA Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prescriptions TRANSGENIC PLANTS LRP-200405-28 The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV- Revolution MG- 161 Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004 CP-22-0412 Problems LRP-200407-08

TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS ULCERS—PREVENTION Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of Pressure Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders RP-1139

TRANSPLANTATION UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded LRP-200402-18 Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Options for the Future MG-199 TRANSPLANTATION OF ORGANS, TISSUES, ETC.— GOVERNMENT POLICY UNIFIED OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE) Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An LRP-200402-18 Assessment Methodology / Walter Perry ... Et Al. TR- 119 Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant TRANSPORTATION—DECISION MAKING—NETHERLANDS Commanders CT-223 Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main Survey into the Value of Time UNITED STATES in Freight Transport by Road TR-110 The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on Serious Chronic Illness and Palliative Care LRP-200402-19 TRANSPORTATION—EFFECT OF TERRORISM ON Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Drops: Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or International Airport DB-468-1 Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the Benefits Terrorism and Rail Security CT-224 Until Quality Is Addressed LRP-200409-07 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and Behavioral Interventions in Primary Care LRP-200400-09 59

The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve Chronic Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Provider Organizations in the Illness Care: Framework and Study Design LRP-200402-06 United States: A Discussion of Industry Concerns Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric LRP-200405-29 Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-19 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Appear to Be on the Rise Among People Ages Eighteen to Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers LRP-200404-12 Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Growing Obesity Epidemic Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study LRP-200401-01 of Adolescent Health LRP-200408-01 Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and Medical Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When Setting Groups: A Comment LRP-200409-17 Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Facilities LRP-200412-07 Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small Group of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Infarction LRP-200402-17 Coming for Tiered Copayment Designs LRP-200401-02 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes of Persistent Are the Causes? LRP-200403-09 Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Care Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training LRP-200403-12 Intervention for Pre-Professionals LRP-200408-15 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: A Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans LRP-200403-13 Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and Sideliners on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry LRP-200401-10 LRP-200409-08 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: LRP-200406-09 Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing and Dispensing LRP-200407-15 Medications Using the Internet LRP-200402-14 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics LRP-200406-20 Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Coverage LRP- 200408-16 Quality Indicator Set for Osteoarthritis LRP-200408-18 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Payments to Medicare+choice Plans LRP-200402-01 Contents? RP-1101 Depression and Leaving Employment Among Older Adult Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Americans LRP-200401-05 Care Costs LRP-200412-22 Depression and the Ability to Work LRP-200401-14 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group and the Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Effects of Payer Generosity LRP-200409-18 Elders by Community Physicians LRP-200409-03 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the Primary Care LRP-200404-20 USA to the UK Is Feasible LRP-200408-11 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Americans with Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Care: Depression LRP-200405-03 ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: LRP-200408-07 Reports from Parents and Pediatricians LRP-200406-01 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the Instrument LRP-200406-19 Barriers to Care Questionnaire LRP-200407-13 Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First Effective Treatment LRP-200402-18 for Sickle Cell Anemia LRP-200412-04 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill for Men and Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized LRP-200405-17 Controlled Trial LRP-200412-05 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Results from Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 the CQI Study: Information on Quality at the Community Level Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Impact on Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Americans' Health LRP-200405-12 Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational the Military Health System LRP-200404-09 Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable Community- Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 Dwelling and Hospitalized Older Persons WR-182 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Evaluation of a Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable Elder Method for Improving Public Participation in Environmental WR-178 Decision Making LRP-200404-22 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal Trends and Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-179 Rationales for Interventions LRP-200410-05 Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Functional Elders WR- 177 Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus for Older Persons LRP-200406-17 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-187 Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in LRP-200412-01 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-185 The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs and Revenues: Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart Disease Is There a Difference Between For-Profit and Nonprofit in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-181 Plans? LRP- 200409-27 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Conditions in Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium Increases Nursing Home Residents LRP-200409-23 LRP-200401-11 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Patterns Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for LRP-200402-15 Vulnerable Elder Persons WR-176 60

Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons UNITED STATES COAST GUARD—PLANNING— WR-186 EVALUATION The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: States: Appendix WR-174 Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in the Health Care Needs? MG-114 Setting and Its Impact on Care LRP-200409-15 Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Safety Net UNITED STATES COAST GUARD—PROCUREMENT LRP-200405-21 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A Review of an Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security Important National Research Council-Institute of Medicine Needs? MG-114 Report to Revitalize the NIH LRP-200401-03 Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders UNITED STATES—NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT OF 2001 LRP-200406-14 Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of Accountability Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Report Cards WR-202 Parent Views and What They Receive LRP-200406-03 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of UNITED STATES—TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ACT OF Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 2002 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States Terrorism Insurance OP-135 LRP-200407-03 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in UNITED STATES—ARMED FORCES—MEDICAL CARE a Medicare Managed Care Population LRP-200410-01 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 Managed Care WR-216 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for UNITED STATES—ARMED FORCES—PERSONNEL Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That MANAGEMENT Have Chronic Medical Conditions LRP-200412-15 Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health Military Manpower and Personnel Policy? OP-108 LRP-200410-11 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Quality of HIV Care UNITED STATES—ARMED FORCES—RECRUITING, LRP-200402-10 ENLISTMENT, ETC. There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries Need to Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Improve the Way They Measure and Track the Quality of Military Manpower and Personnel Policy? OP-108 Patient Care LRP-200405-10 Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone Interviewing UNITED STATES—OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES LRP-200405-02 Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Requirements Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse of the Federal Government? MG-118 Treatment LRP- 200404-08 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer UNITED STATES—OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES— Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium CONGRESSES (CanCORS) LRP- 200408-05 The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition Decisionmaking CF-194 LRP-200404-01 The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release UNITIZED CARGO SYSTEMS—SAFETY MEASURES Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will Current Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 Chain TR-214 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans RP- 1126 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES—RESEARCH—FEDERAL AID Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Primary Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at Care Practices LRP-200408-02 the Nation's Universities and Colleges MR-1824 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Drug Prevention LRP- 200403-11 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES—RESEARCH—FINANCE When Does Quality Improvement Count as Research? Human Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at Subject Protection and Theories of Knowledge the Nation's Universities and Colleges MR-1824 LRP-200402-13 When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? UNIVERSITIES—ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION LRP-200409-29 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Economic Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Complements or Substitutes? LRP-200409-24 Difficult? LRP- 200412-06 URBAN POPULATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Youth LRP-200404-11 the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer LRP-200412-17 URBAN WARFARE Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS— Visualizing the Elephant DB-430 ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Quality URBAN WARFARE—INDIA Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 Adapt Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt URBAN WARFARE—PAKISTAN Interventions to Local Priorities LRP-200407-16 Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 61

URBAN WARFARE—SRI LANKA Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County LRP-200409-01 URINARY INCONTINENCE IN OLD AGE Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Community Violence Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 LRP-200401-13

URINARY INCONTINENCE—EPIDEMIOLOGY VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—EAST LOS ANGELES Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Research Results Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 and Policy Options WR-128

URINARY INCONTINENCE—THERAPY VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—HAYWARD The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community- Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from Based Patients with Urinary Incontinence LRP-200405-25 Homicides WR-188

URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE VIOLENCE—CALIFORNIA—OAKLAND Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Violence in East and West Oakland: A Descriptive Analysis Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 WR-129

URINATION DISORDERS—TREATMENT VIREMIA—DRUG THERAPY Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in No Evidence of an Association Between Transient HIV Viremia Vulnerable Elders RP-1140 ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Regimen LRP-200404-17 VENTURE CAPITAL—CHINA Venture Capital Investments in China RGSD-180 VISION DISORDERS Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: VERMONT OXFORD NETWORK Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience VISION DISORDERS—AGE FACTORS (1996–2000) LRP-200406-21 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180 VERMONT—EPIDEMIOLOGY Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth VISION DISORDERS—PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Weight Infants LRP-200401-06 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Clinical Applications LRP-200403-15 VETERANS Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Impairment in Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans LRP-200403-13 Vulnerable Older Persons WR-180

VETERANS EQUITABLE RESOURCE ALLOCATION SYSTEM VISION SCREENING—STANDARDS Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Scientific Review LRP-200403-16 Approach MG- 163 VITAMIN E—THERAPEUTIC USE VETERANS' HOSPITALS—FINANCE Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable of Cardiovascular Disease LRP-200404-19 Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach MG- 163 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION—EVALUATION—CASE STUDIES Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in VETERANS—HEALTH AND HYGIENE Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State Policies Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable MR-1655 Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach MG- 163 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION—LAW AND LEGISLATION— UNITED STATES VETERANS—MEDICAL CARE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State Policies Administration and Patients in a National Sample MR-1655 LRP-200412-10 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: VOTING—HONG KONG (CHINA) Rationalizing TRICARE for Life TR-118 The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September 12, 2004: Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Assessment and Implications CT-232 Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector MG-154 VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Indicators Tell Us LRP-200404-02 Approach MG- 163 WAGE DIFFERENTIALS—MALAYSIA VIATICAL SETTLEMENTS The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Markets Married-Couple Households in Malaysia RP-1111 LRP-200412-09 WAGES VIOLENCE Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Marriage on Career Development and Wages WR-207 Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness LRP-200404-03 62

WAGES—WOMEN—MALAYSIA What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Married-Couple Households in Malaysia RP-1111 Edition Survival Guide MR-1731/2

WAR GAMES—EVALUATION—SIMULATION METHODS WELFARE RECIPIENTS A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to Suppression of Enemy Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Outcomes Defenses and Other Time Critical Target Analyses DB-385 WR-172

WAR GAMES—PLANNING—SIMULATION METHODS WELFARE RECIPIENTS—CALIFORNIA A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to Suppression of Enemy Results from the First California Health and Social Services Defenses and Other Time Critical Target Analyses DB-385 Survey TR-121

WAR ON TERRORISM, 2001- WELFARE RECIPIENTS—HEALTH ASPECTS Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations Welfare Reform and Health WR-102-1 and the National Strategies CT-231-1 Coordinating the War on Terrorism OP-110 WELFARE RECIPIENTS—SOCIAL ASPECTS The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce India MG- 141 WR-110 The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on Transatlantic Cooperation in the War on Terror CT-225 WIND TUNNELS Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom MR-1819 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation Facilities for American Aeronautics CT-239 Enduring Freedom DB-428 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs MG-178 Lanka, India, and Pakistan MG-210 Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National WAR ON TERRORISM, 2001-—CONGRESSES Needs TR- 134 The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against WITHHOLDING TREATMENT Livestock CF- 193 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of- Life Care LRP- 200412-03 WARNER ROBINS AIR LOGISTICS CENTER (GA.)—PROCUREMENT—CASE STUDIES WOMEN Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance Use and Implementation in Air Force Repair Contracts MR-1711 Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low-Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County WARSHIPS—COSTS LRP-200409-01 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security Adolescent Women LRP-200411-10 Needs? MG-114 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans LRP-200410-12 WARSHIPS—DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design WOMEN—PSYCHOLOGY DB-407 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Impoverished Women WARSHIPS—TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS in Los Angeles County LRP-200412-20 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security WORK ENVIRONMENT Needs? MG-114 The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the Future Workforce and Workplace in the United States MG-164 WAR—PRESS COVERAGE Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS Historical Context MG-200 How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Filing? WR- 205 WASHINGTON—EPIDEMIOLOGY Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS—CALIFORNIA LRP-200412-02 Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California WR-203 WEALTH Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using WORKERS' COMPENSATION—CALIFORNIA Dynamic Panel Data Models WR-191 Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California MG-280 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? WR-195 WORKERS' COMPENSATION—CALIFORNIA—COST CONTROL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to in California WR-203 Chemical Terrorism RGSD-181 WORKERS' COMPENSATION—ECONOMIC ASPECTS WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION—SAFETY MEASURES How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Compensation Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Filing? WR- 205 Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of WORKERS' COMPENSATION—ECONOMIC Mass Destruction CT-216 ASPECTS—CALIFORNIA Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in Compliance with SB 899 WR-214 63

WORKERS' COMPENSATION—HEALTH ASPECTS—CALIFORNIA Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in Compliance with SB 899 WR-214

WORK—FORECASTING The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the Future Workforce and Workplace in the United States MG-164

WORLD HEALTH Global Health Services Research: Challenging the Future LRP-200412-19

WORLD POLITICS Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy MG- 112 64 AUTHOR INDEX

ABBOTT, M. AHMED, K. TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Use. Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal DB-418-NAVY An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. Surface Warfare Officers. MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career ALEGRIA, M. Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services Research. ABERLE, D. R. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined ALKIRE, B. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Costs. Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security Needs? ADAMS, J. L. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older ALLISON, J. J. Adults. LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Health Care in America. Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Health Care in America. ALONZO, A. C. RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Medicare+Choice Plans. Project. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Older Patients. Mathematics and Science Achievement? LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Results from the CQI Study: ALPERT, A. Information on Quality at the Community Level LRP-200403-03 Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Health Insurance Premiums? Impact on Americans' Health. LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home AMIN, S. Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care RP-1111 The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Population. Inequality Among Married-Couple Households in LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Malaysia. Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans. AMOUZEGAR, M. A. LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary National Sample. Force. LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support Algorithms for Identifying Members of Location Operations. Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options. Chronic Medical Conditions. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in ANAYA, H. D. the United States: Appendix. LRP-200407-16 Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Quality Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. Centers: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt ADAMSON, D. M. Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of MR-1711-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Change and Adapt Interventions to Local Repair Contracts. Priorities. MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at the Nation's Universities and ANDEREGG, C. R. Colleges. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Scientific and Technical Personnel? Attack Capabilities. CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Decisionmaking. ANDERSEN, R. CP-478 Science and Technology Policy Institute: A LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Report to the President, Analytic Perspectives on Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health Science and Technology Issues Facing the Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of Nation. HIV-Positive Patients. OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Nonadherent Patients. Requirements of the Federal Government? LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States. 65

ANDERSON, R. ARONOFF, J. LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe LRP-200404-03 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program Among Drug Injectors. Effectiveness. LRP-200410-06 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe Exchange Programs with Different ASCH, B. J. Syringe Dispensation Policies. RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military Recruiting and Retention? ANDERSON, R. H. RB-9046-OSD Hitting the Books Before Military Service: Policy CF-196-ARDA Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of Options for Recruiting in the College Market. a March 2004 Workshop. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. OP-108-OSD Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation ANDRES, P. L. Mean for Military Manpower and Personnel MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Policy? Prospective Payment System. MG-105-OSD Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a College Market: Results from a National Survey. Prospective Payment System: Appendices. ASCH, S. M. ANDREYEVA, T. TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Lessons Learned from Seven Health Come. Jurisdictions. LRP-200403-02 Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of If It Continues at Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Health Care in America. Could Wipe Out Recent Improvements in RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Disability Among Older Americans. Health Care in America. LRP-200412-22 Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Differences in Health Care Costs. Learned in California. LRP-200401-07 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of ANHAL, A. Ten HIV Clinical Reminders. MR-1692-IAACD Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing and Information Assurance. Quality of HIV Care. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. ANTHONY, C. R. LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Improve Survival? Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among LRP-200412-19 Global Health Services Research: Challenging Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured the Future. Urban Public Health System. LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does ANTON, S. Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Case Studies. Communities: Results from the CQI Study: CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Information on Quality at the Community Level MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric Impact on Americans' Health. Use. LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Phenazopyridine. ANTÓN, P. S. LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' TR-134-NASA/OSD Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: LRP-200407-16 Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Quality Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Centers: Use of Organizational Surveys to RB-9066-NASA/OSD Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Facilities Serve National Needs? Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Change and Adapt Interventions to Local Propulsion Test Facilities for American Priorities. Aeronautics. LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. California Hospice Programs. MG-178-NASA/OSD LRP-200411-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Challenge to Prescribing Physicians. Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and Use of National Needs. Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System. ARENA, M. V. LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the MR-1743-NAVY Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a A User's Guide. National Sample. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in ARKES, J. the United States: Appendix. RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Recruiting and Retention? Injured Workers in California.

ARLINGTON, J. ATKINSON, S. W. OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. Lessons from the Military Health System. 66

AUGUSTINE, C. H. BAKKER, S. RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the American Middle TR-110-AVV Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in School. Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing Survey into the Value of Time in Freight the American Middle School. Transport by Road. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: BALAKRISHNAN, A. Implications for Education and Training TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and Infrastructure. Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. AUSINK, J. A. MR-1821-AF Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the BALDWIN, L. H. Requirements of the 2002 National Defense MR-1812-AF Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Authorization Act. Installation Support Contracts: Perspectives from RB-128-AF Reducing the Cost of Purchased Services: How the Commercial Sector. Can the Air Force Measure Success? MR-1821-AF Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the MG-214-AF Air Force Procurement Workforce Requirements of the 2002 National Defense Transformation: Lessons from the Commercial Authorization Act. Sector. RB-124-AF Applying Performance-Based Practices to Installation Support Contracts. AVORN, J. RB-128-AF Reducing the Cost of Purchased Services: How RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older Can the Air Force Measure Success? Adults. MG-214-AF Air Force Procurement Workforce LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Transformation: Lessons from the Commercial Older Patients. Sector.

AYANIAN, J. Z. BALKOVICH, E. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Interests in Information Technology. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). BALLEGOOIJEN, M. VAN AZOCAR, F. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for LRP-200401-04 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Regression of Adenomas. Medicine Use Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral Health Patients. BAMEZAI, A. LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of AZRAEL, J. R. Medicare Beneficiaries. WR-145 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of the Future of the Automotive Industry. Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix.

BADGER, G. J. BANKS, J. LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of WR-155 International Comparisons of Work Disability. Stay Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth Weight BAO, Y. Infants. LRP-200410-04 The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Perceived Quality of Insurance BAER, W. S. Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Use of TR-160-PNNL Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: Mental Health Specialty Care. Phase I Report. LRP-200412-01 Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Adults. BAIK, S. TR-141-SRF Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean BARBISCH, D. F. Attitudes Toward the U.S. MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. BAIR, M. J. LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment BARNES, D. Response in Primary Care. MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of BAKER, J. C. Federal and State Policies. RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security BARNEY, H. Risk? TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. Security Implications of Publicly Available TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Geospatial Information. Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Corporation of New York. Management in Disaster and Terrorism RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through Response. Accountability. RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank BAKER, L. C. Street College of Education. LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on General Surgery Residency: National Survey California State University, Northridge. Results. RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Michigan State University. 67

RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the BELMAN, M. J. University of Virginia. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Progress Report on a New Initiative. a Managed Care Setting.

BARTIS, J. T. BELNAP, B. H. TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Management Services to Community-Based Analysis of Surveillance Data. Primary Care Practices. TR-112-NETL Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program Development and Evaluation. BENARD, C. MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. Management in Disaster and Terrorism Response. BENJAMIN, R. W. RP-1120 The Environment of American Higher Education: BASHORE, T. M. A Constellation of Changes. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of BENNETT, B. Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. MR-1797-AF Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity System: Implications for Organizational BASSEUNER, K. and Data Flow Changes. MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military RB-125-AF Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the Air and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Force's Education and Training Command. September 2001-June 2002. BENSAHEL, N. BASTANI, R. MR-1640-AF The Future Security Environment in the Middle LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to East: Conflict, Stability, and Political Change. and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in RB-118-AF Strategic Threats to Middle East Security, a Managed Care Setting. Challenges for U.S. Policy. MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military BATES-JENSEN, B. M. and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, RP-1139 Quality Indicators for Prevention and September 2001-June 2002. Management of Pressure Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders. BENZ, R. LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of BAUER, M. S. Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. BERENDS, M. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. BEATTY, A. TR-177-CCPP Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting BERNAARDS, C. A. Health Policy for the Uninsured. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in BECKER, K. a Managed Care Setting. LRP-200404-08 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. BERNARD, C. LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. BERNARD, H. R. LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to LRP-200402-09 Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Understanding Treatment Process in the Blocks of Text. Therapeutic Community? BERNSTEIN, M. BECKMAN, R. L. WR-164-CEC Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with Energy Efficiency in New California Homes. HIV. BERRY, S. H. BEEGLE, K. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Teens' Sexual Activity? Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the Family Life Survey. Psychological Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, BELL, D. S. Impairment, and Help-Seeking. RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance to Take Your Medicine? in the United States. LRP-200401-08 A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. on Their Functional Capabilities. LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Initiation of Sexual Behavior. Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early BETHELL, C. Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community Most Likely to Benefit Patients. Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Receive. 68

BEUSEKOM, I. VAN LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax Care: A Literature Review. Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im LRP-200409-15 R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = the Health Care Setting and Its Impact on Care. Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review. BLICKSTEIN, I. MG-107-OSD Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the BHATTACHARYA, J. Department of Defense: Lessons for the Office of TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the the Secretary of Defense. Future Elderly: Final Report. RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to BLOCK, M. Come. TR-134-NASA/OSD LRP-200401-01 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: of Disability Appear to Be on the Rise Among Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of People Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Growing Obesity Epidemic. RB-9066-NASA/OSD LRP-200412-09 Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Markets. Facilities Serve National Needs? WR-158 Time-Inconsistency and Welfare. MG-178-NASA/OSD WR-189 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Program and the Nutrition of Children and Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Families. National Needs.

BIKSON, T. K. BLOOM, G. CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Interests in Information Technology. Scientific and Technical Personnel? LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Improving Data for Decisionmaking. Guide for Researchers. MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Requirements of the Federal Government? Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Implications for Education and Training BLUTHENTHAL, R. N. Infrastructure. LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk BILKER, W. B. Among Drug Injectors. LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. BIRD, C. E. LRP-200410-06 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Syringe Exchange Programs with Different Last 3 Years of Life. Syringe Dispensation Policies. LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? BODILLY, S. J. Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Trial. Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State Policies. BIRKLER, J. L. 1944-. RB-9075-FF The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force for Sustaining Educational Improvement. Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will RB-9078-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: It Meet Changing Security Needs? What Have We Learned About Scaling Up Educational Interventions? BITKO, G. MG-216-FF Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Approach to Education Reform. Competitiveness. MG-248-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives from Leaders in the Scale-Up of BITLER, M. Educational Interventions. LRP-200412-13 Does WIC Work? The Effects of WIC on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. BOER, R. WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA LRP-200400-10 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Welfare Reform and Health. Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by WR-110-NICHD/NIA the Cancer Intervention Surveillance Network The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups. Divorce. LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National WR-172 Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. Outcomes LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of Adenomas. BLAKE, D. J. LRP-200412-08 Developing and Comparing Population Models for MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for the Early Detection Center. Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics BOGART, L. M. Pipeline. LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Sample of Adolescent Women. BLANCHARD, J. C. RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. 69

BOGUE, P. BOZZETTE, S. A. MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. Quality of HIV Care. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. BOHANDY, S. R. LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing in the United States. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. BRACKNEY, R. C. CF-196-ARDA Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of BOITO, M. a March 2004 Workshop. TR-119-FOI Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An Assessment Methodology / BRADLEY, E. Walter Perry ... Et Al. LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable Cardioverter RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. BRADLEY, M. RB-133-AF Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon Systems: LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Focus on Testing and Evaluation. Lessons from the Military Health System. MG-109-AF Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Weapons. BRANCATO, K. MR-1712-OSD Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and BOLTEN, J. G. Flag Officer Management. TR-144-AF Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime DB-418-NAVY An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Plans into Total U.S. Air Force Manpower Surface Warfare Officers. Requirements. MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career RB-141-AF What Are the Air Force's Manpower Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. Requirements? A New Methodology Improves the Estimation Process. BRENNAN, R. RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. BONDANELLA, J. MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. BREWER, D. J. BONOMO, J. TR-164-EDU A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Recruitment and Retention. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. BRODER, M. S. CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy LRP-200401-15 Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures. Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. BROOK, R. H. RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer BOON, J. to Take Your Medicine? MR-1467-OSD Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Project Overview. Impact on Shared Awareness. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of BOON, J. E. Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. MG-126-RC Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by LRP-200401-15 Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures. Analyzing Unusual Behavior. LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert BOREN, P. Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early MR-1789-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. Most Likely to Benefit Patients. RB-3032-A The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Implications LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare for Readiness, Workload, and Recapitalization. Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and DB-428-USTC/DLA Have a Gap in Drug Coverage. The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation Enduring Freedom. BROOKS, A. C. MG-218-WF Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About BOTTERMAN, M. the Benefits of the Arts. MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, BROUSSEAU, M. Smart Organisations in Europe. WR-186 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons. BOTTRELL, M. LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and BROWER, J. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Guide for Researchers. Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks.

BOWMAN, L. BROWN, A. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Insights from an Analysis of State Data. Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. 70

RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: BULPITT, K. J. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Level Data. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to BROWN, J. Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments Rheumatoid Arthritis. of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Provider Organizations in the United States: A Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Discussion of Industry Concerns. Arthritis.

BROWN, L. J. BUNDORF, M. K. LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Plans. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. BROWN, M. S. TR-134-NASA/OSD BUNTIN, M. B. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual Health Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Insurance Market. NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. LRP-200402-01 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare RB-92-AF Distributed Satellite Constellations Offer Program: Implications for Payments to Advantages over Monolithic Systems. Medicare+choice Plans. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Services: What Are the Causes? Attack Capabilities. LRP-200405-22 Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Transformation? Comparing Methods of RB-9066-NASA/OSD Modeling Medicare Expenditures. Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Facilities Serve National Needs? Insurance in California. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at LRP-200411-02 The Role of the Individual Health Insurance Los Angeles International Airport. Market and Prospects for Change. MG-178-NASA/OSD LRP-200412-07 Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Outliers When Setting Prospective Payment Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. National Needs. WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? BRUCE, M. L. LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental BURNAM, M. A. Health Services Research. LRP-198806-01 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles BUCHAN, G. C. General Population. RB-111-1-AF U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy and LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Force Posture. Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Positive Patients. BUCHANAN, J. LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with Prospective Payment System. Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Prospective Payment System: Appendices. Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health LRP-200408-04 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities Response. During Community Disaster. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. BUCKWALTER, J. G. LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: BUSUTTIL, R. W. Evaluating the Need for Improvement. LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve Survival? BUDOFF, M. J. WR-181 Quality Indicators for the Management of BUTTON, R. W. Ischemic Heart Disease in Vulnerable Older MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Persons. Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Security Needs? BUERHAUS, P. LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions BUTZ, W. P. for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Patterns. Scientific and Technical Personnel? CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce BUI, A. A. T. Improving Data for Decisionmaking. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Costs. Requirements of the Federal Government? MG-161-RC The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Revolution. MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options. 71

BUXTON, M. CARRILLO, M. J. MG-251-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, TR-144-AF Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Approach, Analysis and Recommendations. Plans into Total U.S. Air Force Manpower Requirements. BYMAN, D. RB-141-AF What Are the Air Force's Manpower MR-1640-AF The Future Security Environment in the Middle Requirements? A New Methodology Improves East: Conflict, Stability, and Political Change. the Estimation Process. RB-118-AF Strategic Threats to Middle East Security, Challenges for U.S. Policy. CARROLL, S. J. OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. TR-122-EDU Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles Community College District. BYSTRITSKY, A. CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Improving Data for Decisionmaking. Anxiety Disorders. OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. CALEF, K. M. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing CARTER, G. M. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200412-07 Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Attack Capabilities. Outliers When Setting Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. CALMES, D. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among CASTANEDA, L. W. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured RB-9058-EDU Improving Arts Education Partnerships. Urban Public Health System. DB-435-AF The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air CAMM, F. A. Base and Eskan Village in Saudi Arabia. MG-107-OSD Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the MG-196-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges to Department of Defense: Lessons for the Office of Military Spouse Employment and Education. the Secretary of Defense. MG-222-EDU Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School District's Experience. CAMPBELL, D. E. RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the CASTLE, N. G. Last 3 Years of Life. LRP-200403-01 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low LRP-200402-07 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Quality. Hospice Use. LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living CAMPBELL, N. Facilities. RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: LRP-200406-14 Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage Elders. Denials. CAULKINS, J. P. CARD, D. E. LRP-200403-11 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from WR-197 The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance School-Based Drug Prevention. Coverage on Health Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare. CAVE, J. A. K. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. CARLISLE, D. LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of CECCHINE, G. California Hospice Programs. MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Methods. CARLSON, M. J. CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy LRP-200411-09 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Spanish-Speaking Medicaid Enrollees. Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. MG-103-A Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: CARMEL, S. Findings from the Army Medical Department LRP-200410-14 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Transformation Workshops, 2002. Attitudes and Behaviors. MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. CARNEY, M. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for CHALK, P. Depression. RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. RB-9047-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within:: Security CARPENTER, J. H. Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Four Democracies. Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). MG-100-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in Stay Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Four Democracies. Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth Weight MG-135-OSD Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Infants. Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Agricultural and Food Industry. MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. 72

CHALOUPKA, F. J. LRP-200409-09 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for LRP-200409-24 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network Students: Economic Complements or Tool (MINT). Substitutes? LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. CHAN, E. W. MR-1819-AF Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom. CHIOU, C. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Los Angeles International Airport. Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options. Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument.

CHAN, K. S. CHODOSH, J. LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for RP-1137 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Vulnerable Elders. Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to LRP-200411-08 Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. Management: How to Find Them and What to Do LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: with Them. Evaluating the Need for Improvement. LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Understanding Treatment Process in the Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Therapeutic Community? Hospitalization.

CHANG, B. L. CHOW, J. S. LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Affairs Primary Care Practices. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. CHANG, J. T. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older CHOW, M. Adults. RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Accountability. Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. CHOW, T. W. LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to RP-1130 Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Elders. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Patients. CHRIQUI, J. F. LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older WR-126 Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean Community-Based Patients with Urinary in the United States? Incontinence. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and CHRISCHILLES, E. A. Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Physicians. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). CHANG, L. LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel CHRISTIAN, D. Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users. CHASE, M. S. TR-133-RC Shanghaied? The Economic and Political CHRISTIAN, J. Implications of the Flow of Information WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Research Results and Policy Options. Strait. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. CHUBIN, S. Competitiveness. CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle CHEN, P. W. East. LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve Survival? CHUN, J. RB-9075-FF The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives CHENOWETH, M. E. for Sustaining Educational Improvement. MR-1711-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect MG-216-FF Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Approach to Education Reform. Repair Contracts. CHUN, T. J. CHIESA, J. MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational LRP-200403-11 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of School-Based Drug Prevention. Federal and State Policies.

CHINMAN, M. J. CHUNG, C. LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure Insights from an Analysis of State Data. to Community Violence. TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Randomized Controlled Trial. 73

RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: COLLINS, R. L. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Level Data. Teens' Sexual Activity? LRP-200402-03 Substance Use and Early Marriage. CHUNG, P. J. LRP-200403-07 Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking. RB-9090 Voltage Drops in Children's Health Care: Barriers LRP-200405-16 Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young That Impede Children's Access to Quality Health Adulthood: Multiple Developmental Trajectories Care. and Their Associated Outcomes. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Psychological Consequences of the September Receive. 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, LRP-200409-07 Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Impairment, and Help-Seeking. Voltage Drops: Whether Access Is Approached LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Incrementally or Comprehensively, Children Will Initiation of Sexual Behavior. Not Fully Realize the Benefits Until Quality Is LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with Addressed. HIV.

CLANCY, N. B. CONLEY, R. E. RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Problems and Possible Solutions. Use. MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and CONNER, B. T. Options for the Future. LRP-200408-12 Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A Multivariate Analysis. CLARKE, L. LRP-200400-10 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer CONSTANT, L. Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the American Middle the Cancer Intervention Surveillance Network School. (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups. MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Middle School. CLEARY, P. D. LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician COOK, C. R. Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for DB-434-AF Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Nonadherent Patients. Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected CLOUTIER, L. C. Findings. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground CORDES, J. J. Attack Capabilities. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. COHEN, A. N. RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank LRP-200409-09 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Street College of Education. Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Tool (MINT). California State University, Northridge. RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on COHEN, D. A. Michigan State University. LRP-200404-11 After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the Among Inner City Youth. University of Virginia. LRP-200405-27 Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year Louisiana: An Ecologic Analysis. Progress Report on a New Initiative. LRP-200407-01 Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need More Free Condoms. COTTON, S. K. LRP-200410-11 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law Health. Enforcement for Terrorism? LRP-200411-03 Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are Prevention Interventions. State and Local Law Enforcement?

COHEN, J. B. COULTER, I. D. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine LRP-200400-02 Integration and Paradigm Clash: The Practical Users. Difficulties of Integrative Medicine. LRP-200400-06 Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic. COLABELLA, L. P. LRP-200400-07 Communication in the Chiropractic Health MR-1789-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Encounter Sociological and Anthropological Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. Approaches. RB-3032-A The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Implications LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the for Readiness, Workload, and Recapitalization. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. COLBURN, K. K. LRP-200406-11 The Rise and Rise of Complementary and LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Alternative Medicine: A Sociological Perspective. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Arthritis. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. COLLINS, J. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 74

CRAGIN, K. LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health MR-1782-AF The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of World. HIV-Positive Patients. RB-121-AF Assessing the Dynamic Terrorist Threat. LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for CRANE, K. Nonadherent Patients. WR-145 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care the Future of the Automotive Industry. Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States. CRASKE, M. G. LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to Anxiety Disorders. Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with CRETIN, S. Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Abuse Treatment. Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical Department. CURRIE, J. M. RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer LRP-200412-13 Does WIC Work? The Effects of WIC on to Take Your Medicine? Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. LRP-200401-08 A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating WR-172 Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based Outcomes on Their Functional Capabilities. WR-189 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast LRP-200402-06 An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Program and the Nutrition of Children and Improve Chronic Illness Care: Framework and Families. Study Design. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in CURRY, K. Improving Chronic Illness Care. MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. CRIQUI, M. LRP-200401-10 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin DAKE, M. D. Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Biochemistry. Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. LRP-200404-04 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins DALEY, G. A. on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes. TR-164-EDU A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Recruitment and Retention. CROGHAN, T. MG-237-OSD Determinants of Dispensing Location in the DALY, S. A. TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program. MR-1782-AF The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing CROGHAN, T. W. World. RP-1101 The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can RB-121-AF Assessing the Dynamic Terrorist Threat. We Change the Contents? OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. LRP-200401-04 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Use Among Adult Depressed Managed DALZELL, S. Behavioral Health Patients. TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Use. Response in Primary Care. LRP-200403-12 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and DAMAN, S. Outcomes of Persistent Depression Despite MR-1692-IAACD Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance Treatment in Primary Care. and Information Assurance.

CROOKS, V. C. DAMESEK, L. LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: LRP-200404-08 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Evaluating the Need for Improvement. Substance Abuse Treatment.

CROWE, B. DAMPHOUSSE, K. MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science Enforcement for Terrorism? Board. MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement? CRYSTAL, S. LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New DANIELSON, C. Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living WR-167 Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? Facilities. DARILEK, H. CUFFEL, B. J. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year LRP-200401-04 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. Medicine Use Among Adult Depressed Managed TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Behavioral Health Patients. Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York. CUNNINGHAM, W. E. RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. Street College of Education. 75

RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are California State University, Northridge. State and Local Law Enforcement? RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Michigan State University. DAVIS, P. K. RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the MG-273 Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: University of Virginia. Videoconferencing, Audioconferencing, and RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year Computer-Mediated Communications. Progress Report on a New Initiative. DE CRISTOFARO, A. DATAR, A. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in LRP-200401-09 Childhood Overweight and Academic the United States: Appendix. Performance: National Study of Kindergartners and First-Graders. DE KONING, H. J. LRP-200408-03 Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher- LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Reported Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. Prospective Study of Kindergartners. LRP-200409-06 Physical Education in Elementary School and DEAN, K. L. Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Early LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Childhood Longitudinal Study. Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms. WR-168 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Investment on Child Test Scores. DECRISTOFARO, A. RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of DAVANZO, J. Health Care in America. RP-1102 Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality: RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Cameroon, 1987–1995. Health Care in America. RP-1111 The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality Among Married-Couple Households in DEKAY, M. L. Malaysia. LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and RP-1148 Changes in American Opinion About Family Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Planning. Participation in Environmental Decision Making. MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options. DEMARTINI, C. WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child TR-121-CDSS Results from the First California Health and Social Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Services Survey. Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. WR-162-EDU Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive School Reform Models. DAVIDSON, C. J. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of DER-MARTIROSIAN, C. Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. DAVIDSON, L. LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: DEROSE, K. P. The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure TR-177-CCPP Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting to Community Violence. Health Policy for the Uninsured. LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a DEVIN, P. D. Randomized Controlled Trial. TR-126-EDU When Computers Go to School: How Kent School Implemented Information Technology to Enrich DAVIES, W. Teaching and Learning. LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from the Military Health System. DHANANI, N. LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a DAVIS, C. H. Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. DB-435-AF The Role of Deployments in Competency LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air Medicare Beneficiaries. Base and Eskan Village in Saudi Arabia. WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix. DAVIS, L. E. MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond DIAMANT, A. L. to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. Urban Public Health System. OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. DIENER, D. MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics DAVIS, L. M. Pipeline. MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological DIENNA, N. Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science Enforcement for Terrorism? Board. 76

DIETRICH, A. J. DRAISMA, G. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. a Managed Care Setting. DREW, J. G. DIMSDALE, J. E. MR-1819-AF Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom. LRP-200401-10 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Improving Wing-Level Logistics. the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry. DREYER, P. LRP-200404-04 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized DB-410-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins Baggage Screening Equipment by Considering on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes. the Economic Cost of Passenger Delays. LRP-200404-10 Severe Irritability Associated with Statin DB-412-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs. Baggage Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive Summary. DIONISIO, J. D. B. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined DREZNER, J. A. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and TR-134-NASA/OSD Costs. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of DIPPOLD, M. NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air RB-9066-NASA/OSD Attacks. Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities Serve National Needs? DIWAN, S. MG-178-NASA/OSD LRP-200409-25 Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An in a Home and Community-Based Services Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Program. National Needs.

DIXON, L. S. DRUSS, B. G. RB-9087-ICJ Compensating the Victims of 9/11. LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. Prescriptions. OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention LRP-200409-08 Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. and Sideliners. MG-264-ICJ Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks. LRP-200412-12 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Does Practice Make Perfect? DOBBINS, J. CT-218 Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian DRYDEN, J. A. Management Act of 2004. TR-134-NASA/OSD CT-219 A Fresh Start for Haiti? Charting Future U.S. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Haitian Relations. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of CT-225 The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Transatlantic Cooperation in the War on Terror. MG-178-NASA/OSD MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve September 2001-June 2002. National Needs.

DOBKIN, C. DU, C. WR-197 The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance RB-9046-OSD Hitting the Books Before Military Service: Policy Coverage on Health Care Utilization and Health: Options for Recruiting in the College Market. Evidence from Medicare. MG-105-OSD Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the College Market: Results from a National Survey. DOEBBELING, B. LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and Use of DUAN, N. Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Healthcare System. Depression. LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for DOOLITTLE, F. C. Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank Depression: Results of a Group-Level Street College of Education. Randomized Controlled Trial. RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician California State University, Northridge. Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Nonadherent Patients. Michigan State University. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured University of Virginia. Urban Public Health System. RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Progress Report on a New Initiative. Latinos. LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on DOWD, B. Minority Patients' Clinical Status and LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Employment. Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? 77

LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for EISMAN, M. Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? RB-92-AF Distributed Satellite Constellations Offer Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Advantages over Monolithic Systems. Trial. RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at DULAI, G. S. Los Angeles International Airport. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in EL-SADEN, S. a Managed Care Setting. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Costs. Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? ELINSON, L. DWIYANTO, A. LRP-200401-14 Depression and the Ability to Work. MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia ELKINS, W. L. Family Life Survey. LRP-200404-11 After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Inner City Youth. DYDEK, G. J. MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice ELLICKSON, P. L. Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left Department. Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Teens and Young Adults. DZIEDZIC, M. J. RP-1124 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking. and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, LRP-200402-03 Substance Use and Early Marriage. September 2001-June 2002. LRP-200403-07 Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking. LRP-200405-16 Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young EATON, D. Adulthood: Multiple Developmental Trajectories MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: and Their Associated Outcomes. Toward a Long-Term Strategy. LRP-200406-06 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from Project ALERT. EBENER, P. A. LRP-200406-10 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking LRP-200404-08 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to Substance Abuse Treatment. Young Adulthood. LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to LRP-200411-01 Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Understanding Treatment Process in the Initiation During Adolescence. Therapeutic Community? LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with ELLIOTT, M. N. Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance MR-1327-OSD Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Abuse Treatment. Service. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence ECKERT, G. J. Teens' Sexual Activity? LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Response in Primary Care. Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities. EDISON, T. LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Campaigns. Attack Capabilities. LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred EDLUND, M. J. Provider Organizations in the United States: A LRP-200412-11 Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Discussion of Industry Concerns. Drug, and Mental Problems in Primary Care: LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the Results from Healthcare for Communities. Psychological Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, EISEMAN, E. Impairment, and Help-Seeking. MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Development at the Nation's Universities and Evaluating the Need for Improvement. Colleges. LRP-200407-09 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. EISENHARD, S. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Attack Capabilities. Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- EISENMAN, D. P. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Fair? Initiation of Sexual Behavior. LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived Sample of Adolescent Women. Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of ELOUNDOU-ENYEGUE, P. M. Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health RP-1102 Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality: Response. Cameroon, 1987–1995. 78

ELRICK, P. MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Naval Research and Development. Toward a Long-Term Strategy. ETTNER, S. L. EMANUEL, E. J. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Depression. Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Cancer Care Quality. Depression: Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial. EMMERICHS, R. M. LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does MR-1684/1-OSD An Operational Process for Workforce Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? Planning. LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of MR-1684/2-OSD An Executive Perspective on Workforce California Hospice Programs. Planning. LRP-200411-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the RB-7570-OSD Workforce Planning in Complex Organizations. Challenge to Prescribing Physicians.

ENGBERG, J. FAIN, T. LRP-200406-14 Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. Elders. FAIR, C. C. ENGSTROM, K. RB-136-AF Counterterror Coalitions: What Role Will Pakistan LRP-200409-18 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer and India Play? Group and the Effects of Payer Generosity. RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military EPSTEIN, A. M. Recruiting and Retention? LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on for Information Technology Personnel? Cancer Care Quality. MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Information Technology Personnel. ESCARCE, J. J. MG-141-AF The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual Health Pakistan and India. Insurance Market. MG-210-A Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Learned from Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. Medicare+Choice Plans. MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service FARBER, D. J. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public Infarction. Interests in Information Technology. LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What Are the Causes? FARLEY, D. LRP-200404-01 Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Competition. Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Department. Chronically Ill. MG-280-ICJ Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for LRP-200405-21 Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the California. Safety Net. LRP-200409-17 Assessing the Influence of Incentives on FARLEY, T. A. Physician and Medical Groups: A Comment. LRP-200405-27 Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a Louisiana: An Ecologic Analysis. General Surgery Residency: National Survey LRP-200407-01 Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Results. Need More Free Condoms. LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home LRP-200411-03 Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care Prevention Interventions. Population. LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health FARMER, M. M. Insurance in California. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to LRP-200410-08 Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Procedures and Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly a Managed Care Setting. Persons: 1986–1997. LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of FARRAR, J. T. Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. Medicare+Choice Plans. LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based FEIJEN, E. Algorithms for Identifying Members of MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Chronic Medical Conditions. Smart Organisations in Europe. WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? FEINBERG, K. R. WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. FERRELL, B. A. ETTEDGUI, E. RP-1137 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Vulnerable Elders. Development at the Nation's Universities and LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Colleges. Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. 79

FERRIS, J. M. FONAROW, G. C. LRP-200405-11 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective RP-1133 Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Public Private Strategies for Challenging Times: Failure in Vulnerable Elders. A Summary of a Roundtable on Philanthropy and LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Health Policy Making. Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. FEUER, E. J. LRP-200412-08 Developing and Comparing Population Models for FORD, W. the Early Detection Center. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured FIELDER, E. Urban Public Health System. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured FORROW, L. Urban Public Health System. LRP-200408-15 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Palliative Care Training Intervention for Pre- Phenazopyridine. Professionals.

FIELDING, J. E. FOSSUM, D. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Learned in California. Development at the Nation's Universities and LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Colleges. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Urban Public Health System. Scientific and Technical Personnel? LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: CT-229-1 Identifying Federally Funded Research and Lessons from California. Development on Information Technology. MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the FINCH, B. K. Requirements of the Federal Government? RP-1104 Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Infant FOUAD, M. N. Mortality in the United States. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: LRP-200408-14 Los Aänos De La Crisis: An Examination of The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Change in Differential Infant Mortality Risk Within Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). Mexico. FOX, B. FINEBERG, I. C. RB-133-AF Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon Systems: LRP-200408-15 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Focus on Testing and Evaluation. Palliative Care Training Intervention for Pre- MG-109-AF Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft Professionals. and Guided Weapons.

FIRST, M. B. FRANK, R. LRP-200402-16 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? LRP-200408-14 Los Aänos De La Crisis: An Examination of LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Change in Differential Infant Mortality Risk Within Psychiatric Diagnoses. Mexico.

FISCHBECK, P. S. FREED, J. R. LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Participation in Environmental Decision Making. Plans.

FITZGERALD, J. FREEDMAN, V. A. LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Medicare+Choice Plans. Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care Rheumatoid Arthritis. Population. LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of FLETCHER, R. H. Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Medicare+Choice Plans. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). Algorithms for Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have FLORIG, H. K. Chronic Medical Conditions. LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. Participation in Environmental Decision Making. FRELINGER, D. FLYNN, N. M. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk Attack Capabilities. Among Drug Injectors. RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial LRP-200410-06 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Syringe Exchange Programs with Different Risk? Syringe Dispensation Policies. MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. 80

FREMONT, A. M. GALWAY, L. A. LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing MR-1797-AF Air Education and Training Command Cost and Quality of HIV Care. Capacity System: Implications for Organizational LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and and Data Flow Changes. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical RB-125-AF Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the Air Guide for Researchers. Force's Education and Training Command. WR-112-RC Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project FRIEDMAN, B. Management: A Critical Review. LRP-200409-18 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group and the Effects of Payer Generosity. GANZ, P. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to FRIES, B. E. and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in LRP-200409-25 Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses a Managed Care Setting. in a Home and Community-Based Services Program. GARBER, A. M. LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and LRP-200402-01 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People Program: Implications for Payments to Medically Eligible for Home- and Community- Medicare+choice Plans. Based Services. GARBER, S. FRINTNER, M. P. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200407-15 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute US Children: Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Income Status. Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions.

FULTON, B. GARDINER, K. TR-160-PNNL Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons Phase I Report. Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies.

FUNG, C. H. GARTEN, A. D. LRP-200402-14 Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By and Dispensing Medications Using the Internet. Its Availability? LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated GARULSKI, J. Healthcare System. TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Development Capacity in Japan: Observations Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. Prostate Cancer. GASKIN, D. J. GABEL, J. R. LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Last 3 Years of Life. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. GABRIELE, M. D. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing GATES, R. O. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Attack Capabilities. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Attack Capabilities.

GALBICKA, G. GATES, S. M. LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency Management Programs TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: for Addiction. Insights from an Analysis of State Data. TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North GALEGHER, J. R. Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. RB-9078-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: What Have We Learned About Scaling Up Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- Educational Interventions? Level Data. LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and MG-138-OSD Intern Programs as a Human Resources Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Management Tool for the Department of Defense. Guide for Researchers. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and MG-248-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Perspectives from Leaders in the Scale-Up of Implications for Education and Training Educational Interventions. Infrastructure.

GALLOWAY, G. P. GAUSIA, K. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Users. Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. GALVAN, F. H. LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care GELBACH, J. B. Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA in the United States. Welfare Reform and Health. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. 81

WR-110-NICHD/NIA DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Divorce. Survey: Codebook. LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for GELBERG, L. Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured LRP-200406-06 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Urban Public Health System. Results from Project ALERT. LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Phenazopyridine. GIBSON, J. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at GELHARD, L. R. Los Angeles International Airport. LRP-200407-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs: Development GIBSON, S. and Validation of the Barriers to Care MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Questionnaire. Consequences, and Policy Options.

GELLER, A. GIFFORD, A. L. RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary Quality of HIV Care. Force. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Location Operations. Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. GENOVESE, B. J. LRP-200405-02 Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone GILLILAND, J. Interviewing. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. GENTRY, M. A. LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide GIRARDINI, K. Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. GEORGE, D. RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat GLASSMAN, P. A. Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Force. Lessons from the Military Health System. MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support LRP-200411-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Location Operations. Challenge to Prescribing Physicians. MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and Use of Improving Wing-Level Logistics. Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare System. GEPPERT, J. RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for GLENN, R. W. Very Low Birthweight Infants? DB-430-A Managing Complexity During Military Urban LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Operations: Visualizing the Elephant. Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. GLENNAN, T. K. GERALD, L. D. RB-9078-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- What Have We Learned About Scaling Up Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Educational Interventions? Arthritis. MG-248-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives from Leaders in the Scale-Up of GHASHGHAI, E. Educational Interventions. TR-159-AF Communications Networks to Support Integrated Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance GNANADESIGAN, N. Strike Operations. LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Community-Based Patients with Urinary Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Incontinence. Attack Capabilities. RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. GODGES, J. RB-148-AF Improving Communications Networks to Support CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. Integrated ISR-Strike Operations. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. GHOSH-DASTIDAR, B. TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: GOLDING, J. M. Insights from an Analysis of State Data. LRP-198806-01 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. General Population. RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older GOLDMAN, D. P. Teens and Young Adults. TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: Future Elderly: Final Report. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Level Data. Come. 82

LRP-200401-01 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates GONZALES, G. of Disability Appear to Be on the Rise Among TR-122-EDU Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles People Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Community College District. Growing Obesity Epidemic. LRP-200401-02 The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: GONZALEZ, E. A Small Group of Pharmacy Benefit Experts TR-131-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Suggests That Changes Could Be Coming for Impediments. Appendices. Tiered Copayment Designs. RB-9041-RC A Legacy of Dysfunction: Cuba After Fidel. LRP-200401-11 Employee Responses to Health Insurance MG-111-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Premium Increases. Impediments. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and GORDON, J. Costs. TR-119-FOI Network-Based Operations for the Swedish LRP-200403-03 Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Defence Forces: An Assessment Methodology / Health Insurance Premiums? Walter Perry ... Et Al. LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: What Are the Causes? GORELICK, P. B. LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Chronically Ill. Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. LRP-200412-01 Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of GRAAFLAND-ESSERS, I. HIV+ Adults. TR-138-VROM Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional LRP-200412-09 Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Markets. Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang Van Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A GOLDSTEIN, N. E. Framework to Determine the Added Value of the LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Regional Airports in the Netherlands). Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. GRABOWSKI, D. C. GOLDZWEIG, C. L. LRP-200403-01 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Quality. Primary Care: Clinical Applications. GRALNEK, I. M. GOLIN, C. E. LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Regimen. Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life.

GOLINELLI, D. GRAMMICH, C. A. RB-9071-ICJ Changing the Medical Malpractice Dispute RP-1148 Changes in American Opinion About Family Process: What Have We Learned from Planning. California's MICRA? DB-434-AF Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- Findings. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area MG-196-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges to Research Results and Policy Options. Military Spouse Employment and Education. WR-188-OJP Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: MG-234-ICJ Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Learning from Homicides. Malpractice Trials: California Jury Verdicts under MICRA. GRANT, J. MR-1698/1-HECFE GOLOMB, B. A. Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' LRP-200401-10 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin View. Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Case Studies. Biochemistry. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200404-04 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins Consequences, and Policy Options. on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes. MG-251-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, LRP-200404-10 Severe Irritability Associated with Statin Approach, Analysis and Recommendations. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs. GRASER, J. C. GOMPERT, D. C. RB-133-AF Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon Systems: RB-9040-RC Defense Development: A New Approach to Focus on Testing and Evaluation. Reforming Defense Sectors in the Developing MG-109-AF Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft World. and Guided Weapons. OP-101-RC Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Development. GRAU, L. E. OP-109-RC Stretching the Network: Using Transformed LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. War. 83

GREEN, S. LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Depression Care in Pittsburgh. Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of GREENBERG, M. Rheumatoid Arthritis. MG-280-ICJ Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California. GRUNBAUM, J. A. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod GREENBERG, M. D. Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. LRP-200407-12 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to GUARINO, C. M. Change? Analysis of the Association Between TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North Drunk Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. Belief. TR-164-EDU A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. Recruitment and Retention. RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: GREENLEE, N. T. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Level Data. Algorithms for Identifying Members of LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have General Surgery Residency: National Survey Chronic Medical Conditions. Results.

GRESENZ, C. R. GUAY, A. H. MR-1327-OSD Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Service. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: Plans. Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage Denials. GUBENS, M. A. LRP-200402-04 Disputes over Coverage of Emergency LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Department Services: A Study of Two Health Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Maintenance Organizations. Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. LRP-200404-01 Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Competition. GUNN, P. P. LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and GRIFFIN, A. Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Guide for Researchers. Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment. GURALNIK, J. M. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- GRISSOM, A. Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Improved Planning and Management. LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Hospitalization. September 2001-June 2002. GUVEN, A. I. GRITTON, E. C. MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military TR-134-NASA/OSD and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: September 2001-June 2002. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. GUZMAN-BECERRA, N. RB-9066-NASA/OSD LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Facilities Serve National Needs? Plans. MG-178-NASA/OSD Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An GUZY, P. M. Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute National Needs. Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. GROSS, M. E. RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of HAAS,GRETCHEN L Scientific and Technical Personnel? LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. Requirements of the Federal Government? HABBEMA, J. D. F. GROSSMAN, J. G. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Regression of Adenomas. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. HAGEN, J. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing GROSSMAN, J. M. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground RP-1136 Quality Indicators for the Management of Attack Capabilities. Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Elders. 84

HAHN, B. RB-9050-EDU The Promise and Peril of Using Value-Added LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Modeling to Measure Teacher Effectiveness. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- OP-111-FF External Audiences for Test-Based Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of and Foundations. Rheumatoid Arthritis. MG-158-EDU Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Accountability. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Arthritis. Project. WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to HAIDER, S. Mathematics and Science Achievement? WR-189 Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the Nutrition of Children and HAMILTON, T. Families. TR-134-NASA/OSD WR-195 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Design? NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. WR-223 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? RB-108-AF Using Game Theory to Analyze Operations Evidence from the Social Security Retirement Against Time-Critical Targets. Earnings Test. RB-9066-NASA/OSD Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test HALE, L. Facilities Serve National Needs? MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, DB-385-AF A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to Consequences, and Policy Options. Suppression of Enemy Defenses and Other Time WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Critical Target Analyses. Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. Los Angeles International Airport. MG-178-NASA/OSD HALEY, S. M. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Prospective Payment System. National Needs. MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Payment System: Appendices. HAMMER, S. S. LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and HALFON, N. Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Medically Eligible for Home- and Community- Young Children: Reports from Parents and Based Services. Pediatricians. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community HANES, P. P. Health Risks: Parent Views and What They LRP-200411-09 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Receive. Spanish-Speaking Medicaid Enrollees. LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood. HANNEY, S. TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: HALLORAN, J. P. Case Studies. LRP-200401-07 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of MG-251-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Ten HIV Clinical Reminders. Approach, Analysis and Recommendations.

HALPERN, J. HANSER, L. M. LRP-200405-08 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics DB-435-AF The Role of Deployments in Competency Outcomes in Quality Improvement Programs for Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air Depression. Base and Eskan Village in Saudi Arabia.

HALVERSON, G. HANSON, M. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing WR-164-CEC Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Energy Efficiency in New California Homes. Attack Capabilities. HARBER, P. HAMBARSOOMIAN, K. WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Injured Workers in California. Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- HARDY, M. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular HAMER, R. Disease. MR-1769-RE/CVZ Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij HARKER, J. O. Stoppen Met Roken = (Perceptions on a LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting Smoking Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Support). Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of HAMILTON, L. S. Rheumatoid Arthritis. RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Accountability. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis. 85

HARMAN, J. S. LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices LRP-200405-03 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Americans with Depression. Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel HARRELL, M. C. Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life. MR-1712-OSD Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Officer Management. HAYWARD, R. A. RB-7564-OSD The Advisability of Sabbatical Leaves for Officers. LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. National Sample. MG-196-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges to Military Spouse Employment and Education. HEEB, R. WR-137-NICHD The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare HARRINGTON, D. P. Prices and Choices. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and HEIDENREICH, P. A. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with HARRIS, E. D. Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at HEIMER, R. Los Angeles International Airport. LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. HARRIS, K. TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military HELD, B. J. Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: MG-169-OSD Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Lessons from the Military Health System. Military Ammunition Production.

HARRISON, J. K. HELLMANN, N. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of in the United States. Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. HENRY, K. H. HASENFELD, R. RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California. HENSLER, D. R. RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: HASSELL, J. Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons Denials. with Severe Mental Illness. RP-1090-ICJ Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement Is Reshaping Our HAYES, R. P. Legal System. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. HERAWATI, Y. MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the HAYES-BAUTISTA, D. Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Family Life Survey. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Health System. HERBERT, T. J. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing HAYS, R. D. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Attack Capabilities. Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- Minorities. Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? HERITAGE, J. LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between Campaigns. Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication HICKEY, S. Regimen. RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Fair? Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Urban Public Health System. Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments HICKMAN, L. J. of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred LRP-200404-03 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Provider Organizations in the United States: A Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program Discussion of Industry Concerns. Effectiveness. LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Evaluating the Need for Improvement. 86

WR-193-LAC Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles RB-9066-NASA/OSD County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal- Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Local Partnership. Facilities Serve National Needs? MG-178-NASA/OSD HICKS, J. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Health Care in America. National Needs. RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Health Care in America. HOLFORD, T. R. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in LRP-200412-08 Developing and Comparing Population Models for the United States: Appendix. the Early Detection Center.

HIGASHI, T. HOLLYWOOD, J. S. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older MG-126-RC Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Adults. Analyzing Unusual Behavior. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Patients. HOORENS, S. TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: HIGGINBOTHAM, P. E. Case Studies. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options. HIGGINS, J. H. LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide HOPKINS, J. R. Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Services in Primary Care. HIROMOTO, S. WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area HORBAR, J. D. Research Results and Policy Options. RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. Very Low Birthweight Infants? LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for HIRSCH, S. H. Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Stay Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Hospitalization. Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth Weight Infants. HIX, W. M. RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. HORLINGS, E. MG-169-OSD Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Military Ammunition Production. Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use. HOBBS, W. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing HOSEK, J. R. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military Attack Capabilities. Recruiting and Retention? RB-7563-OSD New Measure of Enlisted Personnel Quality HOF, C. VAN'T Reveals That Services Retain Higher-Quality MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Personnel. Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand Smart Organisations in Europe. for Information Technology Personnel? CT-222 Deployment, Retention, and Compensation. HOFFMAN, B. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP OP-108-OSD Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle Mean for Military Manpower and Personnel East. Policy? CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Information Technology Personnel. OP-127-IPC/CMEPP Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq. HOU, A. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing HOGAN, M. M. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Attack Capabilities. Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial National Sample. Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Risk? HOGAN, T. MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland TR-134-NASA/OSD Security Implications of Publicly Available Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Geospatial Information. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. HOUCK, P. TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and LRP-200401-14 Depression and the Ability to Work. Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. 87

HOUGHTON, B. K. RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to RGSD-181 Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Come. Response to Chemical Terrorism. WR-146 Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Data. HOUSER, A. WR-147 A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH Experimental Consumption Data. Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An WR-195 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Analysis of Surveillance Data. Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? HOWELL, D. R. MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond HYNES, M. to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. DB-391-NAVY Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships. HOYNES, H. W. WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA IGUCHI, M. Y. Welfare Reform and Health. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine WR-110-NICHD/NIA Users. The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency Management Programs Divorce. for Addiction.

HUA, J. IKEMOTO, G. LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between RB-9075-FF The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower for Sustaining Educational Improvement. Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication MG-216-FF Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Regimen. Approach to Education Reform.

HUANG, P. Y. INKELAS, M. LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Affairs Primary Care Practices. Young Children: Reports from Parents and Pediatricians. HUANG, Z. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? Receive. LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early HUH, Y. Childhood. MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science IVERSON, J. S. Board. MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Improved Planning and Management. Smart Organisations in Europe.

HUNTER, R. E. JACKNOWITZ, A. CF-203-CC Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The RGSD-182 An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations. Breastfeeding Patterns.

HUNTER, S. B. JACKSON, B. A. MR-1711-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Repair Contracts. Analysis of Surveillance Data. MR-1812-AF Defining Needs and Managing Performance of CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy Installation Support Contracts: Perspectives from Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological the Commercial Sector. Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. RB-119-AF Speeding Acquisition Reform in the U.S. Air MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Force. Management in Disaster and Terrorism RB-124-AF Applying Performance-Based Practices to Response. Installation Support Contracts. WR-133-NIJ Organizational Learning and Terrorist Groups. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Teens' Sexual Activity? JACKSON, C. A. LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent TR-177-CCPP Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Initiation of Sexual Behavior. Health Policy for the Uninsured. LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance JACKSON-TRICHE, M. Abuse Treatment. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Depression. HURA, M. RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons JACOBS, J. Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air Attacks. Attacks. JACOBSON, J. O. HURD, M. D. RGSD-183 The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Treatment Outcomes: Implications for NIMBY Future Elderly: Final Report. Disputes and Client Placement Decisions. 88

JAIN, A. K. JONG, G. DE LRP-200407-12 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to TR-110-AVV Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Change? Analysis of the Association Between Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main Drunk Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Survey into the Value of Time in Freight Belief. Transport by Road.

JAMES, M. JOYCE, G. LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People Future Elderly: Final Report. Medically Eligible for Home- and Community- RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Based Services. Come. LRP-200401-02 The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: JAYCOX, L. A Small Group of Pharmacy Benefit Experts LRP-200404-03 Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Suggests That Changes Could Be Coming for Gender Distribution, and Prevention Program Tiered Copayment Designs. Effectiveness. LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the LRP-200404-05 Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Chronically Ill. Through Community Violence. MG-154-OSD Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided LRP-200404-08 Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Health Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit Substance Abuse Treatment. Design from the Private Sector. LRP-200405-20 All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The MG-237-OSD Determinants of Dispensing Location in the Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program. Course of Posttraumatic Psychological Distress. LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the JUNGVIG, L. K. Psychological Consequences of the September LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Impairment, and Help-Seeking. Disease. LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms. JUVONEN, J. RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the American Middle JEAN-BAPTISTE, G. School. LRP-200402-19 The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing Serious Chronic Illness and Palliative Care. the American Middle School.

JENKINS, B. M. KAGANOFF, T. CT-226 Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Transportation. Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. Federal and State Policies. RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the American Middle JOE, L. School. RB-9064-A Broadening the Army's Bandwidth. RB-9058-EDU Improving Arts Education Partnerships. MG-156-A Future Army Bandwidth Needs and Capabilities. MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Middle School. JOHNSON, D. E. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: MG-103-A Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Implications for Education and Training Findings from the Army Medical Department Infrastructure. Transformation Workshops, 2002. MG-222-EDU Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School District's Experience. JOHNSON, D. J. TR-134-NASA/OSD KAHAN, J. P. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Use. RB-9066-NASA/OSD Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test KAHN, K. L. Facilities Serve National Needs? LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of MG-178-NASA/OSD Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of National Needs. Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to JOHNSON, M. D. and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in LRP-200405-08 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics a Managed Care Setting. Outcomes in Quality Improvement Programs for LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Depression. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). JOLLIS, J. G. LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Cancer Care Quality. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Infarction. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis. 89

KAMBERG, C. J. LRP-200403-10 The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older Small Firm Employment. Adults. LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Insurance in California. Project Overview. WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. Older Patients. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and KARAM, R. Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community WR-162-EDU Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive Physicians. School Reform Models.

KAN, H. KARASIK, T. W. LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. Services: What Are the Causes? MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Toward a Long-Term Strategy. Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11.

KANDULA, N. R. KAROLY, L. A. LRP-200404-02 Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the RB-5070-DOL The Future at Work: Trends and Implications. Leading Health Indicators Tell Us. LRP-200407-07 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers. MG-164-DOL The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the KANE, T. Future Workforce and Workplace in the United LRP-200404-10 Severe Irritability Associated with Statin States. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs. WR-136 Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Workers. KANGARLOO, H. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined KATAOKA, S. H. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Costs. Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms.

KANOUSE, D. E. KATON, W. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Teens' Sexual Activity? Anxiety Disorders. RP-1141 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Galaxy. KATZ, R. R. LRP-200404-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Persons with Serious Mental Illness. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod KAUZLARICH, R. Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Initiation of Sexual Behavior. September 2001-June 2002. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. KAVANAGH, J. RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand KANTAR, P. for Information Technology Personnel? RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground KEATING, E. G. Attack Capabilities. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. Implications for Education and Training Infrastructure. KANWAL, F. LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices KEELER, E. B. Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? Care: A Literature Review. TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im KAPLAN, A. H. Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Care: A Literature Review. Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication LRP-200402-06 An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Regimen. Improve Chronic Illness Care: Framework and Study Design. KAPTEYN, A. LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a WR-155 International Comparisons of Work Disability. Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. WR-206 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- Netherlands. Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. KAPUR, K. LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare MR-1327-OSD Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Service. Have a Gap in Drug Coverage. RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Denials. Hospitalization. RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual Health LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Insurance Market. Medicare Beneficiaries. 90

WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of KENNY, M. Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix. RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for Very Low Birthweight Infants? KEESEY, J. LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. Health Care in America. RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of KERR, E. A. Health Care in America. RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Health Care in America. Communities: Results from the CQI Study: RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Information on Quality at the Community Level Health Care in America. Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Impact on Americans' Health. Communities: Results from the CQI Study: LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Information on Quality at the Community Level Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most National Sample. Impact on Americans' Health. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the the United States: Appendix. Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample. KEFFER, J. WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons the United States: Appendix. Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. KERR, K. A. KELDER, S. RB-9078-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod What Have We Learned About Scaling Up Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Educational Interventions? MG-248-FF Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: KELLEHER, K. J. Perspectives from Leaders in the Scale-Up of LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Educational Interventions. Depression Care in Pittsburgh. LRP-200405-03 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older KERSEY, M. Americans with Depression. LRP-200404-02 Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Indicators Tell Us. KELLEY, C. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. KEYSER, D. J. Competitiveness. LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective DB-423-A The Impact of Equipment Availability and Depression Care in Pittsburgh. Reliability on Mission Outcomes: An Initial Look. LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health KELLY, T. K. Response. RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Scientific and Technical Personnel? KHAN, M. A. CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Data for Decisionmaking. KIEFE, C. I. MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Requirements of the Federal Government? The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). KELLY-REIF, S. LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of KILBOURNE, A. M. Services in Primary Care. LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. KELTNER, B. LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices MR-1711-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? Repair Contracts. LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel RB-119-AF Speeding Acquisition Reform in the U.S. Air Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life. Force. LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management Services to Community-Based KENNEDY, M. Primary Care Practices. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground KILBURN, M. R. Attack Capabilities. WR-137-NICHD The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare DB-410-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Prices and Choices. Baggage Screening Equipment by Considering WR-168 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and the Economic Cost of Passenger Delays. Parental Investment on Child Test Scores. DB-411-RC The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Screening Requirements. KILGORE, M. L. DB-412-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of RGSD-179 Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs Baggage Screening Equipment to Minimize the in Clinical Trials, with an Examination of Cost Cost of Flying: Executive Summary. Analysis Methods and Data Sources. 91

KILMER, B. LRP-200406-10 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking WR-125 Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to Beyond Prohibition? Young Adulthood. LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the KILPATRICK, S. Psychological Consequences of the September LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Impairment, and Help-Seeking. Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). LRP-200407-09 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. KIM, J. J. LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a MG-200-RC Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded General Surgery Residency: National Survey Press System in Historical Context. Results. LRP-200411-01 Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use KIM, S. Initiation During Adolescence. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured KLEIN, R. Urban Public Health System. MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy. KING, J. WR-126 Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean KLERMAN, J. A. in the United States? TR-121-CDSS Results from the First California Health and Social Services Survey. KING, W. D. WR-167 Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to KLIPPEL, J. H. Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality KINGSTON, G. Indicator Set. TR-119-FOI Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Forces: An Assessment Methodology / KLOOS, B. Walter Perry ... Et Al. LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure KINGTON, R. S. to Community Violence. LRP-200408-04 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster. KNIGHT, E. L. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older KIRBY, K. C. Adults. LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency Management Programs RP-1134 Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use for Addiction. in Vulnerable Elders. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable KIRBY, S. N. Older Patients. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. KNOPMAN, D. S. TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Assessment Methods. Corporation of New York. RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through Problems and Possible Solutions. Accountability. MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Street College of Education. Options for the Future. RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on California State University, Northridge. KO, C. Y. RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Michigan State University. Improve Survival? RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students Entering a University of Virginia. General Surgery Residency: National Survey RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year Results. Progress Report on a New Initiative. RB-9081-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left KOEGEL, P. Behind: A Long Uphill Road. LRP-200404-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in MG-136-WFHF Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Persons with Serious Mental Illness. Lessons for Education from Other Sectors. KOFNER, A. KLEERUP, E. C. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. WR-179 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Competitiveness. Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elder Persons. KOGAN, M. D. KLEIN, D. J. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Receive. Teens and Young Adults. RP-1124 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: KOLBE, L. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 92

KOLLROSS, C. LACHMAN, B. E. LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- Attack Capabilities. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security KONSTAM, M. A. Risk? LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Security Implications of Publicly Available Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Geospatial Information.

KORALEWICZ, L. M. LACKEY, A. LRP-200404-11 After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Among Inner City Youth. Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics KORETZ, D. M. Pipeline. RB-9050-EDU The Promise and Peril of Using Value-Added Modeling to Measure Teacher Effectiveness. LAERHOVEN, L. VAN MG-158-EDU Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Accountability. Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Europe. KORTHUIS, P. T. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. LAGOMASINO, I. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for KRAL, A. H. Depression. LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk LAKDAWALLA, D. Among Drug Injectors. TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the LRP-200410-06 Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Future Elderly: Final Report. Syringe Exchange Programs with Different RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Syringe Dispensation Policies. Come. CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. KRAUT, R. E. OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. Interests in Information Technology. LRP-200401-01 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability Appear to Be on the Rise Among KRAVITZ, R. L. People Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Growing Obesity Epidemic. Services in Primary Care. WR-158 Time-Inconsistency and Welfare. WR-171-ICJ Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of KROENKE, K. Terrorism. LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment WR-205-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Response in Primary Care. Compensation Filing?

KRUMHOLZ, H. M. LAL, R. LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable Cardioverter RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. CF-201-CAPP/ORF U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue. KULICK, J. MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. WR-164-CEC Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting Energy Efficiency in New California Homes. LAMB, R. J. LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency Management Programs KUNG, F. for Addiction. LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with LAMPERT, R. Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. KUNKEL, D. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence LANCZOS, A. Teens' Sexual Activity? TR-139-HE A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Fragmented Governance on Southwestern Initiation of Sexual Behavior. Pennsylvania.

KUSEK, J. W. LANDMAN, A. B. LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. to Take Your Medicine? LRP-200401-08 A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating KVITKY, J. S. Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. on Their Functional Capabilities.

LABOR, R. LANDON, B. E. TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients. 93

LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive LEE, B. Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? Fair? LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be LANDREE, E. Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. LEE, G. T. MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force LAOURI, M. Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the It Meet Changing Security Needs? Chronically Ill. LEE, M. L. LARA, M. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. LRP-200407-15 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai US Children: Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Income Status. Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans LARA-CINISOMO, S. Affairs Primary Care Practices. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS LEFTWICH, J. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood MG-116-AF Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Survey: Codebook. Supply Management Implementation. MG-145-FFLA Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing-Level Logistics. LARRABEE, F. S. RP-1107 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity. LEFTWICH, L. M. RP-1127 The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward MG-116-AF Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and the Black Sea Region. Supply Management Implementation. RP-1149 The Right Stuff: Defense Planning Challenges for a New Century. LEIBOWITZ, A. A. LRP-200401-11 Employee Responses to Health Insurance LARSON, E. V. Premium Increases. TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Use. LEONARD, H. A. TR-141-SRF Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Attitudes Toward the U.S. Use. RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. LEONARD, R. S. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Los Angeles International Airport. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Attack Capabilities. Toward a Long-Term Strategy. LESSER, I. O. LATOURRETTE, T. RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. LEUSCHNER, K. DB-428-USTC/DLA LAUGESEN, M. The Strategic Distribution System in Support of LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Operation Enduring Freedom. Services: What Are the Causes? MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. LAVE, J. R. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Depression Care in Pittsburgh. Implications for Education and Training Infrastructure. LAW, S. A. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LEVIN, N. D. TR-141-SRF Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean LE, V. Attitudes Toward the U.S. RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the American Middle RB-131-AF/KF The U.S.-South Korea Security Alliance After School. 9/11. MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing MG-115-AF/KF Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security the American Middle School. Relationship After 9/11. WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project. LEVIN, R. A. WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Mathematics and Science Achievement? Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. LEAPE, L. L. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of LEVINE, J. B. Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. Psychiatric Diagnoses. 94

LEVINE, R. A. LIPSCOMB, J. OP-132-RC Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: France Cannot. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LEVINSON, W. LRP-200409-29 When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies LITTLE, B. Ahead? RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. LEVY, D. G. RB-7562-OSD Evaluating Options for Expanding Lateral Entry LITWIN, M. S. into Enlisted Military Occupations. LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. Prostate Cancer. MG-134-OSD Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Feasibility. LIU, H. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Implications for Education and Training Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Infrastructure. Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. LEWIS, E. LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Prescriptions. Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Regimen. LIBICKI, M. C. LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician TR-132-DHHS The Costs and Benefits of Moving to the ICD-10 Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Code Sets. Nonadherent Patients. OP-103-RC Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Solution Elements. Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- LIERENS, A. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid TR-138-VROM Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Arthritis. Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang California Hospice Programs. Van Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the LIU, J. H. Regional Airports in the Netherlands). LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Improve Survival? Case Studies. LOCKWOOD, J. R. LIGTVOET, A. MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of LRP-200402-11 Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for Assessment Methods. EHealth. RB-9050-EDU The Promise and Peril of Using Value-Added Modeling to Measure Teacher Effectiveness. LIM, N. MG-158-EDU Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher MG-196-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges to Accountability. Military Spouse Employment and Education. WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Science Achievement? LIM, Y. WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for LOEVE, F. Injured Workers in California. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of Adenomas. LIN, M. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in LONG, A. Improving Chronic Illness Care. RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? LINDENBLATT, C. LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be DB-434-AF Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected Findings. LONGSHORE, D. RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left LINDSTROM, G. Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons Teens and Young Adults. Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. LRP-200406-06 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results from Project ALERT. LINGEL, S. L. LRP-200408-12 Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Reduction: A Multivariate Analysis. MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy. LOO, M. VAN HET MR-1769-RE/CVZ LINN, H. I. Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Stoppen Met Roken = (Perceptions on a Management in Disaster and Terrorism Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting Smoking Response. Support). 95

CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Lessons from California. Consequences, and Policy Options. LRP-200409-15 R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC the Health Care Setting and Its Impact on Care. Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric LRP-200409-16 The Role of Culturally Competent Communication Use. in Reducing Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities. LORENZ, K. A. LRP-200409-29 When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Ahead? Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? LRP-200412-19 Global Health Services Research: Challenging LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of the Future. California Hospice Programs. LRP-200409-26 Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care LYNCH, K. F. Planning. MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Wing-Level Logistics. LOUGHRAN, D. S. MR-1819-AF Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom. WR-168 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Investment on Child Test Scores. LYNN, J. WR-207 Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Effects of Age at First Marriage on Career Last 3 Years of Life. Development and Wages. LRP-200402-07 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with WR-223 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Hospice Use. Evidence from the Social Security Retirement LRP-200402-13 When Does Quality Improvement Count as Earnings Test. Research? Human Subject Protection and Theories of Knowledge. LOUIS, T. A. LRP-200402-19 The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Serious Chronic Illness and Palliative Care. Last 3 Years of Life. LRP-200409-26 Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care LRP-200402-07 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Planning. Hospice Use. LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. LOWE, T. J. LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New MACDONALD, J. Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Facilities. Assessment Methods. RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: LOWELL, J. F. Problems and Possible Solutions. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Competitiveness. Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and MG-121-WF State Arts Agencies 1965–2003: Whose Interests Options for the Future. to Serve? WR-188-OJP Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from Homicides. LUBECK, D. P. LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai MACLEAN, C. H. Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. Adults. RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE LUCAS, J. A. Project Overview. LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New RP-1129 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Developing Quality Indicators. Facilities. RP-1130 Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Elders. LUCAS, S. RP-1132 Quality Indicators for the Management and CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. Prevention of Falls and Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders. LUCEY, J. F. RP-1135 Quality Indicators for the Management of LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Osteoarthritis in Vulnerable Elders. Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont RP-1136 Quality Indicators for the Management of Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Elders. LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. LURIE, N. LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: Primary Care: Clinical Applications. Lessons Learned from Seven Health LRP-200403-16 Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease Jurisdictions. in Primary Care: Scientific Review. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Learned in California. Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality CT-227 Public Health Preparedness in California: Indicator Set. Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions. LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to LRP-200402-18 Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Do? Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200404-02 Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Leading Health Indicators Tell Us. Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. 96

LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Older Patients. Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis MG-237-OSD Determinants of Dispensing Location in the Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program. LRP-200408-18 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for MANACAPILLI, T. Osteoarthritis. MR-1797-AF Air Education and Training Command Cost and LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and Capacity System: Implications for Organizational Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community and Data Flow Changes. Physicians. RB-125-AF Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the Air WR-180 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual Force's Education and Training Command. Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons. WR-181 Quality Indicators for the Management of MANCEWICZ, M. Ischemic Heart Disease in Vulnerable Older LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. Persons. WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for MANDELL, W. Injured Workers in California. LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Understanding Treatment Process in the MAESTAS, N. Therapeutic Community? WR-196 Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Retirement. MANGIONE, C. M. WR-197 The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Coverage on Health Care Utilization and Health: Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Evidence from Medicare. Have a Gap in Drug Coverage.

MAGEE, S. MANGIONE-SMITH, R. TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health Corporation of New York. Campaigns.

MAGGIO, E. MARAINEN, J. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home MG-145-FFLA Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care Population. MAGLIONE, M. A. LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older MARCUM, C. Y. Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of MR-1684/1-OSD An Operational Process for Workforce Randomised Clinical Trials. Planning. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of MR-1684/2-OSD An Executive Perspective on Workforce Provider: A Meta-Analysis. Planning. RB-7570-OSD Workforce Planning in Complex Organizations. MAGNABOSCO, J. L. LRP-200401-09 Childhood Overweight and Academic MARCUS, M. Performance: National Study of Kindergartners LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in and First-Graders. Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. MAHNOVSKI, S. TR-160-PNNL Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: MARCUS, S. C. Phase I Report. LRP-200401-14 Depression and the Ability to Work. LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant MALIK, M. R. Prescriptions. LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations LRP-200409-08 Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. and Sideliners.

MALIN, J. MARIANO, L. T. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: RB-9042 Syndromic Surveillance: An Effective Tool for The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Detecting Bioterrorism? Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200400-01 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of WR-162-EDU Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on School Reform Models. Cancer Care Quality. LRP-200409-02 Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed MARKEN, R. Therapy and Palliative Care. RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer to Take Your Medicine? MALKIN, J. D. LRP-200401-08 A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating LRP-200401-02 The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based A Small Group of Pharmacy Benefit Experts on Their Functional Capabilities. Suggests That Changes Could Be Coming for LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Tiered Copayment Designs. Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert MG-154-OSD Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early Health Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Design from the Private Sector. Most Likely to Benefit Patients. MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach. 97

MARQUIS, J. P. MATSUI, D. H. MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Improved Planning and Management. Future Elderly: Final Report.

MARQUIS, M. S. MATSUMURA, J. RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual Health MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Insurance Market. Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science LRP-200405-21 Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Board. Safety Net. MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. Insurance in California. LRP-200411-02 The Role of the Individual Health Insurance MATTKE, S. Market and Prospects for Change. LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing MARSHALL, G. N. Patterns. LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Injured Workers in California. Minorities. LRP-200404-05 Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured MATTOCK, M. G. Through Community Violence. RB-7563-OSD New Measure of Enlisted Personnel Quality LRP-200405-20 All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The Reveals That Services Retain Higher-Quality Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural Personnel. Course of Posttraumatic Psychological Distress. RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand LRP-200406-16 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom for Information Technology Personnel? Checklist: Factor Structure and English-Spanish MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Measurement Invariance. Information Technology Personnel. LRP-200412-20 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV- Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective MAYER, E. A. Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel County. Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life. WR-201-ISE Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Los Angeles County Superior Court. MCARTHUR, M. TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and MARSHALL, P. Development Capacity in Japan: Observations LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. MCBEAN, A. M. MARSTELLER, J. A. LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? Improving Chronic Illness Care. MCCAFFREY, D. F. MARTINO, S. C. MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational LRP-200402-03 Substance Use and Early Marriage. Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of LRP-200405-16 Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Federal and State Policies. Adulthood: Multiple Developmental Trajectories RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left and Their Associated Outcomes. Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Teens and Young Adults. MASON, K. RB-9049-DPRC Evaluating Substance Abuse Treatment LRP-200405-27 Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Programs for Adolescent Probationers. Louisiana: An Ecologic Analysis. RB-9050-EDU The Promise and Peril of Using Value-Added Modeling to Measure Teacher Effectiveness. MASSEY, H. G. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for TR-144-AF Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Depression. Plans into Total U.S. Air Force Manpower LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Requirements. Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in RB-141-AF What Are the Air Force's Manpower Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. Requirements? A New Methodology Improves LRP-200406-06 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: the Estimation Process. Results from Project ALERT. LRP-200409-20 Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for MATHEWS, C. J. Substance-Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions. MATHEWS, W. M. C. MG-158-EDU Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Accountability. Quality of HIV Care. MCCARTER, L. M. MATONICK, D. M. LRP-200401-04 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Medicine Use Among Adult Depressed Managed Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Behavioral Health Patients. Attack Capabilities. RB-111-1-AF U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy and MCCARTHY, K. F. Force Posture. TR-131-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Appendices. RB-9041-RC A Legacy of Dysfunction: Cuba After Fidel. 98

MG-111-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in Impediments. the United States: Appendix. MG-218-WF Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts. MCGUIRE, T. G. LRP-200410-08 Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical MCCLELLAN, M. Procedures and Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly LRP-200402-01 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Persons: 1986–1997. Program: Implications for Payments to Medicare+choice Plans. MCKAY, K. MG-126-RC Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by MCCOMBS, J. S. Analyzing Unusual Behavior. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. MCKENZIE, D. TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A LRP-200409-18 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Group and the Effects of Payer Generosity. Corporation of New York. RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank MCLEOD, G. Street College of Education. RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Attacks. California State University, Northridge. RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on MCMAHON, K. S. Michigan State University. TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the Use. University of Virginia. RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Progress Report on a New Initiative. Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. RB-9081-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. Behind: A Long Uphill Road. MCWILLIAMS, B. C. MCCUTCHAN, J. A. LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. Quality of HIV Care. LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. MEADE, C. CT-215 Strengthening Research & Development for Wind MCDONALD, L. L. Hazard Mitigation. LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health MEANS-CHRISTENSEN, A. Campaigns. LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Disorders. MCEVER, J. RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: MEDEIROS, E. S. Problems and Possible Solutions. CT-217 Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Implications for Chinese Military Modernization. Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Options for the Future. MEILI, R. C. RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer MCGARVEY, R. G. to Take Your Medicine? MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options. LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert MCGINN, J. G. Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Most Likely to Benefit Patients. September 2001-June 2002. MELNICK, G. MCGLYNN, E. A. LRP-200405-11 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective RB-9053 The First National Report Card on Quality of Public Private Strategies for Challenging Times: Health Care in America. A Summary of a Roundtable on Philanthropy and RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality of Health Policy Making. Health Care in America. LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. LRP-200405-10 There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries LRP-200409-27 The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs Need to Improve the Way They Measure and and Revenues: Is There a Difference Between Track the Quality of Patient Care. For-Profit and Nonprofit Plans? LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Communities: Results from the CQI Study: Medicare Beneficiaries. Information on Quality at the Community Level WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Can Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix. Impact on Americans' Health. LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for MELZER, D. Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Campaigns. Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a MENDEL, P. National Sample. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Illness Care. 99

MEREDITH, L. S. LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Latinos. Depression. LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Services Research. MESIC, R. LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on TR-134-NASA/OSD Minority Patients' Clinical Status and Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Employment. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. MISKULIN, D. RB-108-AF Using Game Theory to Analyze Operations LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Against Time-Critical Targets. Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. RB-111-1-AF U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy and Force Posture. MISTRY, R. RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Attacks. Young Children: Reports from Parents and RB-9066-NASA/OSD Pediatricians. Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities Serve National Needs? MITCHELL, S. R. DB-385-AF A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with Suppression of Enemy Defenses and Other Time HIV. Critical Target Analyses. DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at MITTMAN, B. S. Los Angeles International Airport. LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of MG-178-NASA/OSD Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of National Needs. Rheumatoid Arthritis. LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- MICHAUD, P. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid WR-191 Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Arthritis. Tests Using Dynamic Panel Data Models. MIU, A. MIKULS, T. R. RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. Teens' Sexual Activity? LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. Initiation of Sexual Behavior.

MILLER, A. B. MOFFAT, J. LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National MG-226-UK Information Sharing Among Military Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. Headquarters: The Effects on Decisionmaking.

MILLER, C. L. MOINI, J. S. LRP-200412-12 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental RB-7562-OSD Evaluating Options for Expanding Lateral Entry Health Care: Does Practice Make Perfect? into Enlisted Military Occupations. MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career MILLER, L. G. Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. LRP-200402-02 Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' MG-134-OSD Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Self-Reported Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Feasibility. Wagner, Loren G. Miller. MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Implications for Education and Training Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Infrastructure. Regimen. MOJICA, W. A. MILLS, P. H. LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older MG-176-AF A Methodology for Determining Air Force Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Deployment Requirements. Randomised Clinical Trials. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of MINTZ, J. Provider: A Meta-Analysis. LRP-200409-09 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network MOLANDER, R. C. Tool (MINT). TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons Lessons Learned from Seven Health with Severe Mental Illness. Jurisdictions. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons MIRANDA, J. Learned in California. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Depression. Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results of a Group-Level MONTAGNET, C. Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to LRP-200405-08 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Understanding Treatment Process in the Outcomes in Quality Improvement Programs for Therapeutic Community? Depression. 100

MOOK, K. H. LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? Randomised Clinical Trials. LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for MOORE, N. Y. Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality DB-434-AF Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Indicator Set. Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Findings. Disease. MG-116-AF Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Supply Management Implementation. Provider: A Meta-Analysis. LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance MOOTZ, R. D. in the United States. LRP-200400-06 Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic. LRP-200411-08 Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: How to Find Them and What to Do MORALES, L. S. with Them. RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans. MOSEN, D. M. LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of LRP-200411-09 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Spanish-Speaking Medicaid Enrollees. Minorities. LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among MOSHER, D. E. Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond Urban Public Health System. to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. Provider Organizations in the United States: A MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. Discussion of Industry Concerns. LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care MULSANT, B. H. Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and in the United States. Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in MULVENON, J. C. Medicare+Choice Plans. TR-133-RC Shanghaied? The Economic and Political LRP-200411-09 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Implications of the Flow of Information Spanish-Speaking Medicaid Enrollees. Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Strait. MORGAN, M. G. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Competitiveness. Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making. MUSGRAVE, D. LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal MORRAL, A. R. Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? RB-9049-DPRC Evaluating Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for Adolescent Probationers. MUSSINGTON, D. LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency Management Programs TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: for Addiction. Lessons Learned from Seven Health LRP-200407-12 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Jurisdictions. Change? Analysis of the Association Between RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Drunk Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Learned in California. Belief. LRP-200409-20 Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for MUSTAFA, G. Substance-Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal or Alternative Probation Dispositions. Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh.

MORRIS, J. MYERS, S. CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: Interests in Information Technology. Lessons Learned from Seven Health Jurisdictions. MORRIS, J. N. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Learned in California. Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Medically Eligible for Home- and Community- Lessons from California. Based Services. NAFTEL, S. MORRISON, P. A. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year TR-122-EDU Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. Community College District. RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank Street College of Education. MORTON, S. C. RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on RP-1129 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of California State University, Northridge. Developing Quality Indicators. RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Michigan State University. 101

RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the NORTON, D. University of Virginia. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Progress Report on a New Initiative. Attack Capabilities.

NAKAJIMA, G. A. NUCKOLS, T. K. WR-177 Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Vulnerable Elders. Injured Workers in California.

NAKAZONO, T. T. O'BRIEN, K. A. LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care MR-1692-IAACD Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected and Information Assurance. in the United States. OP-109-RC Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than NAMKUNG, P. War. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Learned in California. O'CONNELL, K. M. LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial Lessons from California. Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Risk? NEEDLEMAN, J. MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions Security Implications of Publicly Available for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Geospatial Information. Patterns. O'CONNOR, K. G. NELSON, C. LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for MG-280-ICJ Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for Young Children: Reports from Parents and California. Pediatricians.

NELSON, E. C. O'LEARY, J. F. LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? Medicare Beneficiaries. WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of NEUHAUSER, F. Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix. WR-214-ICJ Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in OFMAN, J. J. Compliance with SB 899. LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid NEWBERRY, S. J. Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Elderly: Final Report. OLFSON, M. LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Prescriptions. Disease. LRP-200409-08 Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans and Sideliners. Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach. OLIKER, O. RB-9040-RC Defense Development: A New Approach to NEWHOUSE, J. P. Reforming Defense Sectors in the Developing LRP-200402-01 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare World. Program: Implications for Payments to OP-101-RC Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Medicare+choice Plans. Development. OP-118-CMEPP/CRE NEWSOME, B. Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Greater Middle East and the Prospects for U.S.- Los Angeles International Airport. Russian Partnership. MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military NGUYEN, A. D. and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, LRP-200401-07 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of September 2001-June 2002. Ten HIV Clinical Reminders. OLIVIERI, J. NICHIPORUK, B. LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Toward a Long-Term Strategy. Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics.

NICHOL, M. B. OLSON, L. M. LRP-200402-14 Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for and Dispensing Medications Using the Internet. Young Children: Reports from Parents and LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Pediatricians. Phenazopyridine. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Parent Views and What They NICHOLAS, W. Receive. MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical Childhood. Department. 102

LRP-200407-15 Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for PACE, N. M. US Children: Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and RB-9071-ICJ Changing the Medical Malpractice Dispute Income Status. Process: What Have We Learned from California's MICRA? ONDAATJE, E. H. MG-234-ICJ Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical MG-218-WF Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About Malpractice Trials: California Jury Verdicts under the Benefits of the Arts. MICRA.

OORTMARSSEN, G. J. VAN PACULA, R. L. LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National LRP-200403-11 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. School-Based Drug Prevention. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for LRP-200409-24 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Regression of Adenomas. Students: Economic Complements or Substitutes? OORTWIJN, W. J. WR-125 Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Beyond Prohibition? Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric WR-126 Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean Use. in the United States?

ORLANDO, M. PADDOCK, S. M. RP-1124 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking. Prospective Payment System. LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Prospective Payment System: Appendices. Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. LRP-200403-11 What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from LRP-200406-10 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking School-Based Drug Prevention. and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to LRP-200412-07 Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Young Adulthood. Outliers When Setting Prospective Payment LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. Understanding Treatment Process in the LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Therapeutic Community? Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment. ORLETSKY, D. T. LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing HIV. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Attack Capabilities. Its Availability? RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security PAINTER, L. S. Risk? MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Development at the Nation's Universities and Security Implications of Publicly Available Colleges. Geospatial Information. PANIS, C. W. A. ORTIZ, D. S. TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Future Elderly: Final Report. Competitiveness. RB-5070-DOL The Future at Work: Trends and Implications. TR-214-RC Evaluating the Security of the Global RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Containerized Supply Chain. Come. MG-164-DOL The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the OVERHOLT, W. H. Future Workforce and Workplace in the United RP-1116 China's Economy, Resilience and Challenge. States. CT-228 Hong Kong at the Crossroads. CT-232 The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September PARACHINI, J. 12, 2004: Assessment and Implications. CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Technology Policy CT-232-1 The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological 12, 2004: Assessment and Implications. Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. OP-117-CAPP The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American CT-231-1 Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Financial Crises for Chinese Bond Market. Recommendations and the National Strategies.

PACE, J. E. PARCEL, G. S. RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Enforcement for Terrorism? Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill. PARENT, D. MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine State and Local Law Enforcement? Users. MG-154-OSD Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit PARK, C. H. Design from the Private Sector. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community MG-237-OSD Determinants of Dispensing Location in the Health Risks: Parent Views and What They TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program. Receive. LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Childhood. 103

PARK, R. E. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Survey: Neighborhood Observation Forms and Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Interviewer Manual. Use of Coronary Revascularization Procedures. MG-145-FFLA Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School?

PATINO, F. PECK, R. S. LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. PEELE, R. LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising PATTERSON, E. S. Psychiatric Diagnoses. LRP-200401-07 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Reminders. PEETZ, D. J. TR-134-NASA/OSD PATTINASARANY, D. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Family Life Survey. RB-9066-NASA/OSD Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test PAUL, C. Facilities Serve National Needs? LRP-200406-18 The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making MG-178-NASA/OSD Process: Who Participates, and How? Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An MG-138-OSD Intern Programs as a Human Resources Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Management Tool for the Department of Defense. National Needs. MG-200-RC Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in Historical Context. PELTZ, E. MG-214-AF Air Force Procurement Workforce MR-1789-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Transformation: Lessons from the Commercial Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. Sector. RB-3032-A The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Implications for Readiness, Workload, and Recapitalization. PAULUS, H. E. CT-223 Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Combatant Commanders. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Pipeline. Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. PENCHARZ, J. N. LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai LRP-200408-18 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. Osteoarthritis. LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid PERDUE, H. S. Arthritis. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground PAYNE, N. R. Attack Capabilities. LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont PERLMAN, J. Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Stay Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth Weight Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. Infants. PERLMAN, R. L. PEARSON, M. L. LRP-200412-06 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through Important, Yet So Difficult? Accountability. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in PERRY, W. L. Improving Chronic Illness Care. MR-1467-OSD Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its PEBLEY, A. R. Impact on Shared Awareness. RP-1122 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well- TR-119-FOI Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Being. Defence Forces: An Assessment Methodology / CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. Walter Perry ... Et Al. DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS MG-226-UK Information Sharing Among Military The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Headquarters: The Effects on Decisionmaking. Survey: Codebook. DRU-2400/3-2-LAFANS PETERS, J. E. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood DB-391-NAVY Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and Survey: Household Questionnaires. MARAD Ships. DRU-2400/4-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood PETERSON, C. E. Survey: Household Questionnaires (Spanish). DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS DRU-2400/5-1-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook. Survey: Field Interviewer Manual. DRU-2400/6-1-LAFANS 104

PETERSON, D. J. PLEVRITIS, S. TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH LRP-200400-10 Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by Analysis of Surveillance Data. the Cancer Intervention Surveillance Network WR-145 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups. the Future of the Automotive Industry. POLLPETER, K. L. PETERSON, J. TR-133-RC Shanghaied? The Economic and Political OP-109-RC Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Implications of the Flow of Information Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan War. Strait. TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. PETITTI, D. B. Competitiveness. LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Evaluating the Need for Improvement. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Capabilities. PFLEEGER, S. L. RB-134-AF Managing the U.S.-China Military-to-Military OP-103-RC Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and Relationship. Solution Elements. MG-143-AF U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military-to-Military Relationship. PIEKLIK, S. MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice PORCHE, I. Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical RB-9064-A Broadening the Army's Bandwidth. Department. DB-407-ONR Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design. PIETERS, M. MG-156-A Future Army Bandwidth Needs and Capabilities. TR-110-AVV Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main POST, E. P. Survey into the Value of Time in Freight LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression Transport by Road. Management Services to Community-Based Primary Care Practices. PINCUS, H. A. LRP-200400-09 Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, POTOSKY, A. L. Psychosocial Problems, and Behavioral LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Interventions in Primary Care. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and LRP-200401-14 Depression and the Ability to Work. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200402-16 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective POWERS, C. M. Depression Care in Pittsburgh. RP-1132 Quality Indicators for the Management and LRP-200405-03 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Prevention of Falls and Mobility Problems in Americans with Depression. Vulnerable Elders. LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Prescriptions. PREGLER, A. LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. Psychiatric Diagnoses. LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and PRESTON, B. Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. RB-92-AF Distributed Satellite Constellations Offer LRP-200409-08 Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, Advantages over Monolithic Systems. and Sideliners. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Attack Capabilities. Response. LRP-200412-12 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental PROVENZALE, D. T. Health Care: Does Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Management Services to Community-Based Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). Primary Care Practices. PUNG, H. PINT, E. M. OP-109-RC Stretching the Network: Using Transformed RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than MG-169-OSD Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of War. Military Ammunition Production. QI, K. PIRNIE, B. LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, a Managed Care Setting. September 2001-June 2002. QUINLIVAN, J. T. PITTMAN, P. M. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. RP-1101 The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Change the Contents? QUINTERO, G. MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science Board. 105

QUITER, E. S. RAZZAQUE, A. MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Department. Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh.

RABASA, A. REARDON, E. RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. TR-121-CDSS Results from the First California Health and Social MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. Services Survey.

RAGHAVAN, R. RECTOR, T. S. LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Sample of Adolescent Women. Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. RAHMAN, M. LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Algorithms for Identifying Members of Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. Chronic Medical Conditions.

RAHN, C. RELLES, D. A. LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. Provider Organizations in the United States: A Discussion of Industry Concerns. REMES, S. C. MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational RAJAGOPALAN, R. Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of CF-201-CAPP/ORF Federal and State Policies. U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue. RETTIG, R. A. RAKFELDT, J. LRP-200401-03 Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with Review of an Important National Research Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Council-Institute of Medicine Report to Revitalize Randomized Controlled Trial. the NIH. LRP-200412-06 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So RAMAN, R. Important, Yet So Difficult? TR-134-NASA/OSD Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: REUBEN, D. B. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. Adults. RB-9066-NASA/OSD LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Older Patients. Facilities Serve National Needs? LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. It Meet Changing Security Needs? LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: MG-178-NASA/OSD Evaluating the Need for Improvement. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of National Needs. Hospitalization. WR-182 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable RASTEGAR, A. Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Older MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Persons. Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach. REVILLE, R. T. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. RATHMELL, A. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. MR-1692-IAACD Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government Intervention and Information Assurance. in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. WR-205-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' RATTIEN, S. Compensation Filing? TR-139-HE A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of WR-214-ICJ Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Fragmented Governance on Southwestern Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in Pennsylvania. Compliance with SB 899.

RAYBURN, N. R. REYNOLDS, C. F. WR-201-ISE Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts LRP-200405-03 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older of the Los Angeles County Superior Court. Americans with Depression.

RAYMOND, B. RHEAULT, P. WR-193-LAC Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal- Algorithms for Identifying Members of Local Partnership. Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Chronic Medical Conditions. 106

RHEW, D. C. WR-188-OJP Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: RP-1138 Quality Indicators for the Management of Learning from Homicides. Pneumonia in Vulnerable Elders. WR-193-LAC Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles WR-178 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal- Vulnerable Elder. Local Partnership.

RHODES, H. J. RINGEL, J. S. RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Insights from an Analysis of State Data. Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. Come. RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: RHODES, S. L. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Level Data. Provider: A Meta-Analysis. LRP-200403-02 Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity RICCI, K. Could Wipe Out Recent Improvements in MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Disability Among Older Americans. Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: LRP-200412-22 Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large A Regression-Based Approach. Differences in Health Care Costs. MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans RICE, T. H. Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined A Regression-Based Approach. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and Costs. RIPPEN, H. CP-478 Science and Technology Policy Institute: A RICHMAN, D. D. Report to the President, Analytic Perspectives on LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Science and Technology Issues Facing the in the United States. Nation.

RIDGELY, M. S. ROBALINO, D. A. LRP-200400-04 The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained- LRP-200401-11 Employee Responses to Health Insurance Release Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Premium Increases. Addiction: Will Current Law Support Coercion? LRP-200405-15 Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service ROBBERT, A. A. 1944- Providers: Characteristics and Challenges. MR-1684/1-OSD An Operational Process for Workforce MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Planning. Management in Disaster and Terrorism MR-1684/2-OSD An Executive Perspective on Workforce Response. Planning. RB-7570-OSD Workforce Planning in Complex Organizations. RIDGEWAY, G. K. RB-9049-DPRC Evaluating Substance Abuse Treatment ROBBINS, M. L. Programs for Adolescent Probationers. DB-428-USTC/DLA RB-9070-OAK Assessing Racial Profiling More Credibly: A Case The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Study of Oakland, California. Operation Enduring Freedom. RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement for Terrorism? ROBINSON, J. P. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New LRP-200409-20 Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Substance-Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Facilities. Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy or Alternative Probation Dispositions. ROBINSON, R. L. MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment State and Local Law Enforcement? Response in Primary Care.

RIEHMAN, K. S. ROBYN, A. E. LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe RB-9058-EDU Improving Arts Education Partnerships. Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk MG-222-EDU Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned Among Drug Injectors. from One School District's Experience. WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II RIJNSBURGER, A. J. Project. LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. Mathematics and Science Achievement?

RILEY, K. J. ROGOV, S. M. RB-9070-OAK Assessing Racial Profiling More Credibly: A Case CF-203-CC Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Study of Oakland, California. Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations. RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement for Terrorism? ROGOWSKI, J. A. CT-224 Terrorism and Rail Security. RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are Very Low Birthweight Infants? State and Local Law Enforcement? RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in WR-129-OJP Violence in East and West Oakland: A Medicare+Choice Plans. Descriptive Analysis. LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. 107

LRP-200404-01 Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. Competition. LRP-200400-03 US Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency. LRP-200405-21 Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the MG-100-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Safety Net. Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Four Democracies. Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). ROSENFELD, K. E. LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of RP-1131 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Stay Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Vulnerable Elders. Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth Weight LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Infants. Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? LRP-200409-10 Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low- LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of Birthweight Infants: Implications for Policy: Two California Hospice Programs. Approaches Hold Promise for Improving U.S. Infant Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the ROTH, C. P. Highest in the Industrialized World. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Adults. Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Population. Project Overview. LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. Medicare+Choice Plans. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Older Patients. Algorithms for Identifying Members of LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Community-Based Patients with Urinary Chronic Medical Conditions. Incontinence. WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Physicians. ROHWEDDER, S. LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the WR-195 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Home Residents. Design? LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. ROLL, C. R. RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat ROTH, E. A. Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Force. Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of MG-116-AF Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Randomised Clinical Trials. Supply Management Implementation. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support Provider: A Meta-Analysis. Location Operations. MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: ROWAN, C. A. Improving Wing-Level Logistics. LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options. Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). ROLLMAN, B. L. LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression ROWE, M. K. Management Services to Community-Based RB-9058-EDU Improving Arts Education Partnerships. Primary Care Practices. MG-222-EDU Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School District's Experience. ROSEN, B. OP-134-RC Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and ROWE, S. Improve It. LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Primary Care: Clinical Applications. Improved Planning and Management. LRP-200403-16 Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Scientific Review. ROSEN, M. WR-180 Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons. to Take Your Medicine? LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic ROY-BYRNE, P. Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early Anxiety Disorders. Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Most Likely to Benefit Patients. RUBENSTEIN, L. V. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Improving Chronic Illness Care. Depression. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for ROSENAU, W. Depression: Results of a Group-Level RB-9047-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within:: Security Randomized Controlled Trial. Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Four Democracies. Services in Primary Care. CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle Affairs Primary Care Practices. East. 108

LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a Community-Based Patients with Urinary National Sample. Incontinence. LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs LRP-200408-04 Function and Response of Nursing Facilities Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage During Community Disaster. Prostate Cancer. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community RUBENSTEIN, L. Z. Physicians. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Adults. Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Home Residents. Project Overview. LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical RP-1132 Quality Indicators for the Management and Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. Prevention of Falls and Mobility Problems in WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Vulnerable Elders. Its Availability? LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of SALINARDI, M. Randomised Clinical Trials. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Users. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to SAMPLER, D. L. Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military Rheumatoid Arthritis. and Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- September 2001-June 2002. Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis. SAMPSEL, S. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Physicians. Indicator Set. LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing SANDLER, R. S. Home Residents. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS).

RUSHWORTH, D. SANER, H. DB-391-NAVY Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and LRP-200411-01 Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use MARAD Ships. Initiation During Adolescence.

RUSSELL, J. SANTIBAÑEZ, L. WR-202-EDU Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation TR-122-EDU Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles of Accountability Report Cards. Community College District. TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators in North RUSZKOWSKI, M. Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. DB-407-ONR Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric TR-164-EDU A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Ship Design. Recruitment and Retention. RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School Administrators: RYAN, G. W. Policy Implications from an Analysis of State- RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. Level Data. LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax SASTRY, N. Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. RP-1115 Urbanization, Development, and Under-Five LRP-200402-09 Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Mortality Differentials by Place of Residence in Blocks of Text. Säao Paulo, Brazil, 1970–1991. LRP-200407-10 Relationship Between Routinization of Daily RP-1122 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well- Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV- Being. Positive Drug Users. RP-1142 Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II in Developing Countries: The Case of Child Project. Survival in Säao Paulo, Brazil. WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS Mathematics and Science Achievement? The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook. SAAG, K. G. DRU-2400/3-2-LAFANS LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for Survey: Household Questionnaires. Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality DRU-2400/4-LAFANS Indicator Set. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Survey: Household Questionnaires (Spanish). Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. DRU-2400/5-1-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood SALIBA, D. Survey: Field Interviewer Manual. RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE DRU-2400/6-1-LAFANS Project Overview. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood Observation Forms and Interviewer Manual. 109

SATRIAWAN, E. LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. SCHOENBAUM, M. TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military SAVYCH, B. Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. TR-141-SRF Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Attitudes Toward the U.S. Depression. LRP-200403-12 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and SAYRE, J. Outcomes of Persistent Depression Despite LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Treatment in Primary Care. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Costs. Depression Care in Pittsburgh. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for SCHAFFER, M. B. Depression: Results of a Group-Level RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air Randomized Controlled Trial. Attacks. LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Latinos. Los Angeles International Airport. LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Minority Patients' Clinical Status and SCHANK, J. F. Employment. MR-1743-NAVY Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide. SCHONLAU, M. MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force RB-9042 Syndromic Surveillance: An Effective Tool for Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will Detecting Bioterrorism? It Meet Changing Security Needs? RB-9046-OSD Hitting the Books Before Military Service: Policy Options for Recruiting in the College Market. SCHECHTER, A. N. LRP-200400-01 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200412-06 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So LRP-200409-22 Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Important, Yet So Difficult? Mainstream Research? MG-105-OSD Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the SCHEIERN, M. College Market: Results from a National Survey. RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. SCHULBERG, H. C. SCHELL, T. L. LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Depression DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Management Services to Community-Based Los Angeles International Airport. Primary Care Practices. LRP-200404-05 Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through Community Violence. SCHULMAN, K. A. LRP-200405-20 All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Course of Posttraumatic Psychological Distress. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons Infarction. with Severe Mental Illness. WR-201-ISE Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts SCHULTZ, G. D. of the Los Angeles County Superior Court. LRP-200400-06 Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic.

SCHIRMER, P. SCHUSTER, M. A. MR-1712-OSD Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and RB-9090 Voltage Drops in Children's Health Care: Barriers Flag Officer Management. That Impede Children's Access to Quality Health MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career Care. Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Children: Reports from Parents and SCHMIDT, L. Pediatricians. MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Smart Organisations in Europe. Receive. LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early SCHNEIDER, E. C. Childhood. LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on Psychological Consequences of the September Cancer Care Quality. 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Impairment, and Help-Seeking. SCHNELLE, J. F. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Project Overview. LRP-200409-07 Access and Quality in Child Health Services: RP-1140 Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Voltage Drops: Whether Access Is Approached Incontinence in Vulnerable Elders. Incrementally or Comprehensively, Children Will LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Not Fully Realize the Benefits Until Quality Is Community-Based Patients with Urinary Addressed. Incontinence. LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Sample of Adolescent Women. Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents. 110

SEABURY, S. A. LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician MG-280-ICJ Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for California. Nonadherent Patients. WR-205-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Compensation Filing? Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured WR-214-ICJ Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Urban Public Health System. Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Compliance with SB 899. Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance SEEMAN, T. E. in the United States. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. in the United States. LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to Hospitalization. Receipt of Protease Inhibitors?

SEID, M. SHAPIRO, N. L. LRP-200407-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children WR-185 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing with Special Health Care Needs: Development Loss in Vulnerable Elder Persons. and Validation of the Barriers to Care Questionnaire. SHARP, J. RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military SELLS, D. Recruiting and Retention? LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: RB-7562-OSD Evaluating Options for Expanding Lateral Entry The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure into Enlisted Military Occupations. to Community Violence. RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand for Information Technology Personnel? SETODJI, C. MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Information Technology Personnel. Fair? MG-134-OSD Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Feasibility. Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. SHAVER, R. D. DB-410-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of SEWALL, A. Baggage Screening Equipment by Considering LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- the Economic Cost of Passenger Delays. Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital DB-411-RC The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Baggage Screening Requirements. LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older DB-412-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Persons Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Baggage Screening Equipment to Minimize the Hospitalization. Cost of Flying: Executive Summary.

SHAH, M. SHAW, R. LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Algorithms for Identifying Members of Injured Workers in California. Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Chronic Medical Conditions. SHEKELLE, P. G. TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the SHAHAR, G. Future Elderly: Final Report. LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure Adults. to Community Violence. RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with Project Overview. Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a RP-1129 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Randomized Controlled Trial. Developing Quality Indicators. RP-1137 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in SHANE, P. Vulnerable Elders. CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Interests in Information Technology. Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. SHANG, B. LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Services: What Are the Causes? Future Elderly: Final Report. LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Clinical Applications. SHANLEY, M. G. LRP-200403-16 Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component in Primary Care: Scientific Review. Use. LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with SHAPIRO, M. F. Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Quality of HIV Care. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. Disease. LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. 111

LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable SHERRY, L. Older Patients. MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Naval Research and Development. Community-Based Patients with Urinary Incontinence. SHI, C. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Provider: A Meta-Analysis. Phenazopyridine. LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. SHIH, S. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and LRP-200412-12 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Health Care: Does Practice Make Perfect? Physicians. LRP-200411-08 Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based SHIONO, P. Management: How to Find Them and What to Do LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth with Them. Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample. SHIPBAUGH, C. WR-178 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the RB-111-1-AF U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy and Vulnerable Elder. Force Posture. WR-181 Quality Indicators for the Management of RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Ischemic Heart Disease in Vulnerable Older Persons. SHIRLEY, C. WR-185 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing MR-1821-AF Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Loss in Vulnerable Elder Persons. Requirements of the 2002 National Defense WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of Authorization Act. Diabetes Mellitus for Vulnerable Older Persons. RB-128-AF Reducing the Cost of Purchased Services: How Can the Air Force Measure Success? SHEN, Y. DB-410-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of LRP-200409-27 The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs Baggage Screening Equipment by Considering and Revenues: Is There a Difference Between the Economic Cost of Passenger Delays. For-Profit and Nonprofit Plans? DB-412-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage Screening Equipment to Minimize the SHERBOURNE, C. D. Cost of Flying: Executive Summary. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Depression. SHORTELL, S. M. LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for LRP-200402-06 An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Improve Chronic Illness Care: Framework and Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. Study Design. LRP-200403-12 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Outcomes of Persistent Depression Despite Improving Chronic Illness Care. Treatment in Primary Care. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for SHRANK, W. H. Depression: Results of a Group-Level LRP-200411-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Randomized Controlled Trial. Challenge to Prescribing Physicians. LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health SHUGARMAN, L. R. Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the HIV-Positive Patients. Last 3 Years of Life. LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed LRP-200402-07 Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Latinos. Hospice Use. LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. Guide for Researchers. LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral LRP-200409-25 Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with in a Home and Community-Based Services Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. Program. LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Minority Patients' Clinical Status and Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People Employment. Medically Eligible for Home- and Community- LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Based Services. Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for SIGNORI, D. Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? MR-1467-OSD Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Trial. Impact on Shared Awareness.

SHERGOLD, M. SIKOKI, B. TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Case Studies. Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. SHERMAN, S. E. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of SILBERGLITT, R. S. Provider: A Meta-Analysis. MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and Development. 112

SIMMONS, S. SOLLINGER, J. M. MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart Organisations in Europe. SOLOMON, D. H. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older SIMON, L. P. Adults. LRP-200401-15 Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures. RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Overview. SINGER, M. LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. Indicator Set. LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to SIVADASAN, S. Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Consequences, and Policy Options. Older Patients. LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older SLEEPER, S. Community-Based Patients with Urinary TR-139-HE A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Incontinence. Fragmented Governance on Southwestern LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and Pennsylvania. Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Physicians. SLOSS, E. M. LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Project Overview. Home Residents. LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. WR-179 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elder Persons. SMITH, B. L. RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law SOLOMON, M. D. Enforcement for Terrorism? LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are Chronically Ill. State and Local Law Enforcement? SOLOMON, V. SMITH, J. TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public Lessons Learned from Seven Health Interests in Information Technology. Jurisdictions. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons SMITH, J. P. Learned in California. RP-1094 Assimilation Across the Latino Generation. WR-155 International Comparisons of Work Disability. SOMMER, G. WR-206 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Netherlands. SOOD, N. SMITH, R. L. LRP-200403-03 Health Insurance: Should California Regulate RP-1140 Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Health Insurance Premiums? Incontinence in Vulnerable Elders. LRP-200409-18 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Group and the Effects of Payer Generosity. Community-Based Patients with Urinary LRP-200412-09 Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Incontinence. Markets.

SNYDER, D. SORTOR, R. E. MG-176-AF A Methodology for Determining Air Force TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Deployment Requirements. Use.

SOBO, E. J. SOTO, M. A. LRP-200407-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children LRP-200400-01 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? with Special Health Care Needs: Development and Validation of the Barriers to Care SPAR, M. Questionnaire. LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular SOEST, A. V. Disease. WR-206 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Netherlands. SPENCER, B. A. LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs SOLFREY, W. Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Prostate Cancer. Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science Board. SPRANCA, M. RP-1141 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to SOLL, R. F. the Galaxy. LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont SPRENG, C. Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review. 113

TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im STEIN, B. D. Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Fair? Care: A Literature Review. RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be SPRINKLE, R. V. Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. Services in Primary Care. LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax SPRITZER, K. L. Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of the Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Psychological Consequences of the September Minorities. 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Impairment, and Help-Seeking. Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms. STAFFORD, J. A. LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Response. Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. STEIN, J. A. LRP-200408-12 Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk STAIGER, D. Reduction: A Multivariate Analysis. RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for Very Low Birthweight Infants? STEIN, M. B. LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with STAIGER, D. O. Anxiety Disorders. LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. STEINBERG, P. TR-134-NASA/OSD STANG, P. E. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Response in Primary Care. NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. RB-9066-NASA/OSD STASZ, C. Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Facilities Serve National Needs? Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- Federal and State Policies. Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. MG-178-NASA/OSD STAYNER, D. A. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a National Needs. Randomized Controlled Trial. STEINBERG, P. S. STECHER, B. M. RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local Law RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes Through Enforcement for Terrorism? Accountability. MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are OP-111-FF External Audiences for Test-Based State and Local Law Enforcement? Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists and Foundations. STEPHENS, C. W. MG-136-WFHF Organizational Improvement and Accountability: RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Lessons for Education from Other Sectors. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Attack Capabilities. Project. MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will Mathematics and Science Achievement? It Meet Changing Security Needs?

STEEB, R. STERN, R. K. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing RB-9087-ICJ Compensating the Victims of 9/11. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground MG-264-ICJ Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks. Attack Capabilities. MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport STEVENS, D. Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Board. Los Angeles International Airport. MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on- Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. STEVENSON, L. W. LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type STEEL, N. Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. STEWART, K. STEERS, W. N. RP-1148 Changes in American Opinion About Family LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Planning. Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Coverage. 114

STEWART, M. LRP-200403-02 Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions If It Continues at Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Could Wipe Out Recent Improvements in Patterns. Disability Among Older Americans. LRP-200408-03 Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher- STILLION, J. Reported Behavior Problems: Evidence from a RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Prospective Study of Kindergartners. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200409-06 Physical Education in Elementary School and Attack Capabilities. Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. STIVERS, T. LRP-200410-04 The Effects of State Mental Health Parity LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Legislation on Perceived Quality of Insurance Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Use of Campaigns. Mental Health Specialty Care. LRP-200410-05 The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal STOCKLY, S. Trends and Rationales for Interventions. RB-9075-FF The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives LRP-200410-11 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental for Sustaining Educational Improvement. Health. MG-216-FF Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative LRP-200412-22 Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Approach to Education Reform. Differences in Health Care Costs.

STOLLENWERK, M. SUKAMDI RB-9048-A/OSDPrivatizing Military Production. MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia STOTHARD, G. Family Life Survey. MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Research and Development. SULLIVAN, J. G. LRP-200404-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in STOTO, M. A. Persons with Serious Mental Illness. TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Lessons Learned from Seven Health Anxiety Disorders. Jurisdictions. RB-9042 Syndromic Surveillance: An Effective Tool for SUMNER, G. Detecting Bioterrorism? LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Adult Primary Care Patients in a Restructured Learned in California. Urban Public Health System. LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from California. SUTTORP, M. J. LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older STRAUSS, J. 1951- Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Randomised Clinical Trials. Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Family Life Survey. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. STRONG, J. LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of TR-134-NASA/OSD Provider: A Meta-Analysis. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. A Regression-Based Approach. RB-9066-NASA/OSD Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test SUâAREZ, A. Facilities Serve National Needs? LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: MG-178-NASA/OSD Lessons from the Military Health System. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve SYNDER, D. National Needs. MG-126-RC Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by Analyzing Unusual Behavior. STUDDERT, D. M. RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: SZAYNA, T. S. Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Denials. Improved Planning and Management. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. LRP-200402-04 Disputes over Coverage of Emergency TAIRA, R. K. Department Services: A Study of Two Health LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Maintenance Organizations. Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and Costs. STURM, R. RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to TALLEY, E. Come. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. LRP-200401-05 Depression and Leaving Employment Among TANIELIAN, T. L. Older Adult Americans. TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military LRP-200401-09 Childhood Overweight and Academic Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. Performance: National Study of Kindergartners RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. and First-Graders. 115

LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with TIMILSINA, A. Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax RB-9040-RC Defense Development: A New Approach to Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. Reforming Defense Sectors in the Developing LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: World. Lessons from the Military Health System. OP-101-RC Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Development. Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Response. TIMSON, F. S. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing TAYLOR, S. L. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health Attack Capabilities. Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of TITA, G. HIV-Positive Patients. WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area LRP-200409-16 The Role of Culturally Competent Communication Research Results and Policy Options. in Reducing Ethnic and Racial Healthcare WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. Disparities. TO, T. TAYLOR, S. N. LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National LRP-200404-11 After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Breast Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. Among Inner City Youth. TORTOLERO, S. R. TAYLOR, W. W. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Use. TOTTEN, M. TEBES, J. K. RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased Military LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: Recruiting and Retention? The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand to Community Violence. for Information Technology Personnel? LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People with MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Information Technology Personnel. Randomized Controlled Trial. MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. TEUTSCH, S. M. WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Its Availability? Chronically Ill. TREVERTON, G. F. TEW, J. D. OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. LRP-200402-16 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? TRIMBLE, W. THALER, D. E. TR-134-NASA/OSD RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. THIBAULT, M. RB-9066-NASA/OSD RB-7564-OSD The Advisability of Sabbatical Leaves for Officers. Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities Serve National Needs? THIE, H. MG-178-NASA/OSD MR-1712-OSD Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Flag Officer Management. Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component National Needs. Use. RB-7562-OSD Evaluating Options for Expanding Lateral Entry TRIPP, R. S. into Enlisted Military Occupations. MR-1819-AF Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom. RB-7564-OSD The Advisability of Sabbatical Leaves for Officers. RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat CT-221 Developing and Using General and Flag Officers. Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary DB-418-NAVY An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Force. Surface Warfare Officers. MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining Career Location Operations. Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: MG-134-OSD Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and Improving Wing-Level Logistics. Feasibility. MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options.

THOM, D. H. TSENG, C. LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Services in Primary Care. Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Drug Coverage. THOMSON, J. A. OP-136-RC Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, 2004. TSENG, M. S. RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing TIAN, H. Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground LRP-200401-05 Depression and Leaving Employment Among Attack Capabilities. Older Adult Americans. 116

RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial LRP-200412-11 Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Drug, and Mental Problems in Primary Care: Risk? Results from Healthcare for Communities. MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available USTUN, B. Geospatial Information. LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Psychiatric Diagnoses. Naval Research and Development. UY, R. TU, W. MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Toward a Long-Term Strategy. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. VAIANA, M. E. LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with RP-1141 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance the Galaxy. Abuse Treatment. CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. LRP-200403-03 Health Insurance: Should California Regulate TUCKER, J. S. Health Insurance Premiums? RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left MG-145-FFLA Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Teens and Young Adults. VAIDYANATHAN, K. RP-1124 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking. Pipeline. LRP-200406-10 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to VALDEZ, R. O. B. Young Adulthood. TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Lessons Learned from Seven Health Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with Jurisdictions. Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons LRP-200407-09 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison Learned in California. of Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Lessons from California. Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- VAN RYN, M. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: LRP-200411-01 Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Initiation During Adolescence. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200412-20 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV- Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective VAN SOEST, A. Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles WR-146 Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in County. Consumption Data. WR-147 A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in TURNER, B. J. Experimental Consumption Data. LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing WR-155 International Comparisons of Work Disability. Quality of HIV Care. WR-191 Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Dynamic Panel Data Models. TURNER, S. LRP-200405-15 Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service VARNI, J. W. Providers: Characteristics and Challenges. LRP-200407-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs: Development TÖNSHOFF, S. and Validation of the Barriers to Care TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Questionnaire. Care: A Literature Review. TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im VAUGHAN, D. Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = RB-112-AF The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review. VEIT, C. T. LRP-200407-06 A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' UDANI, J. Recommendations and Postmenopausal LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Women's Decisions to Participate in a Clinical Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Coronary Heart Disease. Disease.

UNRUH, M. VELDMAN, B. LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of TR-138-VROM Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang UNÜTZER, J. Van Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Depression. Regional Airports in the Netherlands). LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results of a Group-Level VENEMA, M. Randomized Controlled Trial. TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Case Studies. 117

VENZOR, J. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: MG-107-OSD Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Department of Defense: Lessons for the Office of Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). the Secretary of Defense. WALLANDER, J. VERNEZ, G. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical Department. WALLERSTEIN, N. WR-162-EDU Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental School Reform Models. Health Services Research.

VESTAL, K. D. WANG, J. C. LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer Sample of Adolescent Women. to Take Your Medicine? LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic VICKREY, B. G. Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Adopters and Policymakers Select the Systems Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. Most Likely to Benefit Patients.

VIJAN, S. WANG, M. WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Diabetes Mellitus for Vulnerable Older Persons. Competitiveness. LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs VIRNIG, B. A. Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Prostate Cancer. Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? WASSERMAN, J. VOORT, M. VAN DE TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: TR-138-VROM Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Lessons Learned from Seven Health Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Jurisdictions. Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Van Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A Learned in California. Framework to Determine the Added Value of the LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Regional Airports in the Netherlands). Lessons from California. MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans VRIES, H. DE Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health A Regression-Based Approach. Care: A Literature Review. TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im WATTS, A. Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Naval Research and Development. Care: A Literature Review. WECHSLER, H. WAGNER, C. S. LRP-200409-24 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Students: Economic Complements or Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, Substitutes? Smart Organisations in Europe. WEECH-MALDONADO, R. WAGNER, G. J. LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of LRP-200402-02 Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Self-Reported Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Minorities. Wagner, Loren G. Miller. LRP-200404-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in WEED, J. Persons with Serious Mental Illness. MR-1797-AF Air Education and Training Command Cost and LRP-200407-10 Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Capacity System: Implications for Organizational Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV- and Data Flow Changes. Positive Drug Users. RB-125-AF Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the Air Force's Education and Training Command. WAINFAN, L. MG-273 Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: WEEKS, J. C. Videoconferencing, Audioconferencing, and LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Computer-Mediated Communications. The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). WALLACE, P. WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for WEISMAN, M. H. Injured Workers in California. LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid WALLACE, R. B. Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance- Based Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. 118

WEISS, R. LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Home Residents. Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Trial. Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. LRP-200410-14 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care WELLS, K. B. Attitudes and Behaviors. RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for WR-176 Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination Depression. of Care for Vulnerable Elder Persons. LRP-198806-01 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical WR-177 Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles Vulnerable Elders. General Population. WR-186 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable LRP-200403-12 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Elder Persons. Outcomes of Persistent Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Care. WENZEL, S. L. LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for LRP-200405-15 Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service Depression: Results of a Group-Level Providers: Characteristics and Challenges. Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, LRP-200405-08 The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Outcomes in Quality Improvement Programs for Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low- Depression. Income Housed Women in Los Angeles County. LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Latinos. Understanding Treatment Process in the LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Therapeutic Community? Health Services Research. LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance Minority Patients' Clinical Status and Abuse Treatment. Employment. LRP-200412-20 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV- LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Depression Care Differ for Men and Women? Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled County. Trial. LRP-200412-11 Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, WERMUTH, M. A. Drug, and Mental Problems in Primary Care: CT-216 Empowering State and Local Emergency Results from Healthcare for Communities. Preparedness: Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities WENGER, N. S. for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older Destruction. Adults. CT-220 Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Security System. Project Overview. MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical RP-1129 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. Developing Quality Indicators. RP-1131 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in WEST, D. W. Vulnerable Elders. LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: RP-1137 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Vulnerable Elders. Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Care: Clinical Applications. WHITE, H. LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association Between LRP-200401-10 Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Regimen. Biochemistry. LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician LRP-200404-04 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins Nonadherent Patients. on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes. LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. WICKIZER, T. LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Older Patients. Injured Workers in California. LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community-Based Patients with Urinary WICKSTROM, S. L. Incontinence. RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Medicare+Choice Plans. Evaluating the Need for Improvement. LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. LRP-200408-15 Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Palliative Care Training Intervention for Pre- Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care Professionals. Population. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in Physicians. Medicare+Choice Plans. 119

LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Algorithms for Identifying Members of Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Participation in Environmental Decision Making. Chronic Medical Conditions. MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. Options for the Future.

WILKINSON, A. R. WILSON, B. LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth RB-104-AF Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Survivable, Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Oxford Network Experience (1996–2000). Attack Capabilities.

WILLIAMS, B. WILSON, I. B. MR-1789-A The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for RB-3032-A The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Implications Nonadherent Patients. for Readiness, Workload, and Recapitalization. WILSON, J. M. WILLIAMS, E. WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area WR-193-LAC Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles Research Results and Policy Options. County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal- WR-129-OJP Violence in East and West Oakland: A Local Partnership. Descriptive Analysis. WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. WILLIAMS, J. WR-188-OJP Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: LRP-200409-24 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Learning from Homicides. Students: Economic Complements or Substitutes? WINAWER, S. J. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for WILLIAMS, J. B. W. Regression of Adenomas. LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses. WINDLE, M. T. LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod WILLIAMS, T. Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from the Military Health System. WISHER, A. LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: WILLIAMS, V. L. The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure LRP-200412-04 Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First to Community Violence. Effective Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia. WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II WITOELAR, F. Project. MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Mathematics and Science Achievement? Family Life Survey.

WILLIAMS, W. WOLD, C. RB-120-AF Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Attacks. Fair? LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be WILLIAMSON, S. Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook. WOLF, C. LRP-200412-20 Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV- OP-134-RC Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Related Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Improve It. Study of Impoverished Women in Los Angeles County. WONG, A. TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and WILLIS, E. M. Development Capacity in Japan: Observations LRP-200406-11 The Rise and Rise of Complementary and from Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. Alternative Medicine: A Sociological Perspective. WONG, A. L. WILLIS, H. H. LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self- Assessment Methods. Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to TR-139-HE A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Fragmented Governance on Southwestern Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pennsylvania. LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self- TR-214-RC Evaluating the Security of the Global Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Containerized Supply Chain. Arthritis. RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: Problems and Possible Solutions. WONG, C. DB-407-ONR Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Ship Design. Naval Research and Development. 120

WONG, M. YANO, E. M. LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About LRP-200407-16 Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms. Quality Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Organizational Surveys to WONG, M. D. Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Nonadherent Patients. Change and Adapt Interventions to Local LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Priorities. Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Affairs Primary Care Practices. Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? YARDLEY, R. J. TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component WOO, H. E. Use. LRP-200402-14 Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing DB-418-NAVY An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy and Dispensing Medications Using the Internet. Surface Warfare Officers.

WOODING, S. YEGIAN, J. M. MR-1698/1-HECFE RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual Health Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' Insurance Market. View. LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Insurance in California. Case Studies. LRP-200411-02 The Role of the Individual Health Insurance MG-251-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Market and Prospects for Change. Approach, Analysis and Recommendations. YOST, C. W. WOODS, J. N. RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available Geospatial LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and Use of Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated Risk? Healthcare System. RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland WOODWARD, J. D. Security Implications of Publicly Available MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Geospatial Information. Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security.

WRIN TERRI YOUNG, A. S. LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance LRP-200409-09 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for in the United States. Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT). WU, F. LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. with Severe Mental Illness. MG-161-RC The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Revolution. YOUNG, D. C. MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a WU, S. Prospective Payment System. LRP-200411-03 Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prevention Interventions. Prospective Payment System: Appendices. LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Illness Care. YOUNG, R. T. RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older WYNN, B. O. Adults. TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. Project Overview. LRP-200412-07 Identifying and Accommodating Statistical LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Outliers When Setting Prospective Payment Older Patients. Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls and MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: Physicians. A Regression-Based Approach. LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Injured Workers in California. Home Residents. LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical YAN, G. Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of WR-176 Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. of Care for Vulnerable Elder Persons. WR-186 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Persons. 121

YOUNG, S. D. ZWANZIGER, J. RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: Prophylactic Antibiotics During the Anthrax A Regression-Based Approach. Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. ZWEBEN, J. E. YOUNG, T. LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Users. Improved Planning and Management.

YOUNOSSI, O. RB-133-AF Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon Systems: Focus on Testing and Evaluation. MG-109-AF Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Guided Weapons.

YU, S. M. LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Risks: Parent Views and What They Receive.

ZAKARAS, L. RB-9071-ICJ Changing the Medical Malpractice Dispute Process: What Have We Learned from California's MICRA? MG-218-WF Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts. MG-234-ICJ Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Malpractice Trials: California Jury Verdicts under MICRA.

ZANJANI, G. WR-171-ICJ Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism.

ZASLAVSKY, A. M. MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Payment System. MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Payment System: Appendices. LRP-200405-22 Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Transformation? Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures.

ZAUBER, A. G. LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of Adenomas.

ZAVADIL, J. MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy.

ZAVODNY, M. WR-110-NICHD/NIA The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce.

ZELEVINSKY, K. LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Patterns.

ZENG, F. RGSD-180 Venture Capital Investments in China.

ZISSIMOPOULOS, J. M. LRP-200407-07 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers. WR-136 Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Workers. WR-207 Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages. 122 TITLE INDEX

Abuse in the Close Relationships of People with HIV. Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options. LRP-200412-21 MG-261-AF Access and Quality in Child Health Services: Voltage Analysis of Maintenance Forward Support Location Drops: Whether Access Is Approached Incrementally or Operations. MG-151-AF Comprehensively, Children Will Not Fully Realize the An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for Navy Surface Benefits Until Quality Is Addressed. LRP-200409-07 Warfare Officers. DB-418-NAVY Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California An Analysis of Unobserved Selection in a Inpatient Hospice Programs. LRP-200409-11 Diagnostic Cost Group Model. LRP-200406-08 Achieving State and National Literacy Goals: A Long Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Implications Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie Corporation of New for Chinese Military Modernization. CT-217 York. TR-180-EDU Antecedents and Outcomes of Marijuana Use Initiation Adopting New Procurement Methods in the U.S. Air During Adolescence. LRP-200411-01 Force: What Skills and Training Are Needed. The Applicability of the Consumer Assessments of Health RB-144-AF Plans Survey (CAHPS) to Preferred Provider The Advisability of Sabbatical Leaves for Officers. Organizations in the United States: A Discussion of RB-7564-OSD Industry Concerns. LRP-200405-29 After School Activities, Overweight, and Obesity Among Applying Performance-Based Practices to Installation Inner City Youth. LRP-200404-11 Support Contracts. RB-124-AF Aid During Conflict: Interaction Between Military and Are L.A.'s Children Ready for School? MG-145-FFLA Civilian Assistance Providers in Afghanistan, Are Physician-Derived Disease Severity Indices September 2001-June 2002. MG-212-OSD Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Air Education and Training Command Cost and Capacity Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? System: Implications for Organizational and Data LRP-200409-14 Flow Changes. MR-1797-AF Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effects of The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics Review: Improving Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wing-Level Logistics. MG-190-AF Wages. WR-207 Air Force Procurement Workforce Transformation: Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Lessons from the Commercial Sector. MG-214-AF Disability Appear to Be on the Rise Among People Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Growing Economic Complements or Substitutes? Obesity Epidemic. LRP-200401-01 LRP-200409-24 Army Forces for Homeland Security. MG-221-A Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Disorders, Psychosocial An Army Strategy for Homeland Security. RB-9069-A Problems, and Behavioral Interventions in Primary Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and Care. LRP-200400-09 MARAD Ships. DB-391-NAVY Aligning the Stars: Improvements to General and Flag Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One Officer Management. MR-1712-OSD School District's Experience. MG-222-EDU All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The Prominent Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE Project Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural Course of Overview. RP-1128 Posttraumatic Psychological Distress. LRP-200405-20 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: Methods of Developing Quality Indicators. RP-1129 Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes Toward the U.S. TR-141-SRF Assessing Racial Profiling More Credibly: A Case Study of Oakland, California. RB-9070-OAK America's Publicly Available Geospatial Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security Risk? Assessing Research. Vol. II, The Researchers' View. RB-9045-NGA MR-1698/1-HECFE Assessing the Dynamic Terrorist Threat. RB-121-AF 123

Assessing the Implementation of Comprehensive School The Careers of Public School Administrators: Policy Reform Models. WR-162-EDU Implications from an Analysis of State-Level Data. Assessing the Influence of Incentives on Physician and RB-9054-EDU Medical Groups: A Comment. LRP-200409-17 Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options for California. Middle East and the Prospects for U.S.-Russian MG-280-ICJ Partnership. OP-118-CMEPP/CRE Assimilating Immigrants: Why America Can and France Case Finding for Population-Based Studies of Rheumatoid Cannot. OP-132-RC Arthritis: Comparison of Patient Self-Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to Physician-Implicit Assimilation Across the Latino Generation. RP-1094 Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Assuring Access in Key Strategic Regions: Toward a LRP-200404-14 Long-Term Strategy. MG-112-A Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat Support in Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading the Air and Space Expeditionary Force. RB-139-AF Health Indicators Tell Us. LRP-200404-02 Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative Approach to Attracting the Best: How the Military Competes for Education Reform. MG-216-FF Information Technology Personnel. MG-108-OSD Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: Videoconferencing, Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work Audioconferencing, and Computer-Mediated After Retirement. WR-196 Communications. MG-273 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives for Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: Implications Sustaining Educational Improvement. RB-9075-FF for Education and Training Infrastructure. Changes in American Opinion About Family Planning. MG-153-OSD RP-1148 Beer Consumption and Premature Mortality in Louisiana: Changes in Racial Differences in Use of Medical An Ecologic Analysis. LRP-200405-27 Procedures and Diagnostic Tests Among Elderly The Benefits of Positive Passenger Profiling on Baggage Persons: 1986–1997. LRP-200410-08 Screening Requirements. DB-411-RC The Changing Face of Pharmacy Benefit Design: A Small A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Nonadherence with Prophylactic Group of Pharmacy Benefit Experts Suggests That Antibiotics During the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Changes Could Be Coming for Tiered Copayment Private Physicians. LRP-200400-08 Designs. LRP-200401-02 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability and the Challenge to Changing the Medical Malpractice Dispute Process: What Prescribing Physicians. LRP-200411-06 Have We Learned from California's MICRA? Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program RB-9071-ICJ and the Nutrition of Children and Families. WR-189 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes of Bridging Community Intervention and Mental Health Persistent Depression Despite Treatment in Primary Services Research. LRP-200406-04 Care. LRP-200403-12 Bridging the Divide: Integrating Cancer-Directed Therapy Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: and Palliative Care. LRP-200409-02 National Study of Kindergartners and First-Graders. LRP-200401-09 Broadening the Army's Bandwidth. RB-9064-A Childhood Overweight and Parent- and Teacher-Reported Can the Military Successfully Meet the Demand for Behavior Problems: Evidence from a Prospective Study Information Technology Personnel? RB-7568-OSD of Kindergartners. LRP-200408-03 Capping Non-Economic Awards in Medical Malpractice China's Economy, Resilience and Challenge. RP-1116 Trials: California Jury Verdicts under MICRA. MG-234-ICJ Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But Left Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Teens and Young Career Paths of School Administrators in Illinois: Insights Adults. RB-4560 from an Analysis of State Data. TR-123-EDU Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for Defense Career Paths of School Administrators in North Carolina: Development. OP-101-RC Insights from an Analysis of State Data. TR-129-EDU Clinical Utility as a Criterion for Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses. LRP-200406-15 124

Clinician Screening and Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Consumer Knowledge of Over-the-Counter Mental Problems in Primary Care: Results from Phenazopyridine. LRP-200405-18 Healthcare for Communities. LRP-200412-11 Continuity of Primary Care Clinician in Early Cognitive Decline in High-Functioning Older Persons Is Childhood. LRP-200406-09 Associated with an Increased Risk of Controversies and Legal Issues of Prescribing and Hospitalization. LRP-200409-12 Dispensing Medications Using the Internet. Collaborations Between Drug Courts and Service LRP-200402-14 Providers: Characteristics and Challenges. Coordinating the War on Terrorism. OP-110-RC LRP-200405-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons Collecting the Dots: Problem Formulation and Solution with Serious Mental Illness. LRP-200404-15 Elements. OP-103-RC Cost-Effective Alternatives for Providing Survivable, Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Commission Persistent, and Precise Air-to-Ground Attack Recommendations and the National Strategies. Capabilities. RB-104-AF CT-231-1 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Depressed Communication in the Chiropractic Health Encounter Latinos. LRP-200405-19 Sociological and Anthropological Approaches. LRP-200400-07 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Reduced Left Communications Networks to Support Integrated Ventricular Ejection Fraction. LRP-200403-18 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Strike Operations. TR-159-AF Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by Medicare Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps and Have a Gap in Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Drug Coverage. LRP-200408-16 Interventions. LRP-200411-03 The Costs and Benefits of Moving to the ICD-10 Code Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Sets. TR-132-DHHS Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample. LRP-200412-10 The Costs of Decedents in the Medicare Program: Implications for Payments to Medicare+choice Plans. Compensating the Victims of 9/11. RB-9087-ICJ LRP-200402-01 Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks. The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan MG-264-ICJ and India. MG-141-AF Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment in Persons with Counterterror Coalitions: What Role Will Pakistan and Severe Mental Illness. LRP-200410-10 India Play? RB-136-AF Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: A Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Impediments. MG-111-RC Statins on Cognition, Behavior, and Biochemistry. LRP-200401-10 Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments. Appendices. TR-131-RC A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems Based on Their Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Functional Capabilities. LRP-200401-08 Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in Compliance with SB 899. WR-214-ICJ Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking Parents About Their LRP-200408-09 Children's Traumatic Symptoms. LRP-200408-06 Confronting "The Enemy Within": Security Intelligence, Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender the Police, and Counterterrorism in Four Distribution, and Prevention Program Effectiveness. Democracies. MG-100-RC LRP-200404-03 Confronting "The Enemy Within:: Security Intelligence, Defense Development: A New Approach to Reforming the Police, and Counterterrorism in Four Defense Sectors in the Developing World. Democracies. RB-9047-RC RB-9040-RC Conserving the Future Force Fighting Strength: Findings Defining Needs and Managing Performance of Installation from the Army Medical Department Transformation Support Contracts: Perspectives from the Commercial Workshops, 2002. MG-103-A Sector. MR-1812-AF 125

Delays and Unmet Need for Health Care Among Adult Cancer Intervention Surveillance Network (CISNET) Primary Care Patients in a Restructured Urban Public Breast Cancer Groups. LRP-200400-10 Health System. LRP-200405-04 Do Air Force Personnel Broaden Their Skills During Deployment, Retention, and Compensation. CT-222 Deployment? RB-135-AF Depression and Leaving Employment Among Older Adult Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities Americans. LRP-200401-05 Serve National Needs? RB-9066-NASA/OSD Depression and the Ability to Work. LRP-200401-14 Do the Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression Detection and Management of Falls and Instability in Care Differ for Men and Women? Results of a Group- Vulnerable Elders by Community Physicians. Level Randomized Controlled Trial. LRP-200412-05 LRP-200409-03 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Earnings? Evidence Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE from the Social Security Retirement Earnings Test. Senior Pharmacy Program. MG-237-OSD WR-223 Developing Quality Indicators for Older Adults: Transfer Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. LRP-200408-11 Relationship After 9/11. MG-115-AF/KF Developing Quality of Care Indicators for the Vulnerable Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment Elderly: The ACOVE Project. RB-4545-1 for Mental Illness Across Races? LRP-200402-08 Developing a System to Assess the Quality of Cancer Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-Positive Patients Care: ASCO's National Initiative on Cancer Care and Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Quality. LRP-200408-07 Protease Inhibitors? LRP-200411-05 Developing and Comparing Population Models for the Does WIC Work? The Effects of WIC on Pregnancy and Early Detection Center. LRP-200412-08 Birth Outcomes. LRP-200412-13 Developing and Using General and Flag Officers. Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Teens' Sexual CT-221 Activity? RB-9068 Development and Evaluation of a Patient Self-Report Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm for Computing Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. MG-128-A LRP-200408-10 The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Development and Validation of Cedars-Sinai Health- Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World. Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis MR-1782-AF (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. LRP-200406-19 ESDP and NATO: Assuring Complementarity. RP-1107 Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Early Adoption of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Their Correlates from Early Adolescence to Young Quality Improvement in Veterans Affairs Medical Adulthood. LRP-200406-10 Centers: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Differences in Medicare Expenditures During the Last 3 Readiness to Change and Adapt Interventions to Local Years of Life. RP-1109 Priorities: Use of Organizational Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt Interventions to Local Direct Medical Costs Attributable to Acute Myocardial Priorities. LRP-200407-16 Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. LRP-200405-26 Early Origins of the Gradient: The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Infant Mortality in the Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes United States. RP-1104 About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients. LRP-200404-21 The Ecological Context of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: Implications for NIMBY Disputes and Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? Client Placement Decisions. RGSD-183 LRP-200402-18 Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Evaluation of Disputes over Coverage of Emergency Department a Method for Improving Public Participation in Services: A Study of Two Health Maintenance Environmental Decision Making. LRP-200404-22 Organizations. LRP-200402-04 Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality: Distributed Satellite Constellations Offer Advantages over Cameroon, 1987–1995. RP-1102 Monolithic Systems. RB-92-AF The Economics of Physical Activity: Societal Trends and Diversity of Model Approaches for Breast Cancer Rationales for Interventions. LRP-200410-05 Screening: A Review of Model Assumptions by the 126

The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Implications for Effects of Trial Design on Participation and Costs in Readiness, Workload, and Recapitalization. Clinical Trials, with an Examination of Cost Analysis RB-3032-A Methods and Data Sources. RGSD-179 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Efforts to Improve the Quality of Vocational Education in Medicare Beneficiaries. LRP-200410-02 Secondary Schools: Impact of Federal and State The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Policies. MR-1655-USDE Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Appendix. Electronic Health Records: A Key Enabler for EHealth. WR-138 LRP-200402-11 The Effect of Self-Reported and Performance-Based Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It Safer to Take Functional Impairment on Future Hospital Costs of Your Medicine? RB-9052 Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Emergency Responder Injuries and Fatalities: An LRP-200406-17 Analysis of Surveillance Data. TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E for the Prevention and Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Planning a Public Health Response. LRP-200409-30 LRP-200404-19 Employee Responses to Health Insurance Premium The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on Transatlantic Increases. LRP-200401-11 Cooperation in the War on Terror. CT-225 Empowering State and Local Emergency Preparedness: Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of Coronary Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Assess Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Use of Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Coronary Revascularization Procedures. RP-1144 Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction. CT-216 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: The Next Healthcare Process on Quality and Costs. Stage of NATO-Russia Relations. CF-203-CC LRP-200401-16 Engaging the Board: Corporate Governance and Effective HIV Treatment and the Employment of HIV+ Information Assurance. MR-1692-IAACD Adults. LRP-200412-01 Enhancing U.S. Defenses Against Terrorist Air Attacks. Effectiveness of Community-Based Treatment for RB-120-AF Substance-Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy or Alternative The Environment of American Higher Education: A Probation Dispositions. LRP-200409-20 Constellation of Changes. RP-1120 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Estimating the Benefits of the GridWise Initiative: Phase I Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Report. TR-160-PNNL Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon Systems: Focus on WR-198 Testing and Evaluation. RB-133-AF Effects of Budget Limitations on the Los Angeles Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, Business Needs Community College District. TR-122-EDU and Technological Trends for Virtual, Smart The Effects of Equipment Age on Mission Critical Failure Organisations in Europe. MG-195-EC Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. MR-1789-A Evaluating Early Evidence on the Implementation of The Effects of HMO Ownership on Hospital Costs and Accountability Report Cards. WR-202-EDU Revenues: Is There a Difference Between For-Profit Evaluating Medical Treatment Guideline Sets for Injured and Nonprofit Plans? LRP-200409-27 Workers in California. WR-203-ICJ Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Evaluating Options for Expanding Lateral Entry into Minority Patients' Clinical Status and Employment. Enlisted Military Occupations. RB-7562-OSD LRP-200408-08 Evaluating Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for The Effects of State Mental Health Parity Legislation on Adolescent Probationers. RB-9049-DPRC Perceived Quality of Insurance Coverage, Perceived Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Access to Care, and Use of Mental Health Specialty Accountability. MG-158-EDU Care. LRP-200410-04 Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare Prices and Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Choices. WR-137-NICHD Patterns. LRP-200402-15 127

Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Supply Chain. TR-214-RC Design. DB-407-ONR An Evaluation of Collaborative Interventions to Improve A Fresh Start for Haiti? Charting Future U.S. Haitian Chronic Illness Care: Framework and Study Design. Relations. CT-219 LRP-200402-06 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Evaluation of Community Voices Miami: Affecting Disparities in Smoking. RP-1124 Health Policy for the Uninsured. TR-177-CCPP Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Evaluation of the Low Back Pain Practice Guideline Community Disaster. LRP-200408-04 Implementation in the Army Medical Department. Future Army Bandwidth Needs and Capabilities. MR-1758-A MG-156-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Force-on-Force The Future Mix of U.S. ISR Forces. RB-112-AF Simulation of Candidate Technologies. MG-140-A The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: An Executive Perspective on Workforce Planning. Conflict, Stability, and Political Change. MR-1684/2-OSD MR-1640-AF Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: Options and The Future at Work: Trends and Implications. Feasibility. MG-134-OSD RB-5070-DOL Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: Perspectives The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from from Leaders in the Scale-Up of Educational the Green Revolution. MG-161-RC Interventions. MG-248-FF Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Learned in Expanding the Reach of Education Reforms: What Have California. RB-9080 We Learned About Scaling Up Educational Interventions? RB-9078-FF Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving Local Response to Chemical Terrorism. RGSD-181 Exploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care in Pittsburgh. LRP-200404-06 Geographic Variation Across Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Cancer. LRP-200412-17 Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared Awareness. MR-1467-OSD Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts. MG-218-WF Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use. MG-308-EC Global Health Services Research: Challenging the Future. LRP-200412-19 External Audiences for Test-Based Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists and Foundations. Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area Research OP-111-FF Results and Policy Options. WR-128-OJP Feasibility of Quality Indicators for the Management of Have Improved Resources Increased Military Recruiting Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents. and Retention? RB-7556-OSD LRP-200409-19 Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible Military Retirees: Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 Infants with Birth Weights Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. TR-118-OSD of 401 to 500 Grams, the Vermont Oxford Network The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Experience (1996–2000). LRP-200406-21 Privacy Rule: A Practical Guide for Researchers. Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective LRP-200404-12 Payment System. MR-1501-CMS Health Insurance: Should California Regulate Health Final Report on Assessment Instruments for a Prospective Insurance Premiums? LRP-200403-03 Payment System: Appendices. MR-1501/1-CMS Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid The First National Report Card on Quality of Health Care Managed Care Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities. in America. RB-9053 LRP-200402-12 Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Health Status and Medical Treatment of the Future Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Elderly: Final Report. TR-169-CMS Trial. LRP-200404-13 Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the Using Dynamic Panel Data Models. WR-191 American Middle School. MG-139-EDU 128

Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, Multimethod Identifying Federally Funded Research and Development Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. on Information Technology. CT-229-1 LRP-200408-01 Identifying and Accommodating Statistical Outliers When High-Technology Manufacturing and U.S. Setting Prospective Payment Rates for Inpatient Competitiveness. TR-136-OSTP Rehabilitation Facilities. LRP-200412-07 Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat The Impact of Equipment Availability and Reliability on of Deliberate Biological Attacks Against the U.S. Mission Outcomes: An Initial Look. DB-423-A Agricultural and Food Industry. MG-135-OSD Impact of Managed Care on the Treatment, Costs, and Hitting the Books Before Military Service: Policy Options Outcomes of Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients with for Recruiting in the College Market. RB-9046-OSD Acute Myocardial Infarction. LRP-200402-17 Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on WR-142-OJP Health Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from The Hong Kong Legislative Election of September 12, Medicare. WR-197 2004: Assessment and Implications. CT-232 Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Hong Kong at the Crossroads. CT-228 Primary Care. LRP-200401-12 Hoofdonderzoek Naar De Reistijdwaardering in Het The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Vervoer Van Goederen over De Weg = Main Survey Divorce. WR-110-NICHD/NIA into the Value of Time in Freight Transport by Road. The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings Inequality TR-110-AVV Among Married-Couple Households in Malaysia. Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in RP-1111 the Continuum of Care? LRP-200405-06 The Impact of the Health Insurance Market on Small Firm How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be Influenced to Change? Employment. LRP-200403-10 Analysis of the Association Between Drunk Driving Improving Arts Education Partnerships. RB-9058-EDU and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes and Belief. Improving Communications Networks to Support LRP-200407-12 Integrated ISR-Strike Operations. RB-148-AF How Does Health Insurance Affect Workers' Improving Contingency Management Programs for Compensation Filing? WR-205-ICJ Addiction. LRP-200405-14 How Important Are Client Characteristics to Improving Educational Outcomes Through Understanding Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Accountability. RB-8026-WFHF Community? LRP-200412-16 Improving Terrorism Warnings—the Homeland Security How Many Patients Are Needed to Provide Reliable System. CT-220 Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? LRP-200403-04 Improving the Health of Californians: Effective Public Private Strategies for Challenging Times: A Summary How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage of a Roundtable on Philanthropy and Health Policy Screening Equipment by Considering the Economic Making. LRP-200405-11 Cost of Passenger Delays. DB-410-RC Increased Medicare Expenditures for Physicians' Services: How Much Is Enough? Sizing the Deployment of Baggage What Are the Causes? LRP-200403-09 Screening Equipment to Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive Summary. DB-412-RC Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? WR-195 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected By Its Availability? WR-159 Increasing Obesity Rates and Disability Trends: If It Continues at Its Current Rate, Rising Obesity Could How Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement for Wipe Out Recent Improvements in Disability Among Terrorism? RB-9093-MIPT Older Americans. LRP-200403-02 Human Factors Barriers to the Effective Use of Ten HIV Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality Indicators for Very Clinical Reminders. LRP-200401-07 Low-Birth Weight Infants. LRP-200401-06 Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Los Angeles County Indonesian Living Standards Before and After the Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP Federal-Local Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Partnership. WR-193-LAC Life Survey. MG-137 129

Information Sharing Among Military Headquarters: The Is the Influence of Social Desirability on Patients' Self- Effects on Decisionmaking. MG-226-UK Reported Adherence Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren Injection Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Syringe G. Miller. LRP-200402-02 Exchange Programs with Different Syringe Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Dispensation Policies. LRP-200410-06 Market for Terrorism Insurance. OP-135-ICJ Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Decisions: A Legacy of Dysfunction: Cuba After Fidel. Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage RB-9041-RC Denials. RB-9039 Lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom. Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of MR-1819-AF Terrorism. WR-171-ICJ Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq. Ammunition Production. MG-169-OSD OP-127-IPC/CMEPP The Lessons of the Asian and Latin American Financial Integrating Four Theories of Adolescent Smoking. Crises for Chinese Bond Market. OP-117-CAPP LRP-200403-07 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected Veterans. Integration and Paradigm Clash: The Practical Difficulties LRP-200403-13 of Integrative Medicine. LRP-200400-02 Listening to Generic Prozac: Winners, Losers, and The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and Parental Sideliners. LRP-200409-08 Investment on Child Test Scores. WR-168 Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons Interdisciplinary Education: Evaluation of a Palliative from California. LRP-200406-02 Care Training Intervention for Pre-Professionals. Long Range Energy R&D: A Methodology for Program LRP-200408-15 Development and Evaluation. TR-112-NETL Intern Programs as a Human Resources Management Tool Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for the Department of Defense. MG-138-OSD for Military Manpower and Personnel Policy? International Comparisons of Work Disability. WR-155 OP-108-OSD Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, Lessons Learned The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. RB-117-AF Codebook. DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS Interpersonal Violence, Substance Use, and HIV-Related The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Field Behavior and Cognitions: A Prospective Study of Interviewer Manual. DRU-2400/5-1-LAFANS Impoverished Women in Los Angeles County. The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: LRP-200412-20 Household Questionnaires (Spanish). Interventions for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: DRU-2400/4-LAFANS Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Clinical Trials. LRP-200403-06 Household Questionnaires. DRU-2400/3-2-LAFANS The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: Neighborhood Observation Forms and Interviewer An Item Response Theory Analysis. LRP-200403-08 Manual. DRU-2400/6-1-LAFANS An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Los Aänos De La Crisis: An Examination of Change in Patterns. RGSD-182 Differential Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico. Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for Very Low LRP-200408-14 Birthweight Infants? RB-4559 Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Causes, Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related to Mathematics and Consequences, and Policy Options. MG-206-EC Science Achievement? WR-166-EDU Making a Tough Sell: Options for Promoting Energy Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost- Efficiency in New California Homes. WR-164-CEC Effectiveness of Identifying People Medically Eligible Mammography Benefit in the Canadian National Breast for Home- and Community-Based Services. Screening Study-2: Model Evaluation. LRP-200410-13 LRP-200407-11 Is the Federal Government Facing a Shortage of Scientific Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in and Technical Personnel? RB-1505-OSTP End-of-Life Care. LRP-200412-03 130

Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Visualizing the Elephant. DB-430-A Consumption Data. WR-146 Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the Air Force's Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Education and Training Command. RB-125-AF Health Care Costs. LRP-200412-22 Managing General and Flag Officers. RB-7566-OSD Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results Managing the U.S.-China Military-to-Military from Project ALERT. LRP-200406-06 Relationship. RB-134-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. MG-246-AF Mapping the Risks: Assessing the Homeland Security Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, 2004. Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial OP-136-RC Information. MG-142-NGA Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Marginal Increase in Cost and Excess Length of Stay Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = Possibility Associated with Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Surviving Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Literature Review. TR-105/1-BF LRP-200408-17 A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It Mean in the Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist United States? WR-126 Attacks: Reactions, Impairment, and Help-Seeking. Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: LRP-200406-13 Multiple Developmental Trajectories and Their National Polyp Study Data: Evidence for Regression of Associated Outcomes. LRP-200405-16 Adenomas. LRP-200409-28 Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles Prohibition? WR-125 International Airport. DB-468-1-LAWA Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Meet the Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Well-Being. Requirements of the 2002 National Defense RP-1122 Authorization Act. MR-1821-AF Network-Based Operations for the Swedish Defence Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Forces: An Assessment Methodology / Walter Perry ... Children: Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Et Al. TR-119-FOI Status. LRP-200407-15 A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network Tool Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. (MINT). LRP-200409-09 LRP-200406-20 New Evidence on Hospital Profitability by Payer Group Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: The Arthritis and the Effects of Payer Generosity. LRP-200409-18 Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Osteoarthritis. A New Instrument to Measure Appropriateness of LRP-200408-18 Services in Primary Care. LRP-200404-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: Methods for New Measure of Enlisted Personnel Quality Reveals That Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Services Retain Higher-Quality Personnel. Set. LRP-200404-07 RB-7563-OSD Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and Children's New Paths to Success: Determining Career Alternatives Outcomes WR-172 for Field-Grade Officers. MG-117-OSD Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice No Evidence of an Association Between Transient HIV Use. LRP-200402-07 Viremia ("Blips") and Lower Adherence to the The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, and Can We Antiretroviral Medication Regimen. LRP-200404-17 Change the Contents? RP-1101 Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality. Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No Child Left Behind: A LRP-200403-01 Long Uphill Road. RB-9081-EDU Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Come. A Methodology for Determining Air Force Deployment RB-9043 Requirements. MG-176-AF The Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Modeling the Departure of Military Pilots from the Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Service. MR-1327-OSD Directed Against Livestock. CF-193-OSTP 131

An Operational Process for Workforce Planning. Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass MR-1684/1-OSD Index: Evidence from the Early Childhood Options for Replacing the Air Force's KC-135 Tanker Longitudinal Study. LRP-200409-06 Aircraft and AWACS, JSTARS, and Rivet Joint ISR Physician Recognition of Cognitive Impairment: Aircraft. RB-122-AF Evaluating the Need for Improvement. Oregon's Lessons for Improving Advance Care LRP-200407-04 Planning. LRP-200409-26 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of-Life Care Attitudes and Organizational Concepts for Purchasing and Supply Behaviors. LRP-200410-14 Management Implementation. MG-116-AF Policy Options for Military Recruiting in the College Organizational Improvement and Accountability: Lessons Market: Results from a National Survey. for Education from Other Sectors. MG-136-WFHF MG-105-OSD Organizational Learning and Terrorist Groups. Policy and Methodology to Incorporate Wartime Plans WR-133-NIJ into Total U.S. Air Force Manpower Requirements. TR-144-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can Affect Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force Repair Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future Contracts. MR-1711-AF of the Automotive Industry. WR-145 Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Portfolio Analysis and Investment Strategy for Naval Resolution Movement Is Reshaping Our Legal Research and Development. MG-271-NAVY System. RP-1090-ICJ Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden Threats by A Literature Review. TR-105-BF Analyzing Unusual Behavior. MG-126-RC Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Older Structure and English-Spanish Measurement Americans with Depression. LRP-200405-03 Invariance. LRP-200406-16 Overview of the Content of Health Supervision for Young Predictors for Medical Students Entering a General Children: Reports from Parents and Pediatricians. Surgery Residency: National Survey Results. LRP-200406-01 LRP-200409-21 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care for Children with Prevalence and Characteristics of Clients with Co- Special Health Care Needs: Development and Occuring Disorders in Outpatient Substance Abuse Validation of the Barriers to Care Questionnaire. Treatment. LRP-200412-18 LRP-200407-13 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Violence, Substance The Partners in Care Approach to Ethics Outcomes in Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk Behavior: A Quality Improvement Programs for Depression. Comparison of Sheltered and Low-Income Housed LRP-200405-08 Women in Los Angeles County. LRP-200409-01 Past and Future: Insights for Reserve Component Use. The Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the TR-140-OSD United States. LRP-200407-02 Pathways of Innovation: A History of the First Effective Preventing Visual Loss from Chronic Eye Disease in Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia. LRP-200412-04 Primary Care: Scientific Review. LRP-200403-16 Patients' Early Discontinuation of Antidepressant Preventing and Managing Visual Disability in Primary Prescriptions. LRP-200405-28 Care: Clinical Applications. LRP-200403-15 Patterns of Medical Resource and Psychotropic Medicine Price Regulation in Secondary Insurance Markets. Use Among Adult Depressed Managed Behavioral LRP-200412-09 Health Patients. LRP-200401-04 Primary Care Provider Perceptions of Barriers to and Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Chronically Ill. LRP-200405-17 Managed Care Setting. LRP-200405-07 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Privatizing Military Production. RB-9048-A/OSD Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Problem Identification and Care Plan Responses in a Private Sector. MG-154-OSD Home and Community-Based Services Program. LRP-200409-25 132

Problems and Promise of the American Middle School. Quality Indicators for Prevention and Management of RB-8025-EDU Pressure Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders. RP-1139 Professionalism and Ethics in Chiropractic. Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the Vulnerable LRP-200400-06 Elder. WR-178 Profiling the Quality of Care in Twelve Communities: Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Results from the CQI Study: Information on Quality at Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elder Persons. the Community Level Can Stimulate Change Where It WR-179 Makes the Most Impact on Americans' Health. Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in LRP-200405-12 Vulnerable Elders. WR-177 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and Public Interests Quality Indicators for the Management and Prevention of in Information Technology. CP-477 Falls and Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders. The Promise and Peril of Using Value-Added Modeling to RP-1132 Measure Teacher Effectiveness. RB-9050-EDU Quality Indicators for the Management of Diabetes Prospects for Change in the Individual Health Insurance Mellitus for Vulnerable Older Persons. WR-187 Market. RB-9097 Quality Indicators for the Management of Hearing Loss in Protecting Emergency Responders. Vol. 3, Safety Vulnerable Elder Persons. WR-185 Management in Disaster and Terrorism Response. Quality Indicators for the Management of Heart Failure in MG-170-NIOSH Vulnerable Elders. RP-1133 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons Quality Indicators for the Management of Ischemic Heart from the Military Health System. LRP-200404-09 Disease in Vulnerable Older Persons. WR-181 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More Less? LRP-200402-16 Quality Indicators for the Management of Medical Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations in Physical Conditions in Nursing Home Residents. Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles General LRP-200409-23 Population. LRP-198806-01 Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoarthritis in Psychiatric Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users. Vulnerable Elders. RP-1135 LRP-200403-14 Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in Psychosocial Antecedents of Injection Risk Reduction: A Vulnerable Elders. RP-1136 Multivariate Analysis. LRP-200408-12 Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Psychosocial Mediators of Antiretroviral Nonadherence in Vulnerable Elders. RP-1138 HIV-Positive Adults with Substance Use and Mental Quality Indicators for the Management of Urinary Health Problems. LRP-200407-08 Incontinence in Vulnerable Elders. RP-1140 Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It. Quality Indicators for the Management of Visual OP-134-RC Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons. WR-180 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons Learned Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care from Seven Health Jurisdictions. TR-181 for Vulnerable Elder Persons. WR-176 Public Health Preparedness in California: Lessons from Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Vulnerable Elder Seven Jurisdictions. CT-227 Persons. WR-186 Quality Indicators for Appropriate Medication Use in Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management. Vulnerable Elders. RP-1134 LRP-200403-05 Quality Indicators for Dementia in Vulnerable The Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Older Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Elders. Community-Based Patients with Urinary RP-1130 Incontinence. LRP-200405-25 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in Vulnerable Quality of Care for Primary Care Patients with Anxiety Elders. RP-1131 Disorders. LRP-200412-02 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for Vulnerable The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Older United States: Appendix. WR-174 Persons. WR-182 The Quality of Health Care Received by Older Adults. Quality Indicators for Pain Management in Vulnerable RB-9051 Elders. RP-1137 133

The Quality of Medical Care Provided to Vulnerable Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on the University Older Patients with Chronic Pain. LRP-200405-01 of Virginia. RB-9062-EDU The Quality of Pharmacologic Care for Vulnerable Older Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland = (Regional Patients. LRP-200405-09 Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk Voor Het Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project Management: A Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang Van Critical Review. WR-112-RC Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A Framework to Determine the Added Value of the Regional Airports in R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in the the Netherlands). TR-138-VROM Health Care Setting and Its Impact on Care. LRP-200409-15 Relationship Between Routinization of Daily Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV-Positive Drug RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2004. Users. LRP-200407-10 CP-22-0404 The Relationship Between Type of Mental Health RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 2004. Provider and Met and Unmet Mental Health Needs in a CP-22-0408 Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Positive RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. CP-22-0412 Patients. LRP-200404-18 Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health: A Review Among Hemodialysis Patients. LRP-200404-16 of an Important National Research Council-Institute of Racial Differences in the Impact of Irritable Bowel Medicine Report to Revitalize the NIH. Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Life. LRP-200401-03 LRP-200410-07 Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patients' Preferences for in Historical Context. MG-200-RC Initial Care by Specialists. LRP-200405-24 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A Guide to the Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent Expectations for Galaxy. RP-1141 Antibiotics: Implications for Public Health A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Campaigns. LRP-200405-13 Fragmented Governance on Southwestern Recent Large Service Acquisitions in the Department of Pennsylvania. TR-139-HE Defense: Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Resource Coordination in Problem Solving Courts of the Defense. MG-107-OSD Los Angeles County Superior Court. WR-201-ISE Recent Trends and Geographic Variation in the Safety Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders. Net. LRP-200405-21 LRP-200406-14 Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Results from the First California Health and Social Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process: Services Survey. TR-121-CDSS Guidance to Help Early Adopters and Policymakers The Returns from Arthritis Research Volume 2: Case Select the Systems Most Likely to Benefit Patients. Studies. TR-176-ARC LRP-200405-23 The Returns from Arthritis Research. Vol. 1, Approach, Reducing Violence in Hayward, California: Learning from Analysis and Recommendations. MG-251-ARC Homicides. WR-188-OJP A Review of the Research Literature on Teacher Reducing the Cost of Purchased Services: How Can the Recruitment and Retention. TR-164-EDU Air Force Measure Success? RB-128-AF The Right Stuff: Defense Planning Challenges for a New Reforming Teacher Education: A First Year Progress Century. RP-1149 Report on Teachers for a New Era. TR-149-EDU The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Reforming Teacher Education: A First-Year Progress Medicine: A Sociological Perspective. Report on a New Initiative. RB-9063-EDU LRP-200406-11 Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Bank Street The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in College of Education. RB-9059-EDU Reducing Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities. Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on California LRP-200409-16 State University, Northridge. RB-9060-EDU The Role of Deployments in Competency Development: Reforming Teacher Education: Spotlight on Michigan Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan State University. RB-9061-EDU Village in Saudi Arabia. DB-435-AF 134

Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public Health. A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to Suppression of RB-9094 Enemy Defenses and Other Time Critical Target The Role of Perceived Team Effectiveness in Improving Analyses. DB-385-AF Chronic Illness Care. LRP-200411-04 A Single Mathematical Model Predicts Physicians' The Role of the Individual Health Insurance Market and Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Prospects for Change. LRP-200411-02 Decisions to Participate in a Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Coronary Heart Disease. Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and Propulsion LRP-200407-06 Test Facilities for American Aeronautics. CT-239 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by Type of Provider: A Routine Assessment of Family and Community Health Meta-Analysis. LRP-200406-05 Risks: Parent Views and What They Receive. LRP-200406-03 Social Control of Health Behaviors: Comparison of Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. The Russian Factor in Western Strategy Toward the Black LRP-200407-09 Sea Region. RP-1127 Social Marketing of Condoms Is Great, but We Need Safeguarding Emergency Responders During Major More Free Condoms. LRP-200407-01 Disasters and Terrorists Attacks: The Need for an Integrated Approach. RB-9044-NIOSH The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Depression. RB-9055 Satisfaction with Provider Communication Among Spanish-Speaking Medicaid Enrollees. Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among LRP-200411-09 Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States. LRP-200407-03 Science and Technology Policy Institute: A Report to the President, Analytic Perspectives on Science and Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Technology Issues Facing the Nation. CP-478 Services by Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans. LRP-200410-12 Science and Technology Research and Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from Leading U.S. Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Researchers and Scientists. TR-211-MRI Services in a Medicare Managed Care Population. LRP-200410-01 Selected Rand Abstracts. Vol. 41 (Jan. - Dec. 2003): A Guide to RAND Publications. CPU-0-SRA Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. WR-216 Self-Employment Among Older U.S. Workers. LRP-200407-07 Specificity and Sensitivity of Claims-Based Algorithms for Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Plans That Have Chronic Medical Conditions. Workers. WR-136 LRP-200412-15 Self-Reported Satisfaction of Enrollees in Capitated and Speeding Acquisition Reform in the U.S. Air Force. Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit Plans. RB-119-AF LRP-200410-09 Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Act of 2004. CT-218 Netherlands. WR-206 State Arts Agencies 1965–2003: Whose Interests to Severe Irritability Associated with Statin Cholesterol- Serve? MG-121-WF Lowering Drugs. LRP-200404-10 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions and Variations in HIV Sexual Relationships, Secondary Syringe Exchange, and Risk Among Drug Injectors in Three Cities. Gender Differences in HIV Risk Among Drug LRP-200409-04 Injectors. LRP-200406-12 The Strategic Distribution System in Support of Operation Sexual Victimization Among a National Probability Enduring Freedom. DB-428-USTC/DLA Sample of Adolescent Women. LRP-200411-10 Strategic Threats to Middle East Security, Challenges for Shanghaied? the Economic and Political Implications of U.S. Policy. RB-118-AF the Flow of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Strait. TR-133-RC Strengthening Research & Development for Wind Hazard Mitigation. CT-215 Shipbuilding and Force Structure Analysis Tool: A User's Guide. MR-1743-NAVY Stretching the Network: Using Transformed Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Than War. OP-109-RC 135

Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance Translating Evidence-Based Depression Management in California. LRP-200410-03 Services to Community-Based Primary Care Substance Use and Early Marriage. LRP-200402-03 Practices. LRP-200412-14 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health. Trauma Exposure and Retention in Adolescent Substance LRP-200410-11 Abuse Treatment. LRP-200404-08 Supported Socialization for People with Psychiatric Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Disabilities: Lessons from a Randomized Controlled Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Trial. LRP-200407-14 Community Violence. LRP-200401-13 Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Does It Improve Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality in Survival? LRP-200403-17 Developing Countries: The Case of Child Survival in Säao Paulo, Brazil. RP-1142 Surgical Quality: Review of Californian Measures. LRP-200401-15 Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. MG-217-OSD Survivability Options for Maneuver and Transport Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science The 21st Century at Work: Forces Shaping the Future Board. MG-123-A Workforce and Workplace in the United States. MG-164-DOL Symptom-Based Framework for Assessing Quality of HIV Care. LRP-200402-10 The 2004 Presidential Candidates' Platforms on Serious Chronic Illness and Palliative Care. LRP-200402-19 Syndromic Surveillance: An Effective Tool for Detecting Bioterrorism? RB-9042 U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward Improved Planning and Management. MG-165-A Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth the Effort? LRP-200400-01 The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater Force Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It Meet Changing Systematic Reviews for Evidence-Based Management: Security Needs? MG-114-USCG How to Find Them and What to Do with Them. LRP-200411-08 The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who Participates, and How? LRP-200406-18 Terrorism and Rail Security. CT-224 U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy and Force Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface Posture. RB-111-1-AF Transportation. CT-226 The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce Improving Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Aircraft and Data for Decisionmaking. CF-194-OSTP Guided Weapons. MG-109-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in Experimental RB-151-AF Consumption Data. WR-147 U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military- There Is No Perfect Health System: All Countries Need to to-Military Relationship. MG-143-AF Improve the Way They Measure and Track the Quality of Patient Care. LRP-200405-10 U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue. CF-201-CAPP/ORF Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of Telephone The U.S.-South Korea Security Alliance After 9/11. Interviewing. LRP-200405-02 RB-131-AF/KF Time-Inconsistency and Welfare. WR-158 The UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Statins on Selected Noncardiac Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Outcomes. LRP-200404-04 Transformation? Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures. LRP-200405-22 US Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency. LRP-200400-03 Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Options for Combatant Commanders. CT-223 Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded Consortium (CanCORS). LRP-200408-05 Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Options for the Future. MG-199-A Understanding Potential Changes to the Veterans Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: Problems and Regression-Based Approach. MG-163-DVA Possible Solutions. RB-9057 Understanding the Insider Threat: Proceedings of a March 2004 Workshop. CF-196-ARDA 136

Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review of Assessment Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Methods. MR-1674-A Development at the Nation's Universities and The United States, Europe, and the Wider Middle East. Colleges. MR-1824-NSF CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP Voltage Drops in Children's Health Care: Barriers That Updated Variable-Radius Measures of Hospital Impede Children's Access to Quality Health Care. Competition. LRP-200404-01 RB-9090 Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from The Volume-Quality Relationship of Mental Health Care: Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. MG-210-A Does Practice Make Perfect? LRP-200412-12 Urbanization, Development, and Under-Five Mortality Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation Differentials by Place of Residence in Säao Paulo, of Sexual Behavior. LRP-200409-13 Brazil, 1970–1991. RP-1115 Welfare Reform and Health. WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA The Use of Immunotherapies and Sustained-Release What Are the Air Force's Manpower Requirements? A Formulations in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Will New Methodology Improves the Estimation Process. Current Law Support Coercion? LRP-200400-04 RB-141-AF Use of Mental Health Services by Men Injured Through What We Can—and Cannot—Expect from School-Based Community Violence. LRP-200404-05 Drug Prevention. LRP-200403-11 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in What You Should Do to Prepare for and Respond to Medicare+Choice Plans. RP-1126 Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Use of Resident Satisfaction Surveys in New Jersey Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival Guide. Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities. MR-1731/2-SF LRP-200406-07 When Computers Go to School: How Kent School Using Game Theory to Analyze Operations Against Time- Implemented Information Technology to Enrich Critical Targets. RB-108-AF Teaching and Learning. TR-126-EDU Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify Prospective Air When Does Quality Improvement Count as Research? Force Purchasing and Supply Management Initiatives: Human Subject Protection and Theories of Summary of Selected Findings. DB-434-AF Knowledge. LRP-200402-13 Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Blocks of When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? Text. LRP-200402-09 LRP-200409-29 Value Recovery from the Reverse Logistics Pipeline. When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and MG-238-A Local Law Enforcement? MG-104-MIPT Variation in Implementation and Use of Computerized Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? WR-167 Clinical Reminders in an Integrated Healthcare Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet System. LRP-200411-07 So Difficult? LRP-200412-06 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use in Veterans Affairs Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Primary Care Practices. LRP-200408-02 RB-9086 Variations in the Quality of Care for Very-Low- Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Be Fair? Birthweight Infants: Implications for Policy: Two Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived Fairness During a Approaches Hold Promise for Improving U.S. Infant Bioterrorist Event. LRP-200400-05 Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the Highest in the Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Mainstream Industrialized World. LRP-200409-10 Research? LRP-200409-22 Venture Capital Investments in China. RGSD-180 Will the Scientific & Technical Workforce Meet the Vignette-Based Surveys and the Mosaic II Project. Requirements of the Federal Government? WR-165-EDU MG-118-OSTP Violence in East and West Oakland: A Descriptive Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: An Analysis. WR-129-OJP Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Visies Op Financiering Van Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Needs. MG-178-NASA/OSD Met Roken = (Perceptions on a Reimbursement Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Scheme for Quitting Smoking Support). Analyses to an Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to MR-1769-RE/CVZ Serve National Needs. TR-134-NASA/OSD 137

Workforce Planning in Complex Organizations. RB-7570-OSD Working Around the Military: Challenges to Military Spouse Employment and Education. MG-196-OSD 138 ABSTRACTS

MONOGRAPHS combat. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ MG/MG103/.

MG-100-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within": MG-104-MIPT When Terrorism Hits Home: How Security Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement? L. M. Four Democracies. P. Chalk, W. Rosenau. 2004. Davis, K. J. Riley, G. K. Ridgeway, J. E. Pace, S. K. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the Cotton, P. S. Steinberg, K. Damphousse, B. L. Smith. United States, critics have charged that the Federal Bureau 2004. of Investigation (FBI), while qualified to investigate Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the terrorist incidents after the fact, is not well equipped to Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) is charged with adequately gather and assess information to prevent coordinating first-responder terrorism-preparedness efforts attacks. More intrinsically, many believe that, given a and working with state and local first responders to predominant and deeply rooted law enforcement and improve terrorism preparedness. To meet its charge, DHS prosecutorial culture, the bureau may not be able—or, in needs to collect information on first responders and other fact, even willing—to change operational focus toward emergency-response providers, including the challenges dedicated counterterrorism intelligence gathering and first responders have confronted and how they have analysis. To better inform debate, researchers at the addressed them and their support needs. This report RAND Corporation analyzed the domestic security presents the results of a survey conducted by the RAND services of four allied countries—the United Kingdom, Corporation in 2002. It assesses how prepared state and France, Canada, and Australia. In each of the cases, the local law enforcement agencies are for terrorism in the authors consider the organization's basic structure, its main post-9/11 environment. The results provide DHS and ODP threats, its relationship with the police, and the oversight an important baseline for gauging where the law and accountability each has with its respective enforcement community stood on the eve of the formation government. They then weigh both the positive and of DHS and for assessing future progress in improving negative aspects of the systems. Overall, the authors find U.S. terrorism preparedness. Some conclusions of the the case studies useful as a benchmark to guide survey: Law enforcement considers the most likely threats developments should a decision be made to establish a to be chemical, biological, or conventional-explosives similar type of agency in the United States. Online access: attacks; although agencies updated response plans and http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG100/. internally reallocated resources to focus on terrorism preparedness in response to 9/11, only one out of five MG-103-A Conserving the Future Force Fighting received external funding immediately after 9/11 to Strength: Findings from the Army Medical Department support these activities; law enforcement's approach to Transformation Workshops, 2002. D. E. Johnson, G. preparedness varies by size of country; law enforcement's Cecchine. 2004. support needs include improving assessment and response The Army is in the process of transforming itself and is capabilities; state and local law enforcement indicated a developing new operational concepts and technologies to need for better intelligence on the terrorist threat and enable this transformation. The Army Medical Department terrorist capability; and resourcing of preparedness raises (AMEDD) has been deeply involved in the overall Army concerns about what public safety trade-offs are being transformation effort since its inception, and it has made at the local level to focus on terrorism preparedness. identified operational medicine issues whose resolution Finally, the survey also found that law enforcement will be critical to its ability to support the Army of the agencies that perceived the risk of a terrorist attack to be future. The purpose of this research was to develop a higher for their jurisdiction were more likely to undertake method to assess these issues and further investigate a steps to improve their preparedness; in addition, perceived subset of them. RAND Arroyo Center designed and risk was also predictive of receipt of funding. Online conducted a series of workshops in which AMEDD access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG104/. experts determined likely outcomes for individual casualties resulting from an Army simulation of its future MG-105-OSD Policy Options for Military Recruiting force. It was concluded that in this particular simulation, in the College Market: Results from a National Survey. the structure and concepts postulated for the evacuation B. J. Asch, C. Du, M. Schonlau. 2004. and treatment of future force combat casualties were The armed services prefer to recruit high-quality youth overwhelmed by eight hours of relatively low-intensity because of their better performance and lower attrition. However, high-quality youth are increasingly interested in 139 attending college. Existing policies targeted toward the oversight roles, more specific challenges can be expected college market are likely to continue to be effective, but to arise, including concerns about criteria other than cost, new policies must be developed to successfully penetrate support of contingencies, treatment of small and this market further. This monograph reports on a research disadvantaged businesses, and public-private partnering. project that developed and implemented a national survey Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ of college youth and analyzed the results. The survey MG107/. offered respondents a series of hypothetical programs that would allow enlistees to attend college before accession MG-108-OSD Attracting the Best: How the Military into the military, and they were asked to rate their level of Competes for Information Technology Personnel. J. R. enlistment interest under each program. A $65,000 college Hosek, M. G. Mattock, C. C. Fair, J. Sharp, M. Totten. loan repayment program as part of a "college-before- 2004. accession" program had the largest effect on college During the 1990s, the burgeoning private-sector demand market youth's probability of expressing a positive for information technology (IT) workers, escalating propensity to enlist, producing an increase in probability private-sector pay in IT, growing military dependence on of over 50 percent. The survey also provides corroborating IT, and faltering military recruiting led to a concern that evidence on the importance of college dropouts as a source the military capability was vulnerable to a large shortfall of high-quality recruits. Allowing college dropouts to in IT personnel. What basis, if any, offered assurance that enlist directly without first returning to college was the supply of IT personnel would be adequate to meet the associated with a stronger stated enlistment interest. In military's future IT manpower requirements? The authors addition to programs such as loan repayment as part of a conducted a literature review, field interviews, and data "college-before-accession" program, the authors conclude analysis and used a dynamic model that, taken together, that if the services are to be successful in the college compose an integrative perspective on this question and market, they must have in place an appropriate offer some policy implications for military planners in management infrastructure—such as incentive terms of how to recruit and retain qualified IT personnel. mechanisms for recruiters and an advertising campaign In addition, the insights of this research seem likely to that supports recruiters' efforts. Online access: apply to other high-technology occupations in the military http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG105/. that, like IT, offer valuable, transferable training in addition to the opportunity to serve. Online access: MG-107-OSD Recent Large Service Acquisitions in http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG108/. the Department of Defense: Lessons for the Office of the Secretary of Defense. F. A. Camm, I. Blickstein, J. MG-109-AF Test and Evaluation Trends and Costs for Venzor. 2004. Aircraft and Guided Weapons. B. Fox, M. Boito, J. C. At the request of the Directorate of Acquisition Resource Graser, O. Younossi. 2004. and Analysis in the Office of the Secretary of Defense As military systems have become more complex, testing (OSD), the RAND Corporation undertook a study to has become more time consuming and costly. A number of identify policy issues relevant to large service acquisitions efficiencies have been proposed and implemented, such as that deserve closer OSD attention and to help OSD frame increasing use of modeling and simulation and combining new policy on services acquisition. This report documents developmental and operational testing. How have these the findings of these efforts. It includes six case studies approaches worked in practice? And do traditional metrics that represent a broad range of new approaches to services for estimating the cost of testing still apply? This study acquisition and that identify high-level policy issues in addressed these issues by examining system-level testing which OSD is likely to become involved. Perhaps the most for selected fixed-wing aircraft, missiles and guided important general finding is that many ideas discussed in munitions programs. The actual times and costs appear to the 1990s for large system acquisitions are finding their be largely in step with the increasing complexity of the way into services acquisition. Three broad shifts occur in systems and test programs, so the proportion of virtually all of the approaches: increased importance of development costs that the testing represents has not program management, delegation of day-to-day changed markedly. Although the available data are not management to contractors, and the use of alternatives to sufficient to isolate the effects of discrete initiatives, some, arms-length relationships. It is concluded that to such as modeling and simulation and combined testing, effectively address continuing change in services have empirically demonstrated their value on a variety of acquisition, OSD should focus on three roles: linking programs. The authors provide cost estimating services acquisition goals to the strategic goals of the methodologies and reference information on the programs Department of Defense, managing congressional concerns they studied. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ about services acquisition, and developing and publications/MG/MG109/. disseminating lessons learned. As OSD pursues these 140

MG-111-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, about $500 million in fiscal year 1998 dollars, and to be Challenges, and Impediments. E. Gonzalez, K. F. completed in approximately 20 years. All of its activities McCarthy. 2004. will be orchestrated through an integrated command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, Cuba is nearing the end of the Castro era. When that end surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) system and an arrives, the government that succeeds Fidel Castro, as well Integrated Logistics System (ILS). The program is the as the Cuban people themselves, will need answers to the largest and most complex acquisition effort in USCG following questions: How is Castro's more than four- history. Although the new systems being acquired under decade rule likely to affect a post-Castro Cuba? What are Deepwater would be substantially more capable than the the political, social, and economic challenges that Cuba legacy systems being retired, the USCG was directed to will have to confront? What are the impediments that will maintain the status quo in terms of overall capability, so need to be surmounted if Cuba is to develop economically that fewer new assets would be needed. RAND's research and embark on a democratic transition? To answer those is intended to help USCG decisionmakers evaluate questions, the authors examine Castro's political legacies, whether the Deepwater program-which was conceived and Cuba's generational and racial divisions, its demographic put in motion before the September 11, 2001, terrorist predicament, the legacy of a centralized economy, and the attacks and before the USCG's subsequent transfer into the need for industrial restructuring. They conclude by newly created Department of Homeland Security-remains offering policy guidelines for the United States to foster a valid for the new missions and evolving responsibilities stable and prosperous post-Castro Cuba. Online access: that the USCG has been asked to shoulder. RAND was http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG111/. asked to evaluate whether the current Deepwater acquisition plan will provide the USCG with an adequate MG-112-A Assuring Access in Key Strategic number and array of cutters, aircraft, and other assets to Regions: Toward a Long-Term Strategy. E. V. Larson, D. meet changing operational demands. RAND's assessment Eaton, P. Elrick, T. W. Karasik, R. Klein, S. L. Lingel, B. involved two parallel evaluations: "An exploration of Nichiporuk, R. Uy, J. Zavadil. 2004. issues connected with speeding up, compressing, or The Army cannot effectively project power if it cannot get otherwise accelerating the pace at which the USCG can to where it needs to go to confront future adversaries. The acquire surface and air assets that it will operate in the authors of this report developed scenarios and conducted deepwater environment, defined as territory 50 or more political-military games to determine what strategies, nautical miles from shore. As part of this examination, tactics, and capabilities potential adversaries might use to RAND was asked to look at the implications for the force prevent or complicate U.S. access to key areas and how structure, cost, performance, and industrial base of effective the U.S. counters to these tactics are. After their commissioning all replacement assets, decommissioning assessment, the authors were reasonably sanguine about all outmoded or old-technology (so-called legacy) assets, the ability of the U.S. to prevail in the near term, but they and completing all modernization tasks earlier than the also identified areas of future concern and suggested year 2022." A determination of whether the original several improvements, including expanding the number of Deepwater plan would provide the USCG with a force in-theater bases that might be available; enhancing the structure to meet mission demands. RAND was asked to flexibility and deployability of U.S. forces to more austere evaluate the force structure that the original Deepwater bases; and upgrading detection, warning, and force acquisition plan would provide and define the boundaries protection measures. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ of a force structure that would be large and flexible publications/MG/MG112/. enough and with the capabilities to fulfill the USCG's traditional and emerging responsibilities. Our main MG-114-USCG The U.S. Coast Guard's Deepwater conclusion is that the Deepwater program will not provide Force Modernization Plan: Can It Be Accelerated? Will It the USCG with adequate assets and capabilities to fulfill Meet Changing Security Needs? J. L. 1944-. Birkler, B. the demands of traditional missions and emerging Alkire, R. W. Button, G. T. Lee, R. Raman, J. F. Schank, responsibilities. The study recommends that the USCG C. W. Stephens. 2004. meet its mission demands by accelerating and expanding the acquisition of planned Deepwater assets and In November 2002, the United States Coast Guard simultaneously identifying and exploring new platform (USCG) commissioned RAND to assess its Deepwater options, emerging technologies, and operational concepts program, an effort the USCG is undertaking to slowly, but that could leverage those assets. Such a two-pronged steadily replace or modernize nearly 100 aging cutters and strategy may satisfy demand more quickly and at less cost more than 200 aircraft. Known more formally as the than just expanding the original Deepwater plan. This Integrated Deepwater System program, this endeavor aims report should be of special interest both to the USCG and to equip the USCG with state-of-the-art cutters, aircraft, to uniformed and civilian decisionmakers involved in helicopters, and unmanned air vehicles at an annual cost of homeland security and homeland defense. It was prepared 141 for the Program Executive Officer, Integrated Deepwater maintainers. The last initiative focused on improving System, USCG. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ PSM. As a first step, PSM was to be implemented at the publications/MG/MG114/. F100 engine shop at the Oklahoma Air Logistics Center. The document suggests organizational options for MG-115-AF/KF Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.- implementing PSM to better align contracting and logistics ROK Security Relationship After 9/11. N. D. Levin. functions with process changes. It presents a flexible, 2004. springboard design to guide implementation of the process. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ The United States and South Korea enjoy many benefits MG/MG116/. from close security cooperation but the relationship, although not currently endangered, is shifting. The MG-117-OSD New Paths to Success: Determining paramount challenge in the short term is ensuring that the Career Alternatives for Field-Grade Officers. P. Schirmer, two countries stay in lockstep in dealing with North D. G. Levy, H. Thie, J. S. Moini, M. C. Harrell, K. Curry, Korea. Sustaining the relationship for the long haul, K. Brancato, M. Abbott. 2004. however, will require a focused effort to adapt it to new global and domestic conditions. Recent attention has been The Department of Defense (DoD) wants to create a more given to the appropriate nature, size, and configuration of strategic, modern, and flexible officer personnel system. U.S. forces deployed in Korea. These central questions At present, most military officers are subject to a policy deserve heavy emphasis but the answers provided will commonly known as "up-or-out," which requires remain vulnerable to domestic political currents in both separation from service if an officer is not promoted countries without affirmation of a larger common purpose. within a certain period of time (or selectively continued) Other important issues include a joint agreement to move or when an officer reaches established grade tenure limits. the U.S. garrison out of Seoul, South Korea's role within The RAND Corporation was asked to outline alternatives the alliance, and the South Korean desire for a more to up-or-out that might be tested via demonstration "equal" partnership. The U.S. should examine whether projects, to suggest how such tests might be evaluated, and restrictions on weapons sales to Korea might be relaxed in to work with the military services to identify possible certain areas and whether the bar on permissible communities for the tests. RAND researchers propose four technology transfers might be raised, while creating demonstration projects, one for each service, that represent opportunities for South Koreans to help shape a new various alternatives to up-or-out that could meet the needs security relationship that gives them a greater sense of of the identified communities to retain highly valued ownership. For its part, South Korea must act like an equal officers longer, provide additional training and education, partner if it wants to be treated as one. At its core, this and increase geographical stability for individuals. The means taking its own responsibility for the health of the common theme in the proposed demonstration projects is alliance. While continuing to address such "future of the to replace "promotability" with "employability" as the alliance" issues, the U.S. also needs to address a broad set basis for continuation of participating officers. RAND of issues relating to management of the alliance today. researchers also identify methodologies for measuring the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ implementation and outcomes of the demonstration MG115/. projects, and they discuss the different means of obtaining legal authority to conduct demonstration projects to test MG-116-AF Organizational Concepts for Purchasing career management alternatives for military officers. and Supply Management Implementation. L. M. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ Leftwich, J. Leftwich, N. Y. Moore, C. R. Roll. 2004. MG117/. This report presents a construct for organizing Air Force MG-118-OSTP Will the Scientific & Technical acquisition and purchasing activities to execute purchasing Workforce Meet the Requirements of the Federal and supply management (PSM). PSM is defined as a Government? W. P. Butz, T. K. Kelly, D. M. Adamson, strategic, enterprise-wide, long-term, multifunctional, G. Bloom, D. Fossum, M. E. Gross. 2004. dynamic approach to selecting suppliers of goods and services. PSM also involves managing not only suppliers The size and adequacy of the federal workforce for but the whole network-from raw materials to final use and carrying out scientific, technical, engineering, and disposal-continually reducing ownership costs, managing mathematics (STEM) activities are ongoing concerns in risks, and improving quality, responsiveness, reliability, many policy circles. Experts both inside and outside of and flexibility. A PSM demonstration was chartered as a government have voiced fears that this workforce is aging result of the Air Force "Spares Campaign," which was and may soon face a dwindling labor pool, a problem that intended to review the Air Force parts supply process. could be compounded by skill shortages in key areas and Eight initiatives were targeted to modernize the spares growing numbers of non-U.S. citizens obtaining STEM process and ultimately put more spares into the hands of degrees in the United States. The authors assess the 142 condition of this workforce, based on the best available This monograph presents a unique approach to data, while focusing on three main areas: trends in the U.S. "connecting the dots" in intelligence—selecting and STEM workforce overall that might affect the federal assembling disparate pieces of information to produce a STEM workforce, workforce-shaping activities in the general understanding of a threat. Modeled after key federal STEM workforce, and legislative and thought processes used by successful and proactive programmatic mechanisms for influencing that workforce. problem solvers to identify potential threats, the Atypical Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ Signal Analysis and Processing (ASAP) schema described MG118/. in this document identifies out-of-the-ordinary, atypical behavior that is potentially related to terror activity; seeks MG-121-WF State Arts Agencies 1965-2003: Whose to understand the behavior by putting it into context; Interests to Serve? J. F. Lowell. 2004. generates and tests hypotheses about what the atypical behavior might mean; and prioritizes the results, focusing Three-quarters of all U.S. state and jurisdictional analysts' attention on the most significant atypical governments cut their arts budgets in fiscal year 2003, and findings. In addition to discussing the schema, the authors more than one-half imposed further cuts in fiscal year describe a supporting conceptual architecture and present 2004. In this first of a series of reports commissioned by specific techniques for identifying and analyzing out-of- The Wallace Foundation, the author argues that these state the-ordinary information. An appendix presents the arts budget cuts reflect more than just a one-time response scenario for a hypothetical terrorist attack, describes the to fiscal crisis. That is, they reflect the political weakness events leading up to the "attack," and shows how ASAP of state arts agencies, a weakness stemming from the could have been used to help intelligence analysts identify growing mismatch between the agencies' grant-making the threat. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ roles and structures and the cultural and political realities publications/MG/MG126/. the agencies face. One promising solution may be for state arts agencies to shift their focus and funding from MG-128-A Dollar Cost Banding: A New Algorithm bolstering arts providers to serving people and for Computing Inventory Levels for Army SSAs. K. communities. But before this shift can take place, some Girardini, A. Lackey, K. Leuschner, D. A. Relles, M. important conceptual as well as practical issues must be Totten, D. J. Blake. 2004. addressed. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/MG/MG121/. When Army equipment fails, the speed with which maintenance technicians can restore it to mission-ready MG-123-A Survivability Options for Maneuver and condition depends critically on the availability of needed Transport Aircraft: Analytic Support to the Army Science spare parts. The Army wished to improve the algorithm Board. J. Matsumura, R. Steeb, B. Crowe, N. Dienna, Y. used to compute the proper levels of inventory to stock in Huh, G. Quintero, W. Solfrey. 2004. its repair facilities. This monograph describes how the Army's Distribution Management initiative (formerly This monograph summarizes research in support of the known as Velocity Management) has been used to develop 2002 Army Science Board's Aviation Study. The study and implement a new algorithm for computing spare parts aimed to explore and assess survivability concepts and inventories maintained by Army supply support activities technologies associated with future heavy-lift transport (SSAs). The algorithm, known as dollar cost banding aircraft that could be used to make possible new (DCB), has made it possible to expand the breadth of operational maneuver options for the Army's future force. deployable inventories by adjusting the criteria for The results of this research are included in the final determining whether an item should be added or retained briefing and report produced by the Army Science Board; according to the item's cost, size, and the criticality of the this monograph provides a detailed account of the specific demands. When setting the depth of inventory, DCB survivability research, and it includes information on accounts for surges and variations in demand, thus making scenario, methodology, and the analytic findings. This it more likely that a part will be available in SSA work should be of interest to warfighters, planners, inventories when demands occur. The DCB algorithm has technologists and policymakers, particularly those produced immediate and significant gains in performance involved with shaping policy for future joint warfare. at little or no additional inventory cost and without Online access: sacrificing mobility. DCB has been successfully used in http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG123/. divisional SSAs, nondivisional tactical SSAs, and nontactical SSAs. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ MG-126-RC Out of the Ordinary: Finding Hidden publications/MG/MG128/. Threats by Analyzing Unusual Behavior. J. S. Hollywood, D. Synder, K. McKay, J. E. Boon. 2004. 143

MG-134-OSD Expanding Enlisted Lateral Entry: (rewards or sanctions). But the mechanisms through which Options and Feasibility. D. G. Levy, J. S. Moini, J. Sharp, the system is intended to work are not well understood. H. Thie. 2004. The authors examined five accountability models: two from the manufacturing sector (the Malcolm Baldrige The U.S. military constantly evaluates its personnel National Quality Award Program and the Toyota system to find optimal ways to obtain the types of Production System (TPS)), a performance incentive model personnel to execute its missions most efficiently. Will it used in the evaluation of job training programs for the get better results if it expands its program to allow poor, accountability in the legal sector, accountability in civilians with appropriate education and experience to health care as shown by clinical practice guidelines, use of enter the military laterally? This report looked specifically statistical risk-adjustment methods, and the public at the lateral entry of non-prior-service personnel into reporting of health performance measures. Although enlisted active-duty occupations. It reviewed existing education faces unique challenges, the authors conclude programs, identified the potential goals of a lateral entry that educators can learn much from these other sectors. program, and presents an objective-based framework to The Baldrige, TPS, and the clinical practice guidelines link the goals with specific program features. Using this suggest the importance of focused institutional self- framework, the authors analyzed occupations in the Army, assessment, understanding school and district operations Air Force, and Navy and concluded that pursuing a policy as a production process, being able to develop and apply a of large-scale lateral entry did not show promise. They knowledge base about effective practice, and empowering recommended further that the Army and Navy leave their participants in the process to contribute to improvement current lateral entry programs intact for possible efforts. The job training and risk-adjustment models and expansion, should future conditions warrant it. Online the legal and health care accountability models provide access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG134/. specific guidance on how to enhance system-wide accountability in education by broadening performance MG-135-OSD Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: measures; making sure performance goals are fair to all The Potential Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks students and schools; developing standards of practice in Against the U.S. Agricultural and Food Industry. P. promising areas; and encouraging professional Chalk. 2004. accountability. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Over the past decade, the United States has endeavored to publications/MG/MG136/. increase its ability to detect, prevent, and respond to terrorist threats and incidents. The agriculture sector and MG-137 Indonesian Living Standards Before and the food industry in general, however, have received After the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Indonesia comparatively little attention with respect to protection Family Life Survey. J. 1951- Strauss, K. Beegle, Y. against terrorist incidents. This study aims to expand the Herawati, A. Dwiyanto, D. Pattinasarany, E. Satriawan, B. current debate on domestic homeland security by assessing Sikoki, Sukamdi, F. Witoelar. 2004. the vulnerabilities of the agricultural sector and the food The Asian financial crisis in 1997–98 was a serious blow chain to a deliberate act of biological terrorism. The author to a thirty-year period of rapid growth in East and presents the current state of research on threats to Southeast Asia. This book uses the Indonesia Family Life agricultural livestock and produce, outlines the sector's Surveys (IFLS) from late 1997 and late 2000 to examine importance to the U.S. economy, examines the capabilities changes in living standards for Indonesians from just that are needed to exploit the vulnerabilities in the food before the start of the crisis to three years after. Indonesian industry, and explores the likely outcomes of a successful Living Standards Before and After the Financial Crisis, attack. The author addresses the question of why terrorists using the rich data in IFLS to provide a true-to-life look at have yet to employ agricultural assaults as a method of living conditions in Indonesia, is an important reference operation and offers proposed recommendations for the for policymakers working on economic issues affecting U.S. policymaking community. Online access: Indonesia. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG135/. publications/MG/MG137/. MG-136-WFHF Organizational Improvement and MG-138-OSD Intern Programs as a Human Accountability: Lessons for Education from Other Sectors. Resources Management Tool for the Department of B. M. Stecher, S. N. Kirby. 2004. Defense. S. M. Gates, C. Paul. 2004. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a performance- The Department of Defense now faces the challenge of based accountability system built around student test responding to the imminent retirement of a large results. The accountability system comprises explicit proportion of its civilian workers and the impending U.S. educational goals, assessments for measuring the military transformation that will likely require a larger attainment of goals and judging success, and consequences civilian workforce to support a new force structure. One 144 way in which DoD plans to address this challenge is effectiveness and survivability could be moderately through recruiting "the best talent available." In its efforts improved by individual systems (such as the XM-29, body to determine effective ways to recruit such workers, DoD armor, and links to indirect fire), but significant asked the RAND Corporation to look at intern programs, improvements resulted only from applications of characterizing DoD's current intern programs, identifying combined systems. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ best practices for intern programs among private-sector publications/MG/MG140/. firms and other government agencies, and recommending approaches for improving such programs. This monograph MG-141-AF The Counterterror Coalitions: describes RAND's response, presenting and synthesizing Cooperation with Pakistan and India. C. C. Fair. 2004. insights and findings from interviews the authors The author examines U.S. strategic relations with India conducted with managers of DoD and corporate intern and Pakistan both historically and in the current context of programs, from a review of literature on intern programs, the global war on terrorism and Operation Enduring and from analyses of personnel data, and making specific Freedom in Afghanistan. Pakistan's unwillingness to halt DoD policy recommendations. Online access: its active role in supporting militant operations in Indian- http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG138/. held Kashmir and elsewhere challenges U.S. interests in reducing terrorism. India, for its part, could lessen MG-139-EDU Focus on the Wonder Years: Pakistan's threat perceptions. An inescapable conclusion of Challenges Facing the American Middle School. J. the report is that the intractable dispute over the Juvonen, V. Le, T. Kaganoff, C. H. Augustine, L. disposition of Kashmir remains a critical flashpoint Constant. 2004. between the two states and a continual security challenge Young teens undergo multiple changes that seem to set for the United States and the larger international them apart from other students. But do middle schools community. The report offers five policy options on how actually meet their special needs? The authors describe the United States might proceed: Maintain the status quo; some of the challenges and offer ways to tackle them, such take an active role in resolving the dispute; distance itself as reassessing the organization of grades K-12; from the dispute; side with India; or side with Pakistan's specifically assisting the students most in need; finding position on Kashmir. Each position, with benefits and ways to prevent disciplinary problems; and helping parents disadvantages, is discussed in detail. Online access: understand how they can help their children learn at home. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG141/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ MG139/; Errata: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ MG-142-NGA Mapping the Risks: Assessing the MG139/MG139.errata.pdf. Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. J. C. Baker, B. E. Lachman, D. MG-140-A Examining the Army's Future Warrior: Frelinger, K. M. O'Connell, A. Hou, M. S. Tseng, D. T. Force-on-Force Simulation of Candidate Technologies. R. Orletsky, C. W. Yost. 2004. Steeb, J. Matsumura, T. J. Herbert, P. Kantar, P. Steinberg, Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, many P. Bogue. 2004. federal government agencies began restricting some of This monograph summarizes work performed during a their publicly available geospatial data and information, quick-response analytic effort in support of the 2001 Army particularly sources accessible through the World Wide Science Board Summer Study on Objective Force Soldier, Web. U.S. decisionmakers confront a major analytical along with subsequent efforts in related areas. The purpose challenge in assessing whether and how such information of the research was to explore and assess technology specifically helps potential attackers, including terrorists, options for future dismounted soldiers that could improve to select U.S. homeland sites and plan their attacks. At the mission effectiveness and reduce casualties. Options direction of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, examined included the objective individual combat researchers at the RAND Corporation sought to better weapon (OICW, a rifle and precision explosive round understand how publicly available geospatial information combination, now designated the XM-29), improved body can be exploited by possible attackers and what kinds of armor, better sensors, the use of small unguided vehicles information might prove most valuable. After evaluating in support of operations, links to indirect fires, and both the "supply" and "demand" of geospatial information, signature-reduction techniques. The work used high- including a survey of several thousand Web sites, RAND resolution constructive simulation (based on Janus and researchers developed an analytical framework that associated models) to examine these aspects, with the applies three key criteria—usefulness, uniqueness, and modeling taking place in the 2015–2020 time frame. The societal benefits and costs—to assessing the homeland primary scenario employed was a highly stressing mission security implications of geospatial information that is involving a dismounted attack on an enemy position in publicly available. The researchers offer recommendations complex terrain. The central findings were that soldier on additional steps that the federal government can take to 145 increase the awareness of the public and private sectors involved in formulating programs to improve school concerning the potential homeland security implications of readiness. Because resources for school-readiness geospatial information. Online access: http:// programs are limited, it is particularly important to focus www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG142/. these resources on the children who need them most. The study suggests that the children most in need are those MG-143-AF U.S.-China Security Management: whose mothers are poorly educated and those children Assessing the Military-to-Military Relationship. K. L. living in poor neighborhoods. Online access: Pollpeter. 2004. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG145/. (A more technical presentation of the results described in this book Restrictions on military-to-military relations with China can be found in Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo and Anne R. imposed in 2001 stirred a debate about the value of those Pebley, Los Angeles County Young Children's Literacy activities and their place in the overall U.S.-China Experiences, Emotional Well-Being and Skills Acquisition: relationship. This report examines the debate on security Results from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood cooperation between the two countries and finds that there Survey, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, DRU- is value in the relationship, despite its problems. The 3041-LAFANS, 2003, www.rand.org/labor/DRU/ debate centers around four major issues of contention: the DRU3041.pdf.) potential risk to U.S. national security of military relations with China, the potential benefits of the relationship to the MG-151-AF Analysis of Maintenance Forward United States, whether the United States can expect to Support Location Operations. A. Geller, D. George, R. S. influence China through the relationship, and the relative Tripp, M. A. Amouzegar, C. R. Roll. 2004. levels of reciprocity and transparency experienced. The study concludes that the U.S. military relationship with The Air Force is reexamining its support infrastructure to China should concentrate on security management rather focus on the goals of faster deployment, reduction in the than on security cooperation. A three-part program of footprint, increased flexibility, and greater personnel dialogue, information gathering, and limited cooperation stability. This study examines a potential reconfiguration can have mutual benefit in minimizing misperceptions and of the current support system: the creation of maintenance the chances of conflict. Lower-level facility visits, forward support locations to consolidate intermediate exchanges of students, and the like are less likely to be maintenance near, but not in, the theater of operations. effective. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Such locations are known as Centralized Intermediate publications/MG/MG143/. Repair Facilities, or CIRFs. RAND Corporation studies found CIRF support of such commodities as F-15 avionics MG-145-FFLA Are L.A.'s Children Ready for components, LANTIRN pods, and jet engines to be School? S. Lara-Cinisomo, A. R. Pebley, M. E. Vaiana, E. effective in today's Air and Space Expeditionary Force Maggio. 2004. environment. RAND has also looked at potential CIRF locations, reduction of deployment footprint, and the School readiness is important for children, for their command and control system supporting repair and other families, and for society at large. The authors' exploration processes. The report recommends that the Air Force of school readiness focuses on how the home literacy explore the use of CIRFs outside of the United States as environment, parenting behavior, and social characteristics well as within, establish an Operational Support Center at affect two aspects of school readiness: basic skills, such as each Major Command, and centralize "ownership" of reading and math; and behavior problems, including engines and pods. An extended analysis of centralized sad/anxious behavior and aggressive behavior. The ownership is appended. Online access: discussion is based on information drawn from the Los http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG151/. Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS), a survey of 65 neighborhoods in Los Angeles County MG-153-OSD Base Realignment and Closure conducted in 2000–2001. The analysis shows that mothers' (BRAC) and Organizational Restructuring in the DOD: educational attainment and neighborhood poverty are the Implications for Education and Training Infrastructure. D. two social characteristics most strongly associated with G. Levy, J. S. Moini, T. Kaganoff, E. G. Keating, C. H. school readiness. In addition, ethnicity and immigrant Augustine, T. K. Bikson, K. Leuschner, S. M. Gates. status themselves are not important predictors of school 2004. readiness, once differences in socioeconomic status are taken into account. In fact, children whose parents were The Department of Defense (DoD) often improves its born outside the United States do better on basic skills efficiency by consolidating facilities (mainly through base than kids with U.S.-born parents when socioeconomic realignment and closure, or BRAC) and changing its status is taken into account. The findings provide a clear governance structure. Subsequently, these shifts picture of the factors that affect school readiness, and how significantly affect the education, training, and the study results may be useful to individuals and groups development (ET&D) institutions that support DoD 146 personnel. With an eye toward the scheduled round of participants. This results in a shortage of bandwidth, or BRAC in 2005, the DoD Office of the Chancellor of network capacity. New technologies, commercial and Education and Professional Development asked the military, will continue to increase bandwidth availability RAND Corporation to review specific ways in which past to mobile users, but demand is likely to continue to exceed initiatives have affected ET&D establishments. RAND supply. The authors examine the Army's projected researchers focused on four cases from the 1990s-two demands for communications capacity and describe steps institutions that experienced significant infrastructure that can be taken to address the gap between demand and change (i.e., through physical relocation) and two that did supply, which include techniques such as higher not. Based on the lessons learned from the case studies, frequencies, more efficient routing protocols, adding a they make recommendations for decisionmakers to vertical node, and improving operational management of consider when moving an institution, remaining at a the network. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ location, constructing a new facility, or consolidating publications/MG/MG156/. institutions. The researchers also look at the strategies used by the institutions and their stakeholders to influence MG-158-EDU Evaluating Value-Added Models for decisions about infrastructure change, focusing on Teacher Accountability. D. F. McCaffrey, D. M. Koretz, clarifying roles and improving the ET&D system as a J. R. Lockwood, L. S. Hamilton. 2004. whole. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Value-added modeling (VAM) to estimate school and MG/MG153/. teacher effects is currently of considerable interest to researchers and policymakers. Recent reports suggest that MG-154-OSD Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- VAM demonstrates the importance of teachers as a source Provided Health Plans: Insights for TRICARE Benefit of variance in student outcomes. Policymakers see VAM Design from the Private Sector. G. Joyce, J. D. Malkin, J. as a possible component of education reform through E. Pace. 2004. improved teacher evaluations or as part of test-based The military health system, as well as the private health accountability. They are intrigued by VAM because of the care sector, has experienced rapid growth in view that its complex statistical techniques can provide pharmaceutical expenditures. In 2002 alone, the estimates of the effects of teachers and schools that are not Department of Defense spent about $3 billion on distorted by the powerful effects of such noneducational outpatient pharmacy benefits. As part of an effort to factors as family background. This monograph clarifies redesign the TRICARE pharmacy benefit to save costs, the the primary questions raised by the use of VAM for Department of Defense is considering moving from a two- measuring teacher effects, reviews the most important tiered to a three-tiered co-payment system, which will recent applications of VAM, and discusses a variety of increase the co-payment for some classes and brands of statistical and measurement issues that might affect the drugs. Providers (acting in the interest of their patients) validity of VAM inferences. The authors identify would, theoretically, have an incentive to prescribe less- numerous possible sources of error and bias in teacher costly options. To predict how changing to a three-tiered effects and recommend a number of steps for future system will affect costs and pharmacy utilization, the research into these potential errors. They conclude that the authors use an existing data resource to determine how research base is currently insufficient to support the use of beneficiaries age 45 to 64 in private-sector health plans VAM for high-stakes decisions about individual teachers responded to similar changes in pharmacy benefits. In this or schools. It is important that policymakers, practitioners, analysis, the authors assess, among other potential and VAM researchers work together, so that research is outcomes, how changing to a three-tiered system would informed by the practical needs and constraints facing affect aggregate costs and pharmacy utilization and how it users of VAM and that implementation of the models is would affect the utilization of specific (high-cost) classes informed by an understanding of what inferences and of medications. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ decisions the research currently supports. Online access: publications/MG/MG154/. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG158/.

MG-156-A Future Army Bandwidth Needs and MG-161-RC The Future of Genetically Modified Capabilities. L. Joe, I. Porche. 2004. Crops: Lessons from the Green Revolution. F. Wu, W. P. Butz. 2004. Bandwidth becomes increasingly critical to the Army as it migrates to a new force structure that is knowledge-based Although the number of people in danger of malnutrition and network-centric. To the user, high bandwidth is useful worldwide has decreased significantly in the past 30 years, because it supports high-volume data exchange, short thanks in part to the Green Revolution of the 20th century, delays, and high assurance of connectivity. an estimated 800 million people still lack adequate access Communications networks, however, face severe scaling to food. The world is now on the cusp of a second issues with increases in the number of network potential agricultural revolution, the so-called Gene 147

Revolution, in which modern biotechnology can enable medium term. The authors analyzed shifting demographic the production of genetically modified (GM) crops tailored patterns, the pace of technological change, and the path of to address chronic agricultural problems in specific economic globalization. They observe, for example, that regions of the world. This monograph report investigates the workforce will continue to grow—however, at a the circumstances and processes that can induce and markedly declining pace—and that the ongoing education sustain this new agricultural revolution. The authors of employees will be paramount as new technologies, such compare the Green Revolution with the current GM crop as bio- and nanotechnologies, come onto the scene and movement to assess not only the technological differences develop. They also look at the trend of globalization and in the crops and agricultural methods of these two how it fares for the United States' economy and those of movements, but more generally to examine the economic, other countries. Overall, the authors provide for the reader cultural, and political factors that influence whether a new expectations about the key forces in the economy today agricultural technology is adopted and accepted by and their implications for the future workforce and farmers, consumers, and governments. Online access: workplace, including the size, composition, and skills of http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG161/. the workforce; the nature of work and workplace arrangements; and worker compensation. Online access: MG-163-DVA Understanding Potential Changes to http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG164/. the Veterans Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) System: A Regression-Based Approach. J. Wasserman, J. MG-165-A U.S. Army Security Cooperation: Toward S. Ringel, K. Ricci, J. D. Malkin, B. O. Wynn, J. Improved Planning and Management. T. S. Szayna, A. Zwanziger, S. J. Newberry, M. J. Suttorp, A. Rastegar. Grissom, J. P. Marquis, T. Young, B. Rosen, Y. Huh. 2004. 2004. The Veterans Health Administration asked the RAND In the realm of security cooperation—peacetime activities National Defense Research Institute, a division of the undertaken by the U.S. armed services with other armed RAND Corporation, to undertake a quantitative analysis of forces and countries—the U.S. Army's current planning the Veterans Equitable Resource Allocation (VERA) process is exceedingly complex, involving a multitude of system. VERA was instituted in 1997 and was designed to actors, problematic incentive systems, an incomplete improve the allocation of the congressionally appropriated information exchange, and a lack of effective measures of medical care budget to the regional service networks that effectiveness. Even some of the stakeholders understand compose the Department of Veterans Affairs health only certain aspects of the process and/or have only partial system. The study determines how particular patient and visibility into it. The drivers and demanders of peacetime facility characteristics influence allocations to the regional cooperative activities undertaken by the U.S. Army with service networks and simplifies and refines the models other countries and militaries (Army International Affairs, created in earlier RAND research to reflect policy changes or AIA) tend to have an incomplete understanding of the and more recent data. Related documents: An Analysis of resourcing problems and the tradeoffs involved in making Potential Adjustments to the Veterans Equitable Resource AIA choices. In turn, Headquarters, Department of the Allocation (VERA) System, MR-1629-DVA, 2003; and Army (HQDA)—the supplier of AIA resources—has an An Analysis of the Veterans Equitable Resource incomplete understanding of the benefits of AIA, and the Allocation (VERA) System, MR-1419-DVA, 2001. Army's own resourcing tools are not easily amenable to an Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ in-depth understanding of the resources it commits to AIA. MG163/. The demand for AIA is fundamentally predicated on the amount of AIA supply provided by HQDA, as opposed to MG-164-DOL The 21st Century at Work: Forces the latter being the product of policy, strategy, and Shaping the Future Workforce and Workplace in the resource guidance. Indeed, incrementalism and continuity, United States. L. A. Karoly, C. W. A. Panis. 2004. rather than policy and strategy, are the principal driving agents in the development of AIA resource priorities. In What are the forces that will continue to shape the U.S. the post-September 11 security environment, the planning workforce and workplace over the next 10 to 15 years? system of AIA needs greater flexibility and efficiency as a With such inevitabilities as the proliferation and crucial component of the global war on terrorism. The acceleration of technology worldwide, will more need to have flexibility and adaptability in security individuals work at home, will more businesses outsource cooperation, and to seize opportunities that may be short- their noncore functions—and with what consequences? lived, has made reform of the security cooperation Answering such questions can help stakeholders— planning and implementation process essential. Online workers, employers, educators, and policymakers—make access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG165/. informed decisions. With its eye on forming sound policy, the U.S. Department of Labor asked the RAND Corporation to look at the future of work in the near-to- 148

MG-169-OSD Lessons from the North: Canada's http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG170/. (Related Privatization of Military Ammunition Production. W. M. documents: Brian A. Jackson, D. J. Peterson, James T. Hix, B. J. Held, E. M. Pint. 2004. Bartis, Tom LaTourrette, Irene Brahmakulam, Ari Houser, and Jerry Sollinger, Protecting Emergency Responders: The applicability of lessons learned from the privatization Lessons Learned from Terrorist Attacks, RAND of Canada's ammunition manufacturing to the U.S. Corporation, CF-176-OSTP, 2002; Tom LaTourrette, D. J. ammunition industrial base was the goal of this study. Peterson, James T. Bartis, Brian A. Jackson, and Ari While not an exact analog of the privatization possibilities Houser, Protecting Emergency Responders, Volume 2: open to the U.S. Department of Defense, the privatization Community Views of Safety and Health Risks and of Canada's ammunition industry does offer important Personal Protection Needs, RAND Corporation, MR- insights about the factors of a successful privatization. 1646-NIOSH, 2003.) Specifically, it seems clear that the private sector in both nations can and will respond to demand for government MG-176-AF A Methodology for Determining Air ammunition. The Canadian example shows that a Force Deployment Requirements. D. Snyder, P. H. Mills. privatized industry will maintain an industrial capability 2004. when required and resourced by the government—but not without oversight. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ The Air Force's transition from a threat-based planning publications/MG/MG169/. (The companion report is W. posture to a capabilities-based planning posture suggests Michael Hix, Ellen M. Pint, John Bondanella, Bruce Held, the need for a means to calculate swiftly the manpower Michael Hynes, David Johnson, Art Pregler, Mike and equipment required to generate those capabilities. This Stollenwerk, and Jerry Sollinger, Rethinking Governance book outlines just such a methodology for determining of the Army's Arsenals and Ammunition Plants, Santa manpower and equipment deployment requirements. The Monica, Calif.: RAND, MR-1651-A, 2003, methodology employs a prototype research tool called the www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1651/.) Strategic Tool for the Analysis of Required Transportation (START). The START program generates lists of MG-170-NIOSH Protecting Emergency Responders. capability units, called Unit Type Codes, which are Vol. 3, Safety Management in Disaster and Terrorism required to support a user-specified operation. The Response. B. A. Jackson, J. C. Baker, M. S. Ridgely, J. T. program also estimates materiel movement requirements Bartis, H. I. Linn. 2004. to achieve initial operating capability at deployed locations. The appendix to this book serves as a user's In the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, guide to the START program. A fully implemented tool the risk of terrorism and the demands of homeland security based on this prototype should prove to be useful for both are a central component of any discussion of protecting deliberate planning crisis-action planning. Online access: emergency responders. In addition, the nation faces the http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG176/. risk of hurricanes, earthquakes, large industrial incidents, and other natural disasters. During and after such events, MG-178-NASA/OSD Wind Tunnel and Propulsion responders face the risk of physical injury, traumatic Test Facilities: An Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to stress, and hazardous exposures. Effectively addressing Serve National Needs. P. S. Antâon, E. C. Gritton, R. such risks requires bringing together the capabilities of a Mesic, P. Steinberg, D. J. Johnson, M. Block, M. S. range of response organizations from all levels of Brown, J. A. Drezner, J. A. Dryden, T. Hamilton, T. government, nongovernmental organizations, and the Hogan, D. J. Peetz, R. Raman, J. Strong, W. Trimble. private sector. This study provides recommendations for 2004. preparing for response to such disasters and other large- scale incidents. It uses literature review, study interviews The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's with members of the response community, and (NASA's) establishment and use of wind tunnel and information gathered at the RAND Corporation-National propulsion test facilities have helped the United States Institute for Occupational Safety and Health workshop build and maintain aerospace competitive advantage Protecting Emergency Responders: Safety Management in across the military, commercial, and space sectors. Are Major Disaster and Terrorism Response in Arlington, Va., these major facilities continuing to serve the current and on February 27, 2003. From the examples of several large- future needs of the nation at large? At the request of scale response operations (the September 11 terrorist Congress and NASA, the RAND Corporation performed a attacks, Hurricane Andrew, and the Northridge yearlong study of the 31 such facilities at three NASA Earthquake), the authors were led to the conclusion that centers. The study examined current and future national the emergency response community should put in place needs for wind tunnel and propulsion test facilities, the structures and preparedness efforts that will formalize an technical competitiveness of NASA's facilities, functional integrated, incident-wide approach to safety management overlap and redundancy among NASA facilities, and at major disaster response operations. Online access: management issues. The study recommends that NASA 149 develop an aeronautics test technology vision and plan; landscape becomes increasingly complex. Out of the analyze the viability of a national test facility plan with the marriage of global markets, ICT, and competitiveness, the Department of Defense; continue to use an appropriate so-called virtual, smart organisation (VSO) has emerged. mix of facility, computational, and flight testing; maintain The VSO builds a network based on the best use of an identified minimum set of NASA facilities, specifically information technologies. This includes the use of the leaving out two facilities that are not serving national Internet for bidding, ordering, and tracking product, for needs and are weakly competitive, redundant, and poorly monitoring service delivery, and checking on consumer utilized; identify financial shared support to keep its satisfaction. It also includes the application of software underutilized but important facilities from entering and data management for internal corporate operations that financial collapse; and pursue selected investments in test free up human capital to focus on creative, innovation facilities. A companion report (Wind Tunnel and solutions to business problems. In order to better Propulsion Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an understand business-to-business VSO operations in Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Europe, this report presents the results of expert interviews Needs, TR-134-NASA/OSD) presents additional details of and case studies to explore why and how organisations "go the researchers' findings. Online access: smart" and/or "virtual," and what role government could http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG178/. play in creating a more favourable environment to enable competitiveness. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ MG-190-AF The Air Force Chief of Staff Logistics publications/MG/MG195/. Review: Improving Wing-Level Logistics. K. Lynch, J. G. Drew, D. George, R. S. Tripp, C. R. Roll, J. Leftwich. MG-196-OSD Working Around the Military: 2004. Challenges to Military Spouse Employment and Education. M. C. Harrell, N. Lim, L. W. Castaneda, D. General Michael D. Ryan, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Golinelli. 2004. initiated a review-the Chief's Logistics Review, or CLR-in late 1999 to develop improvement options for mitigating The characteristics of U.S. military life are generally well wing-level logistics problems. The Air Force conducted known-deployments, frequent relocation, long and this review as a joint effort with the RAND Corporation, unpredictable work schedules, and so on. But these factors choosing RAND to act as its analytic advisor. The also restrict the ability of service members' spouses to objective was to target process and process-enabler pursue their own employment or educational interests. shortfalls that limited the logistics community's ability to This research confirms that, while many military spouses meet increasing readiness demands. CLR incorporated a work and seek education similar to their "look-alike" structured methodology focused on identifying process civilian counterparts, they often lag these equals in terms problems and presenting options for their correction. of finding jobs and receiving comparable pay. Why, for There was active major command participation and a example, are military spouses being paid less than their sequential review process. The report presents background civilian counterparts even when all other observable information and describes the analytic approach (including factors between the two groups, such as educational level, RAND's role in its development) and results of CLR are equal? A team of RAND researchers quantified the (Phase 1), and it describes how solution options designed differences between military spouses and their civilian to improve wing-level logistics processes were counterparts; it then explored the reasons for these implemented, tested, and then evaluated at selected air differences, based on interviews with more than 1,100 bases (Phase 2). Conclusions and specific issues for military spouses. The discussions provide an further consideration are presented, along with insights understanding of military spouses' jobs, their motivations that should be of value to Air Force logisticians, operators, for working, and their general perceptions and struggles and planners faced with maintaining the most ready and with the military lifestyle in relation to career and capable aircraft fleet in the face of new threats and education. The research shows that many military spouses resource environments. Online access: http:// view elements of military life as a hindrance to their www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG190/. careers and pursuit of education. In response, the researchers recommend, for example, that the Department MG-195-EC Europe, Competing: Market Prospects, of Defense increase the affordability and accessibility of Business Needs and Technological Trends for Virtual, education for military spouses, continue to explore child Smart Organisations in Europe. C. S. Wagner, M. care solutions, and seek positive relationships with local Botterman, E. Feijen, L. Schmidt, S. Simmons, C. van't and national employers. In the long run, effectively Hof, J. S. Iverson, L. van Laerhoven. 2004. improving the quality-of-life issues for service members and spouses will help the department retain the qualified The information and communication revolution has shifted personnel it needs. Online access: http:// the landscape on which business operates. With the current www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG196/. speed of change uncertainties multiply and the competitive 150

MG-199-A Transferring Army BRAC Lands MG-206-EC Low Fertility and Population Ageing: Containing Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options. J. Grant, S. Options for the Future. J. MacDonald, D. S. Knopman, N. Hoorens, S. Sivadasan, M. van het Loo, J. DaVanzo, L. B. Clancy, J. McEver, H. H. Willis. 2004. Hale, S. Gibson, W. P. Butz. 2004. In the ongoing Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Nearly all European nations are experiencing long-term process, lands containing unexploded ordnance (UXO) left downtrends in fertility, and consequently, ageing of their over from military training have proved particularly populations. These demographic trends could have difficult and costly to transfer to new users. With a few potentially damaging consequences for European exceptions, little progress has been made in transferring economies. Concern over these trends has sparked intense these lands. This monograph chronicles the issues that debate over the most effective policies to reverse them or facilitated the transfer of land containing UXO, and those mitigate their consequences. Three broad policy that slowed the transfer. Some of the "facilitating" issues approaches have been considered: (1) encourage are low density of UXO, a small number of recipients, and childbearing (marriage and cohabitation) among younger strong financial incentives for the new user. Lack of couples; (2) increase immigration of working-age people; regulatory involvement or oversight also helped facilitate and (3) reform social policy more generally, in order to transfer. On the other side, lack of knowledge about the ameliorate the negative consequences of these trends. The location, quantities, and type of unexploded ordnance, study intends to improve understanding of the inadequate performance of detection technologies, and an interrelations between policy and demographic change. It absence of accepted standards for cleanup all slowed examines the interrelations between European government transfers. The authors suggest an alternative organization policies and demographic trends and behaviour, and for handling the transfer, in this case a federal government assesses which policies can prevent or mitigate the adverse corporation, along with other mechanisms as ways to consequences of current low fertility and population expedite the transfer of UXO-contaminated land. Online ageing. Therefore, a framework has been developed access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG199/. highlighting the interrelationships among government policies, macro-level conditions and household-level MG-200-RC Reporters on the Battlefield: The demographic behaviour, all of which combine to influence Embedded Press System in Historical Context. C. Paul, J. population factors. Guided by this framework, three J. Kim. 2004. research tasks were carried out: (1) the research literature was reviewed; (2) European demographic data were Clear differences between the missions and goals of the examined; and (3) case studies of five countries were press and those of the military, particularly centering conducted. The study has resulted in several conclusions around the issues of access and operational security, make and implications for European policymaking. The study historical tensions between the two unsurprising and assesses which policies can prevent or mitigate the adverse complete avoidance of tension unlikely. However, consequences of current low fertility and population significant overlaps, including core goals of ageing. A framework highlights the interrelationships professionalism and public service, make cooperation a among government policies, macro-level conditions and reasonable possibility. This book traces the back-and-forth household-level demographic behaviour. Guided by this interactions between the press and the military over the framework, the research literature was reviewed; European past several decades. In Vietnam, the press enjoyed high demographic data were examined; and case studies of five levels of access to events, largely because of the relatively countries were conducted. Online access: amicable relationship that had developed between the http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG206/. press and the military, particularly in World War II. However, this relationship experienced a significant shift MG-210-A Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: during the Vietnam War-news coverage critical of both the Lessons Learned from Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. C. war and the military engendered tensions. The legacy of C. Fair. 2004. these tensions significantly influenced military-press relations in later operations in Grenada, Panama, and the This study examines several case studies of sustained first Gulf War. Another notable shift occurred during the campaigns of urban terrorism perpetrated by various first Gulf War, however, establishing the basis for new domestic groups in the countries of India, Pakistan and Sri kinds of press access, which ultimately led to the Lanka. One focus of this research addresses the modus embedded press system used in the second Gulf War. The operandi of the militant outfits. It describes the tactics they outcomes and goals for the press and the military are also employ, their targeting means and objectives, and the explored in relation to each other and those for the public. ways in which these groups have innovated and evolved Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ over time. This report illuminates, where possible, links MG200/. that militant groups forge with other such organizations within South Asia and beyond. This work also examines 151 the ways in which the three states respond to the menace particular emphasis: (1) implementation of cross- of urban terrorism. It explains how each state mobilizes its functional teams (commodity councils) to develop security apparatuses (military, paramilitary, police), strategies for individual commodity groups and (2) intelligence agencies as well as legislative and judicial procurement workforce development to support bodies to counter the emerging threats. Finally, this implementation. This monograph reviews commercial- research identifies key insights from these country-specific sector commodity council activities and skills. A case studies that may inform U.S. stability operations in preliminary review of the Defense Acquisition the cities of Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere. Online University's and Air Force Institute of Technology's access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG210/. curricula indicate that they currently cover a number of the needed skills; however, there are fewer, if any, MG-212-OSD Aid During Conflict: Interaction opportunities to learn some of the more-sophisticated Between Military and Civilian Assistance Providers in skills associated with the new purchasing and supply Afghanistan, September 2001-June 2002. O. Oliker, R. management practices the Air Force is implementing. The Kauzlarich, J. Dobbins, K. Basseuner, D. L. Sampler, J. G. monograph's literature review and commercial sector McGinn, M. J. Dziedzic, A. Grissom, B. Pirnie, N. interviews suggest that training programs tend to be Bensahel, A. I. Guven. 2004. multifunctional, involving personnel with diverse backgrounds that are relevant to new practices. Training Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan may programs are matched to learning goals; structured eventually be seen as a turning point for U.S. government classroom or web-based learning is used to develop involvement in complex humanitarian-assistance foundational skills whereas more-applied forms of operations. From the perspectives of both military and learning such as formal on-the-job training (OJT) and civilian assistance providers, the first year in Afghanistan mentoring programs are used to develop higher levels of was generally successful: A major humanitarian disaster expertise. Finally, the monograph includes a framework of was averted, refugee flows were handled effectively, and metrics to track progress and refine procurement- assistance helped stabilize the country. At the same time, workforce-development efforts over time. Online access: there were serious problems of coordination among the http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG214/. various military and civilian personnel providing humanitarian and humanitarian-type assistance. Some MG-216-FF Challenges and Potential of a aspects of OEF, such as the continuation of major combat Collaborative Approach to Education Reform. S. J. operations while simultaneously conducting reconstruction Bodilly, J. Chun, G. Ikemoto, S. Stockly. 2004. and state-building activities, were unique, and even potentially precedent-setting. Other aspects, such as Dissatisfied with the results of earlier efforts to improve tension between military and civilian assistance providers educational outcomes in U.S. schools, the Ford over proper roles, were familiar from past operations. This Foundation developed a program called the Collaborating report assesses relief, reconstruction, humanitarian, and for Education Reform Initiative (CERI) that provided humanitarian-type aid efforts in Afghanistan from October grants to collaboratives of community-based organizations 2001 to June 2002. Since this was the most intense phase in urban settings as a way to address systemic barriers to of military operations, the study emphasizes the military high-quality teaching and learning. Eight collaboratives aspect of civil-military operations. It identifies critical signed on, and, over four years, the RAND Corporation issues, both positive and negative, and evaluates assessed the progress of the program. The authors of this coordination among various civilian and military aid report found that the eight sites made varying degrees of providers. The report concludes with a list of progress and, while none had reached the final outcomes recommendations for government policymakers, desired, some of the collaboratives offered considerable implementers, and civilian aid providers, based on the promise. Although success is far from certain, by adopting lessons learned from the Afghanistan experience. Online such techniques as clear communication of expectations, access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG212/. engaging school staff, and using data to alter strategies as necessary, collaboratives stand a better chance of MG-214-AF Air Force Procurement Workforce becoming self-sustaining and positively affecting student Transformation: Lessons from the Commercial Sector. J. learning. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ A. Ausink, L. H. Baldwin, C. Paul. 2004. publications/MG/MG216/. The Air Force is in the process of significantly changing MG-217-OSD Triage for Civil Support: Using the way it purchases goods and services, with the goals of Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks. reducing costs and increasing performance to better G. Cecchine, M. A. Wermuth, R. C. Molander, K. S. support its missions. A procurement transformation McMahon, J. D. Malkin, J. Brower, J. D. Woodward, D. F. division was created to lead these implementation efforts, Barbisch. 2004. and the new division highlighted two related areas for 152

Even before the events of September 11, 2001, threat Although responding to terrorist attacks and other assessments suggested that the United States should domestic emergencies is primarily the responsibility of prepare to respond to terrorist attacks inside its borders. various civilian agencies, the U.S. Army has always had a This monograph examines the use of military medical role to play in filling any gaps in civilian capability. assets to support civil authorities in the aftermath of a Should the Army adopt a hedging strategy to meet the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or conventional risks of future terrorist attacks and other emergencies? The high explosives attack inside the United States. In authors lay out five possible shortfalls in civilian and conducting this study, the authors focused on the Army capabilities and suggest five possible responses the following questions: Under what circumstances could Army can begin today to ameliorate future risks. They also military medical assets be requested? What sort of asset is estimate the costs, both monetary and political, of the likely to be requested? Are appropriate assets and related responses. They conclude that the nation needs to decide planning processes in place for civil support? What are the whether to bear the costs today in order to hedge against legal (and other) barriers to military support to civil future risks. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ authorities, and how can they be overcome, if necessary? publications/MG/MG221/. In addition to a discussion of the applicable literature and laws, this monograph also includes historical case studies MG-222-EDU Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons focusing on instances in which military medical assets Learned from One School District's Experience. M. K. were requested to assist civil authorities following natural Rowe, L. W. Castaneda, T. Kaganoff, A. E. Robyn. 2004. disasters. It also includes a review of two exercises, based Arts education in the nation's public schools is facing on postulated attacks, involving senior officials from local, some tough challenges despite receiving strong public state, and federal agencies-one involving a smallpox attack support and despite the growing evidence of its wide- in Georgia and another involving a "dirty bomb" attack in ranging benefits. To address this situation, the Los California. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Angeles Unified School District in 1999 approved a ten- publications/MG/MG217/. year program to implement a substantive, sequential curriculum in arts education for all students in MG-218-WF Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the kindergarten through grade 12. A central goal of the plan Debate About the Benefits of the Arts. K. F. McCarthy, E. is for schools to build partnerships with the Los Angeles H. Ondaatje, L. Zakaras, A. C. Brooks. 2004. arts community to provide educational programming for Faced with intense competition for audiences and financial students, beginning with selected elementary schools in support, as well as adverse political fallout from the the Arts Prototype Schools (APS) program. This study "culture wars" of the early 1990s, arts advocates have examined the range of partnerships in operation and increasingly sought to make a case for the arts in terms of identified the common partnership challenges and their instrumental benefits to individuals and communities. facilitators. The authors conducted in-depth interviews In this report documenting the most comprehensive study with key stakeholders, including APS principals and of its kind, the authors evaluate the strengths and teachers, local district arts advisors, and directors of arts weaknesses of these instrumental arguments and make the organizations. This monograph report presents findings case that a new approach to understanding the benefits of from these interviews and provides recommendations for the arts is needed. Critical of what they view as an improving the partnerships between arts organizations and overemphasis on instrumental benefits, the authors call for schools. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ a greater recognition of the intrinsic benefits of the arts MG/MG222/. experience, provide a more comprehensive framework for assessing the private and public value of both intrinsic and MG-226-UK Information Sharing Among Military instrumental benefits, and link the realization of those Headquarters: The Effects on Decisionmaking. W. L. benefits to the nature of arts involvement. In particular, Perry, J. Moffat. 2004. they underscore the importance of sustained involvement Military commanders work within stressful and fast- in the arts to the achievement of both instrumental and changing circumstances and need to understand the intrinsic benefits. This study has important policy complexities of decisionmaking in intricate networks. New implications for access to the arts, childhood exposure to concepts such as network-centric operations and the arts, arts advocacy, and future research on the arts. distributed and decentralised command and control have Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ been suggested as technologically enabled replacements MG218/. for platform-centric operations and for centralised command and control in military operations. But as MG-221-A Army Forces for Homeland Security. L. attractive as these innovations may seem, they must be E. Davis, D. E. Mosher, R. Brennan, M. D. Greenberg, K. tested before adoption. This report, conducted by a joint S. McMahon, C. W. Yost. 2004. US/UK team, proposes a theoretical method to assess the 153 effects of information gathering and collaboration across beneficiaries receive their medications and what factors an information network on military decisions taken by a influence where they choose to obtain their medications. group of local decisionmakers. The authors use the Rapid Among the findings: (1) Although a majority of TSRx Planning Process and previous work on the effects of prescriptions in FY02 were dispensed from MTF network-centric warfare to analyse the quality of decisions pharmacies, a majority of TSRx estimated ingredient costs in an alternative structure. Specifically, they assess the were attributable to drugs dispensed from retail effects of collaboration across alternative information pharmacies. (2) Estimated ingredient costs could be network structures in carrying out a time-critical task, reduced if dispensing shifted from retail pharmacies to identify the benefits and costs of local collaboration using dispensing locations where federal pricing is the basis of a relationship based on information entropy, and look at DoD's ingredient cost. (3) Geographic proximity to MTFs how a multitude of unneeded information, or "information was strongly associated with TSRx use and utilization overload", affects a system. Online access: patterns. (4) Within two major therapeutic classes- http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG226/. antihyperlipidemics and gastrointestinals-the availability of a drug at a MTF was associated with increased use of MG-234-ICJ Capping Non-Economic Awards in the MTF and reduced use of retail pharmacies to fill other Medical Malpractice Trials: California Jury Verdicts prescriptions. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ under MICRA. N. M. Pace, D. Golinelli, L. Zakaras. publications/MG/MG237/. 2004. MG-238-A Value Recovery from the Reverse Concerns over the price and availability of medical Logistics Pipeline. D. Diener, E. Peltz, A. Lackey, D. J. malpractice insurance have sparked a vigorous national Blake, K. Vaidyanathan. 2004. debate over proposed federal legislation calling for limits on trial awards and attorneys' fees in medical malpractice Value recovery, in the form of the return and repair of cases. A model for such limits is the Medical Injury reparable spare parts, involves large amounts of time as Compensation Reform Act (MICRA), a law enacted in well as inventory investment for the Army. Sometimes it California in 1975 in the hope of controlling soaring is cheaper to buy a new part rather than repair, but some medical malpractice insurance premiums and ensuring the parts are so expensive that it makes economic sense to continuing availability of malpractice insurance coverage. repair them and return them to the inventory, typically as MICRA caps awards for non-economic losses, such as spares to replace other broken assemblies. This pain or suffering, at $250,000 and limits plaintiffs' monograph reports on metrics developed to evaluate the attorney fees. The authors studied the effects of MICRA retrograde processes and establishes a performance on plaintiffs' awards and on defendants' liabilities and in baseline in fiscal year 2000. The data collected indicated doing so addressed a number of questions: How have the presence of long repair times: over a month for items MICRA's caps on non-economic damages affected the repaired below depot and returned to stock. It took an final judgments in California jury trials? What types of average of 82 days to move an item to depot for repair. cases and claims are most likely to have an award cap These data suggest that the process has substantial imposed following trial? What have been the effects of potential for improvement. The authors suggest ways to MICRA on plaintiffs' attorney fees and net recoveries? If speed up the movement of parts through the system to the MICRA cap had been adjusted for inflation, what minimize the size of the parts inventory. Online access: would have been the effect on plaintiffs' final awards? http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG238/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ MG234/. MG-246-AF The Muslim World After 9/11. A. Rabasa, C. Bernard, P. Chalk, C. C. Fair, T. W. Karasik, MG-237-OSD Determinants of Dispensing Location R. Lal, I. O. Lesser, D. E. Thaler. 2004. in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program. J. D. Malkin, Momentous events since September 11, 2001—Operation G. Joyce, J. E. Pace, T. Croghan. 2004. Enduring Freedom, the global war on terrorism, and the Recent growth is the military health system (MHS) is war in Iraq—have dramatically altered the political partly attributable to the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy environment of the Muslim world. Many of the forces (TSRx) program, which expanded pharmacy coverage for influencing this environment, however, are the products of elderly MHS beneficiaries. In principle, the Department of trends that have been at work for many decades. This book Defense (DoD) can reduce its pharmacy acquisition costs examines the major dynamics that drive changes in the by shifting prescribing from retail pharmacies to MTF religio-political landscape of the Muslim world-a vast and pharmacies and/or the TRICARE mail order pharmacy. To diverse region that stretches from Western Africa through help develop policy options that can improve DoD's ability the Middle East to the Southern Philippines and includes to manage acquisition costs of the TSRx program, this Muslim communities and diasporas throughout the world- study provides information about where TSRx and draws the implications of these trends for global 154 security and U.S. and Western interests. It presents a presents a framework that conceptualises the relationship typology of ideological tendencies in the different regions between research inputs, process, output and outcomes. of the Muslim world and identifies the factors that produce Using this framework, we catalogue a diverse range of religious extremism and violence. It assesses key research output and outcomes arising from these 16 grants cleavages along sectarian, ethnic, regional, and national and make a series of quantitative and qualitative lines and examines how those cleavages generate assessments comparing, for example, payback from challenges and opportunities for the United States. Finally, project grants versus programme grants. In conclusion, we the authors identify possible strategies and political and make six observations: —There is a diversity of research military options for the United States to pursue in response payback. —The researcher is the key driver of research to changing conditions in this critical and volatile part of translation. —Short, focused project grants seem to the world. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ provide value for money. —Intended and unintended publications/MG/MG246/. flexibility in funding is used advantageously. —Referees' contributions to the peer-review process are of variable MG-248-FF Expanding the Reach of Education benefit. —The payback framework could be Reforms: Perspectives from Leaders in the Scale-Up of operationalised and embedded by arc. The companion Educational Interventions. T. K. Glennan, S. J. Bodilly, J. Volume 2 is a collection of the case studies. These case R. Galegher, K. A. Kerr. 2004. studies all follow a similar format based on the conceptual model and provide a rich and detailed narrative on the Over the last few decades, demands that schools serve all payback of each research grant. Online access: students better and be accountable for student performance http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG251/. have inspired many education reforms. Meanwhile, the focus has shifted from assisting individual teachers and MG-261-AF Analysis of Combat Support Basing schools to applying proven reforms more widely-scale-up. Options. M. A. Amouzegar, R. S. Tripp, R. G. McGarvey, The authors of the essays in this volume have helped E. W. Chan, C. R. Roll. 2004. extend various reforms beyond the environments in which they first proved successful. The authors recount the The U.S. Air Force is committed to the Air and Space challenges they faced and the lessons they learned. One Expeditionary Force concept and the transformation that is major challenge has been building the capacity in schools, necessary for it to project power quickly to any region of districts, and states both to implement and to sustain the the world. Forward positioning of heavy war reserve reforms. Some elements of successful scale-ups are materiel (WRM) resources in optimal forward support adjusting programs for differing cultural and policy locations (FSLs) is key to the Air Force's ability to environments, implementing quality-control mechanisms, respond to a wide variety of potential scenarios. This ensuring that all supports are in place (including monograph evaluates a set of global FSL basing and financing), and fostering a sense of ownership. Success transportation options for storing WRM. The authors with any design requires participants at all levels- present an analytical framework that can be used to developers, teachers, schools, districts, and states-to evaluate alternative FSL options. A central component of cooperate in an iterative and complex and process that, the authors' framework is an optimization model that among other things, aligns the program with local allows a user to select the best mix of land-based and sea- accountability requirements and provides the policies and based FSLs for a given set of operational scenarios, infrastructure that will sustain the practices for the long thereby reducing costs while supporting a range of term. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ contingency operations. Online access: http:// MG/MG248/. www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG261/.

MG-251-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research. MG-264-ICJ Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Vol. 1, Approach, Analysis and Recommendations. S. Attacks. L. S. Dixon, R. K. Stern. c2004. Wooding, S. Hanney, M. Buxton, J. Grant. 2004. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, caused There is increasing pressure for research funders to tremendous loss of life, property, and income, and the demonstrate, and seek to maximise, the payback from the resulting response from public and private organizations research they fund. This report, prepared for and funded was unprecedented. This monograph examines the benefits by the Arthritis Research Campaign (arc), presents the received by those who were killed or seriously injured in results of an evaluation of 16 research grants awarded by the attacks and the benefits provided to individuals and arc in the early 1990s. The main objective was to develop businesses in New York City that suffered losses from the a system for evaluating arthritis research, with a view to attack on the World Trade Center. The authors examine allowing arc to stimulate and manage the exploitation of the performance of the four basic mechanisms of the research advances so that they translate into outcomes of compensation system in the United States—insurance, the practical benefit to people with arthritis. The report tort system, government programs, and charity—in 155 responding to the losses stemming from the events of 9/11. such collaboration can be mitigated and opportunities This assessment should be useful in understanding how realized. Problems include increased "us vs. them" the losses created by 9/11 differ from those following divisions and misunderstandings, as well as shifts toward natural disasters and other catastrophic events, and can be risky options. Opportunities include broadening the range used to develop objectives for compensation in the event of views and options, as well as broadening the range of of a future major attack. Online access: http:// available experts. The report suggests a strategy for www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG264/. choosing the most effective medium, including face-to- face communication and hybrid systems, as a function of MG-271-NAVY Portfolio Analysis and Investment task and context (e.g., convergence on a decision or Strategy for Naval Research and Development. R. S. brainstorming). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Silberglitt, L. Sherry, C. Wong, M. S. Tseng, E. Ettedgui, publications/MG/MG273/. A. Watts, G. Stothard. 2004. MG-280-ICJ Assessment of 24-Hour Care Options The Office of Naval Research (ONR) has the for California. D. Farley, M. Greenberg, C. Nelson, S. A. responsibility for defining and sponsoring research and Seabury. 2004. development (R&D) necessary to support both the current and future requirements of the Navy and Marine Corps. To Employers, insurers, and policymakers in California have accomplish this mission, ONR must fund a broad spectrum been searching for options to the current California of research, ranging from basic research needed to open up workers' compensation benefits system, which has both new options for the long-term to near-term advanced the highest and the fastest-growing insurance premium technology development to support the current fleet. costs in the country. Proponents of a type of insurance Moreover, ONR must make its R&D funding decisions in program called 24-hour care believe that such a program the presence of uncertainty: uncertainty in required could yield substantial workers' compensation savings. A capabilities, in performance requirements, and in the 24-hour care plan would consolidate employers' health feasibility of a technology or R&D approach. This care benefits, and possibly disability benefits, for both monograph describes the adaptation of an R&D portfolio work-related and non-work-related claims, and services management (PortMan) decision framework developed by could be delivered by the same group of providers under a the RAND Corporation to support ONR's R&D coordinated insurance package. (The name "24-hour care" decisionmaking, and the demonstration of its use by means derives from the premise that a single benefit mechanism of a case study evaluation of 20 sample ONR applied- can cover health care needs following an injury wherever research projects. PortMan computes the expected value of it occurs during the day, either at work or at home.) In this an R&D project as the product of three factors estimated monograph, the authors present the results of their by experts: value to the military of the capability sought assessment of the value of 24-hour care as a mechanism through R&D, the extent to which the performance for reducing workers' compensation costs, while potential matches the level required to achieve the maintaining or improving the quality of care. The authors capability, and the project's transition probability. This discuss possible options for 24-hour care models, approach allows identification of those R&D projects with including one that consolidates only medical care services high-value capabilities but formidable technical or fielding and one that consolidates both services and health problems that remain to be solved-projects for which insurance. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ management attention may have the greatest leverage. publications/MG/MG280/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ MG271/. MG-308-EC Extended Impact Assessment of a Draft EC Regulation on Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use. MG-273 Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: W. J. Oortwijn, E. Horlings, S. Anton, M. van het Loo, J. Videoconferencing, Audioconferencing, and Computer- P. Kahan. 2004. Mediated Communications. L. Wainfan, P. K. Davis. There is a serious lack of testing of medicinal products in 2004. the paediatric population. The European Commission has This report summarizes the research literature on virtual attempted to provide a structural solution by drafting a collaboration, focusing on interactive virtual regulation. This report describes the economic, social, collaborations in real or near-real time. In particular, it sustainable, and environmental impacts of the regulation. reviews how the processes and outcomes of virtual The assessment indicates that the proposed regulation will collaborations are affected by the communication medium achieve its objectives, although the effects will vary. (videoconferencing, audioconferencing, or computer- Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/ mediated conferencing). It then discusses how problems in MG308/. 156 MONOGRAPH/REPORTS build. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ MR/MR1467/.

MR-1327-OSD Modeling the Departure of Military MR-1501-CMS Final Report on Assessment Pilots from the Service. M. N. Elliott, K. Kapur, C. R. Instruments for a Prospective Payment System. J. Gresenz. 2004. Buchanan, P. L. Andres, S. M. Haley, S. M. Paddock, D. High numbers of voluntary departures from the services C. Young, A. M. Zaslavsky. 2004. by military pilots have periodically caused considerable This report discusses a design for a prospective payment concern among military administrators and policymakers, system (PPS) for inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Such both recently and in previous periods of high attrition. In systems pay providers a predetermined, fixed price (per this study, the authors explore some determinants of the day, per episode, or per case). Since the payment is fixed-wing (airplane) pilot attrition problem among male independent of the amount of service provided, these pilots in the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps, and the systems are thought to create an incentive for efficient, responsiveness of attrition to changes in military cost-conscious care. A new assessment tool has been compensation. The authors estimated a pilot attrition developed for PPS for rehabilitation facilities—the model that examines the impact on attrition from factors Minimum Data Set - Post-Acute Care (MDS-PAC)—and such as compensation, civilian airline hiring, and it replaces the former measure—the Functional deployment. This study produced several noteworthy Independence Measure (FIM). The MDS-PAC is a findings, including: (1) Increases in major airline hiring comprehensive data collection tool, with over 300 items, tend to increase military pilot voluntary departures to a including sociodemographic information, pre-admission great degree in the Air Force and to a lesser extent in the history, advance directives, cognitive and communication Navy; (2) although attrition was found to be quite patterns, mood and behavior patterns, functional status, responsive to bonus pay, counteracting a sizable increase bladder/bowel management, diagnoses, medical in major airline hiring could be costly, particularly for the complexities, pain status, oral/nutritional status, Air Force; (3) the significant impact of civilian major procedures/services, functional prognosis, and resources airline hiring on pilot attrition calls for a pilot management for discharge. To use the MDS-PAC in the new payment plan that will enable the armed forces to respond to strong system, researchers needed a way to create a FIM-like outside influences; and (4) the pay profile and lifestyle motor score and a FIM-like cognitive score. A translation offered by the major civilian airlines contrast sharply with was begun, which took several items from the MDS-PAC those of their military counterparts. Online access: and converted them into FIM-like items. By summing the http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1327/. "pseudo-FIM" motor items from the MDS-PAC, a motor scale was created. In the same way, "pseudo-FIM" MR-1467-OSD Exploring Information Superiority: A cognitive items were created and summed to form a Methodology for Measuring the Quality of Information cognitive scale. The goal of the report was to determine and Its Impact on Shared Awareness. W. L. Perry, D. whether the planned substitution of the MDS-PAC for the Signori, J. Boon. 2004. FIM in the proposed inpatient rehabilitation hospital As the war on terrorism wages on, our nation's prospective payment system would adversely affect policymakers will continue to face the challenge of system performance, patients, or hospitals. Online access: assessing threats that various terrorist groups pose to the http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1501/. U.S. homeland and our interests abroad. In addition, the struggle against terrorism likely will be in constant MR-1501/1-CMS Final Report on Assessment competition with other U.S. international policy issues that Instruments for a Prospective Payment System: come to the fore. As part of the RAND Corporation's Appendices. J. Buchanan, P. L. Andres, S. M. Haley, S. yearlong "Thinking Strategically About Combating M. Paddock, D. C. Young, A. M. Zaslavsky. 2004. Terrorism" project, the authors of this report develop a These appendices accompany a report that evaluates way to assess, analyze, and prioritize the danger posed by alternative assessment tools for use in a prospective various terrorist organizations around the world. The payment system (PPS) for inpatient rehabilitation authors also look at how different terrorist groups adapt facilities. They include samples of study forms and and change over time, emphasizing that understanding instructions; descriptions of measures; recruitment and these changes may help policymakers identify terrorists' participation letters; characteristics of participating greatest vulnerabilities. Of course, the very nature of facilities; sample study newsletters; and sampling terrorism creates a difficulty in predicting new and protocols. The PPS was designed for use with the emerging threats; however, by establishing these types of Functional Independence Measure. Policymakers hoped to parameters, the report creates a fresh foundation of threat substitute a new, more comprehensive, multipurpose analysis on which future counterterrorism strategy may assessment instrument, the Minimum Data Set-Post-Acute 157

Care (MDS-PAC). This study compares the potential implementation) and selected sample of states in the study, effects of this substitution. The MDS-PAC is a the authors conclude that Perkins III is having some comprehensive data collection tool, with over 300 items, positive affect but only within the framework of the including sociodemographic information, pre-admission greater influence of the individual states' general- history, advance directives, cognitive and communication education policies. Online access: http://www.rand.org patterns, mood and behavior patterns, functional status, publications/MR/MR1655/. bladder/bowel management, diagnoses, medical complexities, pain status, oral/nutritional status, MR-1674-A Unexploded Ordnance: Critical Review procedures/services, functional prognosis, and resources of Assessment Methods. J. MacDonald, D. S. Knopman, for discharge. To use the MDS-PAC in the new payment J. R. Lockwood, G. Cecchine, H. H. Willis. 2004. system, researchers needed a way to create a FIM-like Within the boundaries of former military bases in the motor score and a FIM-like cognitive score. A proposed United States, unexploded ordnance is causing increasing translation was refined and evaluated. The goal of the concern. Although civilian fatalities from UXO explosions report was to determine whether the planned substitution on U.S. soil have been rare, the risk of such accidents of the MDS-PAC for the FIM in the proposed inpatient could increase as more closed bases are transferred from rehabilitation hospital prospective payment system would military to civilian control. The authors evaluate the adversely affect system performance, patients, or technical soundness of existing methods for assessing risks hospitals. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ of UXO at military installations. To conduct the review, publications/MR/MR1501.1/. the authors identified the different purposes that UXO risk-assessment methods must serve. They surveyed risk- MR-1640-AF The Future Security Environment in the assessment literature to establish the criteria that a sound Middle East: Conflict, Stability, and Political Change. N. method should satisfy. These criteria were peer-reviewed Bensahel, D. Byman. 2004. by leading experts in risk assessment and modified The security environment in the Middle East has become accordingly. The authors then reviewed available written increasingly complicated during the past decade. This information about existing UXO risk-assessment methods, report identifies several important trends that are shaping tested accompanying software when available, and regional security and identifies their implications for the discussed the methods with their developers. Finally, they United States. Many traditional security concerns, such as surveyed other selected federal agencies that manage risks energy security and the proliferation of weapons of mass to determine whether these agencies might have risk- destruction, will remain significant factors in the future. assessment methods that could be applied to UXO sites. However, ongoing domestic changes throughout the The study concludes that none of the available UXO risk- region will become increasingly important as well. Issues assessment methods sufficiently satisfies the criteria for such as political reform, economic reform, civil-military technical soundness or meets all the needs for UXO risk relations, leadership change, and the information assessment. It recommends a path forward for UXO risk revolution are all affecting regional security dynamics. assessment, based on available methods from other This report examines each of these issue areas and agencies and lessons learned from previous efforts to identifies some of the challenges that they pose for U.S. develop UXO risk-assessment tools. Online access: foreign policy. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1674/. publications/MR/MR1640/. MR-1684/1-OSD An Operational Process for MR-1655-USDE Efforts to Improve the Quality of Workforce Planning. R. M. Emmerichs, C. Y. Marcum, Vocational Education in Secondary Schools: Impact of A. A. 1944- Robbert. 2004. Federal and State Policies. C. Stasz, S. J. Bodilly, S. C. Workforce planning is an activity intended to ensure that Remes, T. J. Chun, D. F. McCaffrey, T. Kaganoff, D. investment in human capital results in the timely Barnes. 2004. capability to effectively carry out an organization's How have the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical strategic intent. This report describes a methodology, Education Act Amendments of 1998 (Perkins III) affected developed by RAND at the behest of the Deputy Assistant the state of U.S. secondary education? Congress mandated Secretary of Defense for Civilian Personnel Policy, for a National Assessment of Vocational Education to conducting workforce planning-a methodology applicable determine just that. This report is part of that assessment. in any organization. The report identifies key factors Using a case study sample from seven states and a national contributing to successful workforce planning; examines teacher survey, the authors analyzed the results to the purposes of workforce planning; and lays out a process determine the impact of Perkins III in fulfilling the overall by which executives and line managers of business units goal of improving vocational education. Given the time can identify specific policies and practices for workforce constraint (four years is not enough time for full planning. This process is designed to help an 158 organization's leaders decide whether they want to engage MR-1698/1-HECFE Assessing Research. Vol. II, The in workforce planning, understand the mechanics of Researchers' View. S. Wooding, J. Grant. 2004. workforce planning, identify the resources needed, and The Research Assessment Exercise is used to assess the mobilize the key participants to carry out workforce quality of, and determine core government funding for, planning. The authors recommend that senior leaders research carried out in UK universities. In 2002 this explicitly delineate the roles and responsibilities of those process was reviewed (http://www.ra-review.ac.uk). This involved workforce planning; that corporate headquarters report provided evidence for the review; it describes develop functional specifications for a human-resource workshops that investigated the academic community's information system to support workforce planning; and views of research quality and attitudes towards models of that corporate headquarters evaluate the availability, costs, assessment. Nine facilitated workshops were held in and benefits of comprehensive, integrated workload and December 2002, which involved 142 academics and inventory projection models for all categories of research managers from throughout the UK. The report employees, and invest in such models. (See also MR- outlines the recurring themes and issues raised by the 1684/2-OSD.) Online access: http://www.rand.org/ participants. Key findings were that the overwhelming publications/MR/MR1684.1/. majority of participants thought research should be assessed using a system based on peer review; that there MR-1684/2-OSD An Executive Perspective on was a strong desire for a system with clear rules and Workforce Planning. R. M. Emmerichs, C. Y. Marcum, transparent procedures; and that there was a need for A. A. 1944- Robbert. 2004. improved systems to assess inter- and multi-disciplinary Workforce planning is an activity intended to ensure that research work. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ investment in human capital results in the timely publications/MR/MR1698–1/. capability to effectively carry out an organization's strategic intent. At the behest of the Office of the Secretary MR-1711-AF Organizational Policy Levers Can of Defense, RAND developed a methodology for Affect Acquisition Reform Implementation in Air Force conducting workforce planning-a methodology applicable Repair Contracts. M. E. Chenoweth, S. B. Hunter, B. in any organization. This report focuses on the role of an Keltner, D. M. Adamson. 2004. organization's senior leaders in workforce planning. The To identify barriers to implementing acquisition reform, authors recommend that these leaders should institute the study team examined the incorporation of Contract workforce planning as part of organizational strategic Repair Enhancement Program (CREP) tenets in repair planning; provide clear guidance to those charged with contracts at Robins Warner Air Logistics Center (ALC). carrying out overall strategy; ensure that the right people The study attempted to link successful incorporation to participate in the planning process; lead the effort-both various organizational levers-policies and practices senior physically and intellectually; and monitor the results of the leadership can use to influence individual behavior to workforce-planning process. Finally, they should focus on achieve policy objectives. After a literature review, the the business case and act on any viable business case study team conducted a survey at Warner Robins ALC to produced. (See also MR-1684/1-OSD.) Online access: assess behaviors and attitudes toward acquisition reform, http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1684.2/. with emphasis on the organizational levers that existed during the CREP initiative. The team then developed MR-1692-IAACD Engaging the Board: Corporate regression models to explore the relationship between Governance and Information Assurance. A. Anhal, S. organizational levers and the number of CREP tenets Daman, K. A. O'Brien, A. Rathmell. 2004. incorporated in a repair contract. The team found that This report, prepared for and funded by the Information organizational levers can help explain contract measures Assurance Advisory Council, analyzes the relationship of success. The results suggest that training in and between corporate governance and information assurance. fostering positive attitudes toward acquisition reform as The study examines the ways in which information well as effective teaming had consistent statistical assurance can be embedded into corporate risk relationship with contract innovation. Online access: management processes in the changing corporate http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1711/. governance environment. Corporate governance now calls for effective management of risks but board-level MR-1712-OSD Aligning the Stars: Improvements to awareness is not yet being translated into effective General and Flag Officer Management. M. C. Harrell, H. controls. This study outlines the ways in which Thie, P. Schirmer, K. Brancato. 2004. information assurance can be embedded into corporate risk Private-sector corporations identify their high-potential management practices and how companies can be employees early on, placing them in positions in which incentivized to adopt good practices. Online access: they can develop skills that will eventually be of valuable http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1692/. 159 use in senior executive management and leadership Structure Analysis Tool consists of four linked models: the positions. Such investment in these maturing assignments Force Transition Model; the Industrial Base Model; the adds a stability and influence to the company, bringing Operating and Support Cost Model; and the Financial years of expertise and experience to the highest levels of Adjustments and Assumptions Model. This document decisionmaking. The Department of Defense (DoD) wants serves as a basic introduction to the tool. It is intended to that same type of experience and tenure in its general and acquaint users with the tool's basic navigational capacities; flag officers (G/FOs) but currently encounters a high guide them through the user interface; provide background turnover from these most-senior employees. Moreover, a concepts and a description of methodology; offer data concern exists that simply lengthening the stay of senior field definitions; and point out the tool's central features. officers will only clog the system, stagnating promotions Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/ throughout the entire officer corps. In response to this, MR1743/. RAND researchers analyzed the current system, reviewed literature on corporate management practices, and MR-1758-A Evaluation of the Low Back Pain modeled different ways of managing G/FOs. They Practice Guideline Implementation in the Army Medical categorized officer assignments as either "developing" or Department. D. Farley, G. Vernez, W. Nicholas, E. S. "using" and looked at how much time officers spend in Quiter, G. J. Dydek, S. Pieklik, S. Cretin. 2004. each to evaluate current and potential promotion flow. In RAND is assisting the Army Medical Department to addition to proposing variations to the promotion model, develop and test methods to effectively implement clinical the authors address the concerns expressed by those in practice guidelines in the Army treatment facilities to DoD and Congress about implementing such changes. achieve consistent and quality clinical care practices Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/ across the Army health system. This report presents the MR1712/. final results of the evaluation that RAND conducted as part of the demonstration for the low back pain practice MR-1731/2-SF What You Should Do to Prepare for guideline, which was conducted in 1999 and 2000. The and Respond to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and evaluation includes (1) a process evaluation of the Biological Terrorist Attacks: Pocket Edition Survival experiences of the participating military/medical treatment Guide. L. E. Davis, T. LaTourrette, D. E. Mosher, L. M. facilities (MTFs) and (2) a quantitative evaluation to Davis, D. R. Howell. 2004. assess effects on processes of care associated with the The guide focuses on simple steps individuals can take to introduction of best practices recommended by the prepare for and respond to terrorist attacks with chemical, practice guideline. In the evaluation, the authors assess biological, radiological ("dirty bomb") and nuclear the performance of demonstration participants on these weapons. The guides contain both preparatory steps and factors: (1) visible and consistent commitment by the U.S. specific response guidance. This includes what individuals Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) leadership at all will experience, what their goals should be, and what they levels, (2) ongoing monitoring and reporting of should do during each type of attack. Online access: implementation progress in carrying out an action plan, (3) http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1731.2/; Soft- implementation guidance to the MTFs by MEDCOM, (4) ware for Palm devices: http://www.rand.org/ identification of an effective physician guideline champion publications/MR/MR1731.2/MR1731.2.zip. at each MTF, (5) dedicated time and adequate resources for the guideline champions, and (6) rapid integration of MR-1743-NAVY Shipbuilding and Force Structure new practices into a clinic's normal procedures. Guided Analysis Tool: A User's Guide. M. V. Arena, J. F. by the experiences of the low back pain demonstration, as Schank. 2004. well as the subsequent asthma and diabetes guideline demonstrations, a corporate implementation strategy When a major defense review is undertaken, policymakers emerged that was found to be an effective and efficient must confront a range of complicated issues about the U.S. approach for practice guideline implementation in the Navy's future force structure, including resource concerns Army Medical Department. Continuous quality and significant changes in the shipbuilding industrial base. improvement techniques served well in planning and To help provide options to decisionmakers, analysts in the carrying out the implementation steps: (1) preparation of a Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Chief of Naval realistic action plan by each MTF that defines a focused Operations (CNO) staff turn to the available analytical strategy and sets of actions to introduce the guideline and tools. Realizing that existing tools lacked an integrated to change clinic procedures (where needed), (2) approach to this task, RAND researchers developed an performance of the defined actions by designated staff, (3) analysis tool that could provide an environment in which ongoing monitoring of progress in making intended the user is able to understand the implications of force practice changes through the actions undertaken, and (4) structure choices on resource requirements and the private adjustment of action strategies in response to monitoring shipyard industrial base. The Shipbuilding and Force 160 findings. This process is based on the recognition that MR-1789-A The Effects of Equipment Age on quality improvement involves a series of manageable, Mission Critical Failure Rates: A Study of M1 Tanks. E. incremental steps, each of which builds on previous steps Peltz, L. P. Colabella, B. Williams, P. Boren. 2004. over time to achieve continual improvements in health Military budget limits in the late 1990s and the timeline care processes and outcomes. Online access: for the Army's next generation of weapon systems have http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1758/. resulted in the aging of many of the Army's fleets and projected extensions in their service lives. There is a MR-1769-RE/CVZ Visies Op Financiering Van widespread belief that the increases in fleet age will create Ondersteuning Bij Stoppen Met Roken = (Perceptions on readiness and cost problems. The Army is executing a Reimbursement Scheme for Quitting Smoking Support). recapitalization programs to rebuild or upgrade selected R. Hamer, M. van het Loo. 2004. weapon systems in order to retain combat capabilities and The Dutch Health Care Insurance Board (College voor hold down maintenance costs. To aid in that effort, this Zorgverzekeringen or CVZ for its name in Dutch) research assesses the effects of age on mission-critical commissioned RAND Europe to perform a qualitative failure rates for M1 Abrams tanks. Results suggest that review of the wishes, needs and opinions of smokers on tank age is a significant predictor of M1 mission-critical the merits and implementation procedures for a failures, as are usage and location. The aging effect is reimbursement program to support quit smoking. Focus estimated at a 3 to 7 percent increase in tank failures per groups were organised with representatives of three target year of age, about a doubling of the failure rate, over the populations, i.e. smokers with low socio-economic status, first 14 years of a tank's life. The magnitude and pattern of immigrants and smokers with a medical reason to stop. aging effects were found to differ across tank subsystems, The smokers involved all had tried to stop with differing revealing that a distinct subset of components contributes success and would welcome such a scheme, but realised to the aging effects. These parts are the best candidates for the definite need for strict rules and procedures. They felt replacement with like components in rebuild efforts. Other insurers would need to be the focus for information and components emerge as readiness and/or cost drivers, implementation of such a scheme. Further research into whether or not a tank is new or old, indicating the need for the effectiveness of methods could help to establish which reliability upgrade initiatives rather than simple methods merit reimbursement. For now all methods replacement with new parts. These findings should help should be eligible, but a definite limit to the amount or quantify the value of Abrams recapitalization efforts and number of attempts needs to be included. Online access: suggest potential subsystems to target in those efforts with http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1769/. regard to both rebuild and upgrade. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1789/. MR-1782-AF The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a MR-1797-AF Air Education and Training Command Changing World. K. Cragin, S. A. Daly. 2004. Cost and Capacity System: Implications for Organizational and Data Flow Changes. T. Manacapilli, As the war on terrorism wages on, our nation's B. Bennett, L. A. Galway, J. Weed. 2004. policymakers will continue to face the challenge of assessing threats that various terrorist groups pose to the This report examines the Air Force's training management U.S. homeland and our interests abroad. In addition, the and decision processes to determine the need for data to struggle against terrorism likely will be in constant support informed decisionmaking. It briefly reviews competition with other U.S. international policy issues that training management systems and associated come to the fore. As part of the RAND Corporation's organizational arrangements in the other services and the yearlong "Thinking Strategically About Combating private sector to draw insights for a model management Terrorism" project, the authors of this report develop a system for the Air Force. Impediments to training planning way to assess, analyze, and prioritize the danger posed by and management in the current Air Force organizational various terrorist organizations around the world. The structure inhibit the flow of cost and capacity data and authors also look at how different terrorist groups adapt hinder effective decisionmaking. A four-level model of and change over time, emphasizing that understanding management is developed to evaluate the flow of data in these changes may help policymakers identify terrorists' the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) greatest vulnerabilities. Of course, the very nature of training pipeline. In the model, a corporate level validates terrorism creates a difficulty in predicting new and and arbitrates training requirements; a strategic training emerging threats; however, by establishing these types of management level concentrates on the training system's parameters, the report creates a fresh foundation of threat long-term effectiveness; a training management level analysis on which future counterterrorism strategy may handles the day-to-day operations of training; and a direct build. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ training level delivers training in the classrooms. It is MR/MR1782. concluded that a consolidation of the strategic 161 management functions would resolve many current data and compares these experiences with those associated with flow problems. Methodological tools, including Operation Allied Force The analysis offered an simulations to evaluate tradeoffs in the training pipeline, opportunity to compare findings and implications from should be developed to improve data combination and JTF NA and OEF. Its objectives were to indicate the interpretation, particularly in the cost area. A minute-by- performance of combat support in OEF, examine how minute data tracking system would not be cost-effective, ACS concepts were implemented in OEF, and compare but cost and capacity data could be fit into the AETC JTF NA and OEF experiences to determine similarities Decision Support System/Technical Training Management and applicability of lessons across experiences and to System Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ determine whether some experiences are unique to MR/MR1797/. particular scenarios. This analysis concentrates on U.S. Air Force operations in support of OAF—specifically, MR-1812-AF Defining Needs and Managing Joint Task Force Noble Anvil and the first 100 days of Performance of Installation Support Contracts: OEF. The report focuses on experiences from OEF and Perspectives from the Commercial Sector. L. H. Baldwin, what those experiences imply for a combat support system S. B. Hunter. 2004. designed to ensure that AEF goals can be achieved. It does not address other portions of the War on Terrorism, This study describes an analysis of best commercial such as Homeland Defense (for example, Operation Noble practices in purchasing facilities services and food services Eagle). Both JTF NA and OEF illustrate, among other and how buyers and providers apply performance-based things, that more attention should be focused on political practices in their contracts. The authors interviewed agreements and engagement policies required to develop relevant personnel at six commercial firms that are forward operating locations. As well, in many cases in prominent buyers or providers of these services to draw JTF NA and OEF, the current resource-usage factors are "lessons learned" for the Air Force. They found that (1) more demanding than the assumptions used to fund two-way communication is at the heart of productive resources—an imbalance that creates resource shortages buyer-provider relationships; (2) a reasonable number of that occur in contingency operations. Task Force Enduring meaningful performance metrics can enhance Look (AF/CVAX) sponsored this research, which was communication; (3) contracts that describe what is needed conducted in the Resource Management Program of rather than how those needs should be met support Project AIR FORCE, in coordination with the Air Force provider efforts to innovate and reduce costs; (4) Deputy Chief of Staff for Installations and Logistics benchmarking can enhance evaluation of proposals or (AF/IL) and the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Air performance; (5) formal contractual incentives can be a and Space Operations (AF/XO). The research for this powerful tool; and (6) contract flexibility can yield report was completed in February 2003. This report should important performance and cost benefits. Online access: be of interest to logisticians, operators, and mobility http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1812/. planners throughout the Department of Defense, especially those in the Air Force. Online access: http:// MR-1819-AF Lessons from Operation Enduring www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1819/. Freedom. R. S. Tripp, K. F. Lynch, J. G. Drew, E. W. Chan. 2004. MR-1821-AF Measuring Changes in Service Costs to Since 1997, RAND has studied options for configuring a Meet the Requirements of the 2002 National Defense future Agile Combat Support (ACS) system that would Authorization Act. C. Shirley, J. A. Ausink, L. H. enable Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) goals to Baldwin. 2004. be achieved. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), in The 2002 National Defense Authorization Act set goals Afghanistan, offered an opportunity to examine the for the Department of Defense to achieve savings in implementation of new ACS concepts in a contingency service contract expenditures over a ten-year period environment. In 2000, Project AIR FORCE helped through changes in contracting practices and evaluate combat support lessons from Joint Task Force improvements in management techniques. The authors of Noble Anvil (JTF NA), the U.S. component of Operation this report investigated ways to measure whether the Air Allied Force (OAF), in Serbia. Joint Task Force Noble Force is achieving these cost-reduction goals. Anvil was the organization overseeing U.S. forces Measurement of changes in the cost of purchased services involved in OAF. This report concentrates on Air Force over time first requires defining a clear universe of those operations conducted by Joint Task Force Noble Anvil. services. A successful service cost methodology then must Some of the concepts and lessons learned from JTF NA control for changes in the nature of services purchased were implemented in supporting OEF. Supporting Air and over time and estimate what those services would have Space Expeditionary Forces: Lessons from Operation cost in a given year in the absence of changes in Enduring Freedom presents an analysis of combat support contracting practices and management techniques. The Act experiences associated with Operation Enduring Freedom 162 requires the measurements to be reported not only responder was engaged when injured, and seriousness of historically but also forecast up to five years into the injury. The greatest amount of data exist for the firefighter future. The authors recommend how best to implement community; a lesser amount for police officers. Data for each element of the legislative requirement among EMTs are still scarce, but this situation is improving. The services that have stable demand. Statistical analyses can available data can provide a route for identifying then extrapolate savings estimates to those with less stable combinations of kinds and causes of injury, body parts demand. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ involved, and types of responder activity where injury MR/MR1821/. reduction efforts might be most effectively applied. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR100/. MR-1824-NSF Vital Assets: Federal Investment in Research and Development at the Nation's Universities TR-105-BF Possibility or Utopia? Consumer Choice and Colleges. D. Fossum, L. S. Painter, E. Eiseman, E. in Health Care: A Literature Review. I. van Beusekom, S. Ettedgui, D. M. Adamson. 2004. Tönshoff, H. de Vries, C. Spreng, E. B. Keeler. 2004. To provide an empirical basis for assessing the federal This literature review examines consumer choice in health investment in university-based research and development insurance plans against the background of the German (R&D), RAND compiled a comprehensive list of federal health system in order to inform the questions: What are R&D funds going to every university and college in the 50 models of consumer choice and their effects?, and: If states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico using its consumers want lower cost health care, what instruments RaDiUS database and analyzed the resulting data by state can insurers use to provide it and what are the likely and a variety of relevant institutional characteristics effects of those instruments? The review looked at (public versus private, including and excluding medical experiences in other industrialized countries, especially the schools, etc.). The report is intended as a reference United States, for consumer choice options such as co- document for national, regional, state, and university payments, reimbursement/bonuses, and deductibles, as decisionmakers and planners interested in assessing the well as organizational designs such as gatekeeper systems relative competitiveness of particular university systems and selective contracting. In addition to cost-containment and individual campuses in obtaining federal R&D funds. measures, the review also examined what was known It is also intended to stimulate further analysis of trends, about effects on health status, satisfaction, fairness and the priorities, and resource allocations involving federally macro-economic situation. The review describes the health funded R&D. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ economics theory of consumer choice, the methodology publications/MR/MR1824/. for the literature review, the German health system, and studies on consumer choice of insurers and providers, and reflects on their relevance on the German system. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR105/.

TECHNICAL REPORTS TR-105/1-BF Möglichkeit Oder Utopie? Wahlfreiheit Im Gesundheitswesen Eine Literaturübersicht = Possibility TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH Emergency Responder or Utopia? Consumer Choice in Health Care: A Literature Injuries and Fatalities: An Analysis of Surveillance Data. Review. I. van Beusekom, S. Tönshoff, H. de Vries, C. A. Houser, B. A. Jackson, J. T. Bartis, D. J. Peterson. Spreng, E. B. Keeler. (In German) 2004. To provide an empirical basis for assessing the federal The mission of the National Personal Protective investment in university-based research and development Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) is to reduce and prevent (R&D), RAND compiled a comprehensive list of federal occupational disease, injury, and death of workers by R&D funds going to every university and college in the 50 advancing federal research on personal protective states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico using its technologies. NPPTL asked RAND to review available RaDiUS database and analyzed the resulting data by state databases that provide disease, injury, and fatality data and a variety of relevant institutional characteristics pertinent to emergency response functions and the role of (public versus private, including and excluding medical personal protective technology. This report collects and schools, etc.). The report is intended as a reference synthesizes available data on casualties experienced by the document for national, regional, state, and university emergency responder population for the purpose of decisionmakers and planners interested in assessing the estimating the frequency, causes, and characterization of relative competitiveness of particular university systems those casualties. The authors examined data separately for and individual campuses in obtaining federal R&D funds. firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical It is also intended to stimulate further analysis of trends, technicians (EMTs). They also broke down the data by priorities, and resource allocations involving federally nature of injury, incidence of injury, activity in which the 163 funded R&D. Online access only: www.rand.org/ is presented to illustrate the IntraTech approach. The publications/TR/TR105.1/. methodology is applicable to non-fossil-fuel energy technologies as well. The case study shows that the TR-110-AVV Hoofdonderzoek Naar De approach can identify long-term energy goals addressed by Reistijdwaardering in Het Vervoer Van Goederen over De a technology concept, identify key performance factors Weg = Main Survey into the Value of Time in Freight and risks, determine R&D needs and opportunities, and Transport by Road. G. de Jong, S. Bakker, M. Pieters. provide insights regarding alternative development 2004. (In Dutch) options. The approach should be useful for planning, justifying, and implementing programs using specific A study was carried out in 2003 for AVV Transport technology concepts, since it can provide uniform and Research Centre to establish monetary values for transport information across individual technologies. Online access: time and reliability in goods transport by road in the http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR112/. Netherlands. This study is an update of an investigation from 1992, in which the segmentation has been adapted to TR-118-OSD Health Benefits for Medicare-Eligible reflect the increased importance of container transport. Military Retirees: Rationalizing TRICARE for Life. M. The new values are derived for use in cost-benefit analyses Schoenbaum, B. O. Wynn, T. L. Tanielian, K. Harris, R. of infrastructure projects, which often have transport time Labor, C. R. Anthony. 2004. savings as one of the major benefits. The present study consists of revealed preference (RP) and stated preference The 2001 National Defense Authorization Act expanded (SP) interviews among shippers and carriers in road eligibility for coverage under TRICARE, the Department freight transport. On the basis of these interviews, discrete of Defense (DoD) health program, to Medicare-eligible choice models were estimated. These models provide military retirees age 65 and over. Medicare-eligible trade-off ratios between transport time and transport costs military retirees enrolled in Medicare Part B became and between reliability and transport costs of time, which entitled to both Medicare and TRICARE health care in combination with the factor costs give the monetary benefits—coverage referred to as TRICARE for Life values of transport time and reliability. Online access only: (TFL). Under TFL, Medicare is the primary payer and http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR110/. TRICARE the secondary payer for Medicare-covered services. In addition, TRICARE covers all cost sharing by TR-112-NETL Long Range Energy R&D: A patients, including Medicare deductibles and coinsurance. Methodology for Program Development and Evaluation. This report examines the TFL benefit design and TFL's J. T. Bartis. 2004. potential benefits and costs for the DoD, Medicare, beneficiaries, and taxpayers. The authors summarize This report presents a disciplined planning process for issues and policy options that were discussed in several evaluating technology development options to meet long- briefings presented to the DoD for its consideration for term future energy needs. The six-step process, called the improving TFL in the future. The authors offer policy IntraTech approach, begins by developing a foundation for options to rationalize benefits by considering changes in strategic planning. The first step identifies and evaluates the TFL benefit structure, promote ease of operations by problems that threaten continued reliance on current improving compatibility with Medicare benefits, improve energy sources. The second step uses this threat efficiency by promoting optimal use of direct-care information to establish strategic goals for long-range services, and improve the overall benefit package for research and development (R&D). A major advantage of Medicare-eligible military retirees. The 2001 National this planning foundation is that it avoids the use of Defense Authorization Act expanded eligibility for detailed projections of energy supply and demand, which coverage under TRICARE, the Department of Defense overly constrain long-term R&D planning. The remaining (DoD) health program, to Medicare-eligible military four IntraTech steps link the long-range strategic R&D retirees age 65 and over. Medicare-eligible military goals to detailed, long-term energy R&D needs and retirees enrolled in Medicare Part B became entitled to opportunities. The third step determines the specific both Medicare and TRICARE health care threats and strategic R&D goals addressed by a technology benefits—coverage referred to as TRICARE for Life of interest. Next engineering and systems analyses are (TFL). Under TFL, Medicare is the primary payer and performed to assess development uncertainties especially TRICARE the secondary payer for Medicare-covered regarding risks associated with performance and services. In addition, TRICARE covers all cost sharing by affordability. Finally, technical analyses determine the patients, including Medicare deductibles and coinsurance. fundamental technical problems underlying development This report examines the TFL benefit design and TFL's uncertainties and establish long-term R&D needs and potential benefits and costs for the DoD, Medicare, opportunities. A case study involving high-temperature beneficiaries, and taxpayers. The authors summarize solid-oxide fuel cells and low-oxygen coal gasification for issues and policy options that were discussed in several central-station electric-power generation for the year 2050 164 briefings presented to the DoD for its consideration for metrics broadly to the four interaction categories. It also improving TFL in the future. The authors offer policy presents three real-world examples of the types of options to rationalize benefits by considering changes in networks Swedish Defence Forces may be relying on, the TFL benefit structure, promote ease of operations by depending on which of the four proposed options—with improving compatibility with Medicare benefits, improve their different emphases on capabilities for international efficiency by promoting optimal use of direct-care operations, homeland defence, and adaptable structure for services, and improve the overall benefit package for unforeseen future needs—is selected in 2004. Online Medicare-eligible military retirees. Online access: access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR119/. http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR118/. TR-121-CDSS Results from the First California TR-119-FOI Network-Based Operations for the Health and Social Services Survey. E. Reardon, C. Swedish Defence Forces: An Assessment Methodology. DeMartini, J. A. Klerman. 2004. W. L. Perry, J. Gordon, M. Boito, G. Kingston. 2004. Presents the an overview of the results from the first wave The Swedish government is undertaking efforts to reorient of the California Health and Social Services Survey, Swedish Defence Forces from homeland defence to a fielded by RAND in 2000–2001 as part of its impact wider suite of missions, including operations far from analysis of the California Work Opportunity and Sweden-a significant change in the way Sweden is willing Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) program to gather to employ its armed forces. Such missions include information not readily available in other data sources. expeditionary operations with coalition partners. The survey collected data from 2,905 current and former Therefore, a decision was made to move towards network- CalWORKs recipients in Alameda, Butte, Fresno, Los based operations linking sensors, decisionmakers, and Angeles, Sacramento, and San Diego Counties. This report combat systems to achieve shared awareness, increased discusses interviewees' knowledge of CalWORKs rules; speed of command, higher operational tempo, greater their attitudes toward the program; the work, training, or lethality, and increased survivability. The methodology educational activities they engage in (if any); and their proposed in this report suggests several operational outcomes while on aid, such as earnings, income, poverty, functions, such as air and missile defense or joint force hunger, and housing; and family and child outcomes, command and control, that are representative of the type including household characteristics, child care, health, and of missions future Swedish forces may have to perform. substance abuse among survey respondents. Online access Once these operational functions have been prioritised and only: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR121/. networks have been designed that connect the elements or forces that will participate in that function, the operational TR-122-EDU Effects of Budget Limitations on the functions are then grouped into interaction categories. Los Angeles Community College District. L. Santibañez, These categories include (1)-specialized interaction, with G. Gonzales, P. A. Morrison, S. J. Carroll. 2004. low to medium requirements for access, timeliness, and In light of concern that current funding levels prevent the security; (2) ubiquitous interaction, which involves a large Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) from number of organizations; (3) secure interaction, for which making postsecondary education available to all residents participants and the information exchanged must be who can benefit from it, RAND researchers analyzed secured both physically and electronically; and (4) real- changes in LACCD participation rates and educational time interaction, extremely time-sensitive combat actions quality over the past decade. Although participation rates requiring that very few participants have access to critical declined for most ethnic groups and LACCD enrolled real-time data and are able to share that data, even when fewer students in 2000 than it could have if it had not network connections and nodes have failed. These experienced those declines, education quality seems not to interaction categories support the identification of have been affected. Online access only: http://www. common subnetworks and analogous systems or rand.org/publications/TR/TR122/. components in the cost-estimation process, which may draw on several cost-estimation methods. The TR-123-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators methodology should identify all relevant costs, including in Illinois: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. J. S. those for the network infrastructure, and costs associated Ringel, S. M. Gates, C. Chung, A. Brown, B. Ghosh- with operational functions supported by the network; Dastidar. 2004. should allow for the comparison of historical and notional systems; and should relate network capabilities and State and federal governments have been increasing school metrics to cost so that cost and benefit analysis can be accountability requirements and relying on school facilitated. The report offers criteria for measures of the administrators to promote improvement. Anecdotal needed access to, timeliness of, and security for the evidence suggests that schools and districts are finding it network, and metrics for those measures, then relates those difficult to attract and retain qualified people to serve as 165 administrators because there is a shortage of such people, benefits of the technology that were reported by Kent but recent empirically based analyses show there is no faculty and students. Online access: http://www. shortage. This report explores this issue further, adding to rand.org/publications/TR/TR126/. the current understanding of school administrators' careers through an in-depth analysis of administrative data from TR-129-EDU Career Paths of School Administrators the state of Illinois. A comprehensive, descriptive in North Carolina: Insights from an Analysis of State Data. overview of school administrators is presented, and the S. M. Gates, C. M. Guarino, L. Santibañez, A. Brown, C. individual is modeled based on school characteristics Chung, B. Ghosh-Dastidar. 2004. associated with various career transitions. The authors State and federal governments have been increasing school describe in detail what state-level administrative data can accountability requirements and relying on school reveal about the careers of school administrators, what the administrators to promote improvement. Anecdotal data cannot reveal, and how further research and data evidence suggests that schools and districts are finding it collection might be directed so that systematic difficult to attract and retain qualified people to serve as administrative data can be used to better understand the administrators because there is a shortage of such people, relationship between administrative career paths and but recent empirically based analyses show there is no student learning outcomes. This report is one of a group of shortage. This report explores this issue further, adding to companion reports; the others cover similar analyses for the current understanding of school administrators' careers New York and North Carolina. Online access only: through an in-depth analysis of administrative data from http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR123/. the state of North Carolina. A comprehensive, descriptive overview of school administrators is presented, along with TR-126-EDU When Computers Go to School: How a model of the individual and school characteristics Kent School Implemented Information Technology to associated with various career transitions. The authors Enrich Teaching and Learning. P. D. Devin. 2004. describe in detail what state-level administrative data can There is no universal agreement on whether schools reveal about the careers of school administrators, what the should invest in information technology for teaching and data cannot reveal, and how further research and data learning. It has been posited that technology can facilitate collection might be directed so that systematic learning by enhancing students' ability to experiment, administrative data can be used to better understand the practice, and experience the real world. It has been further relationship between administrative career paths and posited that the ability to use information technology well student learning outcomes. This report is one of a group of will affect individuals' personal productivity and economic companion reports; the others cover similar analyses for well-being and, in the aggregate, the nation's competitive New York and Illinois. Online access only: http://www. position. The popularity of computers in schools suggests rand.org/publications/TR/TR129/. that these and similar arguments have resonated with educators. Some, however, have suggested that spending TR-131-RC Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, money on such technology is not worth it. They question and Impediments. Appendices. E. Gonzalez, K. F. whether students can cope with a richness of information McCarthy. 2004. resources and whether technology-mediated applications Cuba is nearing the end of the Castro era. When that end will render the curriculum banal and produce individuals arrives, the government that succeeds Fidel Castro, as well of shallow intellect largely by externalizing and as the Cuban people themselves, will need answers to the homogenizing thought and by eliminating introspection. In following questions: How is Castro's more than four- 1996, Kent School embarked on a program to integrate decade rule likely to affect a post-Castro Cuba? What are information technology into teaching and learning. To that the political, social, and economic challenges that Cuba end, the school installed a computer network and equipped will have to confront? What are the impediments that will all faculty and students with laptop computers that they need to be surmounted if Cuba is to develop economically could carry with them to class and connect from almost and embark on a democratic transition? The five anywhere on campus to the network, which gave them appendices within this report constitute a companion access to email, shared folders, and the Internet. Core data volume to the RAND Corporation report Cuba After about participants' use of the technology and their attitudes Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments (MG-111- toward it were gathered through surveys that were RC, 2004), which integrated and synthesized the main administered during winter term 1998 and winter term findings of these five studies. Although this report is 2000. These data were illuminated by interviews with issued as a separate volume, it is designed to accompany faculty and staff, focus groups with students, and and support the initial report with more-detailed analyses observation of classes. The report addresses the question of the political, social, demographic, and economic of whether information technology can be used to benefit problems that confront Cuba today and that are certain to teaching and learning and summarizes the uses and tax any government that comes to power in the post-Castro 166 era. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ needs for wind tunnel and propulsion test facilities, the TR131/. technical competitiveness of NASA's facilities, functional overlap and redundancy among NASA facilities, and TR-132-DHHS The Costs and Benefits of Moving to management issues. Through its findings, the RAND team the ICD-10 Code Sets. M. C. Libicki. 2004. provided many recommendations for NASA regarding the future of these facilities. This technical report supports a Presents RAND's analysis of the benefits and costs of companion monograph (Wind Tunnel and Propulsion Test mandating a switch (either simultaneously or sequentially) Facilities: An Assessment of NASA's Capabilities to Serve from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th National Needs, MG-178-NASA/OSD), providing more Revision, codes for diagnoses and procedures to two code detailed data, observations, and conclusions. Online sets based on the 10th revision. The author concludes that access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR134/. that switching to both ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS is likely to generate more benefits than costs and that the TR-136-OSTP High-Technology Manufacturing and switch, if it takes place, should be simultaneous. Online U.S. Competitiveness. C. Kelley, M. Wang, G. Bitko, M. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR132/. S. Chase, A. Kofner, J. F. Lowell, J. C. Mulvenon, D. S. Ortiz, K. L. Pollpeter. 2004. TR-133-RC Shanghaied? The Economic and Political Implications of the Flow of Information Technology and In response to the concern that an increasing amount of Investment Across the Taiwan Strait. M. S. Chase, K. L. high-technology manufacturing formerly performed in the Pollpeter, J. C. Mulvenon. 2004. United States is now being done overseas, the Office of Science and Technology Policy asked the RAND The flows of trade and investment across the Taiwan Strait Corporation to provide analytic support to the President's have increased dramatically in recent years, driven in large Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. The part by the increasing integration of the information support included a description of past and current trends of technology (IT) sectors of Taiwan and the People's U.S. high-tech manufacturing, a theoretical and empirical Republic of China. This report examines the economic and economic analysis of traditional and high-tech political implications of cross-Strait flows of technology manufacturing, and an analysis of U.S. research and and capital, particularly in the areas of IT hardware and development statistics and of trends in choices of semiconductor fabrication and manufacturing. The authors academic disciplines. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ comprehensively analyze the investment and IT transfer publications/TR/TR136/. dynamics between Taiwan and China; assess the impact of current developments for cross-Strait relations, the global TR-138-VROM Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland semiconductor industry, and the advancement of science = (Regional Airports in the Netherlands): Een Raamwerk and technology development in China; and evaluate the Voor Het Bepalen Van Het Maatschappelijk Belang Van implications of their findings for U.S. policymaking, Regionale Luchthavens in Nederland (A Framework to particularly in the area of high-technology export controls. Determine the Added Value of the Regional Airports in Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ the Netherlands). B. Veldman, I. Graafland-Essers, A. TR133/. Lierens, M. van de Voort. 2004. (In Dutch) TR-134-NASA/OSD Wind Tunnel and Propulsion This report describes the added value of the regional Test Facilities: Supporting Analyses to an Assessment of airports in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has six NASA's Capabilities to Serve National Needs. P. S. regional airports: Rotterdam, Eindhoven, Maastricht, Antón, D. J. Johnson, M. Block, M. S. Brown, J. A. Groningen, Enschede and Lelystad. The government is Drezner, J. A. Dryden, E. C. Gritton, T. Hamilton, T. involved in the regional airports in different ways. Until Hogan, R. Mesic, D. J. Peetz, R. Raman, P. Steinberg, J. recently, it subsidized the financial losses of the airports. Strong, W. Trimble. 2004. The added value of an airport can be defined as the balance between the profitability on an airport and the The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's economic importance of its location on the one hand and (NASA's) establishment and use of wind tunnel and environmental effects on the other hand. It can be propulsion test facilities have helped the United States concluded that: —Rotterdam and Eindhoven have build and maintain aerospace competitive advantage substantial positive added value; —Maastricht could have across the military, commercial, and space sectors. Are a positive added value depending on the valuation of the these major facilities continuing to serve the current and (in)direct employment effects; Based on the evaluated future needs of the nation at large? At the request of aspects Groningen, Enschede and Lelystad probably have Congress and NASA, the RAND Corporation performed a a negative added value. It must be noted that these yearlong study of the 31 such facilities at three NASA conclusions are based on the evaluated aspects. centers. The study examined current and future national Maastricht, Groningen, and Enschede also have a function 167 in opening up the area, whereas Lelystad has an overflow TR-141-SRF Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South function for Schiphol. Online access only: http://www. Korean Attitudes Toward the U.S. E. V. Larson, N. D. rand.org/publications/TR/TR138/. Levin, S. Baik, B. Savych. 2004. An increase in expressions of anti-American sentiment TR-139-HE A Research Agenda for Assessing the among South Koreans has led to heightened concern that a Impact of Fragmented Governance on Southwestern pillar of the U.S.-South Korean alliance—a strong belief Pennsylvania. S. Sleeper, H. H. Willis, S. Rattien, A. among South Koreans in the continued importance of the Lanczos. 2004. U.S.-South Korea alliance and an equally strong The large number of municipal governments in Allegheny commitment to its continuation—might be in jeopardy. To County is a derivative of Pennsylvania's governance answer the question of whether South Koreans' attitudes structure and history. This structure provides for strong toward the United States have deteriorated, RAND representation at the local government level. The researchers compiled and analyzed public opinion data on anticipated benefit of this structure is a greater sense of South Korean attitudes toward the United States and local "ownership," encouraging local government to be examined selected periods in U.S.-South Korean relations responsive to constituent demands. However, local during the past decade to identify the sources of anti-U.S. representation also includes government fragmentation, attitudes. South Koreans' attitudes toward the United with potential costs in the form of inefficiency and States are a mix of gratitude, fondness, and respect—along conflicting intercommunity goals. The RAND Corporation with feelings of resentment, distrust, and annoyance at was asked to begin to explore and create a framework for their continuing dependence on the United States. The studying the effects of Pennsylvania's locally dominated authors' research demonstrates that, although many governance structure on regional performance and to measures of sentiment toward the U.S.—attitudes toward identify potential lessons for Allegheny County from the the alliance and toward Americans—have remained experiences of other regions. Drawing from the literature, strongly positive, there is strong evidence of a recent case studies, and local economic data sets, the authors downturn in favorable sentiment toward the U.S. among investigated the empirical validity of two questions to South Koreans but also evidence of a more recent understand whether they are worth pursuing in greater recovery. The authors make a number of recommendations depth: Does multiplicity of local governance create to U.S. policymakers on how to improve South Koreans' inefficiencies in the cost, coverage, and quality of perceptions of the U.S. and ways to address Koreans' long- delivered services? Does this multiplicity inhibit timely standing grievances. Online access: http://www.rand. and comprehensive decisionmaking for regional economic org/publications/TR/TR141/. development? The authors conclude that the challenge facing the region is to assess whether a new vision for TR-144-AF Policy and Methodology to Incorporate local governance can define a structure that provides Wartime Plans into Total U.S. Air Force Manpower efficient services, balances resources equitably, and Requirements. M. J. Carrillo, H. G. Massey, J. G. Bolten. positions the region to compete in the global market. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ Every few years, the U.S. Air Force reviews its authorized TR139/. manpower to ensure that it has enough people with the right skills and experience to meet national security TR-140-OSD Past and Future: Insights for Reserve demands. In the past, this was assumed to include the Component Use. H. Thie, R. E. Conley, H. A. Leonard, ability to prosecute two concurrent MTWs, but that M. Abbott, E. V. Larson, K. S. McMahon, M. G. Shanley, assumption is being reexamined. RAND was asked to R. E. Sortor, W. W. Taylor, S. Dalzell, R. J. Yardley. develop a methodology for examining less-extensive 2004. scenarios and to comment on the Total Force Assessment Four white papers, or think pieces, covering diverse Phase I (TFA-I), which drew to a close in 2001. This topics—strategic ballistic missile defense programs, report presents the resulting methodology, demonstrates its homeland security operations, manning and absorption use by applying it to suitable data (including that from problems, smaller-scale contingency operations—all TFA-I), and draws lessons from RAND's assessment of linked by the common purpose of providing the Office of the TFA-I experience. Among the conclusions are that the Secretary of Defense with a range of considerations TFA's methodology and process could fall prey to pitfalls and alternatives for the prospective use of the Reserve the most significant of which is the potential for double- Components in the military of the future. They raise key counting. It would also be helpful to develop models issues, explore past analyses, and offer recommendations outside the TFA process, so that a short timeline does not for further research. Online access: http://www.rand. compromise the process. Finally, controls should be org/publications/TR/TR140/. improved, including quality control, accountability, and 168 auditing trails. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ TR-160-PNNL Estimating the Benefits of the publications/TR/TR144/. GridWise Initiative: Phase I Report. W. S. Baer, B. Fulton, S. Mahnovski. 2004. TR-149-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A First GridWiseTM is a vision, a concept, and a national Year Progress Report on Teachers for a New Era. S. N. initiative developed by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Kirby, J. S. McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and participants C. Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. from the electricity industry, which seeks to link electricity Teachers for a New Era (TNE) is an ambitious attempt to suppliers and end-users via high-speed networks that reform teacher education in selected institutions across the provide real-time information about system capacities, nation. TNE's goal is to stimulate construction of excellent demand, prices, and status. This report presents the initial teacher education programs that are guided by a respect results of a two-phase project designed to characterize and for evidence, are based on close collaboration between estimate the benefits of applying such advanced education and arts and sciences faculty, and have an communications and information technologies to bring the integrated classroom component. RAND and MDRC are aging U.S. electricity grid into the information age. The conducting a national evaluation, sponsored by the project is intended to provide a better understanding of Rockefeller Foundation, of the first four TNE grantees: those benefits—for electricity suppliers, end-users, and Bank Street College of Education; California State society at large—that will inform both public and private University, Northridge; Michigan State University; and the sector decisions about GridWise-related research and University of Virginia. The authors provide an overview development (R&D) and implementation strategies. In the of the progress each institution made in the first year and first phase of the study, reported here, an analytic some early lessons learned from a cross-site analysis. The framework is developed for characterizing and estimating report includes such details for each institution as a profile benefits, and preliminary quantitative estimates are made of the institution before it began the initiative, a summary of gross benefits for the most important benefit categories. of the design proposal it developed to carry out the reform, The estimates do not include R&D and implementation a detailed description of its implementation progress, and costs, which will be estimated in the second phase of the the state policy contexts against which it is carrying out study. Assumptions and other input variables for the the reforms. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ benefit calculations are clearly delineated, both to indicate publications/TR/TR149/. the sensitivity of the estimates to such inputs and to provide a basis for improving them. A comparison of TR-159-AF Communications Networks to Support estimates for five scenarios indicates that the present value Integrated Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance of gross benefits from GridWise can be quite large, Strike Operations. E. Ghashghai. 2004. exceeding $100 billion in some scenarios. However, the variance among estimates is also very large, depending, of The focus of the study is on combat systems operating at course, on the input data and assumptions. At this early medium and low altitudes, which pose challenges different stage of GridWise development, many of the input from intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) variables and projections are highly uncertain. platforms operating at high altitude. Medium- and low- Consequently, the report concludes that delineating a altitude platforms are closer to jammers and signals range of benefits based on plausible input variables is intelligence receivers, so an adversary might more readily more useful at this time than trying to converge on a single intercept or jam signals. The platforms' low observability "best estimate." Online access: http://www.rand.org/ can be compromised if they transmit large amounts of publications/TR/TR160/. data, increasing their chance of detection. After discussing data requirements and threats and examining the current TR-164-EDU A Review of the Research Literature on communications programs and shortfalls, the analysis Teacher Recruitment and Retention. C. M. Guarino, L. finds that there is no one solution for all situations and Santibañez, G. A. Daley, D. J. Brewer. 2004. platforms. A combination of options will be needed to ensure a reliable and robust communications link. These In the face of a growing school-age population, U.S. options will vary depending on altitude, range, data rate, schools and school districts are struggling to maintain and threat. Although communications does not appear to teaching standards while recruiting bright new teachers be a limiting factor for future ISR forces, programmatic and retaining their most-effective ones. This literature action will be required to develop the necessary systems review represents a comprehensive and critical and the costs could be high. Online access: examination of research published since 1980 on the topic http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR159/. of teacher recruitment and retention in the United States. It provides an understanding of the patterns governing the entry and exit of individuals into and from teaching. 169

Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ range of research output and outcomes arising from these TR164/. 16 grants and make a series of quantitative and qualitative assessments comparing, for example, payback from TR-169-CMS Health Status and Medical Treatment project grants versus programme grants. In conclusion, we of the Future Elderly: Final Report. D. P. Goldman, P. G. make six observations: —There is a diversity of research Shekelle, J. Bhattacharya, M. D. Hurd, G. Joyce, D. payback. —The researcher is the key driver of research Lakdawalla, D. H. Matsui, S. J. Newberry, C. W. A. Panis, translation. —Short, focused project grants seem to B. Shang. 2004. provide value for money. —Intended and unintended flexibility in funding is used advantageously. —Referees' The ability to predict future health care costs reasonably contributions to the peer-review process are of variable accurately is critical to planning for the Centers for benefit. —The payback framework could be Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The models used operationalised and embedded by arc. Online access only: for such projections to date, however, are limited in terms http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR176/. of their capacity to take into account the complex array of factors likely to affect future spending. To improve CMS's TR-177-CCPP Evaluation of Community Voices ability to map the effects on spending of such factors as Miami: Affecting Health Policy for the Uninsured. K. P. medical breakthroughs and demographic trends, RAND Derose, C. A. Jackson, A. Beatty. 2004. Health developed the Future Elderly Model (FEM), a demographic-economic model framework of health Health care insurance coverage has been part of the spending projections that enables the user to answer national debate for a long time. Without an expectation of "what-if" questions about the effects of changes in health achieving universal health coverage in the near future and status and disease treatment on future health care costs. with an increasing number of persons losing Medicaid What distinguishes the FEM from other models is its coverage as a result of welfare reform, many communities inclusion of a multidimensional characterization of health have been concerned about their continuing ability to status, which allows the user to include a richer set of provide health care to the uninsured and underinsured. To demographic controls as well as comorbid conditions and address these concerns, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation functional status. This report describes the development of sponsored Community Voices: Health Care for the the FEM and its application in four clinical areas: Underserved, a five-year health care initiative cardiovascular disease, the biology of aging and cancer, (1998–2003) aimed at enhancing health care access and neurological disease, and changes in health care services. quality for the underserved. RAND was asked to evaluate Beside those involved in planning at the Centers for the effectiveness of Community Voices Miami (CVM), Medicare and Medicaid Services, it should be of interest to one of the participating sites, and to provide analytic health policy planners and health economists. Online assistance to the project. This report presents RAND's access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR169/. evaluation. It concludes that CVM and its partners set the stage for change by affecting intermediate outcomes, e.g., TR-176-ARC The Returns from Arthritis Research raising awareness of the issue, getting safety-net providers Volume 2: Case Studies. S. Wooding, S. Anton, J. Grant, to collaborate on specific programs, nurturing S. Hanney, S. Hoorens, A. Lierens, M. Shergold, M. neighborhood-based solutions, and advocating for the Venema. 2004. establishment of an independent health care planning body. However, the measurement of ultimate outcomes of There is increasing pressure for research funders to CVM—access to health care—remains for a future study. demonstrate, and seek to maximise, the payback from the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ research they fund. This report, prepared for and funded TR177/. by the Arthritis Research Campaign (arc), presents the results of an evaluation of 16 research grants awarded by TR-180-EDU Achieving State and National Literacy arc in the early 1990s. The main objective was to develop Goals: A Long Uphill Road: a Report to Carnegie a system for evaluating arthritis research, with a view to Corporation of New York. J. S. McCombs, S. N. Kirby, allowing arc to stimulate and manage the exploitation of H. Barney, H. Darilek, S. Magee. 2004. research advances so that they translate into outcomes of practical benefit to people with arthritis. Volume 2 of the To succeed in post-secondary education or employment, report presents a collection of the case studies used in the students must emerge from high school possessing high study. These case studies all follow a similar format based levels of literacy skills that enable them to construct on the conceptual model and provide a rich and detailed meaning from a variety of texts and convey that meaning narrative on the payback of each research grant. Volume 1 to others. Recent reform efforts have yielded positive of the report presents a framework that conceptualises the results in improving reading achievement for the nation's relationship between research inputs, process, output and children in the primary grades. However, many children outcomes. Using this framework, we catalogue a diverse are not moving beyond basic decoding skills, even as they 170 advance to the fourth grade and classes in history, workplace. Policymakers, schools, and teachers need to mathematics, and science. To focus national attention on step up and accept the "orphaned responsibility" of the problem of adolescent literacy, Carnegie Corporation teaching students to read to learn. The costs of inattention started a new initiative-Advancing Adolescent Literacy: are very high, both in personal and economic terms. This Reading to Learn-the aim of which is to promote policy report should be of interest to educational researchers and practice and research in the field of adolescent literacy, education policymakers at the national, state, and local which encompasses reading and writing in grades 4 levels who are working to improve educational through 12. As a first step in its new initiative Carnegie opportunities and learning for all students. Online access: Corporation asked the RAND Corporation to convene a http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/TR180/. small study group for one year to lay the foundation for the work of a larger Advisory Council. Carnegie also TR-181 Public Health Preparedness in California: asked RAND to produce a comprehensive, quantitative Lessons Learned from Seven Health Jurisdictions. N. survey of the state of adolescent reading and writing Lurie, R. O. B. Valdez, J. Wasserman, M. A. Stoto, S. achievement in the United States. RAND gathered Myers, R. C. Molander, S. M. Asch, D. Mussington, V. information from the 50 states and the District of Solomon. 2004. Columbia (DC) on state assessment systems and the The California's Public Health infrastructure, from the performance of students in reading, English language arts, perspective of public health preparedness is characterized and writing on state assessments. To examine the relative by high interjurisdictional variability. A combination of performance of students against national standards, the coordination of resources and new investment will be RAND team also used data from the 2003 state National necessary to fill gaps. To assess gaps in California's Public Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in reading Health Infrastructure, RAND reviewed extant performance and the 2002 state NAEP in writing. Achieving State and measures; developed and conducted tabletop exercises in National Literacy Goals, a Long Uphill Road: A Report to nine local health departments; and performed an economic Carnegie Corporation of New York documents the results analysis to identify the gaps in infrastructure relating to of this research and provides a portrait of the state of preparedness. Two of 7 jurisdictions were well prepared, adolescent literacy as measured by these national and state and 1 was poorly prepared. We conclude that the level of assessments. The appendices contain individual state protection afforded to California residents is uneven, and write-ups for the 50 states and the District of Columbia recommended steps to strengthen the infrastructure. (DC) that describe the assessment systems; the content, Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/TR/ format, and performance levels of reading, writing, and TR181/. English/language arts assessments between 4th and 12th grades; and student performance on those assessments. It TR-211-MRI Science and Technology Research and is clear that while states are operating under a common Development Capacity in Japan: Observations from mandate for proficiency, there are large differences in the Leading U.S. Researchers and Scientists. A. Wong, A. rigor of the assessment and states' definitions of Balakrishnan, J. Garulski, T. Hogan, E. Landree, M. proficiency, leading to quite disparate outcomes. Compare, McArthur. 2004. for instance, South Carolina, Missouri, North Carolina, and Texas. At the 8th grade level, 21 percent of students in This report summarizes the views of 52 leading U.S. South Carolina and 33 percent of students in Missouri scientists regarding Japan's science and technology passed the state assessment, compared with 86–87 percent capacity in 25 fields of research in life science, of 8th-graders in North Carolina and Texas. However, environmental science, information and communication when one looks at the 8th-grade NAEP scores, 24 percent technology, and nanotechnology and materials science. of students in South Carolina and 34 percent of students in Scientists' responses cover a range of topics, including Missouri scored at the proficient level, compared with 26 university-industry research relations in Japan, the caliber percent of students in Texas and 29 percent of students in of Japanese research scientists, innovation in Japanese North Carolina. Clearly, even if each state were to meet its research, funding directions, the role of language and 100-percent-proficiency goal for reading, students in those cultural issues in Japanese scientific enterprise, and the states would likely have quite disparate abilities, internationalization of Japanese research. RAND knowledge, and skills. Overall, the data show that our conducted two interview for each field, focusing on four nation faces a tremendous challenge to raise the literacy topics: (1) important and interesting accomplishments of skills of its adolescents. Simply mandating standards and Japanese institutions observed by respondents in their field assessments is not going to guarantee success. Unless we, of expertise; (2) evaluations of the level of research as a nation, are prepared to focus attention and resources conducted by Japanese institutions in the respondent's field on this issue, our schools are likely to continue producing of expertise, with a particular emphasis on Japan's students who lack skills and are ill-prepared to deal with performance compared to that of other countries the demands of post-secondary education and the considered the best in the field; (3) evaluation of the 171 performance of Japanese institutions over time; and (4) Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ examples that show Japan as an important research player RB108/. in the respondent's field of expertise. The criteria used to select respondents were the number and amount of federal RB-111-1-AF U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Future Strategy research grants they had received, major scientific merit and Force Posture. G. C. Buchan, D. M. Matonick, C. awards they had won, and the number of publications and Shipbaugh, R. Mesic. 2004. citations to their publications. Japan was largely viewed as The United States today faces a more diverse set of on par with the United States in most areas and leading the potential threats than it did during the Cold War. This world in some others. Japanese researchers were viewed as change calls for new thinking about the role of nuclear committed and careful in their work and their research was forces in U.S. national security policy. RAND Project AIR regarded as solid and of high quality. Nonetheless, FORCE examined strategies and force postures that the respondents observed a lack of depth in Japanese science United States could adopt to make the most effective use and technology research and a shortage of original and of its nuclear forces in an uncertain world. Researchers high-risk research. Online access only: http://www. observe that the need for the United States to retain rand.org/publications/TR/TR211/. nuclear weapons is much less compelling than in the past, that a much smaller nuclear force could fulfill all U.S. TR-214-RC Evaluating the Security of the Global political and military needs, and that reducing the risk of Containerized Supply Chain. H. H. Willis, D. S. Ortiz. nuclear war due to accidents or mistakes is even more 2004. important today than before. Online access: The global supply chain consists of the supply, http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB111-1/. manufacturing, storage, distribution, and retail entities that transform raw materials into finished products in the hands RB-117-AF Interoperability of Coalition Air Forces, of consumers. Historically, the main security concern has Lessons Learned from U.S. Operations with NATO Allies. been loss of cargo, but increased concern about terrorism E. V. Larson, G. Lindstrom, M. Hura, K. Gardiner, J. has brought the vulnerability of shipping containers to Keffer, B. Little. 2004. attention. Since an attack on a port could be deadly and Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ economy-crippling, new security measurements have RB117/. proliferated—some of which may add delays and damage efficiency. But has all this made the system more secure or RB-118-AF Strategic Threats to Middle East Security, less secure? How will we know? This report lays out a Challenges for U.S. Policy. N. Bensahel, D. Byman. framework for analyzing the structure of the container 2004. supply chain and how the parts interact. The authors offer a series of preliminary conclusions about gaps in the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ current security approach, then lay out directions for RB118/. further research. The authors recommend, for instance, that the public sector seek to bolster the fault tolerance and RB-119-AF Speeding Acquisition Reform in the U.S. resilience of the system, while the government should be Air Force. S. B. Hunter, B. Keltner. 2004. responsible for assessing security and for decisions to Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ close ports. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ RB119/. publications/TR/TR214/. RB-121-AF Assessing the Dynamic Terrorist Threat. K. Cragin, S. A. Daly. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RESEARCH BRIEFS RB121/.

RB-92-AF Distributed Satellite Constellations Offer RB-122-AF Options for Replacing the Air Force's Advantages over Monolithic Systems. B. Preston, M. KC-135 Tanker Aircraft and AWACS, JSTARS, and Rivet Eisman, M. S. Brown. 2004. Joint ISR Aircraft. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB92/. RB122/.

RB-108-AF Using Game Theory to Analyze RB-124-AF Applying Performance-Based Practices Operations Against Time-Critical Targets. T. Hamilton, to Installation Support Contracts. L. H. Baldwin, S. B. R. Mesic. 2004. Hunter. 2004. 172

Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB124/. RB139/.

RB-125-AF Managing Cost and Capacity Data in the RB-141-AF What Are the Air Force's Manpower Air Force's Education and Training Command. T. Requirements? A New Methodology Improves the Manacapilli, B. Bennett, L. A. Galway, J. Weed. 2004. Estimation Process. M. J. Carrillo, H. G. Massey, J. G. Bolten. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB125. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB141/. RB-128-AF Reducing the Cost of Purchased Services: How Can the Air Force Measure Success? C. Shirley, J. RB-144-AF Adopting New Procurement Methods in A. Ausink, L. H. Baldwin. 2004. the U.S. Air Force: What Skills and Training Are Needed. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB128/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB144/. RB-131-AF/KF The U.S.-South Korea Security Alliance After 9/11. N. D. Levin. 2004. RB-148-AF Improving Communications Networks to Support Integrated ISR-Strike Operations. E. Ghashghai. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ 2004. RB131/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-133-AF Estimating the Costs of Future Weapon RB148/. Systems: Focus on Testing and Evaluation. B. Fox, M. Boito, J. C. Graser, O. Younossi. 2004. RB-151-AF U.S. Strategy in the Muslim World After 9/11. A. Rabasa, C. Bernard, P. Chalk, C. C. Fair, T. W. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Karasik, R. Lal, I. O. Lesser, D. E. Thaler. 2004. RB133/. In light of 9/11 and the war on terrorism, it is important for RB-134-AF Managing the U.S.-China Military-to- U.S. leaders to develop a shaping strategy toward the Military Relationship. K. L. Pollpeter. 2004. Muslim world. This study describes a framework to identify major ideological orientations within Islam, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ examines critical cleavages between Muslim groups, and RB134/. traces the long-term and immediate causes of Islamic radicalism. It also outlines political and military strategies RB-135-AF Do Air Force Personnel Broaden Their available to help ameliorate conditions that produce Skills During Deployment? 2004. extremism. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ publications/RB/RB151/. RB135/. RB-1505-OSTP Is the Federal Government Facing a RB-136-AF Counterterror Coalitions: What Role Will Shortage of Scientific and Technical Personnel? W. P. Pakistan and India Play? C. C. Fair. 2004. Butz, T. K. Kelly, D. M. Adamson, G. Bloom, D. Fossum, M. E. Gross. 2004. Pakistan is an important partner, but support for militant operations in Kashmir challenges U.S. interests. India is a There is no clear evidence that the federal government long-term partner in counterterrorism, although it will not faces impending shortages of scientific and technical follow U.S. policy in every instance. Kashmir poses a personnel. However, there are concerns among federal serious challenge to the counterterrorism coalition. The research managers that personnel shortages and skill gaps United States has a variety of policy options to ensure could emerge in the near future. To monitor this important continued cooperation by each country. Online access: segment of the workforce, the federal government needs to http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB136/. keep more-complete and more-consistent data. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB1505/. RB-139-AF Centralized Maintenance Can Improve Combat Support in the Air and Space Expeditionary RB-3032-A The Effect of Age on the M1 Tank: Force. A. Geller, D. George, R. S. Tripp, M. A. Implications for Readiness, Workload, and Amouzegar, C. R. Roll. 2004. Recapitalization. E. Peltz, L. P. Colabella, B. Williams, P. Boren. 2004. 173

A 14-year-old tank has twice as many critical failures as a schools, sidetracking kids from getting a good education new one. Some Army tanks may have already reached the and from building a solid foundation for a productive, age where they must operate at a reduced level of healthy life. Key Findings: The National Defense readiness or enter a recapitalization program. Authorization Act of 2000 authorized large increases in Recapitalization programs should reflect how age effects military pay, bonuses, educational benefits, recruiting differ by subsystem and by components within resources, and a restoration of retirement benefits; these subsystems. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ changes helped improve recruiting and retention in FY publications/RB/RB3032/. 2000 and FY 2001. Nevertheless, some retention problems remained for enlisted and officer mid-career personnel. RB-4545-1 Developing Quality of Care Indicators for Provision of detailed data on a timely basis can aid further the Vulnerable Elderly: The ACOVE Project. 2004. analysis of the effects of NDAA 2000 and subsequent initiatives. Online access: Little attention has been paid to the quality of health care http://www.rand.org/.publications/RB/RB4560/. that vulnerable elders and other older adults receive. RAND has developed a set of indicators to measure the RB-5070-DOL The Future at Work: Trends and quality of care received for 22 conditions that affect older Implications. L. A. Karoly, C. W. A. Panis. 2004. adults. These indicators can be used to assess whether health plans are delivering care that meets minimum Trends in workforce size and composition and in the pace standards for quality. Online access: http://www.rand. of technological change and economic globalization will org/publications/RB/RB4545-1/. have implications for the future of work. Employees will work in more decentralized, specialized firms; slower RB-4559 Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure labor growth will encourage employers to recruit groups for Very Low Birthweight Infants? J. A. Rogowski, J. D. with relatively low labor force participation; greater Horbar, D. Staiger, M. Kenny, J. Geppert. 2004. emphasis will be placed on retraining and lifelong learning; and future productivity growth will support The goal of the study was to assess how accurately patient higher wages and may affect the wage distribution. Given volume predicts quality of care for VLBW infants and to this, some policies may need to be reexamined. Online compare volume with direct indicators, such as patient access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB5070/. mortality. Data came from 332 NICUs in the Vermont Oxford Network of providers from across the United RB-7556-OSD Have Improved Resources Increased States. This network includes 40 percent of the NICUs in Military Recruiting and Retention? B. J. Asch, J. R. the United States and accounts for 50 percent of annual Hosek, J. Arkes, C. C. Fair, J. Sharp, M. Totten. 2004. VLBW infant admissions. The study population included all 94,110 infants between 501 and 1,500 grams born in The National Defense Authorization Act of 2000 network hospitals between 1995 and 2000. The study authorized large increases in military pay, bonuses, found that referrals for VLBW infants that rely on indirect educational benefits, recruiting resources, and a restoration measures such as volume are at best minimally effective of retirement benefits; these changes helped improve for predicting outcomes and may unfairly penalize high- recruiting and retention in FY 2000 and FY 2001. quality providers that have lower volumes. By contrast, Nevertheless, some retention problems remained for direct measures such as infant deaths are more useful enlisted and officer mid-career personnel. Provision of quality indicators for the purposes of selective referral: detailed data on a timely basis can aid further analysis of They predict future mortality rates more accurately and the effects of NDAA 2000 and subsequent initiatives. could therefore save infant lives. Online access: Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB4559/. RB7556/.

RB-4560 Classroom Drug Prevention Works: But RB-7562-OSD Evaluating Options for Expanding Left Unchecked, Early Substance Use Haunts Older Teens Lateral Entry into Enlisted Military Occupations. D. G. and Young Adults. P. L. Ellickson, D. F. McCaffrey, B. Levy, J. S. Moini, J. Sharp, H. Thie. 2004. Ghosh-Dastidar, D. Longshore, J. S. Tucker, D. J. Klein. Researchers developed a new framework to evaluate 2004. options for expanding lateral entry of non-prior-service Key findings: Project ALERT, a middle-school program, personnel into enlisted, active-duty military occupations. curbs cigarette and marijuana use as well as alcohol The framework links goals of lateral entry with program misuse. Project ALERT helps even high-risk youth. design features. An exclusive focus on the goal of Classroom prevention programs can avert substantial reducing training costs led the authors to recommend an drug-related harms with broad public health implications. alternative, namely that DoD explore options for increased Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are in the nation’s lateral entry of prior-service personnel, both active and 174 reserve. Emphasis on other goals, such as introducing new Despite concerns that the military might face a shortage of or higher experience levels into the enlisted force, could information technology (IT) personnel within the active lead to different conclusions. Online access: duty enlisted force, the services have been successful in http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB7562/. attracting and keeping IT personnel. IT training appears to play a critical role in attracting recruits. Even if future RB-7563-OSD New Measure of Enlisted Personnel manning requirements change, the military should be able Quality Reveals That Services Retain Higher-Quality to adjust sufficiently to meet its IT personnel needs. Personnel. J. R. Hosek, M. G. Mattock. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB7568/. RAND has developed a broader measure of enlisted military personnel quality that incorporates information RB-7570-OSD Workforce Planning in Complex about performance on the job, as revealed through the Organizations. R. M. Emmerichs, C. Y. Marcum, A. A. speed of promotions. Performance reflects the quality of Robbert. 2004. the job match between the member and the military and depends on the member’s effort, ability, and preference for Workforce planning can help ensure that an organization military service. The promotion process reveals this has the right mix—by education, experience, and other quality by establishing criteria that apply to all members important characteristics—of personnel to advance its and by promoting faster those members who are soonest to functional and organizational objectives. To succeed, meet and surpass the criteria. According to the extended workforce planning should answer questions regarding definition of quality, the services are retaining higher- desired workforce characteristics now and in the future, quality members. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ and how organizational practices are helping maintain or publications/RB/RB7563/. develop these characteristics. Among elements needed to make workforce planning successful are active executive RB-7564-OSD The Advisability of Sabbatical Leaves and line manager participation, accurate and relevant data, for Officers. H. Thie, M. C. Harrell, M. Thibault. 2004. and sophisticated workload and inventory projection models. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ As a competitive employer in the United States, the RB/RB7570/. Department of Defense (DoD) strives to maintain benefits comparable to those of the public and private sector. DoD RB-8025-EDU Problems and Promise of the recently asked the RAND Corporation to explore the American Middle School. J. Juvonen, V. Le, T. Kaganoff, greater use of extended leaves as part of the department's C. H. Augustine, L. Constant. 2004. strategic human resource plan. The researchers offer recommendations and observations on which extended Young teens undergo multiple changes that seem to set leave programs would most benefit military officers as them apart from other students. But do middle schools well as ideas on how to implement such programs. Online actually meet their special needs? The authors describe access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB7564/. some of the challenges and offer ways to tackle them, such as reassessing the organization of grades K-12; RB-7566-OSD Managing General and Flag Officers. specifically assisting the students most in need; finding 2004. ways to prevent disciplinary problems; and helping parents understand how they can help their children learn at home. Senior officers spend much less time in assignments and Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ retire much earlier than do their private-sector peers. RB8025/. Unlike the private sector, the military does not vary job tenure based on whether the job develops skills or uses RB-8026-WFHF Improving Educational Outcomes skills learned in prior jobs. Some, not all, assignments Through Accountability. B. M. Stecher, H. Barney, S. N. should be longer. The Department of Defense and the Kirby, M. L. Pearson, M. Chow, L. S. Hamilton. 2004. military services should rationalize career paths and set goals for time in jobs and for the number and timing of The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 increased the jobs; however, the system should retain flexibility in importance of accountability in education by mandating an applying rules. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ accountability system that measures school performance publications/RB/RB7566/. through student test results. To assist those educators trying to meet the act's requirements, RAND researchers RB-7568-OSD Can the Military Successfully Meet analyzed accountability approaches from manufacturing, the Demand for Information Technology Personnel? J. R. job training, law, and health care and assessed their Hosek, M. G. Mattock, C. C. Fair, J. Kavanagh, J. Sharp, usefulness for education. They conclude that while M. Totten. 2004. education poses unique demands on its professionals, other sectors' accountability methods provide important 175 insights for improving school performance. Online access: RB-9042 Syndromic Surveillance: An Effective Tool http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB8026/. for Detecting Bioterrorism? M. A. Stoto, M. Schonlau, L. T. Mariano. 2004. RB-9039 Inside the Black Box of Managed Care Syndromic surveillance systems face inherent trade-offs Decisions: Understanding Patient Disputes over Coverage (among sensitivity, timeliness, and the number of false Denials. C. R. Gresenz, D. M. Studdert, N. Campbell, D. positives) that limit their effectiveness. The benefits of any R. Hensler, K. Kapur. 2004. syndromic surveillance system will depend on how The two large medical groups in the study denied, on effectively it is integrated into the public health system. average, 9 percent of patients’ requests for coverage. Until the benefits of syndromic surveillance are more Denials of coverage were more frequent for post-service clearly established, cities and states should proceed requests (reimbursement for medical services already cautiously before investing in costly systems. Online obtained) than for pre-service requests (medical services access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9042/. sought but not yet received). Appeals frequently involved more than disputes about medically necessary care. Many RB-9043 Obesity and Disability: The Shape of involved contractual limits on covered services, coverage Things to Come. R. Sturm, J. S. Ringel, D. Lakdawalla, J. for out-of-network doctors, and emergency care that the Bhattacharya, D. P. Goldman, M. D. Hurd, G. Joyce, C. health plan did not consider urgent. Online access: W. A. Panis, T. Andreyeva. 2004. http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9039/. Obesity in the U.S. population has been increasing steadily over the last two decades—and severe obesity is RB-9040-RC Defense Development: A New increasing the fastest. Obesity is linked to higher health Approach to Reforming Defense Sectors in the care costs than smoking or drinking is. Obesity plays a Developing World. D. C. Gompert, O. Oliker, A. major role in disability at all ages. The cost consequences Timilsina. 2004. of disability among the young could swamp recent How can dysfunctional defense sectors in developing Medicare and Medicaid savings stemming from nations be made clean, efficient, and accountable to increasingly good health among the elderly. Online access: international standards? Observing that past efforts to http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9043/. transform underdeveloped militaries have fallen short, the authors propose a fresh approach: making defense a part of RB-9044-NIOSH Safeguarding Emergency the overall development agenda and drawing on concepts, Responders During Major Disasters and Terrorists methods, and tools used by the international development Attacks: The Need for an Integrated Approach. 2004. community to devise a coherent strategy for tackling the When a major disaster strikes, emergency responders must problem. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ act quickly and effectively. Any threat to their safety RB/RB9040/. diminishes their ability to function at their best. Because safety conditions during a large-scale crisis are unfamiliar RB-9041-RC A Legacy of Dysfunction: Cuba After and unpredictable, standard approaches to safety Fidel. E. Gonzalez, K. F. McCarthy. 2004. management can fall short. A major disaster requires the When Fidel Castro departs, Cuba will reach a crossroads. many different agencies involved to join forces to A post-Castro regime that attempts to remain communist safeguard responders, both during an event and while may find itself in a cul-de-sac where old policies and preparing for the next one. Online access: http://www. instruments no longer work. If such a regime should falter, rand.org/publications/RB/RB9044/. a democratic-leaning replacement government is only a remote possibility. The country will face severe and RB-9045-NGA America's Publicly Available simultaneous challenges on several fronts: an alienated Geospatial Information: Does It Pose a Homeland Security younger generation, a growing racial divide, an aging Risk? J. C. Baker, B. E. Lachman, D. Frelinger, K. M. population, and a deformed economy. Cuba's civil-society O'Connell, A. Hou, M. S. Tseng, D. T. Orletsky, C. W. and market actors appear to be too embryonic, and Yost. 2004. democratic political opposition forces too decimated, for In the wake of the September 11 attacks, some U.S. democracy to take hold naturally. More likely the military, federal agencies curtailed public access to various sources arguably Cuba's most important institution, will take of geospatial information. While recognizing many public control. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ and private benefits of such information, officials were RB/RB9041/. concerned that terrorists and other adversaries could exploit certain data (e.g., maps and overhead images) to attack key American assets and critical infrastructure. In the years since making those initial restrictions, however, 176 policymakers have wrestled with how to distinguish RB-9049-DPRC Evaluating Substance Abuse between potentially sensitive information, which need not Treatment Programs for Adolescent Probationers. A. R. be restricted from the public, and truly sensitive Morral, D. F. McCaffrey, G. K. Ridgeway. 2004. information, to which public access must be restricted. To There is little information on the effectiveness of address this need, RAND developed an analytical process substance abuse treatment services commonly available to that U.S. officials can use to assess and filter publicly adolescents. In this study, RAND researchers found that available geospatial information that has homeland one such program helped young probationers reduce security implications. Online access: http://www.rand. substance abuse and improve their psychological org/publications/RB/RB9045/. functioning. These findings suggest that more research is needed on the relative effectiveness of the types of RB-9046-OSD Hitting the Books Before Military programs typically available to youths in the community Service: Policy Options for Recruiting in the College and the specialized services typically found to be effective Market. B. J. Asch, C. Du, M. Schonlau. 2004. in rigorous experimental studies of adolescent treatment. RAND found that incentives are effective in recruiting Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ individuals from the college market into the military. They RB9049/. include the Loan Repayment Program (LRP), i.e., repayment of federal college loans; increases in enlistment RB-9050-EDU The Promise and Peril of Using bonuses and college stipend benefits; and programs that Value-Added Modeling to Measure Teacher Effectiveness. allow college dropouts to enlist without first returning to D. F. McCaffrey, D. M. Koretz, J. R. Lockwood, L. S. college. Of these, the LRP was found to be the most cost Hamilton. 2004. effective for the military. Online access: http://www. Value-added modeling offers the possibility of estimating rand.org/publications/RB/RB9046/. the effects of teachers and schools on student performance, a potentially important contribution in the current RB-9047-RC Confronting "The Enemy Within: environment of concern for accountability in education. Security Intelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in These techniques, however, are susceptible to a number of Four Democracies. P. Chalk, W. Rosenau. 2004. sources of bias, depending on decisions about how the The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation was widely modeling is executed and on the quality of the data on criticized for failing to prevent the terrorist attacks of which models are based. If teachers are to be held September 11, 2001, and some U.S. policymakers reacted accountable for the performance of their students, by proposing a new domestic intelligence service devoted strategies for measuring the impact of their work must be solely to counterterrorism. To inform the debate, the refined or, at least, the uncertainties of these RAND Corporation analyzed domestic intelligence measurements must be taken into account in assessing the agencies in four other democracies. While differences impact of teachers and schools on student performance. exist between the United States and the countries studied, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ the cases provide insights that could guide policymakers if RB9050/ they decide to establish such an agency in the United States. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ RB-9051 The Quality of Health Care Received by RB/RB9047/. Older Adults. T. Higashi, P. G. Shekelle, D. H. Solomon, E. L. Knight, C. P. Roth, J. T. Chang, C. J. Kamberg, C. RB-9048-A/OSD Privatizing Military Production. H. MacLean, R. T. Young, J. L. Adams, D. B. Reuben, J. W. M. Hix, E. M. Pint, J. Bondanella, B. J. Held, M. Avorn, N. S. Wenger, L. Z. Rubenstein. 2004. Hynes, D. E. Johnson, A. Pregler, M. Stollenwerk, J. M. Vulnerable elders receive about half of the recommended Sollinger. 2004. care, and the quality of care varies widely from one Privatizing Army ammunition plants and turning the condition and type of care to another. Preventive care arsenals into a federal government corporation could save suffers the most, while indicated diagnostic and treatment the Army money, foster innovation and efficiency, and procedures are provided most frequently. Care for geriatric enable senior leaders to focus on their priority functions. conditions, such as incontinence and falls, is poorer than Potential cost savings range from $525 million to $1 care for general medical conditions such as hypertension billion in the short term, and from $900 million to over $3 that affect adults of all ages. Physicians often fail to billion over the long term. Risk associated with prescribe recommended medications for older adults. privatization and creating a federal government Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ corporation is low. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ RB9051/. publications/RB/RB9048/. 177

RB-9052 Electronic Prescribing Systems: Making It The programs increased the amount of time that patients Safer to Take Your Medicine? D. S. Bell, S. Cretin, R. worked; The programs modestly increased health care Marken, A. B. Landman, R. C. Meili, J. C. Wang, M. costs, but they were relatively cost-effective, compared Rosen, R. H. Brook. 2005. with other accepted medical interventions; The programs reduced ethnic disparities in health outcomes. Electronic prescribing systems may greatly reduce Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ medication errors, thereby maximizing patient safety and RB9055/. health. Menus that aid in selecting appropriate medication doses and other specific features are important for RB-9057 Transferring Army Land Containing UXO: achieving these goals. Currently used electronic Problems and Possible Solutions. J. MacDonald, D. S. prescribing systems vary widely in their features and Knopman, N. B. Clancy, J. McEver, H. H. Willis. 2004. capabilities and may not produce the best results for patient safety and health, but it should be possible to The Army has had difficulty transferring land that contains implement about two-thirds of the guidelines in the next unexploded ordnance (UXO). Although it has several three years. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ ways to convey land, none has proved particularly well publications/RB/RB9052/. suited for land containing UXO. Administrative and organizational changes along with recent legislation RB-9053-1 The First National Report Card on Quality permitting conveyance to nonprofit conservation groups of Health Care in America. E. A. McGlynn, S. M. Asch, without first clearing UXO may expedite transfers. The J. L. Adams, J. Keesey, J. Hicks, A. DeCristofaro, E. A. Army should also consider leading a DoD-wide effort to Kerr. 2004. consider other options to transfer land, including a federal government corporation to oversee disposal of land with Overall, adults received about half of recommended care. and without UXO. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ The level of performance was similar for chronic, acute, publications/RB/RB9057/. and preventive care. Quality of care varied substantially by condition. Performance was also similar in each of the RB-9058-EDU Improving Arts Education metropolitan areas studied. No community had Partnerships. M. K. Rowe, L. W. Castaneda, T. Kaganoff, consistently the best or worst quality. Online access: A. E. Robyn. 2004. http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9053-1/. Although arts education enjoys public support and has RB-9054-EDU The Careers of Public School been shown to help school children in many ways, it has Administrators: Policy Implications from an Analysis of recently become marginalized through budget cuts and State-Level Data. J. S. Ringel, S. M. Gates, C. Chung, A. redirection of resources to other subjects. One way to Brown, B. Ghosh-Dastidar, C. M. Guarino, L. Santibañez. supplement arts education is through partnerships between 2004. schools and arts organizations. This research found that joint-venture partnerships can yield many benefits but are Who is leading our nation's schools? Analyses of state data less common than simple-transaction partnerships in on the career paths of school administrators in North which schools typically select prepared programs without Carolina, Illinois, and New York have shed light on a needs assessment. Transaction relationships have fewer several key policy issues related to the supply of benefits, but can be improved in many ways. Online administrators: progress toward workforce diversity goals, access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9058/. whether promotion of teachers from different gender and racial/ethnic groups is equitable, and turnover and RB-9059-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: retention for administrators. This research offers a model Spotlight on Bank Street College of Education. S. N. for future data collection efforts aimed at providing a Kirby, J. S. McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. systematic understanding not only of school C. Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. administrators' careers, but of their quality as well. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9054/. At the request of the Rockefeller Foundation, RAND and MRDC are jointly conducting a national evaluation of RB-9055 The Societal Promise of Improving Care for Teachers for a New Era, an ambitious attempt to reform Depression. J. Miranda, N. Duan, C. D. Sherbourne, M. teacher education. A new report examines first-year Schoenbaum, I. Lagomasino, M. Jackson-Triche, K. B. implementation of the initiative in the initial four program Wells, L. S. Meredith, J. Unützer, D. F. McCaffrey, S. L. sites, one of which is the Bank Street College of Ettner, M. Carney, L. V. Rubenstein. 2004. Education. This research brief focuses on first-year implementation and underscores the role of a supportive Over two years, the quality improvement programs state policy environment in advancing the goals of this improved the quality of care that patients received; The programs also improved patients' health and quality of life; 178 reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Kirby, J. S. McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. RB/RB9059/. C. Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. Teachers for a New Era (TNE) is an ambitious attempt to RB-9060-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: reform teacher education in selected institutions across the Spotlight on California State University, Northridge. S. N. nation by providing them with substantial funding and Kirby, J. S. McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. technical assistance. The grantees are expected to reform C. Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. their teacher preparation programs to align with several At the request of the Rockefeller Foundation, RAND and design principles. The RAND Corporation and the MRDC are jointly conducting a national evaluation of Manpower Research Demonstration Corporation were Teachers for a New Era, an ambitious attempt to reform asked by the Rockefeller Foundation to conduct a national teacher education. A new report examines first-year evaluation of the first four grantees. This brief offers a implementation of the initiative in the initial four program look at first-year implementation in these sites. Online sites, one of which is the Bank Street College of access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9063/. Education. This research brief focuses on first-year implementation and underscores the role of a supportive RB-9064-A Broadening the Army's Bandwidth. L. state policy environment in advancing the goals of this Joe, I. Porche. 2004. reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Bandwidth is critical to the Army’s concept for its future RB/RB9060/. forces. The demand for bandwidth will exceed supply. Bandwidth must be managed and allocated as an important RB-9061-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: combat resource. No single approach will solve the Spotlight on Michigan State University. S. N. Kirby, J. S. Army’s bandwidth problem, so it must pursue several McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. C. approaches. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. publications/RB/RB9064/. At the request of the Rockefeller Foundation, RAND and MRDC are jointly conducting a national evaluation of RB-9066-NASA/OSD Do NASA's Wind Tunnel and Teachers for a New Era, an ambitious attempt to reform Propulsion Test Facilities Serve National Needs? P. S. teacher education. A new report examines first-year Antâon, E. C. Gritton, R. Mesic, P. Steinberg, D. J. implementation of the initiative in the initial four program Johnson, M. Block, M. S. Brown, J. A. Drezner, T. sites, one of which is the Bank Street College of Hamilton, T. Hogan, D. J. Peetz, R. Raman, J. Strong, W. Education. This research brief focuses on first-year Trimble. 2004. implementation and underscores the role of a supportive NASA's wind tunnel and propulsion test facilities continue state policy environment in advancing the goals of this to be important to U.S. competitiveness across the reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ military, commercial, and space sectors. But management RB/RB9061/. issues are creating real risks. This research shows that NASA needs to develop and aeronautics test technology RB-9062-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: vision and plan, analyze the viability of a national test Spotlight on the University of Virginia. S. N. Kirby, J. S. facility plan, identify and maintain its minimum set of McCombs, S. Naftel, H. Barney, H. Darilek, F. C. facilities, and identify shared financial support to keep its Doolittle, J. J. Cordes. 2004. underutilized but essential facilities from entering At the request of the Rockefeller Foundation, RAND and financial collapse. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ MRDC are jointly conducting a national evaluation of publications/RB/RB9066/. Teachers for a New Era, an ambitious attempt to reform teacher education. A new report examines first-year RB-9068 Does Watching Sex on Television Influence implementation of the initiative in the initial four program Teens' Sexual Activity? R. L. Collins, M. N. Elliott, S. H. sites, one of which is the Bank Street College of Berry, D. E. Kanouse, D. Kunkel, S. B. Hunter, A. Miu. Education. This research brief focuses on first-year 2004. implementation and underscores the role of a supportive Teens who watch a lot of television with sexual content state policy environment in advancing the goals of this are more likely to initiate intercourse in the following reform. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ year. Television in which characters talk about sex affects RB/RB9062/. teens just as much as television that actually shows sexual activity. TV shows that portray the risks of sex can help RB-9063-EDU Reforming Teacher Education: A educate teens. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ First-Year Progress Report on a New Initiative. S. N. publications/RB/RB9068/. 179

RB-9069-A An Army Strategy for Homeland centers build collaborative partnerships to promote and Security. L. E. Davis, D. E. Mosher, R. Brennan, M. D. sustain educational improvement in the public schools. Greenberg, K. S. McMahon, C. W. Yost. 2004. Findings are presented along five dimensions, and differences in progress are traced to factors important in Given the potential but undefined threat posed to the U.S. creating collaboratives themselves. Online access: homeland by terrorists, the Army needs to decide whether http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9075/. it should hedge against the risk of not being adequately prepared. RAND researchers posed five plausible RB-9078-FF Expanding the Reach of Education scenarios and potential Army responses along with an Reforms: What Have We Learned About Scaling Up estimated cost for each. They recommend four actions the Educational Interventions? T. K. Glennan, S. J. Bodilly, J. Army could take now to enhance its ability to respond to R. Galegher, K. A. Kerr. 2004. an attack on the United States. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9069/. The process of developing and scaling up education reforms is iterative and complex, requiring cooperative RB-9070-OAK Assessing Racial Profiling More interactions among program developers, policymakers, Credibly: A Case Study of Oakland, California. G. K. and school authorities. Successful scale-up efforts have Ridgeway, K. J. Riley. 2004. four properties: widespread implementation, deep changes in classroom practices, sustainability, and a sense of Numerous studies have used data collected by law ownership of new practices and policies among teachers enforcement agencies to show whether or not racial and school leaders. Reform efforts must take into account profiling is occurring in urban traffic stops. But such a set of eight core tasks: developing and providing support studies use flawed methods that call their findings into for implementation, ensuring high-quality implementation question. Working with data from Oakland, California, we at each school site, evaluating and improving the demonstrate the effectiveness of more credible methods intervention, obtaining financial support, building for assessing racial profiling—looking at both the decision organizational capacity, marketing, adapting to local to stop motorists and at post-stop activities—and how contexts, and sustaining the reform over time. Online naive comparisons that do not use such methods can either access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9078/. overstate or understate the magnitude of the problem. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB-9080 Gaps in Public Health Preparedness: RB9070/. Lessons Learned in California. N. Lurie, R. O. B. Valdez, J. Wasserman, M. A. Stoto, S. Myers, R. C. Molander, S. RB-9071-ICJ Changing the Medical Malpractice M. Asch, D. Mussington, V. Solomon, P. Namkung, J. E. Dispute Process: What Have We Learned from Fielding. 2004. California's MICRA? N. M. Pace, D. Golinelli, L. Zakaras. 2004. The level of bioterrorism preparedness across California's jurisdictions is uneven, ranging from excellent to poor. The MICRA cap on non-economic awards was imposed in There are wide variations in every aspect of preparedness 45 percent of the trials resulting in plaintiff verdicts. strategy, development, and implementation. The system Awards most likely to be capped involve death cases, suffers from inefficiency and waste. Strong leadership will cases with the severest nonfatal injuries, and/or plaintiffs be required to develop a shared understanding of public younger than one year. Defendants’ liabilities were health organization and responsibilities. Online access: reduced by 30 percent. Attorney fees were reduced by 60 http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9080/. percent. Plaintiffs’ net recoveries (final awards less fees) were reduced by 15 percent. Online access: http://www. RB-9081-EDU Meeting Literacy Goals Set by No rand.org/publications/RB/RB9071/. Child Left Behind: A Long Uphill Road. J. S. McCombs, S. N. Kirby. 2004. RB-9075-FF The Challenges of Building Local Collaboratives for Sustaining Educational Improvement. Carnegie Corporation of New York has launched an S. J. Bodilly, J. Chun, G. Ikemoto, S. Stockly. 2004. initiative focusing on improving the literacy skills of adolescents. In support of this initiative, Carnegie asked Can collaboratives achieve improved student performance the RAND Corporation to examine adolescents’ literacy outcomes? In Challenges and Potential of a Collaborative achievement across the nation. The results of that Approach to Education Reform, RAND researchers examination provide a sobering portrait of where evaluated whether the 1998 Ford Foundation adolescents stand relative to state and national literacy Collaborating for Education Reform Initiative (CERI) was goals. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ meeting its goals of helping community-based RB/RB9081/. organizations and central district offices in eight urban 180

RB-9086 Will Public Health's Response to Terrorism Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ Be Fair? D. P. Eisenman, C. Wold, C. Setodji, S. Hickey, RB9097/. B. Lee, B. D. Stein, A. Long. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ RB9086/. DISSERTATIONS

RB-9087-ICJ Compensating the Victims of 9/11. L. RGSD-179 Effects of Trial Design on Participation S. Dixon, R. K. Stern. 2004. and Costs in Clinical Trials, with an Examination of Cost Analysis Methods and Data Sources. M. L. Kilgore. A unique combination of insurance payments, government 2004. programs, and charitable distributions provided benefits to individuals and businesses affected by the 9/11 terrorist This dissertation comprises a series of studies conducted attacks. This research quantifies the benefits received by as part of the Cost of Cancer Treatment Study (CCTS). An the various victim groups from each compensation exploration of the sample size requirements for power and mechanism. It examines how the benefits stack up against significance levels in clinical trials suggests that various measures of equity and assesses outcomes based in proportional representation of subpopulations in trials will part on interviews with stakeholders in New York City. often not allow valid inferences to be drawn about Issues are identified that policymakers should consider as differential treatment effects. Where differential treatment they formulate policies for compensation and assistance in effects in subpopulations are suspected, targeted trials the event of a future attack. Online access: http://www. should be undertaken. Underrepresentation of older cancer rand.org/publications/RB/RB9087/. patients could be accounted for by exclusion criteria based on comorbid conditions that disproportionately afflict the RB-9090 Voltage Drops in Children's Health Care: elderly. The author compared data from patient interviews, Barriers That Impede Children's Access to Quality Health medical records abstraction, provider billing records, and Care. P. J. Chung, M. A. Schuster. 2004. Medicare claims as data sources for estimating health care utilization rates and costs; the data were compared in Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ terms of completeness and accessibility. Cost estimates for RB9090/. utilization measures were derived from administrative data using hedonic regression models. Prescription drug costs RB-9093-MIPT How Prepared Are State and Local and out-of-pocket drug expenditures were compared for Law Enforcement for Terrorism? L. M. Davis, K. J. patients enrolled in cancer trials and for similar cancer Riley, G. K. Ridgeway, J. E. Pace, S. K. Cotton, P. S. patients with who did not participate in trials. Trial Steinberg, K. Damphousse, B. L. Smith. 2004. participation was associated with higher prescription drug A national survey of state and local law enforcement costs, but that did not result in any significant difference in agencies one year after 9/11 shows that agencies have out-of-pocket expenditures for participants. These results bolstered their preparedness efforts, but substantial were robust to a variety of modeling approaches. variation exists in the approach to preparedness and the Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ preparedness needs of local agencies in small and large RGSD179/. counties. The survey results provide an important baseline for the Department of Homeland Security as it continues RGSD-180 Venture Capital Investments in China. F. to meet its mandate of helping first responders to improve Zeng. 2004. their terrorist preparedness efforts in such areas as Little research has been done on venture capital training, exercises, and equipment support. Online access: investments in China, although they have been growing http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9093/. fast in the past decade. This dissertation examines the history of venture capital in China in the 1990s by means RB-9094 Role of Doctors Critical in Effective Public of two unique data sets collected by the author. It finds Health. B. D. Stein, T. L. Tanielian, G. W. Ryan, H. J. that the Chinese government's policies have had an Rhodes, S. D. Young, J. C. Blanchard. 2004. important influence on the pattern of venture capital Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/ investments. China's venture capital industry is dominated RB9094/. by international venture capitalists primarily because of the restrictions on fund-raising in China. In addition, RB-9097 Prospects for Change in the Individual discriminatory policies in the early 1990s discouraged Health Insurance Market. M. B. Buntin, M. S. Marquis, J. venture capital investments in private firms. International M. Yegian, J. J. Escarce, K. Kapur. 2004. venture capitalists became more interested in private firms as China's market-oriented reform deepened. The author 181 also finds that the availability of channels for initial public changes, welfare work requirements, and workplace offerings channels has had a profound effect on venture characteristics. Among the results: Changes in the capital investments in China. The NASDAQ "technology composition of births by maternal age, maternal education, bubble" in the 1990s encouraged venture capital race/ethnicity, parity, and geographic location of birth investments in high-tech and early-stage firms, drove up explain seem to explain approximately 20 percent of the the valuation of venture capital-backed firms, and reduced increasing trends in initial breastfeeding rates and the equity stake held by venture capitalists. Total venture breastfeeding rates six months after birth. In the absence capital investments in China decreased quickly as the of welfare reform, the national breastfeeding rate six NASDAQ index went down after 2000. Online access: months after birth would have been 5.5 percent higher in http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD180/. 2000. Such unintended negative consequences of these welfare work requirements must be weighed against RGSD-181 Gearing Up and Getting There: Improving potential benefits as states refine their welfare programs. Local Response to Chemical Terrorism. B. K. Houghton. The availability of employer-sponsored child care 2004. increases the likelihood of breastfeeding six months after birth by 59 percent. Working an additional eight hours at This dissertation identifies policies and organizational home per week increases the probability of breastfeeding options at the local level that could save lives and reduce by 9 and 21 percent at birth and six months after birth, injury likely to occur from an act of chemical terrorism. It respectively. Workplace characteristics show promise to seeks out low-cost ways to improve the current effectively increase breastfeeding rates among working performance level in responding to chemical terrorism, women and warrant additional consideration. using Los Angeles as a case study. The dissertation Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ attempts to determine the level of risk of chemical RGSD182/. terrorism in Los Angeles and identify the anticipated magnitude for which emergency responders and RGSD-183 The Ecological Context of Substance decisionmakers should plan. Then it considers current Abuse Treatment Outcomes: Implications for NIMBY capability and performance levels in chemical terrorism Disputes and Client Placement Decisions. J. O. Jacobson. response and determines a performance goal for response 2004. to the planning magnitude. Through modeling and simulation, the dissertation presents low-cost options in Most admissions to drug treatment end in client dropout. equipment, training, organization and doctrine that could Although scholars have examined a number of factors improve the response to a chemical terrorist event. Finally related to client characteristics and program components, the dissertation examines these options in terms of budget location-the physical, social, and economic attributes of considerations in Los Angeles. The dissertation's findings neighborhoods where treatment clients live and receive point to decentralizing counter-chemical terrorism treatment-has largely been ignored. The author develops equipment throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area; hypotheses of the influence of "treatment ecology" on reformulating those doctrinal policies that may retention, characterize the residential and treatment inadvertently slow the mitigation process; establishing environments of the population of treatment clients in Los low-cost training methods to enhance the specialized Angeles County in the period 1998–2000, tests for an knowledge needed to respond effectively; putting polices association between neighborhood-level factors and client in place to accelerate the decontamination process; and retention, and derives bounds on the expected impact of focusing on an all-hazards approach to preparedness. location-oriented policies on individual and countywide Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/ retention. Clients' residential environments are RGSD181/. significantly worse than those of the non-client household population, particularly with respect to social stressors and RGSD-182 An Investigation of the Factors drug availability, that the neighborhoods of treatment Influencing Breastfeeding Patterns. A. Jacknowitz. 2004. centers are worse still, and that homeless, African American, and other minority clients face the worst A growing body of research indicates that both mothers environments overall. Failure to complete in both and children benefit from breastfeeding. However, despite outpatient and residential settings is associated with slowly rising breastfeeding rates, a large fraction of neighborhood-level social stressors. A policy that matched mothers do not breastfeed or breastfeed for a shorter all clients with the most appropriate neighborhood could period than the recommended six months. Furthermore, increase the countywide rate of retention by up to 30 some groups of mothers are more likely to breastfeed than percent. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ others. This dissertation seeks to understand these RGSD/RGSD183/. breastfeeding patterns by investigating demographic 182 REPRINTS RP-1102 Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality: Cameroon, 1987-1995. P. M. Eloundou- Enyegue, J. DaVanzo. 2004. RP-1090-ICJ Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement Is Reshaping Policy makers often worry that economic crises aggravate Our Legal System. D. R. Hensler. 2004. schooling inequalities, but the longitudinal data to monitor these inequalities are typically lacking. This paper uses the Federal courts are now required by law to offer some form schooling histories of 2,249 pupils to investigate how the of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), and many state economic downturn in Cameroon in the period of 1987–95 courts require parties to attempt to resolve their cases affected the schooling inequalities associated with sex of through mediation before they can obtain a trial date. The pupil, residence, the family's socio-economic status, and author notes that there are reasons to believe that the ADR family size. The authors first assess overall patterns and movement has had some success over the past 25 years in find these inequalities to depend on grade and other changing business and legal decisionmakers' views on how vulnerability factors. For instance, girls are disadvantaged best to resolve legal disputes. In this article, the author in comparison with boys only in rural families and within presents a personal critical perspective on one part of the primary and junior secondary school. The authors then history of the dispute resolution movement in the United examine historical changes in schooling inequalities, States — the evolution of ADR in the legal world. The distinguishing between long-term trends and net changes author presents historical antecedents, discusses the during crisis years. The authors find that the inequalities "community justice movement," the business community's associated with sex of pupil and family size have joining of the ADR movement, and offers final thoughts increased. Results underscore the importance of economic on the dispute resolution movement's contribution to conditions in sustaining progress in closing gaps in changes in the view of the justice system. Originally education between the sexes. The authors also suggest that Penn State Law Review, published in v. 108, no. 1, 2003. fertility and family size are of growing significance for Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/ schooling in African settings. Originally published in RP1090/. Population Studies, v. 57, no. 2, 2003.

RP-1094 Assimilation Across the Latino Generation. RP-1104 Early Origins of the Gradient: The J. P. Smith. 2004. Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Infant This paper examines two aspects of generational mobility Mortality in the United States. B. K. Finch. 2004. of Hispanic and Mexican men—education and Although relationships between social conditions and wages—using data from four decennial Censuses between health have been documented for centuries, the past few 1940 and 1970, four special CPS supplements on language decades have witnessed the emergence of socioeconomic and immigration to cover the 1980's, and four successive gradients in health and mortality in most developed March CPS's starting in 1994 to represent the 1990's. The countries. These gradients indicate that health improves, findings show the 2nd and 3rd - generation Hispanic men although decreasingly so, at higher levels of have made great strides in closing their economic gaps socioeconomic status. To minimize problems with reverse American with native whites. Originally published in causality, I tested competing hypotheses for observed Economic Review, v. 93, no. 2, May 2003. socioeconomic gradients for infant mortality outcomes. I found no support for the income-inequality hypothesis and RP-1101 The Medicine Cabinet: What's in It, Why, negligible support for the occupational-grade hypothesis. and Can We Change the Contents? T. W. Croghan, P. M. The results indicate that absolute material conditions are Pittman. 2004. the most important determinants of socioeconomic effects The failure of the pharmaceutical industry to produce on the risk of infant mortality and that while poverty has drugs for common chronic diseases, emerging diseases, the most pronounced effect on risk, income is decreasingly and the potential threats of bioterrorism or the spread of salutary across the majority of the mortality gradient. tropical diseases contrasts sharply with the industry's Originally published in Demography, v. 40, no. 4, Nov. output of lifestyle and "me-too" drugs. In this paper the 2003, p. 675-699. authors review the decision-making process that resulted in our current portfolio of medicines and offer several RP-1107 ESDP and NATO: Assuring alternatives to better align business incentives with Complementarity. F. S. Larrabee. 2004. Health Affairs, medical need. Originally published in v. Since its inception, the European Security and Defense 23, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004. Policy (ESDP) has generated controversy and concern, especially in the United States. Although Washington has wanted a stronger European partner, it has also worried 183 that a stronger ESDP could undermine NATO and weaken In this paper, the author examines differentials in under- the transatlantic link. The debate over ESDP must be seen five mortality for the state of Säao Paulo, Brazil, between in the broader strategic context, which has been influenced urban and rural areas and by location within urban areas by the war in Kosovo, the effort to strengthen European over a 21-year period between 1970 and 1991. The author defense integration, the reorientation of U.S. strategic also investigates economic inequalities in under-five interests after the Cold War, and the Bush administration's mortality for urban areas. During the period 1970–1991, penchant for unilateral action and its suspicion of much of the infant and child mortality transition unfolded multilateral organizations—as shown by its actions in Iraq. in Säao Paulo. The author investigates whether these As ESDP proceeds, the United States and Europe need to improvements in mortality were accompanied by ensure that it strengthens transatlantic relations: (1) The narrowing differentials by place of residence and declining U.S. must accept that Europe needs some autonomous economic inequalities in mortality. The author draws on operational planning capability outside of NATO. (2) U.S. microdata from Brazilian censuses conducted in 1970, and European defense transformation must be closely 1980, and 1991. Originally published in Demographic harmonized. (3) How ESDP develops will depend in part Research, Special Collection 2, Article 14, April 16, 2004. on whether the U.S. maintains a unilateralist approach or Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/ returns to its former respect for multilateralism. (4) Europe RP1115 or http://www.demographic-research.org/special/ should eschew efforts to develop the EU as a 2/14/s2-14.pdf . counterweight to the United States. Originally published in The International Spectator, v. XXXIX, no. 1, January RP-1116 China's Economy, Resilience and Challenge. 2004. W. H. Overholt. 2004. China's economy has demonstrated extraordinary RP-1109 Differences in Medicare Expenditures resilience in the face of the global economy slowdown, the During the Last 3 Years of Life. L. R. Shugarman, C. E. SARS tragedy, and the stresses of WTO entry. This Bird, J. Lynn, J. R. Gabel, T. A. Louis, D. E. Campbell. resilience results from the successful shift to domestic-led 2004. growth and from rising productivity caused by economic Age-associated differences in aggregate Medicare reform, rising competition, and highly entrepreneurial payments for end-of-life care are more substantial than economic structure, and high levels of foreign direct other differences. The fact that other differences attenuate investment. China's successes are being achieved by in the last year of life (LYOL) may reflect having reforms that overcome severe challenges. Among these overcome barriers to health care, or reflect an effective challenges are a pressures on China to revalue its currency ceiling on the opportunities to provide services for persons and China's rapidly expanding money supply and with overwhelming illness. Originally published in Journal overheating economic expansion. What distinguishes of General Internal Medicine, v. 19, Feb. 2004, p. 127- China from other countries facing similar challenges is 135. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ that it has chosen a process of gradual reform and opening RP/RP1109/. that has proved successful in other Asia countries. It has also demonstrated an ability to form a workable leadership RP-1111 The Impact of Wives' Earnings on Earnings consensus regarding its most important problems, to Inequality Among Married-Couple Households in implement solutions in the face of great political and Malaysia. S. Amin, J. DaVanzo. 2004. social stress, and to overcome the stress by delivering large benefits for most of the Chinese people. Reprinted Using data from the First and Second Malaysian Family from Harvard China Review, Vol. V, Issue 1, Spring Life Surveys, we analyze the effects of wives' earnings on 2004, pp. 47-52. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ household earnings' inequality in Peninsular Malaysia in publications/RP/RP1116/. 1976 and 1988. We find that wives' earnings helped equalize the distribution of household earnings in RP-1120 The Environment of American Higher Malaysia, both at the two points in time and over time. Education: A Constellation of Changes. R. W. Benjamin. The equalizing effect of wives' earnings over time is in 2004. part due to the fact that the correlation between husbands' and wives' earnings decreased between 1976 and 1988. Originally published in The Annals of the American Originally published in Journal of Asian Economics, v. 15, Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 585, January issue 1, February 2004. 2003.

RP-1115 Urbanization, Development, and Under-Five RP-1122 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children's Mortality Differentials by Place of Residence in Säao Well-Being. A. R. Pebley, N. Sastry. 2004. Paulo, Brazil, 1970-1991. N. Sastry. 2004. 184

Originally published in Social Inequality / edited by Because Russia has important economic, political, and Kathryn M. Neckerman (New York: Russell Sage, 2004), strategic interests in the Black Sea region, developing a chapter 3, p. 119–145. strategy for managing the "Russian factor" is essential for forging a successful Western strategy toward the area. RP-1124 From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Although the lack of a unified view within the Russian Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking. P. L. Ellickson, M. elite regarding how to deal with the Black Sea region Orlando, J. S. Tucker, D. J. Klein. 2004. creates problems for the West, there are signs that Moscow may be willing to play a more constructive role OBJECTIVES. We used data gathered from 6259 youths in stabilizing the area. The Euro-Atlantic community has between the ages of 13 and 23 years to compare trends in three basic options for a strategy toward Russia in regard smoking among 4 racial/ethnic groups. METHODS. We to the Black Sea region: (1) rapid integration-incorporating weighted trend data to represent baseline respondent the region in Western institutions as fast as possible; (2) characteristics and evaluated these data with linear integration plus cooperation-modeled on the dual-track contrasts derived from multiple regression analyses. strategy pursued by the West toward Central Europe RESULTS. Although African Americans exhibited higher during the NATO enlargement process; and (3) initiation rates than Whites, they exhibited consistently cooperative engagement-seeking to engage Russia but lower rates of regular smoking than both Whites and proceeding only if Russian opposition can be overcome. Hispanics. This seeming anomaly was explained by The author believes that option 2 is the wisest choice but African Americans' lower rates of transition to regular notes that developing any coherent policy will depend on smoking and greater tendency to quit. Racial/ethnic the state of U.S.-European relations. He also suggests that disparities were accounted for by differences in pro- there may be a need to create new regional organizations- smoking influences. CONCLUSIONS. Reducing on the order of the Council of Baltic Sea States-to engage racial/ethnic disparities in smoking may require reducing Russia on Black Sea issues. Originally published in A New differences in the psychosocial factors that encourage Euro-Atlantic Strategy for the Black Sea Region, p. smoking. Reprinted from the American Journal of Public 147–156. Health, Vol. 94, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 293-299. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/ RP-1128 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: RP1124/. ACOVE Project Overview. N. S. Wenger, P. G. Shekelle, R. H. Brook, C. J. Kamberg, C. H. MacLean, C. P. Roth, RP-1126 Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled L. Z. Rubenstein, D. Saliba, J. F. Schnelle, E. M. Sloss, D. in Medicare+Choice Plans. L. S. Morales, J. A. H. Solomon, R. T. Young. 2004. Rogowski, V. A. Freedman, S. L. Wickstrom, J. L. Adams, J. J. Escarce. 2004. The Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders project endeavored to develop a comprehensive set of quality- OBJECTIVES: The authors examined the effect of assessment tools for ill older persons. Because "ill older demographic and socioeconomic factors on use of persons" constitute a heterogeneous cohort that is not preventive services (prostate-specific antigen testing, easily delineated, we created a system to identify high- colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccination) risk, community-dwelling individuals and targeted the among elderly men enrolled in 2 Medicare+Choice health most important clinical conditions affecting them. The plans. METHODS: Data were derived from administrative indicators are designed to measure care at the level of the files and a survey of 1915 male enrollees. They used health system or health plan. Reprinted from Annals of multivariate logistic regression to assess the effects of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, enrollee characteristics on preventive service use. 2001, pp. 642-646. Online access only: http://www. RESULTS: Age, marital status, educational attainment, rand.org/publications/RP/RP1128/. and household wealth were associated with receipt of one or more preventive services. However, the effects of these RP-1129 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: variables were substantially attenuated relative to earlier Methods of Developing Quality Indicators. P. G. studies of Medicare. CONCLUSIONS: Some Medicare Shekelle, S. C. Morton, C. H. MacLean, N. S. Wenger. HMOs have been successful in attenuating racial and 2004. socioeconomic disparities in the use of preventive services by older men. Reprinted from the American Journal of Quality of care can be measured by using either processes Public Health, Vol. 94, No. 5, May 2004, pp. 796-802. or outcomes. Each method has its strengths and Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ limitations. With the concurrence of the Assessing Care of RP/RP1126/. Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) Policy Advisory Committee, we chose to assess the care of vulnerable elders by using RP-1127 The Russian Factor in Western Strategy processes rather than outcomes. We did so because Toward the Black Sea Region. F. S. Larrabee. 2004. processes are a more efficient measure of quality; for most 185 conditions there are insufficient information in the medical assess the quality of care for patients with dementia. record and a paucity of validated models to adequately Methods: The methods for developing these quality adjust outcomes for differences in case mix between indicators, including literature review and expert panel providers; and ultimately, processes of care are amenable consideration, are detailed in another paper in this issue. to direct action by providers. To be a valid measure of For dementia, the structured literature review identified quality, a health care process must be strongly linked to an 2277 titles, from which abstracts and articles relevant to outcome that is important to patients. Ideally, high-quality this report were identified. On the basis of the literature published studies would link performance of all such and the authors' expertise, 30 potential quality indicators processes to outcomes; however, few health care processes were proposed. Results: Of the 30 potential quality are supported by high-quality evidence. Even when a indicators, 14 were judged to be valid by the expert panel process is supported by strong evidence from randomized process 3 were folded into other indicators, and 13 were clinical trials, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the not accepted. Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine, clinical trials leave the evidence directly applicable to only Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 668-676. a narrow group of patients. This is particularly true for Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ vulnerable elders, who are typically excluded from clinical RP/RP1130/. trials. Therefore, as we developed the ACOVE quality indicators, we used expert opinion to interpret the RP-1131 Quality Indicators for End-of-Life Care in available evidence for applicability to vulnerable elders. Vulnerable Elders. N. S. Wenger, K. E. Rosenfeld. 2004. Our methods entailed a literature review and several levels Care for vulnerable elders, many of whom may be near the of expert opinion, which we explain in detail. Reprinted end of life, has come under increasing scrutiny in the past from Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part decade. Studies demonstrate inadequate quality of care 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 647-652. Online access only: with regard to symptom control, matching of care with http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1129/. patient preferences, and optimal resource use at the end of life. In this paper the authors report on 14 indicators RP-1130 Quality Indicators for Dementia in developed to identify quality end-of-life care for Vulnerable Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Elders. vulnerable elders. The indicators, which aim to assess the T. W. Chow, C. H. MacLean. 2004. provision of care to achieve a "good death," focus on Dementia is defined by acquired, progressive impairment patient preferences for care and on palliation. Because of in two or more cognitive areas (for example, frontal the lack of clinical trial evidence relevant to end-of-life executive function, mood, or memory) that is severe care, most of the indicators reported in this paper are based enough to render a person dependent on others. Dementia on observational data and consensus opinion. Reprinted is a leading cause of disability among older adult patients; from Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part Alzheimer disease is the most common etiology. The 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 677-685. Online access only: prevalence of Alzheimer disease is approximately 2% http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1131/. among persons 60 to 64 years of age, and the prevalence increases exponentially every 5 years thereafter, reaching RP-1132 Quality Indicators for the Management and 40% among persons older than 80 years of age. The Prevention of Falls and Mobility Problems in Vulnerable prevalence of the other common dementias, including Elders. L. Z. Rubenstein, C. M. Powers, C. H. MacLean. vascular dementia, the combination of Alzheimer disease 2004. and vascular dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, Rubenstein LZ, Powers CM, MacLean CH. Quality ranges from 15% to 20%. The incidence of Alzheimer Indicators for the Management and Prevention of Falls and disease is approximately 266 000 cases per year. Because Mobility Problems in Vulnerable Elders, Falls and the older adult population will grow 50% over the next mobility problems are two of the most common and three decades, the need for dementia care will increase serious concerns facing older adults. In addition to significantly. Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia are reducing function and causing considerable morbidity and contributory causes of death among 19% of elders older mortality, falls and instability precipitate premature than 85 years of age, decreasing life expectancy by to 4 nursing home admissions. Impaired gait and balance, years. The mortality rate among patients with newly which rank among the most significant underlying causes diagnosed Alzheimer disease is twice that seen in age- of falls, are also common consequences of falls. Because matched, nonaffected persons in the community. Dementia older adults often do not report these problems to is the most common reason for placement of older adults physicians, they may go undetected until after preventable in nursing facilities. The advent of pharmacotherapy to injury and disabilities have occurred. Falls and mobility forestall cognitive decline presents new opportunities to problems generally result from multiple, diverse, and reduce disability during the course of Alzheimer disease interacting causes. After detecting a problem, clinicians and related dementias. This paper presents indicators to must use careful and thorough diagnostic approaches to 186 identify the most likely causes, contributing factors, and Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic condition associated comorbid conditions, many of which will affecting older persons. This condition is probably not a respond to intervention. Reprinted from Annals of Internal single disease but rather "a group of overlapping distinct Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Pt 2), Oct. 16, 2001, pp. diseases, which may have different etiologies but with 686–693. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ similar biologic, morphologic, and clinical outcomes" A publications/RP/RP1132/. common final result of these diseases, however, is the degeneration of articular cartilage with loss of the joint RP-1133 Quality Indicators for the Management of surface. Depending on the method of evaluation and the Heart Failure in Vulnerable Elders. G. C. Fonarow. 2004. diagnostic criteria used, estimates of symptomatic disease prevalence range from 50% to 80% in the elderly Heart failure imposes a significant burden on patients and population. Half of all disability among older persons has on the health care system. Vulnerable elders are at been attributed to arthritis. Osteoarthritis is associated with especially increased risk for morbidity and mortality from pain, functional disability (5, 6), and being homebound. heart failure. Elderly patients with heart failure frequently Although effective therapies exist to treat this disease, experience significant variation in processes and outcomes many are associated with substantial toxicities. Several of care. Improvements in processes of care for this high- studies have demonstrated regional and subspecialty risk group may substantially reduce disease burden and variations in the use of pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, improve patient outcomes. This project investigated the and surgical treatments. Indirect evidence suggests that relationship between processes and outcomes of care and these differences result in variations in outcomes and in aimed to develop explicit criteria to evaluate the quality of quality of care. On the basis of a comprehensive literature care of elderly patients with heart failure. Fourteen review, a set of process indicators to assess the quality of indicators were judges to be valid as measures of quality health care for vulnerable elders with osteoarthritis was of heart failure care for vulnerable elders. These indicators developed. This paper summarizes the methods used to may serve as a basis to compare the care provided by develop these indicators and reviews the evidence on different health care delivery systems and to compare the which they are based. METHODS The methods for change in care over time. Reprinted from Annals of developing these quality indicators, including literature Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, review and expert panel consideration, are detailed in a 2001, pp. 694-702. Online access only: http://www. preceding paper (10). For osteoarthritis, the structured rand.org/publications/RP/RP1133/. literature review identified 6201 titles from which abstracts and articles relevant to this report were RP-1134 Quality Indicators for Appropriate identified. Finally, the supporting evidence was Medication Use in Vulnerable Elders. E. L. Knight. 2004. supplemented with the author's own extensive files from Medication use provides an ideal opportunity for previous related work and with the recommendations of an monitoring quality of care in the vulnerable elders. external expert reviewer. On the basis of the literature and Because drugs are readily and unambiguously specified, the author's expertise, 18 potential quality indicators were and filled prescriptions and medication lists are proposed. The search terms and results of the literature increasingly computerized, automated screening is both review can be accessed at www.acponline.org/sci-policy/. practical and efficient. Furthermore, unlike many other RESULTS Of the 18 potential quality indicators, 11 were health care interventions, the evidence base for medication judged valid by the expert panel process (see the quality use is often clearly defined, despite the continuing indicators on pp 653–667) and 7 were not accepted problem of under-representation of vulnerable elderly (www.acponline.org/sci-policy/). Reprinted from Annals patients in clinical trials. Therefore, because medication of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, use plays a central role in geriatric practice, taken together 2001, pp. 711-721. Online access only: http://www. these characteristics of drug use make the systematic rand.org/publications/RP/RP1135/. surveillance of the quality of drug use one of the most promising approaches to improving the care of this RP-1136 Quality Indicators for the Management of important population. Reprinted from Annals of Internal Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Elders. J. M. Grossman, C. H. Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. MacLean. 2004. 703-710. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized publications/RP/RP1134/. by low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, and a consequent increase in bone fragility RP-1135 Quality Indicators for the Management of and susceptibility to fracture. Approximately 10 million Osteoarthritis in Vulnerable Elders. C. H. MacLean. people in the United States, 80% of whom are women, 2004. have osteoporosis, and another 18 million (83% women) have low bone mass. Osteoporosis is a major cause of 187 morbidity and death in older persons. The clinical medications and nonpharmacologic interventions also complications of osteoporosis include fractures, most must be considered, especially when results with the commonly vertebral, hip, and forearm; disability; former are felt to be less than satisfactory or the burden of deformity; and chronic pain. For women who are 50 years potential adverse effects outweighs the benefits. While of age, the estimated lifetime risk for osteoporotic fracture patients desire relief of symptoms, complete relief for is 54%. For white men who are 50 years of age, the patients with chronic pain is often unobtainable, and lifetime risk for hip fracture is an estimated 5% to 6%. treatment decisions require that patients and physicians Studies suggest that the prevalence of vertebral fractures is continually weigh the risks against the benefits. This similar for men and women. Approximately 4% of patients review describes quality indicators developed to measure older than 50 years of age who experience a hip fracture the quality of care associated with chronic pain will die while in the hospital, and 24% will die within 1 management in vulnerable elders. These indicators do not year of experiencing hip fracture. In the United States in pertain to management of cancer pain or treatment of pain 1995, osteoporotic fractures cost an estimated $13.8 that is acute in nature. Although few experts disagree that billion. Methods: The methods for developing the ACOVE painful conditions should be treated, less consensus exists quality indicators for the management of osteoporosis, on specific treatments for particular conditions. For this including the literature review and expert panel reason, indicators have been proposed for the general consideration, are detailed elsewhere in this supplement. A management of chronic pain in areas in which evidence is structured literature review found 2960 titles on strong or a consensus among experts exists. For the osteoporosis, from which abstracts and articles were following reasons, indicators for specific pharmacologic identified that were relevant to this report. Based on the therapies for specific conditions were not proposed: 1) literature and the authors' expertise, 24 potential quality highly prevalent conditions, such as osteoarthritis, with indicators were proposed. Results: Of the 24 potential good evidence for specific therapies are addressed quality indicators, 9 were judged to be valid by the expert elsewhere; 2) for most painful conditions, definitive panel process, 3 additional indicators were accepted and evidence favoring one pain therapy over another is merged into the indicators presented in this paper, and 12 lacking; and 3) because the information physicians need to were not accepted. We summarize the literature supporting make optimal therapeutic decisions is complex, each of the indicators judged to be valid by the expert implementation of indicators to measure the quality of panel process. Reprinted from Annals of Internal such decisions on the basis of medical records or patient Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. perceptions is problematic. This review focuses on Pp. 722-730. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ screening, general management, and follow-up of chronic publications/RP/RP1136/. painful conditions and identifies indicators that may be applied to the evaluation of quality of care for vulnerable RP-1137 Quality Indicators for Pain Management in elders with chronic pain. Methods: The methods for Vulnerable Elders. J. Chodosh, B. A. Ferrell, P. G. developing these quality indicators, including literature Shekelle, N. S. Wenger. 2004. review and expert panel consideration, are detailed elsewhere. For pain management, the structured literature Pain occurs frequently with disease and is prevalent in review identified 7297 titles, from which relevant abstracts older people. Population-based studies suggest that 25% to and articles were identified. On the basis of the literature 40% of community-dwelling elders have pain-related and the authors' expertise, 16 potential quality indicators problems. Studies have reported as high as a twofold were proposed. Results: Of the 16 potential quality increase in painful conditions in persons older than 60 indicators for management of chronic pain, 6 were judged years of age relative to younger persons. The prevalence is to be valid by the expert panel process, and one new even greater among residents of long-term care facilities, indicator was created by the panel; 2 were merged into where as many as 71% to 83% of residents have at least indicators in other sections, and 8 were rejected We one pain-associated problem. The consequences and costs describe the literature summaries that support each of the of pain in elderly persons are substantial. The association indicators judged to be valid by the expert panel process. of pain with depression, social isolation, sleep disturbance, Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. gait impairment, and increased use of health services with 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 731-735. Online access their attendant costs is well documented. Chronic pain only: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1137/. means different things to different patients and physicians. For the purposes of this review, chronic pain is defined as RP-1138 Quality Indicators for the Management of "persistent or episodic pain of a duration or intensity that Pneumonia in Vulnerable Elders. D. C. Rhew. 2004. adversely affects the function or well-being of the patient". Although pharmacologic treatment with traditional Pneumonia is the most common cause of death from analgesics is the most common form of pain treatment in infection in persons 60 years of age and older and is the older patients, the use of complementary and alternative fourth most common cause of death overall for persons 80 188 years of age and older. Furthermore, the annual cost of assisted toileting programs. Nursing home residents are treating patients with pneumonia in the United States is older and frailer than community-dwelling elders and have approximately $9.7 billion, and most of this cost is caregivers available 24 hours per day. As a result, major incurred when patients (the majority of whom are older) differences exist in how incontinence can be assessed and are hospitalized. It has been estimated that 962 patients per treated in the nursing home compared with the 100,000 persons 65 years and older will require community. This paper describes incontinence quality hospitalization for pneumonia annually; this figure is indicators that can be applied to vulnerable community- nearly four times the rate in the general population. The dwelling elders who may be treated across the spectrum of vulnerable older patient is at even greater risk for death care, from primary care physicians to surgical specialists. and morbidity from pneumonia, and improving quality of Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. care for this high-risk population may lead to substantial 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 752-758. Online access reductions in morbidity and mortality. Reprinted from only: http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1170/. Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 736-743. Online access only: RP-1141 Reporting About Health Care Quality: A http://www.rand.org/publications/RP/RP1138/. Guide to the Galaxy. D. E. Kanouse, M. Spranca, M. E. Vaiana. 2004. RP-1139 Quality Indicators for Prevention and A review of research on the reporting of health care Management of Pressure Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders. B. quality information and related fields in applied social and M. Bates-Jensen. 2004. cognitive science led to identification of seven basic Pressure ulcers can lead to pain, disfigurement, and slow principles that should be followed when planning to report recovery from comorbid conditions. They interfere with health care quality information to consumers or other activities of daily living, predispose to osteomyelitis and audiences: (a) know the audience: who they are, what they septicemia, and are strongly associated with longer care about, and what actions they can take; (b) identify hospital stays and mortality. Frailty and chronic illness, constraints that limit what is feasible; (c) consider barriers both common among older adults, predispose to pressure and facilitators to achieving objectives; (d) identify ulcers. The prevalence of pressure ulcers is 10% to 14% specific behaviors to target for change, and prioritize among hospitalized patients of all ages and up to 24% objectives; (e) design a report that specifically among patients in nursing homes. One goal of Healthy incorporates priorities and reflects trade-offs; (f) develop a People 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers plan for promotion and dissemination from the beginning; in nursing home patients by 50%. Prevention and and (g) build in ongoing testing and evaluation to identify treatment of pressure ulcers are an important aspect of care successes and areas needing improvement. Case studies for vulnerable elders. This paper presents quality provide many examples of unsuccessful reporting efforts indicators for the prevention and care of pressure ulcers that might have succeeded had these guiding principles among vulnerable elders and the evidence supporting these been followed. Reprinted from Health Promotion indicators. Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine, Practice, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 2004, pp. 222-231 Vol. 135, No. 8 (Part 2), October 16, 2001, pp. 744-751. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ RP/RP1141/. RP/RP1139/. RP-1142 Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in RP-1140 Quality Indicators for the Management of Mortality in Developing Countries: The Case of Child Urinary Incontinence in Vulnerable Elders. J. F. Schnelle, Survival in Säao Paulo, Brazil. N. Sastry. 2004. R. L. Smith. 2004. The author examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities The prevalence of urinary incontinence in in under-five mortality for the state of Säao Paulo, Brazil, noninstitutionalized persons older than 60 years of age is over a 21-year period from 1970 to 1991, during which 15% to 35%; of these, 25% to 30% have frequent episodes much of the mortality transition unfolded. During this of urinary incontinence. The significance of urinary time, there was a decline in inequality in under-five incontinence may vary from minimal to severe, with mortality by household wealth but a substantial increase extreme activity limitation and social isolation. For by mother's education. Improvements in infrastructure and example, several reports have linked urinary incontinence economic development were associated with lower levels in community-dwelling elders with fall and depression. of socioeconomic inequality in under-five mortality. Urinary incontinence also imposes significant Mother's education emerged as the key factor underlying psychosocial distress on family, friends, and caregivers. socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality even as Urinary incontinence is even more prevalent in the nursing levels of education for women increased and inequality in home than in the community. In nursing homes, however, schooling fell. Reprinted from Demography, Vol. 41, No. urinary incontinence is known to be very treatable with 189

3, 2004, pp. 443-464. Online access only: http://www. planning programs in developing countries. To gauge rand.org/publications/RP/RP1142/. changes in opinion on these issues since then, some of the 1998 questions were asked in an omnibus 2003 survey. RP-1144 Effect of Variability in the Interpretation of The results indicate continuing high support for requiring Coronary Angiograms on the Appropriateness of Use of US health insurers to cover family planning services (87 Coronary Revascularization Procedures. L. L. Leape, R. percent in 1998 and 84 percent in 2003), but some loss of E. Park, T. M. Bashore, J. K. Harrison, C. J. Davidson, R. support (from 80 to 69 percent) for US sponsorship of H. Brook. 2004. family planning programs in developing countries. Opinion remains divided on the policy of prohibiting BACKGROUND: Evidence from numerous studies of nongovernmental organizations from receiving federal coronary angiography show differences between funding for performing or actively promoting abortion observers' assessments of 15% to 45%. The implication of services. The authors explore several possible explanations this variation is serious: If readings are erroneous, some for these findings, including the role changing presidential patients will undergo revascularization procedures policy may have had in shaping opinion regarding family unnecessarily and others will be denied an essential planning aid for developing countries. Originally treatment. The authors evaluated the variation in published in Studies in Family Planning, v. 35, no. 3 interpretation of angiograms and its potential effect on (Sept. 2004). Online access: http://www.rand.org/ appropriateness of use of revascularization procedures. publications/RP/RP1148/. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiograms of 308 randomly selected patients previously studied for RP-1149 The Right Stuff: Defense Planning appropriateness of angiography, coronary artery bypass Challenges for a New Century. F. S. Larrabee. 2004. grafting (CABG), and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were interpreted by a blinded panel of In the coming decade, the United States will face a 3 experienced angiographers and compared with the different and more challenging security environment than original interpretations. The potential effect on differences it did during the Cold War. Meeting the challenges of on the appropriateness of revascularization was assessed growing instability in Muslim regions, threatening non- by use of the RAND criteria. Technical deficiencies were state actors, political shifts in northeast Asia, the found in 52% of cases. Panel readings tended to show less accelerated proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, significant disease (none in 16% of vessels previously read and the needs of postwar reconstruction in such places as as showing significant disease), less severity of stenosis Iraq and Afghanistan will require significant adjustments (43% lower, 6% higher), and lower extent of disease (23% in the force posture investment priorities of the U.S. armed less, 6% more). The classification of CABG changed from forces. Domestic factors, especially the growing budget necessary/appropriate to uncertain/inappropriate for 17% deficit, could also affect the willingness of the American to 33% of cases when individual ratings were replaced by public to support large increases in the defense budget. panel readings. CONCLUSIONS: The general level of Adapting to these challenges will require the second Bush technical quality of coronary angiography is administration to make hard choices regarding investment unsatisfactory. Variation in the interpretation of priorities-choices that will be controversial within the angiograms was substantial in all measures and tended to armed services. The United States will need to give higher be higher in individual than in panel readings. The effect priority to equipment and forces designed to fight wars “in was to lead to a potential overestimation of the shadows,” as opposed to major conventional wars, and appropriateness of use of CABG by 17% and of PTCA by then to undertake effective postwar reconstruction. 10%. These findings indicate the need for increased Originally published in The National Interest, no. 77, Fall attention to the technical quality of studies and an 2004. independent second reading for angiograms before recommending revascularization. Reprinted from the American Heart Journal, Vol. 139, No. 1, Jan 2000, pp. 106-113. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ publications/RP/RP1144/. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

RP-1148 Changes in American Opinion About CF-193-OSTP The Office of Science and Family Planning. C. A. Grammich, J. DaVanzo, K. Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Stewart. 2004. Biological Terrorism Directed Against Livestock. T. K. A 1998 public opinion survey conducted in the United Kelly, P. Chalk, J. Bonomo, J. Parachini, B. A. Jackson, States indicated high levels of support for many family G. Cecchine. 2004. planning policies, including US health insurance coverage Motivated by the growing threat of terrorism to the of family planning services and US sponsorship of family nation's homeland, the Office of Science and Technology, 190 in conjunction with the RAND Science and Technology one or more sensors (possibly of various types or different Policy Institute, organized and convened a Blue Ribbon levels of abstraction) to facilitate building systems that test Panel in early December 2003 to prioritize a future hypotheses about malicious insider activity. Workshop research and development agenda for combating members also considered what databases would aid in this biological acts of agro-terrorism directed against U.S. research if they were available. Online access: livestock and related produce. This report contains the http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF196/. papers submitted for the two-day conference, provides an overview of the findings and recommendations of CF-201-CAPP/ORF U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue. the forum's breakout groups, and discusses the wider R. Lal, R. Rajagopalan. 2004. threat contingencies related to agro-terrorism. Online Until recently, India and the United States had limited access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF193/. interactions and few cooperative endeavors. However, the Related files and documents: http://www.rand.org/scitech/ relationship has improved dramatically over the past stpi/Bioagpanel/. several years. Because the candid exchange of ideas is the key to ensuring that differences of interests and CF-194-OSTP The U.S. Scientific and Technical perspectives do not lead back to the estrangement that Workforce Improving Data for Decisionmaking. T. K. characterized the relationship between the two countries Kelly, W. P. Butz, S. J. Carroll, D. M. Adamson, G. for the last half-century, the Observer Research Bloom. 2004. Foundation and the RAND Corporation held a "strategic Concerns about the size and adequacy of the U.S. dialogue" in New Delhi on December 10–11, 2003. The scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematics meeting brought together scholars, diplomats, and workforce have been voiced repeatedly over the years, functionaries from the governments of India and the though surpluses have been more common than shortages. United States to discuss policy issues important to both The RAND Corporation convened conference documented countries. This report is designed in part to keep here worked to explore the limitations of existing data and decisionmakers in Washington and New Delhi-as well as to uncover possible improvements. This volume presents others interested in improving U.S.-India relations- the papers delivered and discussed at the workshop, as informed of the current thinking of leading intellectuals on well as RAND's synthesis of workforce data needs and these issues, to acquaint them with areas of consensus, and opportunities for meeting those needs. Online access: to provide insights that will help them understand how http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF194/. each country's strategic perspective on each issue could affect the bilateral relationship between the two nations. CF-196-ARDA Understanding the Insider Threat: Discussion topics were organized in five panels: National Proceedings of a March 2004 Workshop. R. C. Brackney, Security Strategies and the Future of U.S.-India Relations; R. H. Anderson. 2004. The Campaign Against Terrorism; Pakistan's Internal Security and Politics; Postwar Afghanistan; and Political Perhaps the greatest threat that the intelligence community Trends in the Gulf Region. Online access: (IC) must address in the area of information assurance is http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF201/. the "insider threat"-malevolent (or possibly inadvertent) actions by an already trusted person with access to CF-203-CC Engaging Russia as Partner and sensitive information and information systems. This Participant: The Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations. document reports the results of a workshop that brought R. E. Hunter, S. M. Rogov. 2004. together IC members with specific knowledge of IC document management systems and IC business practices; Relations between the Russian Federation and the West persons with knowledge of insider attackers, both within have evolved steadily since the end of the Cold War, and outside the IC; and researchers involved in developing especially since the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was technology to counter insider threats. Plenary and breakout established in May 2002. In late 2001, the RAND sessions discussed various aspects of the problem, Corporation and the Institute for the USA and Canada including intelligence community system models, Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISKRAN) vulnerabilities and exploits, attacker models, and event created a North American-European-Russian working characterization. Participants listed the following group to examine the growing cooperation between the challenges: defining an effective way of monitoring what North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russia people do with their cyber access; developing policies and and to suggest ways to foster it. The Working Group on procedures to create as bright a line as possible between NATO-Russia relations does not suggest that Russia seek allowed and disallowed behaviors; considering or be offered NATO membership. Rather, the group sociological and psychological factors and creating better suggests that Russia become more deeply involved, as an cooperation between information systems personnel and equal partner, in NATO deliberations, including in regard human resources personnel; and combining events from to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. It also 191 suggests fostering practical cooperation at all levels, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/ including militarily, in areas of mutual concern. The goal CT216/. is that NATO and Russia should share responsibilities and reinforce efforts to build security and free societies across CT-217 Analyzing China's Defense Industries and the Eurasia. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Implications for Chinese Military Modernization. E. S. CF/CF203/. Medeiros. 2004. Testimony presented to the U.S.-China Economic and CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP The United States, Europe, Security Review Commission on February 6, 2004. Online and the Wider Middle East. S. Chubin, B. Hoffman, W. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT217/. Rosenau. 2004. Middle East policy continues to be dominated by the CT-218 Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the proliferation of weapons of Management Act of 2004. J. Dobbins. 2004. mass destruction (WMD), Iraq security, and other chronic Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on Foreign security problems. At the same time, however, the region Relations on March 3, 2004. Online access: and, by extension, the United States and Europe face a http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT218/. variety of new policy challenges, including the spread of Islamist extremism, the growth of al-Qaida and affiliated CT-219 A Fresh Start for Haiti? Charting Future U.S. groups, and the growing rift between the West and the Haitian Relations. J. Dobbins. 2004. wider Middle East. This combination of new and perennial challenges served as the backdrop for an informal Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on Foreign discussion among a group of experts who gathered on June Relations Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace 27–29, 2004, at a workshop focusing on the United States, Corps, and Narcotic Affairs on March 10, 2004. Online Europe, and the greater Middle East, which was hosted by access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT219/. the Center for Middle East Public Policy, a RAND National Security Research Division program, and the CT-220 Improving Terrorism Warnings--The Geneva Centre for Security Policy. The attendees explored Homeland Security System. M. A. Wermuth. 2004. a set of five topics: the insurgency in Iraq, the Arab-Israeli Testimony presented to the House Committee on situation, the terrorist threat, internal security in Saudi Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Arabia, and Iran and the proliferation of WMD. Each topic Emerging Threats, and International Relations on March was addressed with an eye toward understanding their 16, 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ implications for the region as a whole and exploring what publications/CT/CT220/. the broader consequences might be for American and European policy. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ CT-221 Developing and Using General and Flag publications/CF/CF210/. Officers. H. Thie. 2004. Testimony presented to the House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Total Force on March 24, 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ TESTIMONY CT/CT221/.

CT-215 Strengthening Research & Development for CT-222 Deployment, Retention, and Compensation. Wind Hazard Mitigation. C. Meade. 2004. J. R. Hosek. 2004. Testimony presented to the Committee on Science of the Testimony presented to the House Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives on February 9, 2004. Committee, Subcommittee on Total Force on March 24, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/ 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ CT215/. CT/CT222/.

CT-216 Empowering State and Local Emergency CT-223 Toward an Expeditionary Army: New Preparedness: Recommendations of the Advisory Panel to Options for Combatant Commanders. E. Peltz. 2004. Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Testimony presented to the House Armed Services Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction. M. A. Wermuth. Committee, Subcommittee on Total Force on March 24, 2004. 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Testimony presented to the Committee on the Judiciary, CT/CT223/. Council of the District of Columbia on February 6, 2004. 192

CT-224 Terrorism and Rail Security. K. J. Riley. Testimony presented to the Congressional-Executive 2004. Commission on China on September 23, 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT232-1/. Testimony presented to the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee on March 23, 2004. Online CT-239 Roles and Issues of NASA's Wind Tunnel and access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT224/. Propulsion Test Facilities for American Aeronautics. P. S. Antâon. 2005. CT-225 The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on Transatlantic Cooperation in the War on Terror. J. Testimony presented to the House of Representatives Dobbins. 2004. Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics on March 16, 2005. Online access: Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on Foreign http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT239/. Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs on March 31, 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ publications/CT/CT225/.

CT-226 Terrorism and the Security of Public Surface CORPORATE PUBLICATIONS Transportation. B. M. Jenkins. 2004. Testimony presented to the Senate Committee on Judiciary CP-22-0404 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring on April 8, 2004. Online access: http://www. 2004. C. Benard, B. Hoffman, B. M. Jenkins, R. Sturm, rand.org/publications/CT/CT226/. D. Lakdawalla, P. S. Antâon, J. Godges. 2004. The cover story argues that new threats to national security CT-227 Public Health Preparedness in California: represent fundamental changes in the ecology of conflict. Lessons from Seven Jurisdictions. N. Lurie. 2004. Related stories characterize terrorist leaders as corporate Testimony presented to the California Senate Committee CEOs and suggest how the West could promote an Islamic on Health and Human Services on June 2, 2004. Online reformation. A story on obesity charts the growing costs access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT227/. and disabilities associated with the epidemic. Shorter articles discuss the deficiencies of educational proficiency CT-228 Hong Kong at the Crossroads. W. H. standards and the need to retain wind tunnels. News items Overholt. 2004. cover the varied levels of preparedness for homeland security, the shifting South Korean attitudes toward Testimony presented to the House Committee on America, the trends shaping the future workplace, the International Relations, Subcommittee on Asia and the positive influences against smoking among African Pacific on June 23, 2004. Online access: American youth, and the ability of new clinical http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT228/. interventions to erase disparities in care for depression. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ CT-229-1 Identifying Federally Funded Research and randreview/issues/spring2004/. Development on Information Technology. D. Fossum. 2004. CP-22-0408 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer Testimony presented to the House Committee on 2004. E. A. McGlynn, B. Hoffman, J. T. Quinlivan, J. Government Reform on July 7, 2004. Online access: Grant, M. van het Loo, S. A. Law, S. Anton, J. A. K. http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT229-1/. Cave, R. T. Reville, P. E. Higginbotham, R. R. Katz, K. R. Feinberg, D. M. Studdert, S. Garber, D. R. Hensler, E. CT-231-1 Combating Terrorism: The 9/11 Talley, R. S. Peck, G. K. Ridgeway, J. Godges. 2004. Commission Recommendations and the National The cover story presents data that communities can use to Strategies. J. Parachini. 2004. improve the quality of health care at the local level. An Testimony presented to the House Committee of article on Iraq enumerates the conditions that would justify Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, a draft on behalf of the country—and the conditions that Emerging Threats, and International Relations on would not. An article on U.K. policy research suggests September 22, 2004. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ ways to improve its commissioning, management, use, publications/CT/CT231-1/. evaluation, and dissemination. Nine essays on the future of civil justice mark the 25th anniversary of the RAND CT-232-1 The Hong Kong Legislative Election of Institute for Civil Justice. Shorter stories discuss the state September 12, 2004: Assessment and Implications. W. H. of civil rights, the economics of unsafe sex, the Iraqi Overholt. 2004. counterinsurgency, fears of terrorism among British 193 businesses, the U.S. Coast Guard's modernization plan, evolving policy priorities since the early 1990s. Online and the results of California's 1975 legislation to reform access: http://www.rand.org/publications/CP/CP478/ medical malpractice laws. Online access: CP478.pdf. http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summ er2004/.

CP-22-0412 RAND Review. Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004. S. Lara-Cinisomo, A. R. Pebley, M. E. Vaiana, E. OCCASIONAL PAPERS Maggio, M. Berends, S. Lucas, B. J. Asch, J. R. Hosek, F. Wu, W. P. Butz, L. S. Dixon, R. T. Reville, J. Godges. OP-101-RC Clean, Lean and Able: A Strategy for 2004. Defense Development. D. C. Gompert, O. Oliker, A. Timilsina. 2004. The cover story proposes ways to adjust the U.S. military’s personnel and compensation system for the sake Just a decade ago, dramatic developments held out the of military transformation. Other feature articles discuss promise of a secure, free, prosperous, fair, and inclusive the influence of family socioeconomic background on world. There was hope that the East would democratize, student educational achievement and the lessons of the the South would develop, and both would join the West in Green Revolution for the “Gene Revolution.” Shorter a global commonwealth of political and economic stories discuss terrorism compensation, family planning, freedom. Despite some notable successes, today's reality delayed kindergarten entrance, suburban sprawl, airport falls well short of that vision. Since the end of the Cold security, and state and local preparations for future War, the gap in per capita annual income between rich and terrorist attacks. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ poor countries has grown, vast populations in Africa and publications/randreview/issues/fall2004/. elsewhere exist in destitution and desperation, and undeveloped regions still suffer under authoritarian rule, CP-477 Project Libra: Optimizing Individual and economic mismanagement, ethnic feuding, and Public Interests in Information Technology. E. Balkovich, international disputes. Add to the equation the T. K. Bikson, D. J. Farber, R. E. Kraut, J. Morris, P. proliferation of dangerous weapons, the rise of religious Shane, J. Smith. 2004. fanaticism, and the predation of terrorists, and the result is that these regions are becoming not less but more New information technologies have created unprecedented hazardous to themselves and to the rest of the world. This opportunities to collect, store, and transfer information in issue paper examines the ineffective, wasteful, ways that make our lives both easier and safer, but the unaccountable, and often kleptocratic character of potential for these technologies to be used in ways that developing countries, defense institutions, including their diminish our privacy and civil liberties is equally militaries. It discusses defense development—also known unprecedented. Effective decisionmaking in this domain as defense-sector reform—for countries that should be will require many kinds of knowledge. To build this going through political and economic transition. The knowledge base, the RAND Corporation and Carnegie authors argue that approaches to defense development to Mellon University propose an integrated, multidisciplinary date have lacked strategic commitment, clear institutional research program to be conducted within a living responsibility, objective metrics, and leverage. They point laboratory embodying next-generation information out that the security situation in much of the developing technology on the Carnegie Mellon campus. Its goal is to world is bad enough to warrant shaping up and cleaning inform national discussions about technical issues and up and this paper is intended to provoke a critical and policy choices associated with information technology as urgent look at this problem and how it should be tackled. it relates to privacy. This paper presents a vision of that Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/ research program. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ OP101/. publications/CP/CP477/CP477.pdf. OP-103-RC Collecting the Dots: Problem CP-478 Science and Technology Policy Institute: A Formulation and Solution Elements. M. C. Libicki, S. L. Report to the President, Analytic Perspectives on Science Pfleeger. 2004. and Technology Issues Facing the Nation. D. M. Adamson, H. Rippen. 2004. The prevailing view in the intelligence and public safety communities is that forestalling major threats such as December 2003 marked the end of the RAND terrorist attacks or epidemics requires weaving together Corporation's federal contract for managing the Science disconnected pieces of information to reveal broader and Technology Policy Institute (S&TPI). This report patterns; in more common terms, we call this "connecting reviews and reflects on RAND's experience as it mirrors the dots." In this paper, we argue that connecting the dots changes in the broader U.S. S&T policy environment and is less likely to happen unless one takes a prior step: 194

"collecting the dots," that is, bringing scattered pieces of scenarios to assess the value of networking capabilities for information into some proximity to each other to enable each scenario. The authors conclude that the ability to pattern recognition. This paper is intended to help gather, fuse, and share information is important for decisionmakers understand the dimensions of solving the overcoming nearly all operational problems associated problem of "collecting the dots." Any solution involves with nonpermissive contingencies other than war. In identifying what information is important and improving addition, networking has particular advantages in finding, its circulation within communities that are in a position to distinguishing, and destroying resistance; pursuing connect the dots so collected. The paper describes distributed objectives, controlling wide areas, and seizing organizational and informational barriers to "collecting the critical points; rescuing, evacuating, and protecting dots" and explores the characteristics of potential solutions noncombatants; eliminating residual threats and restoring to overcoming them. Online access: http:// order; and minimizing damage and casualties while www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP103/. accomplishing those tasks. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP109/. OP-108-OSD Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Military Manpower and OP-110-RC Coordinating the War on Terrorism. L. Personnel Policy? B. J. Asch, J. R. Hosek. 2004. E. Davis, G. F. Treverton, D. Byman, S. A. Daly, W. Rosenau. 2004. The purpose of the military's transformation effort is to ensure that it has the capabilities it needs to defend the The war on terrorism has changed Americans' lives and United States against a spectrum of unknown and strained the capacities of their government. The federal uncertain threats. Such transformation requires a government confronts a confounding array of choices reassessment of both the military's current manpower and about priorities and coordination. The new war calls on the personnel policies and the factors that will affect the panoply of instruments within the federal continued success of the all-volunteer force over the next government—from military action to law enforcement, decade and beyond. This paper, prepared for the from intelligence to diplomacy. Each of the main Conference on the All-Volunteer Force After 30 Years, government departments (Homeland Security, State, describes how transformation is defined in the military and Justice, Defense, Treasury) has a major role, but none can discusses the likely implications of transformation for succeed on its own, and the number of agencies involved military manpower requirements and whether the existing in aspects of counterterrorism is large and growing. This military personnel management and compensation systems Occasional Paper addresses the question of how the war support those transformation-related goals. Finally, it on terrorism should be coordinated within the executive examines the types of personnel management and branch of the federal government, in particular within the compensation policy changes that might be required. The White House. It begins by surveying the historical record authors conclude that the major challenge to transforming and then lays out the critical choices. The authors the military compensation and personnel management recommend that the war on terrorism should be managed systems is increasing the flexibility for managing by the White House, although with considerable personnel and supporting a culture of creativity, devolution of operating responsibilities to lead agencies; entrepreneurial activity, and intelligent risk-taking. They that all counterterrorism coordinating responsibility should examine several compensation approaches: expanded lie with the National Security Council; and that the newly performance appraisals; awards for creativity and created Terrorist Threat Integration Center be given innovation; a voluntary duty assignment system; and pay- greater analytical responsibility for coordinating foreign for-performance schemes. Online access: and domestic human intelligence collection. Online http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP108/. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP110/.

OP-109-RC Stretching the Network: Using OP-111-FF External Audiences for Test-Based Transformed Forces in Demanding Contingencies Other Accountability: The Perspectives of Journalists and Than War. D. C. Gompert, H. Pung, K. A. O'Brien, J. Foundations. L. S. Hamilton, B. M. Stecher. 2004. Peterson. 2004. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires states to In the United States, transformation to a networked force adopt test-based accountability systems designed to is being pursued mainly to preserve and bolster the ability promote improved achievement by setting clear goals for to prevail decisively in major expeditionary war. But can student learning, measuring students' progress toward networking solve common operational challenges in those goals, and holding educators accountable for this nonpermissive contingencies short of war? The authors progress through the dissemination of results and the describe the capabilities of networked forces and examine imposition of rewards, sanctions, and assistance. Although their utility for meeting the challenges of these lesser much has been written about the law, little has been contingencies. They then analyze ten possible hypothetical written about the interaction of NCLB with external 195 audiences that do not have formal connections with the cooperation, in part because of the history of mutual schools. This study focuses on two key external audiences distrust. Yet the two nations have cooperated on issues that are involved in public education and that frequently large and small, demonstrating that the problems can be use data from schools and districts in their work—print overcome. Indeed, the common goals and needs make it journalists and foundation program officers. The authors imperative that they do so. Even modest cooperative use insights from conversations with journalists and activities, as long as they are built across the wide span of program officers to identify ways to improve the utility of the region, may help the two nations to advance their own information from test-based accountability systems. They goals while building a better mutual relationship. Online summarize the data needs of the two groups and the access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP118/. problems they encounter when trying to interpret test results and offer advice to the producers of performance OP-127-IPC/CMEPP Insurgency and Counter- reports and analyses (states, school districts, and insurgency in Iraq. B. Hoffman. 2004. researchers) and to the external consumers of those reports For 50 years, the United States has had ill-fated (journalists and program officers) on how to enhance the experiences in effectively fighting insurgencies. In utility of the information. Online access: counterinsurgency terms, Vietnam and Iraq form two legs http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP111/. of a historically fraught triangle-with El Salvador providing the connecting leg. In light of this history, the OP-117-CAPP The Lessons of the Asian and Latin author analyzes where the United States has gone wrong in American Financial Crises for Chinese Bond Market. W. Iraq; what unique challenges the conflict presents to H. Overholt. 2004. coalition forces deployed there; and what light both shed A well-regulated bond market could help the Chinese on future counterinsurgency planning, operations, and government fund itself, help fund companies that could requirements. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ create the jobs China so desperately needs, and enable publications/OP/OP127/. companies, pension funds, insurance funds, and social security funds to match their assets and liabilities properly. OP-132-RC Assimilating Immigrants: Why America This would help stabilize China both financially and Can and France Cannot. R. A. Levine. 2004. socially. Because China now has significant government The United States and France differ greatly in their debt, combined with a history of not letting that debt get responses to mass immigration. The U.S. adapts is own out of control, it has the potential to develop a culture and that of the immigrants, most recently with sophisticated government bond market that could become Latinos. France wants the immigrants to do it all. As a the foundation both for a large Chinese corporate bond result, the Muslim North Africans of France's first wave of market and, when the currency is fully convertible, for a mass immigration are not assimilating well. The author regional bond market. The Asian crisis teaches us not only compares the two current cases and briefly discusses the that Asian countries need bond markets to stabilize their policy implications: The U.S. seems on its best course, but finances but also that bond markets will be unstable France needs policy changes to at least keep the peace. without painful reforms to ensure rigorous accounting, Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/ transparency, strong bankruptcy and foreclosure laws, an OP132/. effective legal system, and bank accountability. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP117/. OP-134-RC Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It. C. Wolf, B. Rosen. 2004. OP-118-CMEPP/CRE Carnegie-RAND Workshop on the Future of the Greater Middle East and the Prospects The authors propose a new approach to conceptualizing for U.S.-Russian Partnership. O. Oliker. 2004. and conducting public diplomacy, defined as a process of informing and convincing foreign publics, especially those The greater Middle East includes Central and South Asia in the Muslim world, that the ideals Americans cherish- and the Caucasus—a proximity that is one reason for such as pluralism, freedom, women's rights, and Russian concern about the region. The war on terrorism democracy-are fundamental human values that will has only heightened U.S. interests there. Can these former resonate in their own countries. The approach they competitors work together for the benefit of all? The propose sharply differentiates public diplomacy from the RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Moscow Center marketing of commercial goods and services, focusing convened a workshop in Moscow in September 2003 to instead on the central roles of constituencies and examine these issues. Participants discussed regional adversaries in public diplomacy. Associated with this security issues, U.S. and Russian policy agendas for consideration are two questions rarely addressed in most selected countries, and prospects for U.S.-Russian discussions of public diplomacy: (1) Should the U.S. partnership. It was easier to identify common goals, government be the only, or even the main, transmitter of interests, and viewpoints than to identify concrete areas for 196 public diplomacy's content, rather than sharing this The effectiveness of attacks on time critical targets function with such other potential transmitters as (suppression of enemy air defenses, interdiction, and anti- nongovernmental (nonprofit) organizations and theater ballistic missile missions) often depends on responsible business, labor, and academic entities? (2) decisions made by the adversary. Game theory is a way to Should public diplomacy transmissions and transactions study likely changes in enemy behavior resulting from be viewed and conducted to encourage dialogue or various attack capabilities and goals. Engagement-level "multilogue" (for example, through call-in shows, debates, combat is treated as a two-player game in which each and structured "cross fires"), rather than as a monologue player is free to choose its strategy. The response an through one-way transmission by the United States? intelligent opponent is likely to make to differing levels of Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/ threat capability is critical to understanding and measuring OP134/. the capability necessary to induce the enemy to follow a preferred course of action. Enemy willingness to engage is OP-135-ICJ Issues and Options for Government an important factor. If the enemy decides not to launch Intervention in the Market for Terrorism Insurance. L. S. missiles or move ground vehicles, it has become Dixon, J. Arlington, S. J. Carroll, D. Lakdawalla, R. T. paralyzed, in itself a worthy goal. The emphasis in the Reville, D. M. Adamson. 2004. study is on the choice of strategies in realistic military situations; all can be analyzed with straightforward Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the federal mathematics. Finally, the authors discuss situations in government adopted the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act which the two sides have different views of the duration of (TRIA), which requires insurers to make terrorism the conflict or the appropriate measures of effectiveness. It coverage available to commercial policyholders. In is a great advantage to a combatant to know the opponent's exchange, the federal government will reimburse insurers real objectives. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ for a portion of insured losses above a particular threshold. publications/DB/DB385/. This paper frames the central issues in the debate over whether to extend, modify, or end TRIA, and explores the DB-391-NAVY Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option role of disaster insurance within a system for managing for Navy and MARAD Ships. M. Hynes, J. E. Peters, D. risks created by the possibility of terrorist attacks and Rushworth. 2004. compensating losses caused by those attacks. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/OP135/. By 2005, the U.S. Navy and the Maritime Administration will have accumulated some 360 retired ships in need of OP-136-RC Must all Join? America, 1788; Europe, disposal. A previous RAND study reviewed disposal 2004. J. A. Thomson. 2004. options such as recycling (either domestically or overseas) and long-term storage. However, preparation and use of The European Union (EU) stands on the threshold of a the ships for construction of artificial reefs was identified ratification process for a new constitution. At present, as the lowest-cost option. With the demonstrated potential agreement of all EU states is required for ratification. As a attractiveness of reefing as a disposal option, in this study consequence of disagreements over many aspects of the the authors examine the economic, legal, environmental, European Constitution, however, the future of the and programmatic issues that might bear on the Navy's document is at risk. America once faced a similar decision to pursue the reefing option more seriously. They challenge. The U.S. Constitution almost certainly would examine the demand for ships to be used as reefs and the not have been ratified if agreement of all states had been impediments to such use, suggest program goals, and required. This paper describes how the U.S. Constitutional review possible business models for their potential to Convention developed the "Rule of Nine"-that nine states minimize risks and costs to the Navy. Online access: out of 13 were needed for ratification-and briefly describes http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB391/. the state-by-state ratification process. Finally, it suggests that U.S. history may provide a relevant lesson for the EU. DB-407-ONR Framework for Quantifying Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/OP/ Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design. I. Porche, H. H. OP136/. Willis, M. Ruszkowski. 2004. The Office of Naval Research has been sponsoring development of analytic tools for exploring the benefits of electric drive propulsion for naval vessels. RAND has DOCUMENTED BRIEFINGS performed an initial assessment to assist in this work. Researchers focused on developing a framework for DB-385-AF A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach to assessing the different technologies for key components of Suppression of Enemy Defenses and Other Time Critical electric propulsion, such as motors, generators, and power Target Analyses. T. Hamilton, R. Mesic. 2004. electronics, but did not assess specific alternatives. This 197 documented briefing outlines the approach the authors DB-412-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the developed for making such assessments (which uses Deployment of Baggage Screening Equipment to modeling and Monte Carlo simulations), presents the Minimize the Cost of Flying: Executive Summary. R. D. quantitative methods they used to analyze the potential Shaver, M. Kennedy, C. Shirley, P. Dreyer. 2004. performance of various components, suggests how this In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Congress information can be integrated to assess the affects on mandated that all bags carried onto aircraft—including overall ship performance. The authors illustrate this by baggage checked at the ticket counter—be inspected for presenting performance metrics for several components contraband (e.g., bombs). This briefing summarizes the and examining their effects on one key ship-level results of a RAND study that calculated the minimum cost performance metric, ship power density for a notional to the nation's economy of providing baggage scanning at electric-propulsion destroyer. Online access: all U.S. airports without affecting security. These costs http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB407/. include the cost of the extra time the passenger spends at the airport due to the length of the baggage screening DB-410-RC How Much Is Enough? Sizing the queues, and the estimated cost to the passenger related to Deployment of Baggage Screening Equipment by the deployed scanning equipment—assuming that this cost Considering the Economic Cost of Passenger Delays. R. will be charged to the passengers through a security tax D. Shaver, M. Kennedy, C. Shirley, P. Dreyer. 2004. added to all tickets. The authors also perform a more In the wake of September 11, 2001, the Transportation complex calculation in which they substantially broaden Security Agency was given the responsibility for ensuring the calculation to include the entire aviation industry to that all baggage flying on U.S. commercial aircraft would better captures the effects on the nation's economy. As a be screened. Left undefined was how much baggage- variant, they discuss the pros and cons of positive scanning equipment should be deployed at each airport, passenger profiling, sometimes called a "registered given the objective of scanning all arriving baggage traveler" program. Their results show that an optimal thoroughly while not unnecessarily inconveniencing the baggage screening capability would be achieved if flying public. This documented briefing builds on an baggage-scanning queues were kept to no more than five earlier RAND white paper, "Safer Skies," answering the minutes. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/ question, "how much is enough?" by minimizing the total DB/DB412/. direct and inferred costs to the flying public for different Electronic Detection System deployment sizes. The DB-418-NAVY An Analysis of Sabbatical Leaves for authors also offer a discussion of the pros and cons of Navy Surface Warfare Officers. R. J. Yardley, H. Thie, K. positive passenger profiling and how the introduction of Brancato, M. Abbott. 2004. profiling might reduce these costs. Online access: Naval Surface Warfare Officers (SWOs) spend long http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB410/. periods at sea, where they cannot attend to their families or to personal business. This can reduce morale and DB-411-RC The Benefits of Positive Passenger negatively affect retention. The Navy has been exploring Profiling on Baggage Screening Requirements. R. D. programs that would better accommodate the needs of Shaver, M. Kennedy. 2004. SWOs through increased use of sabbatical leaves. These "Positive passenger profiling" concerns finding ways to programs include allowing former SWOs to return to eliminate certain passengers as airline security risks service, offering leaves of absence, or allowing extended through a "registered traveler" program, thus making it leave between duty stations. This briefing assess the possible to concentrate on screening the baggage of other problem, examines the proposed solutions, and offers passengers. The result would be less cost to the airlines concluding observations. This research focused on the and fewer delays for passengers. Many people within and potential return on investment (ROI) for each program, outside the government oppose any strategy that allows rather than whether it would directly improve retention. anyone (registered traveler or not) to avoid having his or Although all three programs can provide quantifiable her bags inspected. Others perceive the benefits of benefits and improve morale, both returns to service and profiling as attractive despite the risks. In an attempt to leaves of absence offer positive ROIs, although the latter balance the pros and cons of profiling, the authors sought would cost more. The benefits of the personal leave to find a way to scan as many bags as possible without option, on the other hand, do not outweigh its costs. Note abandoning the benefits of profiling. This briefing presents that, to capture the full benefits of these programs, their calculations of the costs and number of machines retaining more SWOs longer requires a corresponding needed for various levels of screening reliability, decrease in SWO accessions. Online access: passenger delay, passenger profiling, and traveler delay. http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB418/. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ DB411/. 198

DB-423-A The Impact of Equipment Availability and how well that system met the challenge of OEF. Online Reliability on Mission Outcomes: An Initial Look. C. access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB428/. Kelley. 2004. DB-430-A Managing Complexity During Military This documented briefing describes an initial effort to gain Urban Operations: Visualizing the Elephant. R. W. insights on how the availability and reliability of Army Glenn. 2004. equipment affect ground combat results and to assess the consequent implications for current and future forces. The complexity that characterizes modern urban Combat results were generated using the JANUS model, a operations combines with a perceived intolerance of force-on-force simulation. For the purposes of this effort, military casualties to make actions in cities among the JANUS was modified to take into account equipment most difficult missions that U.S. armed forces will availability before an engagement begins and equipment undertake. This study proposes a new planning approach failures during the engagement. The principal scenario that employs identification of critical points—the essential used was a forced entry by U.S. forces into Kosovo to elements of the urban area's physical and demographic neutralize Serbian forces and to stop ethnic cleansing. A terrain—along with the notion of density—the quantity of second scenario based in Poland was used to check the elements and activities within the urban space—to aid broader applicability of results from the Kosovo scenario. military personnel in their efforts to overcome the The legacy force issues addressed include the effect of complexity. Integrating this approach with the traditional equipment availability and reliability on a unit's combat command estimate process should assist the planner in capability, including a comparison with results derived determining how best to allocate a command's ever- from Lanchester Theory; the effects of combat aging; and scarce resources. Online access: http://www.rand.org/ the potential contribution from rebuilding equipment. The publications/DB/DB430/. future force issue addressed was the comparative contributions of improved equipment supportability DB-434-AF Using a Spend Analysis to Help Identify relative to other combat-enhancing characteristics such as Prospective Air Force Purchasing and Supply the use of robotics. Online access: Management Initiatives: Summary of Selected Findings. http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB423/. N. Y. Moore, C. R. Cook, C. Lindenblatt, C. A. Grammich. 2004. DB-428-USTC/DLA The Strategic Distribution This briefing summarizes research on how the Air Force System in Support of Operation Enduring Freedom. M. L. might use an analysis of its spending to develop better Robbins, P. Boren, K. Leuschner. 2004. supply strategies, improve its relationships with suppliers, In early 2000, leaders of the U.S. Transportation and better manage its supply base. Best practices offer Command (TRANSCOM) and the Defense Logistics many ways by which the Air Force can improve Agency (DLA) agreed to embark jointly on the "Strategic performance and save money. Such techniques include Distribution" program (SD) as a means to streamline and consolidating multiple contracts with existing providers, improve significant elements of the Defense distribution selecting the best providers and offering them longer system, and thereby deliver more reliable and cost- contracts with broader scopes of goods and services, and effective service to DoD forces and organizations in the working with selected strategic partners to improve United States and around the globe. For over a year and a quality, responsiveness, reliability, and cost. There are half, SD teams made considerable progress in enhancing many challenges to conducting an Air Force-wide spend the underlying structure of the Defense distribution system analysis, primarily the lack of detailed, centralized data on and improving service through a series of rolling all expenditures as well as questions about data quality for implementations. In 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom those data that are available. Nevertheless, the data that do (OEF) posed a demanding challenge to the Defense exist point to many prospective sources of savings and distribution system and tested the principles and strategies performance improvements. The authors analyze the most that were being implemented. SD's main goal of providing complete centralized source available on Air Force fast, reliable service to its worldwide customers had to be expenditures, known as DD350 data. Transactions in the met in a new environment in which vital resources, usually DD350 data constitute 96 percent of all Air Force contract devoted to moving cargo to worldwide military units, were dollars spent directly. Among the actions that the Air pulled away for months at a time to support other war- Force might wish to take are: consolidation of a large related missions, while forces were deployed to new bases number of contracts with similar or the same supplier; at the far ends of the globe. This documented briefing grouping contractor ID codes having multiple contracts seeks to explain the multistranded story of SD, discussing with the Air Force and many purchase office codes why a significant change was needed in Defense associated with the same contractor, so that the Air Force distribution, how SD sought to transform the system, and does not have to pay for the contractor's repetitive bidding and contract administration costs; examining contracts for 199 goods or services available from only one supplier, which DRAFTS gives the Air Force only limited opportunities to gain leverage over such suppliers. Conducting a detailed Air DRU-2400/2-1-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family Force spend analysis would require information on the and Neighborhood Survey: Codebook. C. E. Peterson, N. needs, preferences, and priorities of commodity users not Sastry, A. R. Pebley, B. Ghosh-Dastidar, S. Williamson, S. available in the DD350 data. Because the Air Force needs Lara-Cinisomo. 2004. to balance prospective savings, performance Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ improvements, risks, socioeconomic and other goals, and DRU/DRU2400.2-1/. other regulations not always present in the private sector, not all best commercial practices may be appropriate for it. DRU-2400/3-2-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ and Neighborhood Survey: Household Questionnaires. A. DB434/. R. Pebley, N. Sastry. 2004. DB-435-AF The Role of Deployments in Competency Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Development: Experience from Prince Sultan Air Base DRU/DRU2400.3-2/. and Eskan Village in Saudi Arabia. L. W. Castaneda, L. M. Hanser, C. H. Davis. 2004. DRU-2400/4-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey: Household Questionnaires In fall 2001, the RAND Corporation conducted a survey of (Spanish). A. R. Pebley, N. Sastry. 2004. officers and enlisted personnel who had recently returned from a deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base (PSAB) or Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Eskan Village in Saudi Arabia. This documented briefing DRU/DRU2400.4/. reports the results of that effort, using survey data to consider the utility of a PSAB/Eskan deployment as a DRU-2400/5-1-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family setting for broadening the skills and developing the and Neighborhood Survey: Field Interviewer Manual. A. competencies of Air Force staff. This briefing also R. Pebley, N. Sastry. 2004. addresses the larger issue of whether the learning that Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ occurs during deployments merits tracking. The authors DRU/DRU2400.5-1/. surveyed officers and enlisted personnel in the continental United States who had returned from a PSAB/Eskan DRU-2400/6-1-LAFANS The Los Angeles Family deployment within the preceding 12 months. Respondents and Neighborhood Survey: Neighborhood Observation selected all the settings, including PSAB/Eskan, in which Forms and Interviewer Manual. N. Sastry, A. R. Pebley. they learned a specific competency or skill. They then 2004. indicated the single "best" learning environment for that skill or competency. For the majority of the competencies Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ and skills included in the survey, PSAB/Eskan deployment DRU/DRU2400.6-1/. was frequently identified as a learning environment and in many cases the "best" learning environment. Online access: http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB435/. WORKING PAPERS

DB-468-1-LAWA Near-Term Options for Improving WR-102-1-NICHD/NIA Welfare Reform and Health. Security at Los Angeles International Airport. D. Stevens, M. Bitler, J. B. Gelbach, H. W. Hoynes. 2004. T. L. Schell, T. Hamilton, R. Mesic, M. S. Brown, E. W. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Chan, M. Eisman, E. V. Larson, M. B. Schaffer, B. WR/WR102-1/. Newsome, J. Gibson, E. D. Harris. 2004. Commissioned by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), WR-110-NICHD/NIA The Impact of Welfare Reform this study examines near-term options for reducing the on Marriage and Divorce. M. Bitler, J. B. Gelbach, H. W. terrorist threat to Los Angeles International Airport Hoynes, M. Zavodny. 2004. (LAX). The key to implementing a successful strategy of The goal of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work deterrence is to understand and reduce LAX's Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was to end vulnerabilities. The authors analyze a wide range of the dependency of needy parents on government benefits, possible terrorist actions and assess LAX's level of in part by promoting marriage. The pre-reform welfare vulnerability. They then examine possible alternative system was widely believed to discourage marriage courses of action LAX can take to reduce these because it primarily provided benefits to single mothers. vulnerabilities. Online access only: http://www.rand. However, welfare reform may have actually decreased the org/publications/DB/DB468-1/. 200 incentives to be married by giving women greater cohort reaching retirement years, the rising rates of self financial independence via the program's new emphasis on employment with age suggest that it is important to have a work. This paper uses Vital Statistics data on marriages solid understanding of who is self employed at older ages and divorces during 1989–2000 to examine the role of and how patterns of self-employment may be changing welfare reform (state waivers and TANF implementation) over time. Using cross-sectional time-series data from the and other state-level variables on flows into and out of annual Current Population Survey from 1968 to 2002 and marriage. The results indicate that welfare reform has led cross-sectional data from the Health and Retirement Study to fewer new divorces and fewer new marriages, although from 1998, we examine the trend in rates of self- the latter result is sensitive to specification and data employment among workers age 50 and above. We choice. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ describe the characteristics of older self-employed publications/WR/WR110/. workers, in total and for subgroups, and compare them with their wage and salary counterparts. Online access WR-112-RC Quantitative Risk Analysis for Project only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR136/. Management: A Critical Review. L. A. Galway. 2004. WR-137-NICHD The Effects of State Regulations on Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Childcare Prices and Choices. R. Heeb, M. R. Kilburn. WR/WR112/. 2004. WR-125 Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Examines the effects state-level childcare regulations on Beyond Prohibition? R. L. Pacula, B. Kilmer. 2004. the price of childcare, the type of care chosen, and mothers' decisions to work using regulations collected Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ from state archives and data from the National Childcare WR/WR125/. Survey, which was collected in the U.S. in 1990. Regulations have an economically significant effect on the WR-126 Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does It price of childcare, which in turn affects both the demand Mean in the United States? R. L. Pacula, J. F. Chriqui, J. of regulated care and the labor force participation choices King. 2004. of the mothers. There is no direct quality assurance effect Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ of regulation on childcare demand. This suggests that WR/WR126/. regulations may not achieve their intended objectives, and alternatives such as subsidies might be more effective at WR-128-OJP Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street achieving policy goals. Online access only: Area Research Results and Policy Options. G. Tita, S. http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR137/. Hiromoto, J. M. Wilson, J. Christian, C. A. Grammich. 2004. WR-138 The Effect of HMOs on the Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Beneficiaries: Technical Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Appendix. N. Dhanani, J. F. O'Leary, E. B. Keeler, A. WR/WR128/. Bamezai, G. Melnick. 2004. WR-129-OJP Violence in East and West Oakland: A Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ Descriptive Analysis. J. M. Wilson, K. J. Riley. 2004. WR/WR138/. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ WR-142-OJP Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study WR/WR129/. Analysis. J. M. Wilson, S. Hiromoto, T. Fain, G. Tita, K. J. Riley. 2004. WR-133-NIJ Organizational Learning and Terrorist Groups. B. A. Jackson. 2004. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ WR/WR142/. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ WR/WR133/. WR-145 Political and Economic Outlook for Russia and the Future of the Automotive Industry. J. R. Azrael, WR-136 Self-Employment Trends and Patterns D. J. Peterson, K. Crane. 2004. Among Older U.S. Workers. L. A. Karoly, J. M. Zissimopoulos. 2004. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ WR/WR145/. Although self-employment is an important labor force phenomenon at older ages, there is a paucity of studies that WR-146 Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence examine the patterns of self-employment among older Bias in Consumption Data. A. Van Soest, M. D. Hurd. U.S. workers. With the leading edge of the baby boom 2004. 201

Item non-response in household survey data on economic disabilities. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ variables such as income, assets or consumption is a well- publications/WR/WR155/. known problem. Follow-up unfolding bracket questions have been used as a tool to collect partial information on WR-158 Time-Inconsistency and Welfare. J. respondents that do not answer an open-ended question. It Bhattacharya, D. Lakdawalla. 2004. is also known, however, that mistakes are made in Self-control devices, such as rehabilitation programs, answering such unfolding bracket questions. In this paper, group commitment, and informal fines, can make time- we develop several limited dependent variable models to inconsistent smokers better off. Health economists have analyze two sources of mistakes, anchoring and used this result to argue in favor of cigarette taxes that acquiescence (or yeasaying), focusing on the first bracket restrain smoking. However, taxes alone are not Pareto- question. We use the experimental module of the AHEAD improving overall, because they benefit today's smoker at 1995 data, where the sample is randomly split into the expense of her future selves, who have less demand for respondents who get an open-ended question on the self-control. We suggest an alternative class of taxation amount of total family consumption—with follow-up policies that provide self-control and benefit a smoker at unfolding brackets (of the form: is consumption $X or every point in life. Smokers could be allowed to purchase more?) for those who answer "don't know" or “smoking licenses” when they start to smoke, and in "refuse"—and respondents who are immediately directed exchange commit their future selves to face compensated to unfolding brackets. In both cases, the entry point of the cigarette taxes. We show that this scheme—which could unfolding bracket sequence is randomized. We compare be made voluntary—improves the welfare of current and models in which the probability of a mistake depends on future smokers, generates positive revenue for the the deviation between the true consumption amount and government, and can be made incentive compatible. the entry point amount $X and models in which it does Similar schemes can also be envisioned to address not. We find that allowing for acquiescence bias problems of time-inconsistency in other contexts. Online substantially changes the conclusions on the selective access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ nature of non-response to the open-ended question and on WR158/ or http://www.nber.org/papers/w10345. the distribution of consumption expenditures in the population. Once acquiescence bias is taken into account, WR-159 How Much Is Post-Acute Care Use Affected anchoring in the first bracket question plays only a minor By Its Availability? M. B. Buntin, A. D. Garten, S. M. role. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ Paddock, D. Saliba, M. Totten, J. J. Escarce. 2004. publications/WR/WR146/. To assess the relative impact of clinical factors versus non- WR-147 A Test for Anchoring and Yea-Saying in clinical factors—such as post acute care (PAC) supply—in Experimental Consumption Data. A. Van Soest, M. D. determining whether patients receive care from skilled Hurd. 2004. nursing facilities (SNFs) or inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) after discharge from acute care. Medicare Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ acute hospital, IRF and SNF claims provided data on PAC WR/WR147/. choices; predictors of site of PAC chosen were generated from Medicare claims, provider of services, enrollment WR-155 International Comparisons of Work file, and Area Resource File data. We used multinomial Disability. J. Banks, A. Kapteyn, J. P. Smith, A. Van logit models to predict post-acute care use by elderly Soest. 2004. patients after hospitalizations for stroke, hip fractures, or Self-reported work disability is analyzed in the US, the lower extremity joint replacements. A file was constructed UK and the Netherlands. Different wordings of the linking Medicare acute and post-acute utilization data for questions lead to different work disability rates. But even all sample patients hospitalized in 1999. PAC availability if identical questions are asked, crosscountry differences is a more powerful predictor of PAC use than the clinical remain substantial. Respondent evaluations of work characteristics in many of our models. The effects of limitations of hypothetical persons described in vignettes distance to providers and supply of providers are are used to identify the extent to which differences in self- particularly clear in the choice between IRF and SNF care. reports between countries or socio-economic groups are The farther away the nearest IRF is, and the closer the due to systematic variation in the response scales. Results nearest SNF is, the less likely a patient is to go to an IRF. suggest that more than half of the difference between the Similarly, the fewer IRFs, and the more SNFs, there are in rates of self-reported work disability in the US and the the patient's area the less likely the patient is to go to an Netherlands can be explained by response scale IRF. In addition, if the hospital from which the patient is differences. A similar methodology is used to analyze the discharged has a related IRF or a related SNF the patient is reporting bias that arises if respondents justify being on more likely to go there. We find that the availability of disability benefits by overstating their work limiting PAC is a major determinant of whether patients use such 202 care and which type of PAC facility they use. Further Lockwood, B. M. Stecher, L. S. Hamilton, V. L. Williams, research is needed in order to evaluate whether these A. E. Robyn, G. W. Ryan, A. C. Alonzo. 2004. findings indicate that a greater supply of PAC leads to Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ both higher use of institutional care and better outcomes WR166/. —or whether it leads to unwarranted expenditures of resources and delays in returning patients to their homes. WR-167 Why Did the Welfare Caseload Decline? J. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ A. Klerman, C. Danielson. 2004. WR159/ or http://www.nber.org/papers/w10424. A substantial literature has considered the effects of WR-162-EDU Assessing the Implementation of welfare reform policies on the aggregate caseload but has Comprehensive School Reform Models. G. Vernez, R. been less successful in disaggregating the effects of Karam, L. T. Mariano, C. DeMartini. 2004. specific policies. Using monthly caseload data from October 1989 through June 2003, we estimate a flexible The Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration Act model for the dynamic response of the welfare caseload to (CSRD) of 1997 is providing increasingly larger amounts the economy and to the three major welfare reform of funds and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 policies. Our results are consistent with the predictions of explicitly authorizes the use of Title I funds for schools to economic theory and indicate the importance of carefully engage in whole school reforms. To date, several specifying the intensity and dynamics of policy changes thousands of schools throughout the country have taken and of including a rich set of measures of the economy. advantage of these extra funds seeking to implement one Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ or another of several dozens of different models of school WR167/. reform. All these models share a common focus on changing the "whole school" in order to improve the WR-168 The Interactive Effect of Birth Weight and performance of at-risk students in high-poverty schools. Parental Investment on Child Test Scores. D. S. RAND is the recipient of one of five grants from the U.S. Loughran, A. Datar, M. R. Kilburn. 2004. Department of Education to study the effectiveness of selected comprehensive school reform models: This paper explores how observed and unobserved Accelerated Schools, Core Knowledge, Direct Instruction, parental investments compensate for low birth weight. and Success for All. This working paper describes how Controlling for family fixed effects, which encompass schools that have adopted one of these four models have unobserved parental investment, we find birth weight actually implemented their prescribed requirements. This positively correlates with math and reading scores and description is based on the first of four waves of data these estimates are considerably larger in magnitude than collection effort. The paper is intended primarily for those estimates derived from models that do not control for monitoring the project's progress and for those engaged in family fixed effects. Additionally, we examine how three similar research. It is also intended to stir discussion about specific parental investments—kindergarten entrance age, research methodology and how to measure program maternal labor supply, and family size—interact with birth implementation. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ weight in models of child test scores. Of these publications/WR/WR162/. investments, only smaller family size conveys particular advantage to low birth weight children. Online access WR-164-CEC Making a Tough Sell: Options for only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR168/. Promoting Energy Efficiency in New California Homes. M. Hanson, M. Bernstein, J. Kulick. 2004. WR-171-ICJ Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism. D. Lakdawalla, G. Zanjani. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/ 2004. WR/WR164/. This paper investigates the rationale for public WR-165-EDU Vignette-Based Surveys and the intervention in the terrorism insurance market. It argues Mosaic II Project. V. Le, B. M. Stecher, L. S. Hamilton, that government subsidies for terror insurance are aimed, G. W. Ryan, V. L. Williams, A. E. Robyn, A. C. Alonzo. in part, at discouraging self-protection and limiting the 2004. negative externalities associated with self-protection. Cautious self-protective behavior by a target can hurt Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ public goods like national prestige if it is seen as "giving WR165/. in" to the terrorists, and may increase the loss probabilities faced by others by encouraging terrorists to substitute WR-166-EDU Is Reform-Oriented Teaching Related toward more vulnerable targets. We argue that these to Mathematics and Science Achievement? V. Le, J. R. externalities are essential for normative analysis of government intervention and may also explain why 203 availability problems in this market have engendered Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ much stronger government responses than similar WR177/. problems in other catastrophe insurance markets. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR-178 Quality Indicators for Preventive Care of the WR171/. Vulnerable Elder. D. C. Rhew, P. G. Shekelle. 2004. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR-172 Medicaid at Birth, WIC Take Up, and WR178/. Children's Outcomes M. Bitler, J. M. Currie. 2004. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, WR-179 Quality Indicators for Quality of Care During Infants, and Children (WIC) provides food and nutritional Hospitalization for Vulnerable Elder Persons. E. C. advice to low-income women, and infants and children, Kleerup, D. H. Solomon. 2004. who are income eligible and are nutritionally-at-risk. The Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ effects of WIC on infants have been extensively studied, WR179/. but children one to four are the most rapidly growing part of the WIC caseload, and little information is available WR-180 Quality Indicators for the Management of about the effects of WIC on this group. Using data from Visual Impairment in Vulnerable Older Persons. S. Rowe, the 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and C. H. MacLean. 2004. Program Participation (SIPP), we show that Medicaid policies that affected take up among infants had long term Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ effects on participation in the WIC program. By contrast, WR180/. increases in the generosity of Medicaid towards older children increased WIC eligibility without having much WR-181 Quality Indicators for the Management of impact on participation. Hence increases in WIC Ischemic Heart Disease in Vulnerable Older Persons. M. participation among children have not been driven by J. Budoff, C. H. MacLean, P. G. Shekelle. 2004. higher income families made eligible as a result of SCHIP, Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ as some critics have argued. Our most striking finding is WR181/. that WIC participation at age four has large and significant effects on the probability that a child is at risk of WR-182 Quality Indicators for Malnutrition for overweight (i.e. had BMI greater than the 85th percentile Vulnerable Community-Dwelling and Hospitalized Older for sex and age). This suggests that either the nutrition Persons. D. B. Reuben. 2004. education or the actual provision of healthy food is helping to prevent obesity among young children. This is an Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ important measure of the success of the WIC program WR182/. because of the importance of obesity as a public health threat, and because of the importance of establishing WR-185 Quality Indicators for the Management of healthy eating habits early in life. Online access only: Hearing Loss in Vulnerable Elder Persons. N. L. Shapiro, http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR172/. P. G. Shekelle. 2004. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR-174 The Quality of Health Care Delivered to WR185/. Adults in the United States: Appendix. E. A. McGlynn, S. M. Asch, J. L. Adams, J. Keesey, J. Hicks, A. De WR-186 Quality Indicators of Hypertension for Cristofaro, E. A. Kerr. 2004. Vulnerable Elder Persons. R. T. Young, M. Brousseau, N. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ S. Wenger. 2004. WR174/. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR186/. WR-176 Quality Indicators of Continuity and Coordination of Care for Vulnerable Elder Persons. N. S. WR-187 Quality Indicators for the Management of Wenger, R. T. Young. 2004. Diabetes Mellitus for Vulnerable Older Persons. P. G. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ Shekelle, S. Vijan. 2004. WR176/. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ WR187/. WR-177 Quality Indicators for the Care of Depression in Vulnerable Elders. G. A. Nakajima, N. S. Wenger. 2004. 204

WR-188-OJP Reducing Violence in Hayward, suggest that school nutrition programs may be an effective California: Learning from Homicides. J. M. Wilson, J. way to combat both nutritional deficiencies and excess MacDonald, C. A. Grammich, K. J. Riley. 2004. consumption among children and their families. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ This working paper is a descriptive analysis of homicides WR189/. from 1998 to 2002 in Hayward, California. It complements earlier analyses of violence in several other WR-191 Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: California jurisdictions, including Oakland, Los Angeles Causality Tests Using Dynamic Panel Data Models. P. and San Diego. These analyses are part of a series that Michaud, A. Van Soest. 2004. RAND Corporation researchers have conducted on behalf of Project Safe Neighborhoods, which is a national A positive relationship between socio-economic status initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Justice. (SES) and health, the so-called "health-wealth gradient", is Project Safe Neighborhoods, coordinated through U.S. repeatedly found in most industrialized countries with Attorney's offices, is a strategic, coordinated approach to similar levels of health care technology and economic reducing gun violence in America. The role of RAND welfare. This study analyzes causality from health to researchers in the Hayward project is to provide research wealth (health causation) and from wealth to health and support for the strategic planning components of the (wealth or social causation) for elderly couples in the US. initiative. The goals of this program are to (1) increase the Using six biennial waves of couples aged 51–61 in 1992 capacity of Project Safe Neighborhood task forces to from the Health and Retirement Study, we compare the design data-driven strategies that produce measurable recently developed strategy using Granger causality tests decreases in firearms-related crime and (2) improve the of Adams et al. (2003, Journal of Econometrics) with tests long-term ability of federal, state, and local agencies to for causality in dynamic panel data models incorporating work together to understand, prosecute, and prevent unobserved heterogeneity. While Adams et al. tests reject firearms-related violent crime within their jurisdictions. the hypothesis of no causality from wealth to husband's or Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ wife's health, the tests in the dynamic panel data model do WR188/. not provide evidence of wealth-health causality. On the other hand, both methodologies lead to strong evidence of WR-189 Breakfast of Champions? The School causal effects from both spouses' health on household Breakfast Program and the Nutrition of Children and wealth. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ Families. J. Bhattacharya, J. M. Currie, S. Haider. 2004. publications/WR/WR191/. We use the National Health and Nutritional Examination WR-193-LAC Identifying Deportable Aliens in the Survey (NHANES) III to examine the effect of the Los Angeles County Jail: Implementing the HI-CAAP availability of the school breakfast program (SBP). Our Federal-Local Partnership. B. Raymond, L. J. Hickman, work builds on previous research in four ways: First, we E. Williams, K. J. Riley. 2004. develop a transparent difference-in-differences strategy to account for unobserved differences between students with Throughout the 1990s, Los Angeles (L.A.) County access to SBP and those without. Second, we examine officials grew increasingly concerned about the negative serum measures of nutrient in addition to intakes based on impact of criminally involved aliens on local public safety dietary recall data. Third, we ask whether the SBP and criminal justice resources. Of particular concern was improves the diet by increasing/or decreasing the intake of that subgroup of criminal aliens who had been previously nutrients relative to meaningful threshold levels. Fourth, deported from the United States and later rearrested for we examine the effect of the SBP on other members of the new criminal activity in L.A. County. In response, a multi- family besides the school-aged child. We have three main agency partnership was formed called High Intensity findings. First, the SBP helps students build good eating Criminal Alien Apprehension and Prosecution (HI- habits: SBP increases scores on the healthy eating index, CAAP). The goals of the HI-CAAP partnership are to reduces the percentage of calories from fat, and reduces increase the identification and federal prosecution of the probability of low fiber intake. Second, the SBP previously deported criminal aliens. This report is an reduces the probability of serum micronutrient assessment of the partnership's progress toward deficiencies in vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate, and it implementation of these goals. The findings are that increases the probability that children meet USDA considerable progress has been made in identification of recommendations for potassium and iron intakes. Since we previously deported criminal aliens, including increased find no effect on total calories these results indicate that ability to make a fingerprint-based identification; the program improves the quality of food consumed. improved working relationships with the Bureau of Finally, in households with school-aged children, both Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Law preschool children and adults have healthier diets and Enforcement Support Center, and progress toward consume less fat when the SBP is available. These results implementation of an automated immigration detainer 205 process. There also appears to have been progress toward WR-197 The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance the goal of increased federal prosecution of HI-CAAP Coverage on Health Care Utilization and Health: Evidence aliens. Despite no increase in resources, the United States from Medicare. D. E. Card, C. Dobkin, N. Maestas. Attorney Office has been actively seeking methods, such 2004. as the adoption of the Fast Track program, to increase the The authors use the increases in health insurance coverage number of federal prosecutions of criminal aliens. The at age 65 generated by the rules of the Medicare program issues raised in this report may serve as informative to evaluate the effects of health insurance coverage on background for federal policymakers and local health related behaviors and outcomes. The rise in overall jurisdictions seeking to address criminal aliens. While they coverage at age 65 is accompanied by a narrowing of are not easily developed or maintained, such partnerships disparities across race and education groups. Groups with may hold great promise for addressing the bigger increases in coverage at 65 experience bigger multijurisdictional problem of previously deported reductions in the probability of delaying or not receiving criminal aliens. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ medical care, and bigger increases in the probability of publications/WR/WR193/. routine doctor visits. Hospital discharge records also show large increases in admission rates at age 65, especially for WR-195 Increases in Wealth Among the Elderly in elective procedures like bypass surgery and joint the Early 1990s: How Much Is Due to Survey Design? S. replacement. The rises in hospitalization are bigger for Rohwedder, S. Haider, M. D. Hurd. 2004. whites than blacks, and for residents of areas with higher The Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old rates of insurance coverage prior to age 65, suggesting that (AHEAD) study shows a large increase in reported total the gains arise because of the relative generosity of wealth between 1993 and 1995. Such an increase is not Medicare, rather than the availability of insurance found in other US household surveys around that period. coverage. Finally, there are small impacts of reaching age This paper examines one source of this difference. The 65 on self-reported health, with the largest gains among authors find that in AHEAD 1993 ownership rates of the groups that experience the largest gains in insurance stocks, CDs, bonds, and checking and saving accounts coverage. In contrast they find no evidence of a shift in the were under-reported, resulting in under-measurement of rate of growth of mortality rates at age 65. Online access wealth in 1993, and a substantial increase in wealth from only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR197 or 1993 to 1995. The explanation for the under-reporting is a http://www.nber.org/papers/w10365. combination of question sequence and wording in the AHEAD survey instrument. Online access only: WR-198 The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR195/. Child Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh. J. WR-196 Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations DaVanzo, A. Razzaque, M. Rahman, L. Hale, K. Ahmed, of Work After Retirement. N. Maestas. 2004. M. A. Khan, G. Mustafa, K. Gausia. 2004. This paper analyzes labor force re-entry after retirement in Using a large, high-quality longitudinal dataset on around an effort to understand whether these "unretirement" 145,000 pregnancy outcomes gathered over a period of transitions are largely unexpected (perhaps resulting from more than twenty years from an experimental setting in failures in planning or unexpected financial shocks) or Matlab, Bangladesh, this paper seeks a better planned (perhaps representing a more complex retirement understanding of the effects of the lengths of interbirth process). Nearly one-half of retirees follow a intervals on infant and child mortality and on maternal nontraditional retirement path that involves partial mortality and morbidity. Online access only: retirement and/or unretirement, and the unretirement rate http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR198/. among those observed at least five years after their first retirement is 24 percent. The unretirement rate is even WR-201-ISE Resource Coordination in Problem higher among those retiring at younger ages (as high as 36 Solving Courts of the Los Angeles County Superior Court. percent among those retiring at ages 51–52). the author G. N. Marshall, N. R. Rayburn, T. L. Schell. 2004. finds that unretirement was anticipated for all but nine The purposes of this report are twofold: (1) to characterize percent of retirees. If anything, expectations err on the side the ways in which treatment resources are coordinated for of excessive pessimism about the future rather than offenders within the problem solving courts of the Los unwarranted optimism. Unretirement appears to be Angeles Superior Court system; and (2) to examine the qualitatively similar to partial retirement and there is some views of various stakeholders within the court system evidence of a substantial correlation in the post-retirement regarding problem solving courts, with particular emphasis labor supply transitions of married couples. Online access on the resource coordination process. Of particular interest only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR196/. are issues such as whether stakeholders regard alternative 206 courts as providing equitable sanctions vis-a-vis traditional working paper presents an evaluation of the medical courts, whether services-based programs are perceived to guidelines that might be used to determine the work better to prevent recidivism than more traditional appropriateness of care provided California's injured sanctions, and the degree to which stakeholders believe workers. The study identified 73 guidelines for work- that various problems exist with provision of services in related injuries, which were then screened using multiple these courts. Online access only: http://www.rand.org/ criteria. Five comprehensive guideline sets were found to publications/WR/WR201/. satisfy the requirements of the legislation and the preferences of the state. A comparative evaluation was WR-202-EDU Evaluating Early Evidence on the made of both the technical quality and clinical content of Implementation of Accountability Report Cards. J. the selected guidelines. Based on the results of the Russell. 2004. evaluation, recommendations are presented for actions the state might take in the short term, the intermediate term, For the first time under the No Child Left Behind Act and the longer term. Online access only: (NCLB), states and districts were mandated in 2003 to http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR203/. produce accountability report cards presenting information on the performance of states, districts and schools during WR-205-ICJ How Does Health Insurance Affect the 2002–03 year. Though for many states, NCLB simply Workers' Compensation Filing? D. Lakdawalla, R. T. added new requirements to existing reporting systems. Reville, S. A. Seabury. 2004. NCLB states that production of report cards is intended to hold schools accountable by providing parents with Workers' compensation provides insurance against job- information to make better choices and educators and related injuries, but one-third to one-half of injured communities with information necessary to mount workers choose not to file. Previous analysts have improvement efforts. Preliminary analysis of presumed this to result in part from private health accountability report cards produced by state agencies in insurance, an alternative source of health care that may California, Georgia and Pennsylvania and a sample of discourage insured workers from taking the time to file a school districts from each state indicates that current workers' compensation claim. However, data from the report card have a number of limitations that impede their NLSY paint a much different and more troubling picture: ability to contribute to improved educational outcomes. uninsured and more vulnerable workers are less likely to This paper examines preliminary evidence on the content, file claims than the insured. This paper studies this format and accessibility of report cards produced at the relationship and find that it emerges as the result of state, district and school levels, with attention to how the employer characteristics. Workers at firms who offer results of this analysis relate to the purposes of health insurance to employees are more likely to file accountability reporting espoused by NCLB. It concludes workers' compensation claims: the characteristics of the with recommendations for report card developers based on firm are more important than the insurance status of this analysis and other research on accountability reporting workers themselves; moreover, even repeat injury- from the education and healthcare sectors. Online access sufferers are more likely to file during episodes in which only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR202/. their employer offers health insurance. This suggests that the workplace environment and employer incentives may WR-203-ICJ Evaluating Medical Treatment have a significant impact on the utilization of the workers' Guideline Sets for Injured Workers in California. T. K. compensation system. Online access only: Nuckols, B. O. Wynn, Y. Lim, R. Shaw, S. Mattke, T. http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR205/. Wickizer, P. Harber, P. Wallace, S. M. Asch, C. H. MacLean, R. Hasenfeld. 2004. WR-206 Self-Reported Work Disability in the US and the Netherlands. A. Kapteyn, J. P. Smith, A. V. Soest. In recent years, the California workers' compensation 2004. system has been encumbered by rising costs and high utilization of medical care. To address these concerns, the Self-reported work disability is analyzed in the US and California legislature passed a series of initiatives that call The Netherlands. The raw data show that Dutch for the use of evidence-based medical-treatment guidelines respondents much more often report that they have a work concerning, at a minimum, the frequency, duration, limiting health problem than respondents in the US. The intensity, and appropriateness of all treatment procedures difference remains when controlling for demographic and modalities commonly performed in workers' characteristics and observed onsets of health problems. compensation cases. The American College of Respondent evaluations of work limitations of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) hypothetical persons described in vignettes are used to guidelines were adopted as presumptively correct until identify the extent to which the differences in self-reports alternative plans could be evaluated and a decision made between countries or socio-economic groups are due to about which guidelines to adopt for the long term. This systematic variation in the response scales. A model that 207 assumes the same response scales for different health WR-216 Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care domains is compared with a model that allows for domain Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care. K. Kapur, J. A. specific response scales. Results of both models suggest Rogowski, V. A. Freedman, S. L. Wickstrom, J. L. that about half of the difference between the self-reported Adams, J. J. Escarce. 2004. rates of work disability in the US and The Netherlands can This study examined the effects of education, income, and be explained by response scale differences. Online access wealth on medical care expenditures in two Medicare only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/WR206/. managed care plans. The study also sought to elucidate the pathways through which socioeconomic status (SES) WR-207 Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The affects expenditures, including preferences for health and Effects of Age at First Marriage on Career Development medical care and ability to navigate the managed care and Wages. D. S. Loughran, J. M. Zissimopoulos. 2004. system. The authors modeled the effect of SES on medical Age at first marriage has risen dramatically since the mid- care expenditures using Generalized Linear Models, 1960s among a wide spectrum of the U.S. population. estimating separate models for each component of medical Researchers have considered many possible explanations expenditures: inpatient, outpatient, physician, and other for this trend. Few, though, have asked why individuals expenditures. They found that education, income, and should want to delay marriage in the first place. One wealth all affected medical care expenditures, although the possibility is that early marriage inhibits the career effects of these variables differed across expenditure development of one or both individuals in a marriage. This categories. Moreover, the effects of these SES variables hypothesis is tested using data from the National were much smaller than the effects found in earlier studies Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Using panel data of fee-for-service Medicare. The pathway variables also methods that exploit longitudinal variation in wages and were associated with expenditures. Accounting for the marriage timing, the authors estimate that delaying pathways through which SES affects expenditures marriage increases hourly wages of women by nearly four narrowed the effect of SES on expenditures; however, the percent for each year they delay. Marriage timing has no change in the estimates was very small. Thus, although impact on the wages of men. They find that delaying their measures of preferences and ability to navigate the marriage may have costs as well. All else equal, women system were associated with expenditures, they did not who delay marriage marry spouses with lower wages. account for an appreciable share of the impact of SES on Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ expenditures. Online access only: http://www.rand. WR207/. org/publications/WR/WR216 or http://www.nber.org/ papers/w10757. WR-214-ICJ Data for Adjusting Disability Ratings to Reflect Diminished Future Earnings and Capacity in WR-223 Do the Elderly Respond to Taxes on Compliance with SB 899. S. A. Seabury, R. T. Reville, F. Earnings? Evidence from the Social Security Retirement Neuhauser. 2004. Earnings Test. D. S. Loughran, S. Haider. 2005. The passage of SB 899 introduced sweeping reforms to the The effective tax on earnings embodied in the Social California workers' compensation system. One of these Security retirement earnings test has been as high as 50 reforms was the requirement that the system for evaluating percent. Surprisingly, among the numerous empirical the severity of permanent disabilities incorporate empirical studies that have examined the earnings test, there is little data on the long-term loss of income experienced by agreement about whether the earnings test affects elderly workers with injuries to different parts of the body. labor supply at all. In this paper, we examine new and However, no previous work has provided enough reconsider existing empirical evidence on the earnings test information on the predicted loss of earnings capacity for and conclude that, at least for men, the earnings test has a different types of injuries to generate a complete set of substantial impact on labor supply and claiming behavior. adjustments to the rating schedule. This document Online access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ summarizes the average disability ratings and 3-year WR223/. cumulative proportional earnings losses for 23 different categories of disability. This includes a discussion justifying the use of standard ratings (ratings before age RAND LIBRARY REPRINTS (Not and occupation adjustments), proportional earnings losses available from RAND) calculated at the individual level, and estimates of ratings and losses for three separate regions of the spine. Online LRP-198806-01 Psychiatric Disorder and Limitations access only: http://www.rand.org/publications/WR/ in Physical Functioning in a Sample of the Los Angeles WR214/. General Population. K. B. Wells, J. M. Golding, M. A. Burnam. 208

The authors examined relationships between psychiatric medicine itself. Within a very short period of time, disorder and perceived general health and physical medicine has moved from outright hostility to CAM to functioning from data obtained from interviews with 2,554 acknowledging its existence and finally co-operating with, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans in Los and embracing, CAM. Increasingly, medicine is Angeles. Persons with recent psychiatric disorders incorporating CAM into medical education and practice. perceived their general health as poorer and had more Furthermore, this paradigm is increasingly being identified limitations in physical functioning than persons without as `integrative medicine'. This chapter will explore the such disorders, even when the analyses controlled for challenge posed by trying to integrate two paradigms that chronic medical conditions and demographic factors. hold fundamentally contradictory beliefs, and differing Affective and anxiety disorders were independently philosophies, about health and healthcare. The chapter will associated with both acute and chronic limitations in draw on Thomas Kuhn's (1962) work on paradigms to physical functioning. The associations of recent explore this problem. Published in The Mainstreaming of psychiatric disorder and of chronic medical condition with Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Studies in acute activity restrictions were similar in magnitude. Social Context / edited by Philip Tovey, Gary Easthope Published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 145, and Jon Adams (London; New York: Routledge, 2004), p. no. 6, Jun. 1988, p. 712–716. 103–122.

LRP-200400-01 Syndromic Surveillance: Is It Worth LRP-200400-03 US Military Doctrine and the Effort? M. A. Soto, M. Schonlau, L. T. Mariano. Counterinsurgency. W. Rosenau. Unlike bombings, bioterrorism can be invisible, Published in Strategic Survey: An Evaluation and unapparent until people become ill, spreading silently as Forecast of World Affairs (London: Oxford University infected people interact with others. The sooner public Press For The International Institute for Strategic Studies, health officials know about a bioterrorist attack, the more 2004), p. 38–49. Online access: http://www.iiss.org/news- effective their response can be. In this article, the authors more.php?itemID=795. discuss the feasibility of using syndromic surveillance as an early warning system of bioterrorism. Syndromic LRP-200400-04 The Use of Immunotherapies and surveillance involves the statistical analyses of data on Sustained-Release Formulations in the Treatment of Drug individuals seeking care in emergency rooms or other Addiction: Will Current Law Support Coercion? M. S. health care settings for early symptoms of bioterrorist Ridgely. agents. The authors discuss results of a simple simulation Published in New Treatments for Addiction: Behavioral, they conducted using data from the emergency department Ethical, Legal, and Social Questions / edited by Henrick J. at the George Washington University Hospital in Harwood and Tracy G. Myers (Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C., to simulate a bioterrorist attack and National Academies Press, 2004), p. 173–187. examined how four different detection algorithms performed. They then discuss how performance can be LRP-200400-05 Will Public Health's Response to improved and the challenges of integrating syndromic Terrorism Be Fair? Racial/Ethnic Variations in Perceived surveillance into public health systems. The authors Fairness During a Bioterrorist Event. D. P. Eisenman, C. conclude that the benefits of syndromic surveillance have Wold, C. Setodji, S. Hickey, B. Lee, B. D. Stein, A. Long. not yet been established, and they caution city and state health departments about investing in costly syndromic OBJECTIVES: Public health departments' effectiveness surveillance systems until more research is done to during catastrophic bioterrorism will require trust on the improve their sensitivity. They add, however, that the part of diverse communities. This study describes potential of syndromic surveillance might be greater for variations in perceptions that the public health system will monitoring naturally occurring diseases (such as the start respond fairly to one's needs in a bioterrorist event, of the flu season, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.) than regardless of race/ethnicity, income, or other for bioterrorism, and that this potential may make it worth characteristics. METHODS: Using the Los Angeles the effort. Published in Chance, v. 17, no. 1, 2004, p. County Health Survey, a random-digit, population-based, 19–24. telephone survey, the authors conducted multivariate logistic regression of race/ethnicity on perceived fairness, LRP-200400-02 Integration and Paradigm Clash: adjusting for demographic factors and perceived The Practical Difficulties of Integrative Medicine. I. D. neighborhood safety. They performed similar analyses Coulter. stratified by race/ethnicity subgroup. RESULTS: Overall, 72.7% of respondents perceived that the public health Despite all the concerns in orthodox medicine about system will respond fairly in a bioterrorist event. African complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), it is Americans (AA) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (API) clear that a major paradigm shift is also occurring within 209 reported the lowest perceived fairness (AA 63.0%, API multiple sources of information and support as they 68.2%, Latino 73.1%, White 76.6%, p < 0.005 for group weighed the risk from anthrax against the advantages and differences). Adjusting for demographic factors and disadvantages of antibiotics. The authors found that neighborhood safety, African Americans had lower nonadherent participants were commonly following the perceived fairness compared to whites (adjusted odds advice of private physicians, whereas adherent participants ratio, aOR 0.45; 95% confidence intervals, CI 0.26–0.79; p commonly described ongoing support from multiple < 0.005). Other factors associated with lower perceived sources when discussing their decisions. Our findings fairness included Asian-language compared to English- highlight the need for better integration between the public language interview (aOR 0.29; 95% CI 0.11-0.76; p < and private health care systems during public health crises 0.05) and lower compared to higher neighborhood safety and the importance of equipping private physicians for (aOR 0.48; 95% CI 0.31-0.74; p < 0.005). Among African their key role in aiding decision-making during a public Americans, participants aged 18-29 years were less likely health crisis. Special attention also should be given to to report perceived fairness (aOR 0.06; 95% CI 0.01-0.59) enhancing support and information from multiple sources compared to participants older than 60 years of age. throughout the entire period of risk. Published in Among Asian/Pacific Islanders, Asian-language interview Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, (aOR 0.07; 95% CI 0.01-0.48) and lower perceived Practice, and Science, v. 2, no. 3, 2004, p. 175–185 neighborhood safety (aOR 0.01; 95% CI < 0.01-0.13) were associated with perceived fairness. CONCLUSIONS: To LRP-200400-09 Alcohol, Drug, and Mental strengthen bioterrorism preparedness, public health Disorders, Psychosocial Problems, and Behavioral officials must continue to improve perceived fairness Interventions in Primary Care. H. A. Pincus. among African American and Asian/Pacific Islander Published in The Future of Primary Care / edited by communities. Published in Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Jonathan A. Showstack, Arlyss A. Rothman (San Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, v. 2, no. 3, p. Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2004), Chapter 13, p. 146-156. 243–275. LRP-200400-06 Professionalism and Ethics in LRP-200400-10 Diversity of Model Approaches for Chiropractic. R. D. Mootz, I. D. Coulter, G. D. Schultz. Breast Cancer Screening: A Review of Model Published in Principles and Practice of Chiropractic / Assumptions by the Cancer Intervention Surveillance edited by Scott Haldeman (New York: McGraw-Hill Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups. R. Boer, S. Professional; London: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 201–219. Plevritis, L. Clarke. The National Cancer Institute-sponsored Cancer LRP-200400-07 Communication in the Chiropractic Intervention and Surveillance Network program on breast Health Encounter Sociological and Anthropological cancer is composed of seven research groups working Approaches. I. D. Coulter. largely independently to model the impact of screening Published in Principles and Practice of Chiropractic / and adjuvant therapy on breast cancer mortality trends in edited by Scott Haldeman (New York: McGraw-Hill the US from 1975 to 2000. Each of the groups has chosen Professional; London: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 99–109. a different modeling methodology without purposeful attempt to be in contrast with each other. The seven groups LRP-200400-08 A Bitter Pill to Swallow: have met biannually since November 2000 to discuss their Nonadherence with Prophylactic Antibiotics During the methodology and results. This article investigates the Anthrax Attacks and the Role of Private Physicians. B. D. differences in methodology. To facilitate this comparison, Stein, T. L. Tanielian, G. W. Ryan, H. J. Rhodes, S. D. each of the groups submitted a description of their model Young, J. C. Blanchard. into a uniformly structured web based 'model profiler'. Six of the seven models simulate a preclinical natural history To generate recommendations for improving adherence to that cannot be observed directly with parameters estimated public health advice during public health crises, the from published evidence concerning screening and therapy authors conducted semi-structured interviews with effects. The remaining model regards published evidence employees at the Brentwood Road Postal Facility and on on intervention effects as prior information and updates Capitol Hill to identify key themes associated with that with information from the US population in a decisions to adhere to recommended antibiotic prophylaxis Bayesian type analysis. In general, the differences between during the 2001 anthrax attacks. Factors used in deciding the models appear to be small, particularly among the to adhere to recommended prophylactic antibiotics and models driven by natural history assumptions. However, concerns about the official response were similar in we demonstrate that such apparently small differences can Brentwood and Capitol Hill employees, and in adherent have a large impact on surveillance of population trends. and nonadherent participants. All participants used The authors describe a systematic approach to evaluating 210 differences in model assumptions and results, as well as contains some pragmatic proposals, avoids postulating an differences in modeling culture underlying the differences ideal NIH but does propose a radical new "special in model structure and parameters. Published in Statistical programs office" that would function as does the Defense Methods in Medical Research, v. 13, no. 6, 2004, p. Advanced Research Projects Agency, and advocates that 258–538. clinical research be strengthened. Published in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 257–262. LRP-200401-01 Are the Young Becoming More Disabled? Rates of Disability Appear to Be on the Rise LRP-200401-04 Patterns of Medical Resource and Among People Ages Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, Fueled by a Psychotropic Medicine Use Among Adult Depressed Growing Obesity Epidemic. D. Lakdawalla, J. Managed Behavioral Health Patients. F. Azocar, L. M. Bhattacharya, D. P. Goldman. McCarter, B. J. Cuffel, T. W. Croghan. This paper investigates trends in disability in the U.S. Medical and pharmacy utilization patterns were examined population, particularly among people under age fifty. among 782 depressed patients seen by independent Even as the elderly have become less disabled, reported clinicians through a Managed Behavioral Health disability has risen for younger Americans, especially Organization using behavioral, medical and pharmacy those ages 30–49. The authors suggest some possible claims spanning two years. Two-thirds received explanations for rising disability levels, such as obesity, psychiatric care in the medical and mental health sector technological advances in medicine, and changing concurrently, 43% had comorbid medical disorders, 61% disability insurance laws. Obesity and its attendant received psychotropic medications, and 54% were on disorders seem particularly associated with these trends, antidepressants. Fewer depressed medically comorbid although the data are not definitive. Whatever its sources, patients used medical services while in mental health rising disability among the young could have adverse treatment than before or after treatment, while the per consequences for public programs such as disability patient costs remained the same. For those with chronic insurance, Medicare, and Medicaid. Published in Health conditions, medical utilization and costs remained the Affairs, v. 23, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 168-176. same. A quarter of depressed patients received mental health treatment before seeing a mental health specialist, LRP-200401-02 The Changing Face of Pharmacy and a quarter remained in treatment in the medical sector Benefit Design: A Small Group of Pharmacy Benefit after treatment in the mental health sector. Despite Experts Suggests That Changes Could Be Coming for increases in mental health services access made available Tiered Copayment Designs. J. D. Malkin, D. P. Goldman, through managed behavioral health organizations, patients G. Joyce. continue receiving mental health treatment in the medical sector. Published in Journal of Behavioral Health Services Employers, health plans, and pharmacy benefit & Research, v. 31, no. 1, Jan./Mar. 2004, p. 26–37. managers—seeking to reduce rapid growth in pharmacy spending—have embraced multi-tier pharmacy benefit LRP-200401-05 Depression and Leaving packages that use differential copayments to steer Employment Among Older Adult Americans. H. Tian, R. beneficiaries toward low-cost drugs. The consensus of Sturm. fifteen pharmacy benefit design experts whom the authors interviewed is that such plans will become more prevalent Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 1, Jan. 2004, and that the techniques these plans use to promote low- p. 10. cost drugs will intensify. The effect on health outcomes depends on whether the high-cost drugs whose use is LRP-200401-06 Indirect Vs Direct Hospital Quality being discouraged have close, low-cost substitutes. Indicators for Very Low-Birth Weight Infants. J. A. Published in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. Rogowski, J. D. Horbar, D. O. Staiger, M. Kenny, J. H. 194–199. Carpenter, J. Geppert. CONTEXT: Evidence-based selective referral strategies LRP-200401-03 Reorganizing the National Institutes are being used by an increasing number of insurers to of Health: A Review of an Important National Research ensure that medical care is provided by high-quality Council-Institute of Medicine Report to Revitalize the providers. In the absence of direct-quality measures based NIH. R. A. Rettig. on patient outcomes, the standards currently in place for A committee of the National Research Council and the many conditions rely on indirect-quality measures such as Institute of Medicine recently released a report on patient volume. OBJECTIVES: To assess the potential reorganizing the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This usefulness of volume as a quality indicator for very low- report responds to a request by Congress in connection birth-weight (VLBW) infants and compare volume with with the fiscal year 2001 budget for the NIH. The report other potential indicators based on readily available 211 hospital characteristics and patient outcomes. DESIGN, for measurement. RESULTS: Barriers present at more SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective study than one site were (1) workload during patient visits (8 of of 94 110 VLBW infants weighing 501 to 1500 g born in 8 sites), (2) time to document when a CR was not 332 Vermont Oxford Network hospitals with neonatal clinically relevant (8 of 8 sites), (3) inapplicability of the intensive care units between January 1, 1995, and CR due to context-specific reasons (9 of 26 patients), (4) December 31, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: limited training on how to use the CR software for rotating Mortality among VLBW infants prior to discharge home; staff (5 of 8 sites) and permanent staff (3 of 8 sites), (5) detailed case-mix adjustment was performed by using perceived reduction of quality of provider-patient patient characteristics available immediately after birth. interaction (3 of 23 permanent staff), and (6) the decision RESULTS: In hospitals with less than 50 annual to use paper forms to enable review of resident physician admissions of VLBW infants, an additional 10 admissions orders prior to order entry (2 of 8 sites). CONCLUSION: were associated with an 11% reduction in mortality (95% Six human factors barriers to the use of HIV CRs were confidence interval CI 5%-16%; P < .001). The annual identified. Reducing these barriers has the potential to volume of admissions only explained 9% of the variation increase use of the CRs and thereby improve the quality of across hospitals in mortality rates, and other readily HIV care. Published in Journal of the American Medical available hospital characteristics explained an additional Informatics Association, v. 11, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 7%. Historical volume was not significantly related to 50–59. mortality rates in 1999–2000, implying that volume cannot prospectively identify high-quality providers. In contrast, LRP-200401-08 A Conceptual Framework for hospitals in the lowest mortality quintile between 1995 Evaluating Outpatient Electronic Prescribing Systems and 1998 were found to have significantly lower mortality Based on Their Functional Capabilities. D. S. Bell, S. rates in 1999-2000 (odds ratio OR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.55- Cretin, R. Marken, A. B. Landman. 0.76; P < .001) and hospitals in the highest mortality OBJECTIVE: Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) may quintile between 1995 and 1998 had significantly higher substantially improve health care quality and efficiency, mortality rates in 1999-2000 (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.16- but the available systems are complex and their 1.64; P < .001). The percentage of hospital-level variation heterogeneity makes comparing and evaluating them a in mortality in 1999-2000 that was forecasted by the challenge. The authors aimed to develop a conceptual highest and lowest quintiles based on patient mortality was framework for anticipating the effects of alternative 34% compared with only 1% for the highest and lowest designs for outpatient e-prescribing systems. DESIGN: quintiles of volume. CONCLUSIONS: Referral of VLBW Based on a literature review and on telephone interviews infants based on indirect-quality indicators such as patient with e-prescribing vendors, the authors identified distinct volume may be minimally effective. Direct measures e-prescribing functional capabilities and developed a based on patient outcomes are more useful quality conceptual framework for evaluating e-prescribing indicators for the purposes of selective referral, as they are systems' potential effects based on their capabilities. better predictors of future mortality rates among providers Analyses of two commercial e-prescribing systems are and could save more lives. Published in Journal of the presented as examples of applying the conceptual American Medical Association, v. 219, no. 2. Jan. 14, framework. MEASUREMENTS: Major e-prescribing 2004, p. 202-209. functional capabilities identified and the availability of evidence to support their specific effects. RESULTS: The LRP-200401-07 Human Factors Barriers to the proposed framework for evaluating e-prescribing systems Effective Use of Ten HIV Clinical Reminders. E. S. is organized using a process model of medication Patterson, A. D. Nguyen, J. P. Halloran, S. M. Asch. management. Fourteen e-prescribing functional OBJECTIVE: Substantial variations in adherence to capabilities are identified within the model. Evidence is guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care identified to support eight specific effects for six of the have been documented. To evaluate their effectiveness in functional capabilities. The evidence also shows that a improving quality of care, ten computerized clinical functional capability with generally positive effects can be reminders (CRs) were implemented at two pilot and eight implemented in a way that creates unintended hazards. study sites. The aim of this study was to identify human Applying the framework involves identifying an e- factors barriers to the use of these CRs. DESIGN: prescribing system's functional capabilities within the Observational study was conducted of CRs in use at eight process model and then assessing the effects that could be outpatient clinics for one day each and semistructured expected from each capability in the proposed clinical interviews were conducted with physicians, pharmacists, environment. CONCLUSION: The proposed conceptual nurses, and case managers. MEASUREMENTS: Detailed framework supports the integration of available evidence handwritten field notes of interpretations and actions using in considering the full range of effects from e-prescribing the CRs and responses to interview questions were used design alternatives. More research is needed into the 212 effects of specific e-prescribing functional alternatives. possible favorable or adverse effects of statins or of Until more is known, e-prescribing initiatives should cholesterol reduction on cognition, mood, and behavior include provisions to monitor for unintended hazards. (including aggressive or violent behavior). METHODS: Published in Journal of the American Medical Informatics The literature pertaining to the relationship of cholesterol Association, v. 11, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 60–70. or statins to several noncardiac domains was reviewed, including the link between statins (or cholesterol) and LRP-200401-09 Childhood Overweight and cognition, aggression, and serotonin. RESULTS: There are Academic Performance: National Study of Kindergartners reasons to think both favorable and adverse effects of and First-Graders. A. Datar, R. Sturm, J. L. Magnabosco. statins and low cholesterol on cognition may pertain; the balance of these factors requires further elucidation. A OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between substantial body of literature links low cholesterol level to children's overweight status in kindergarten and their aggressive behavior; statin randomized trials have not academic achievement in kindergarten and first grade. supported a connection, but they have not been designed RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The data to address this issue. A limited number of reports suggest a analyzed consisted of 11,192 first time kindergartners connection between reduced cholesterol level and reduced from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, a nationally serotonin level, but more information is needed with representative sample of kindergartners in the U.S. in serotonin measures that are practical for clinical use. 1998. Multivariate regression techniques were used to Whether lipophilic and hydrophilic statins differ in their estimate the independent association of overweight status impact should be assessed. CONCLUSION: There is a with children's math and reading standardized test scores strong need for randomized controlled trial data to more in kindergarten and grade 1. The authors controlled for clearly establish the impact of hydrophilic and lipophilic socioeconomic status, parent-child interaction, birth statins on cognition, aggression, and serotonin, as well as weight, physical activity, and television watching. on other measures relevant to risks and quality-of-life RESULTS: Overweight children had significantly lower impact in noncardiac domains. Published in Archives of math and reading test scores compared with Internal Medicine, v. 164, no. 2, Jan. 26, 2004, p. nonoverweight children in kindergarten. Both groups were 153–162. gaining similarly on math and reading test scores, resulting in significantly lower test scores among overweight LRP-200401-11 Employee Responses to Health children at the end of grade 1. However, these differences, Insurance Premium Increases. D. P. Goldman, A. A. except for boys' math scores at baseline (difference = 1.22 Leibowitz, D. A. Robalino. points, p = 0.001), became insignificant after including socioeconomic and behavioral variables, indicating that OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity of employees' overweight is a marker but not a causal factor. health insurance decisions—including the decision to not Race/ethnicity and mother's education were stronger choose health maintenance organization or fee-for-service predictors of test score gains or levels than overweight coverage—during periods of rapidly escalating healthcare status. DISCUSSION: Significant differences in test costs. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of scores by overweight status at the beginning of employee plan choices at a single large firm with a kindergarten and the end of grade 1 can be explained by "cafeteria-style" benefits plan wherein employees paid all other individual characteristics, including parental the additional cost of purchasing more generous insurance. education and the home environment. However, METHODS: The authors modeled the probability that an overweight is more easily observable by other students employee would drop coverage or switch plans in compared with socioeconomic characteristics, and its response to employee premium increases using data from significant (unadjusted) association with worse academic a single large US company with employees across 47 performance can contribute to the stigma of overweight as states during the 3-year period of 1989 through 1991, a early as the first years of elementary school. Published in time of large premium increases within and across plans. Obesity Research, v. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2004, p. 58–68. RESULTS: Premium increases induced substantial plan switching. Single employees were more likely to respond LRP-200401-10 Conceptual Foundations of the to premium increases by dropping coverage, whereas UCSD Statin Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial families tended to switch to another plan. Premium Assessing the Impact of Statins on Cognition, Behavior, increases of 10% induced 7% of single employees to drop and Biochemistry. B. A. Golomb, M. Criqui, H. White, J. or severely cut back on coverage; 13% to switch to E. Dimsdale. another plan; and 80% to remain in their existing plan. Similar figures for those with family coverage were 11%, BACKGROUND: Statin cholesterol-lowering drugs are 12%, and 77%, respectively. Simulation results that among the most prescribed drugs in the United States. control for known covariates show similar increases. Their cardiac benefits are substantial and well supported. When faced with a dramatic increase in premiums—on the However, there has been persistent controversy regarding 213 order of 20%—nearly one fifth of the single employees violence on three adaptation outcomes in Severe Mental dropped coverage compared with 10% of those with Illness (SMI): psychotic symptoms, demoralization, and family coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Employee coverage substance abuse. One hundred and nine (109) individuals decisions are sensitive to rapidly increasing premiums, and with SMI were administered an extensive protocol that single employees may be likely to drop coverage. This included the pertinent variables. Structural Equation finding suggests that sustained premium increases could Modeling analyses indicated that abuse predicted induce substantial increases in the number of uninsured psychotic symptoms and demoralization, whereas individuals. Published in The American Journal of exposure to community violence predicted substance Managed Care, v. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2004, p. 41–47. abuse. These findings point to different possible trauma- adaptation configurations, and suggest that both past and LRP-200401-12 Impact of Pain on Depression present trauma complicates the adaptation of people with Treatment Response in Primary Care. M. J. Bair, R. L. SMI. Published in Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, v. Robinson, G. J. Eckert, P. E. Stang, T. W. Croghan, K. 5, no. 1, Jan. 2004, p. 29–47. Kroenke. LRP-200401-14 Depression and the Ability to Work. OBJECTIVE: Pain commonly coexists with depression, L. Elinson, P. Houck, S. C. Marcus, H. A. Pincus. but its impact on treatment outcomes has not been well studied. Therefore, the authors prospectively evaluated the OBJECTIVE: Depression can have a serious impact on a impact of comorbid pain on depression treatment response person's ability to work. The purpose of this study was to and health-related quality of life. METHODS: The authors describe depressed persons who work and depressed analyzed data from the ARTIST study, a randomized persons who do not work and to identify factors related to controlled trial with naturalistic follow-up conducted in 37 depressed persons' working. METHODS: The combined primary care clinics. Participants were 573 clinically 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Survey depressed patients randomized to one of three selective Disability Supplement was used to identify persons aged serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: 18 to 69 with depression. Sociodemographic, health, fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline. Depression as functional, and disability characteristics of working assessed by the Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20) was the depressed persons and nonworking depressed persons primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included pain and were compared with use of a chi square test of health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Pain was significance. After adjustment for sociodemographic reported by more than two thirds of depressed patients at variables, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to baseline, with the severity of pain mild in 25% of patients, identify factors associated with work among depressed moderate in 30%, and severe in 14%. After 3 months of persons. RESULTS: Approximately half of the persons antidepressant therapy, 24% of patients had a poor who reported major depression were in the labor force. depression treatment response (i.e., SCL-20 >1.3). Compared with nonworking depressed persons, working Multivariate odds ratios for poor treatment response were depressed persons tended to be younger, to be male, to be 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.8–3.2) for mild pain, 2.0 better educated, to have a higher income, to live alone or (1.1-4.0) for moderate pain, and 4.1 (1.9-8.8) for severe with a nonrelative, and to live in an urban or suburban pain compared with those without pain. Increasing pain location. They less often perceived themselves as unable severity also had an adverse impact on outcomes in to work or as disabled and were healthier and less multiple domains of health-related quality of life. impaired by social, cognitive, and physical limitations than CONCLUSIONS: Pain is present in two thirds of their nonworking counterparts. After sociodemographic depressed primary care patients begun on antidepressant factors were controlled for, health and functional therapy, and the severity of pain is a strong predictor of characteristics were strongly associated with depressed poor depression and health-related quality of life outcomes persons' working. CONCLUSIONS: Depressed persons at 3 months. Better recognition, assessment, and treatment who work and who do not work differed across of comorbid pain may enhance outcomes of depression sociodemographic, health, functional, and disability therapy. Published in Psychosomatic Medicine, v. 66, no. factors. Understanding the factors associated with 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 17-22. depressed persons' working and not working may help policy makers, employers, and clinicians shape health care LRP-200401-13 Trauma and Adaptation in Severe benefits packages, employee assistance programs, Mental Illness: The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and disability programs, and treatment programs appropriately. Exposure to Community Violence. G. Shahar, A. Wisher, In particular, it may be important to focus on individuals M. J. Chinman, D. Sells, B. Kloos, J. K. Tebes, L. with depression and comorbid general health conditions. Davidson. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 1, Jan. 2004, p. 29–34 The authors examined the role of self-reported physical and/or sexual abuse and recent exposure to community 214

LRP-200401-15 Surgical Quality: Review of primary care and higher utilization of imaging. Published Californian Measures. M. S. Broder, L. P. Simon, R. H. in Academic Radiology, v. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2004, p. 13–20. Brook. LRP-200402-01 The Costs of Decedents in the Published in BMJ, v. 328, no. 7432, Jan. 17, 2004, p. Medicare Program: Implications for Payments to 152–153. Medicare+choice Plans. M. B. Buntin, A. M. Garber, M. McClellan, J. P. Newhouse. LRP-200401-16 Effect of an Imaging-Based Streamlined Electronic Healthcare Process on Quality and OBJECTIVE: To discuss and quantify the incentives that Costs. A. A. T. Bui, R. K. Taira, D. P. Goldman, J. D. B. Medicare managed care plans have to avoid (through Dionisio, D. R. Aberle, S. El-Saden, J. Sayre, T. H. Rice, selective enrollment or disenrollment) people who are at H. Kangarloo. risk for very high costs, focusing on Medicare beneficiaries in the last year of life - a group that accounts RATIONAL AND OBJECTIVES: A streamlined process for more than one-quarter of Medicare's annual of care supported by technology and imaging may be expenditures. DATA SOURCE: Medicare administrative effective in managing the overall healthcare process and claims for 1994 and 1995. STUDY DESIGN: The authors costs. This study examined the effect of an imaging-based calculated the payment a plan would have received under electronic process of care on costs and rates of three risk-adjustment systems for each beneficiary in our hospitalization, emergency room (ER) visits, specialist 1995 sample based on his or her age, gender, county of diagnostic referrals, and patient satisfaction. MATERIALS residence, original reason for Medicare entitlement, and AND METHODS: A healthcare process was implemented principal inpatient diagnoses received during any hospital for an employer group, highlighting improved patient stays in 1994. The authors compared these amounts to the access to primary care plus routine use of imaging and actual costs incurred by those beneficiaries. They then teleconsultation with diagnostic specialists. An electronic looked for clinical categories that were predictive of costs, infrastructure supported patient access to physicians and including costs in a beneficiary's last year of life, not communication among healthcare providers. The accounted for by the risk adjusters. DATA employer group, a self-insured company, manages a EXTRACTION METHODS: The analyses were healthcare plan for its employees and their dependents: conducted using claims for a 5 percent random sample of 4,072 employees were enrolled in the test group, and Medicare beneficiaries who died in 1995 and a matched 7,639 in the control group. Outcome measures for group of survivors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicare is expenses and frequency of hospitalizations, ER visits, currently implementing the Principal Inpatient Diagnostic traditional specialist referrals, primary care visits, and Cost Groups (PIP-DCG) risk adjustment payment system imaging utilization rates were measured using claims data to address the problem of risk selection in the over 1 year. Homogeneity tests of proportions were Medicare+Choice program. The authors quantify the performed with a chi-square statistic; mean differences strong financial disincentives to enroll terminally ill were tested by two-sample t-tests. Patient satisfaction with beneficiaries that plans still have under this risk access to healthcare was gauged using results from an adjustment system. The authors also show that up to one- independent firm. RESULTS: Overall per member/per third of the selection observed between Medicare HMOs month costs post-implementation were lower in the and the traditional fee-for-service system could be due to enrolled population ($126 vs $160), even though differential enrollment of decedents. A risk adjustment occurrence of chronic/expensive diseases was higher in the system that incorporated more of the available diagnostic enrolled group (18.8% vs 12.2%). Lower per member/per information would attenuate this disincentive; however, month costs were seen for inpatient ($33.29 vs $35.59); plans could still use clinical information (not included in specialist referrals ($21.36 vs $26.84); and ER visits the risk adjustment scheme) to identify beneficiaries ($3.68 vs $5.22). Moreover, the utilization rate for hospital whose expected costs exceed expected payments. admissions, ER visits, and traditional specialist referrals CONCLUSIONS: More disaggregated prospective risk were significantly lower in the enrolled group, although adjustment methods and alternative payment systems that primary care and imaging utilization were higher. compensate plans for delivering care to certain classes of Comparison to similar employer groups showed that the patients should be considered to ensure access to high- company's costs were lower than national averages quality managed care for all beneficiaries. Published in ($119.24 vs $146.32), indicating that the observed result HSR, Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 1, Feb. 2004, p. was not attributable to normalization effects. Patient 111–130. satisfaction with access to healthcare ranked in the top 21st percentile. CONCLUSION: A streamlined healthcare LRP-200402-02 Is the Influence of Social process supported by technology resulted in higher patient Desirability on Patients' Self-Reported Adherence satisfaction and cost savings despite improved access to 215

Overrated? /Glenn Wagner, Loren G. Miller. G. J. common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, Wagner, L. G. Miller. cramps, or spasms (7.6%); earaches or ear infections (3.4%); and lacerations/cuts (2.9%). Enrollees won more Published in Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency than 90% of appeals. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Syndrome, v. 35, no. 2, (Letters to the editor), Feb. 1, ED cases among all appeals reflects disagreement between 2004, p. 203–204. lay and expert judgments about what constitutes emergency care under the prudent layperson standard. The LRP-200402-03 Substance Use and Early Marriage. high rate at which enrollees win these appeals highlights S. C. Martino, R. L. Collins, P. L. Ellickson. significant disagreement in interpretation of the standard Prior work indicates that substance use is related to among different adjudicators within managed care adolescent marriage. The authors describe two different organizations (medical groups and health plans). When processes that may account for this relationship and enrollees fail to challenge denials that would be reversed hypothesize patterns of association that would be on appeal, they bear the financial brunt of ambiguities in consistent or inconsistent with each. Using data from a interpretation of the prudent layperson standard. Published study that followed west coast youth from 7th grade to in Annals of Emergency Medicine, v. 32, no. 2, Feb. 2004, young adult hood (N=3,324), the authors assessed the p. 155–162. effects of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in 7th and 10th grade on the probability of marriage prior to age 20. LRP-200402-06 An Evaluation of Collaborative When gender, race, and SES were controlled, cigarette use Interventions to Improve Chronic Illness Care: Framework in adolescence, but not other substance use, was associated and Study Design. S. Cretin, S. M. Shortell, E. B. Keeler. with early marriage. Low educational attainment and early The authors' dual-purpose evaluation assesses the unwed parenthood each uniquely mediated this effectiveness of formal collaboratives in stimulating association. These results suggest that the link between organizational changes to improve chronic illness care (the substance use and early marriage reflects a disposition chronic care model or CCM). Intervention and comparison toward risky or unconventional behavior, not the sites are compared before and after introduction of the judgment-impairing effects of drug and alcohol use. CCM. Multiple data sources are used to measure the Published in Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 66, Feb. degree of implementation, patient-level processes and 2004, p. 244–257. outcomes, and organizational and team factors associated with success. Despite challenges in timely recruitment of LRP-200402-04 Disputes over Coverage of sites and patients, data collection on 37 participating Emergency Department Services: A Study of Two Health organizations, 22 control sites, and more than 4,000 Maintenance Organizations. C. R. Gresenz, D. M. patients with diabetes, congestive heart failure, asthma, or Studdert. depression is nearing completion. When analyzed, these STUDY OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the data will shed new light on the effectiveness of characteristics and outcomes of enrollee-health plan collaborative improvement methods and the CCM. disputes over insurance coverage for emergency Published in Evaluation Review, v. 28, no. 1, Feb. 2004, p. department (ED) services at 2 large health maintenance 28–51. organizations (HMOs) that apply the prudent layperson standard. METHODS: The authors abstracted information LRP-200402-07 Medicare Program Expenditures from a stratified random sample of approximately 3,500 Associated with Hospice Use. D. E. Campbell, J. Lynn, T. appeals of coverage denials lodged by privately insured A. Louis, L. R. Shugarman. enrollees between 1998 and 2000 at 2 of the nation's BACKGROUND: Hospice providers contend that largest HMOs (hereafter referred to as Plan 1 and Plan 2). enrollment reduces the cost of the Medicare programs, but The authors describe appeals involving ED services in estimates of effects are dated, methodologically limited, terms of the timing of visits, patient age, costs of services, and focused on persons with cancer. OBJECTIVE: To primary reason the patient sought care, and appeal estimate the effects of hospice care on Medicare program outcome. RESULTS: Disputes over ED services payments during the last year of life from 1996 to 1999 accounted for approximately one half (52%) of postservice within cohorts defined by age and diagnosis. DESIGN: appeals at Plan 1 and one third (34%) at Plan 2. Nearly Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Deceased Medicare one half (46%) of ED appeals involved weekend, enrollees. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly Medicare fee-for- nighttime, or holiday visits to the ED; 22% were children's service beneficiaries who received 36 months of visits. The average cost of services in dispute was continuous Part A and B coverage before death during US$1,107. The most common general reasons for the ED 1996 to 1999 (n = 245 326). Age- and condition-specific visits in dispute were symptoms of illness (64%), injuries (cancer or noncancer and principal condition) cohorts were (22%), and services related to disease (8%). The most defined. MEASUREMENTS: Medicare expenditures in 216 the last year of life, as a total figure and by service type. diagnosed episodes of depression. The rates of optimal The cost effects of hospice were estimated by using linear practitioner contacts for whites, African Americans, regression within the cohorts for hospice enrollees Asians, and Hispanics were 12.5%, 12.0%, 11.1%, and compared with nonenrollees after adjustment for 10.6%; the rates of effective acute-phase treatment were propensity to use hospice, gender, race, enrollment in 60.1%, 48.5%, 40.7%, and 57.6%; and the rates of Medicaid, urban setting, duration of illness, comorbid effective continuation-phase treatment were 46.7%, conditions, low use of Medicare, nursing home residence, 32.7%, 31.9%, and 39.6%, respectively. The statistically and year of death. RESULTS: Adjusted mean significant disparities persisted after adjusting for effects expenditures were 4.0% higher overall among hospice of age, sex, income, plan model, profit status, and region enrollees than among nonenrollees. Adjusted mean of the country. CONCLUSIONS: The overall quality of expenditures were 1% lower for hospice enrollees with mental health care for people enrolled in Medicare + cancer than for patients with cancer who did not use Choice managed care plans is far from optimal. There are hospice. Savings were highest (7% to 17%) among large and persistent racial differences that merit further enrollees with lung cancer and other very aggressive types attention to better understand their underlying causes and of cancer diagnosed in the last year of life. Expenditures solutions. Published in Archives of General Psychiatry, v. for hospice enrollees without cancer were 11% higher than 61, no. 2, Feb. 2004, p. 201–205. for nonenrollees, ranging from 20% to 44% for patients with dementia and 0% to 16% for those with chronic heart LRP-200402-09 Using a Word Processor to Tag and failure or failure of most other organ systems. Hospice- Retrieve Blocks of Text. G. W. Ryan, H. R. Bernard. related savings decreased and relative costs increased with Sophisticated text management software is currently age. CONCLUSION: Hospice enrollment correlates with available for doing thematic or code-based analysis, the reduced Medicare expenditures among younger decedents principal procedural approach to qualitative data analysis. with cancer but increased expenditures among decedents Such packages allow researchers to tag and retrieve without cancer and those older than 84 years of age. contiguous blocks of data, maintain complex codebooks, Future studies should assess the effects of hospice on manage large corpora of data, and display search results in quality and on expenditures from all payment sources. interesting ways. For simple projects, however, with a few Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 4, no. 17, themes and a small number of texts, a complex program Feb. 2004, p. 269–277. that requires a large investment of time to learn may be more technology than one needs. This article provides tips LRP-200402-08 Does Medicare Managed Care for making better use of the humble word processor, in Provide Equal Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? this case, Microsoft Word. The use of text formatting B. A. Virnig, Z. Huang, N. Lurie, D. Musgrave, A. M. features, find-and-replace command, and Microsoft McBean, B. Dowd. Word's macro programming language can be used to mark BACKGROUND: While disparities in access to care are themes in texts and retrieve exemplars of themes on well documented, little is known about the quality of demand. Published in Field Methods, v. 16, no. 1, Feb. mental health care received by racial and ethnic minorities. 2004, p. 109–130. The authors examined the quality of mental health care received by elderly enrollees in Medicare + Choice plans. LRP-200402-10 Symptom-Based Framework for METHODS: An observational study was performed using Assessing Quality of HIV Care. S. M. Asch, A. M. individual-level Health Plan Employer Data and Fremont, B. J. Turner, A. L. Gifford, J. A. McCutchan, W. Information Set data. From 4182 to 5 016 028 individuals M. C. Mathews, S. A. Bozzette, M. F. Shapiro. 65 years or older and enrolled in Medicare + Choice plans OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HIV quality of care using a in 1999 were involved in different measures. Rates of symptom-based, patient-centered framework. METHODS: mental health inpatient discharges, average length of stay, An expert panel developed 13 quality indicators for three percentage of members receiving mental health services, common symptoms: cough with fever and/or shortness of rates of follow-up after hospitalization for mental illness, breath; severe or persistent diarrhea; and significant optimal practitioner contacts for antidepressant medication weight loss. A nationally representative probability sample management, and effective acute- and continuation-phase of HIV-infected adults was interviewed between 1996 and treatment were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with 1997. PARTICIPANTS: were asked about the presence whites, minorities received substantially less follow-up and severity of HIV symptoms during the preceding 6 after hospitalization for mental illness. The 30-day follow- months, and care received. Variation in adherence to the up rates for whites, African Americans, Asians, and indicators was assessed by symptom type and patient Hispanics were 60.2%, 42.4%, 54.1%, and 52.6%, characteristics. RESULTS: In all, 2864 (71%) patients respectively. Minorities also had lower rates of completed interviews and 920 reported being at least antidepressant medication management for newly moderately bothered with one of the three symptoms. Of 217 these, 41, 74, and 65% of patients with a symptom of care (between-plan differences). DESIGN: Data are from cough, weight loss, or diarrhea, respectively, reported the National CAHPS Benchmarking Database (NCBD) receiving all indicated care. Performance was better for 3.0. Data were analyzed using linear regression models to patients with more severe HIV, measured as a CD4 cell determine the overall effects, within-plan effects, and count <50 cells/microliter, compared with those with less between-plan effects of race/ethnicity and language on severe HIV, measured as CD4 cell count >500 patient assessments of care. Standard errors were adjusted cells/microliter (43% versus 60%; P = 0.02). Uninsured for nonresponse weights and the clustered nature of the patients had worse performance than Medicare patients data. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 49,327 (45% versus 62%; P = 0.04), but care did not differ by adults enrolled in Medicaid managed care plans in 14 patient's age, gender, ethnicity, HIV risk factor, providers' states from 1999 to 2000. MAIN RESULTS: Non-English HIV patient load, or region. Only CD4 count remained speakers reported worse experiences compared to those of significantly associated with performance in the whites, while Asian non-English speakers had the lowest multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Symptom-based scores for most reports and ratings of care. An analysis of quality indicators may provide a useful supplement to between-plan effects showed that African Americans, conventional measures. Patients with HIV reported Hispanic-Spanish speakers, American Indian/Whites, and substantial underuse of services for common, burdensome White-Other language were more likely than White- symptoms. Although adherence to quality indicators was English speakers to be clustered in worse plans as rated by better for patients with more advanced HIV disease, many consumers. However, the majority of the observed still received suboptimal care. Vulnerable patient groups racial/ethnic differences in CAHPS reports and ratings of generally did not receive worse quality of care, suggesting care are attributable to within-plan effects. The ratio of that symptom-based measures of quality may measure between to within variance of racial/ethnic effects ranged domains that are distinct from those captured by from 0.07 (provider communication) to 0.42 (health plan conventional indicators. Published in International rating). CONCLUSIONS: The observed racial/ethnic Journal for Quality in Health Care, v. 16, no. 1, Feb. differences in CAHPS ratings and reports of care are more 2004, p. 41–50. a result of different experiences with care for people enrolled in the same plans than a result of racial/ethnic LRP-200402-11 Electronic Health Records: A Key minorities being enrolled in plans with worse experiences. Enabler for EHealth. A. Ligtvoet. Health care organizations should engage in quality improvement activities to address the observed ISSUE: Electronic health records open up new options for racial/ethnic disparities in assessments of care. Published healthcare delivery: better access to relevant information, in Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 19, no. 2, Feb. consultation and cooperation between healthcare 2004, p. 136–145. providers, and monitoring and care delivery at the patient's home. However, issues of confidentiality and privacy need LRP-200402-13 When Does Quality Improvement to be balanced with the requirements for increased Count as Research? Human Subject Protection and communication between medical practitioners. Theories of Knowledge. J. Lynn. RELEVANCE: If the health applications enabled by electronic health records are to be taken up, they will need The publication of insights from a quality improvement widespread consensus among all stakeholders (public project recently precipitated a ruling by the lead federal authorities, medical professionals and patients). This will regulatory agency that regulations providing protection for focused and coordinated action at both national and EU- human subjects of research should apply. The required level. Published in IPTS, Institute for Prospective research review process did not match the rapid changes, Technological Studies, v. 81, Feb. 2004, p. 21–26. small samples, limited documentation, clinician management, and type of information commonly used in LRP-200402-12 Health Plan Effects on Patient quality improvement. Yet quality improvement can risk Assessments of Medicaid Managed Care Among harm to patients, so some review might be in order. The Racial/Ethnic Minorities. R. Weech-Maldonado, M. N. boundaries and processes are not clear. Efforts have been Elliott, L. S. Morales, K. L. Spritzer, G. N. Marshall, R. D. made to determine what constitutes "research," but this has Hays. proved difficult and often yields irrational guidance with regard to protection of patients. Society needs a workable OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which way to separate activities that will improve care, on the racial/ethnic differences in Consumer Assessment of one hand, and those that constitute research, on the other. Health Plans Study (CAHPS) ratings and reports of Practitioners who lead both quality improvement and Medicaid managed care can be attributed to differential research projects claim that those which rapidly give treatment by the same health plans (within-plan feedback to the care system that generated the data, aiming differences) as opposed to racial/ethnic minorities being to change practices within that system, are "quality disproportionately enrolled in plans with lower quality of 218 improvement" no matter whether the findings are broadening the samples in 4 ways: comparing indicator published, whether the project is grant funded, and rates in the broader and restrictive samples; assessing whether contemporaneous controls do not have the correlations of hospital ranks in the broader and restrictive intervention. This criterion has not previously been samples; performing clinical reviews of cases in the added proposed as a possible demarcation. The quandaries of samples; and using different samples in regressions of which projects to put through research review and how to indicators on nurse staffing variables, adjusting for patient ensure ethical implementation of quality improvement risk. RESULTS: Indicator rates in the broader samples need to be resolved. Published in Quality and Safety in tended to be higher but did not change hospital rankings Health Care, v. 13, no. 1, Feb. 2004, p. 67–70. significantly. Clinical review suggested that many sample restrictions could be dropped. Using indicators based on LRP-200402-14 Controversies and Legal Issues of broader definitions, coefficients on staffing variables Prescribing and Dispensing Medications Using the increased in magnitude. CONCLUSION: Less restrictive Internet. C. H. Fung, H. E. Woo, M. B. Nichol. sample definitions were shown to be feasible and increased the sensitivity of the indicators and thus the Online pharmacies fall into 3 major categories: power of the analysis. Particularly in surgical patients, the independent Internet-only sites, online branches of "brick- samples could be broadened, although more conservative and-mortar" pharmacies, and sites representing partnership definitions appeared appropriate for medical patients. among neighborhood pharmacies. Potential benefits of Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. 2, Suppl., Feb. 2004, online pharmacies include increased access, lower p. II-21-II-33. transaction and product costs, and greater anonymity. However, online pharmacies have generated controversies, LRP-200402-16 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Is More including the use of "cyberdoctors" on some sites, the Less? H. A. Pincus, J. D. Tew, M. B. First. dispensing of drugs without prescriptions from other sites, and the importation of prescription medications. Although With each successive revision of the DSM and ICD, some online pharmacies are legitimate and likely provide psychiatric comorbidity has become more prevalent. The benefits to patients, other online pharmacies engage in 'atheoretical' approaches of the DSM and ICD explicitly questionable practices. Numerous state and federal encourage multiple diagnoses with few exclusionary regulations and laws have tried to address controversies hierarchies, in the hope that all clinically relevant surrounding rogue Internet pharmacies. Because online information will be captured. However, the current pharmacies are increasingly common, clinicians may strategy of diagnosing 'maximal' comorbidity may not encounter patients asking for advice and information about reflect 'optimal' comorbidity. Many clinicians and health online pharmacies. The authors review the regulatory information systems, particularly those in developing framework governing online pharmacies and the potential countries, have a limited capacity for capturing this risks and benefits of using online pharmacies. Published in diagnostic information, and fail to characterize additional Mayo Clinic Proceedings, v. 79, no. 2, Feb. 2004, p. diagnoses that are present. This article will address the 188–194. evolution of our current diagnostic system as a way of understanding the emergence of comorbid psychiatric LRP-200402-15 Evaluating the Role of Patient diagnoses. Alternative diagnostic approaches (a Sample Definitions for Quality Indicators Sensitive to dimensional system, diagnostic hierarchies, and mixed Nurse Staffing Patterns. S. Mattke, J. Needleman, P. diagnostic categories) that could be used to address the Buerhaus, M. Stewart, K. Zelevinsky. emergence of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses are considered. Future challenges for the next evolution of BACKGROUND: Administrative data are an attractive DSM and ICD are presented. Published in World data source for the construction of quality indicators to Psychiatry, v. 3, no. 1, Feb. 2004, p. 18–23. assess and monitor quality of nursing care in hospitals. Current approaches to constructing measures from LRP-200402-17 Impact of Managed Care on the discharge abstracts apply substantial restrictions to Treatment, Costs, and Outcomes of Fee-for-Service exclude patients at high risk or with preexisting Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. M. conditions. This study evaluates whether broader sample K. Bundorf, K. A. Schulman, J. A. Stafford, D. J. Gaskin, definitions combined with risk adjustment would allow for J. G. Jollis, J. J. Escarce. larger samples and increase analytic power. METHODS: Eight indicators were constructed from discharge abstracts OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of market-level of major surgical and medical patients from 799 hospitals managed care activity on the treatment, cost, and in 11 states using existing definitions: pneumonia, urinary outcomes of care for Medicare fee-for-service acute tract infection, decubitus ulcers, central nervous system myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. DATA complications, shock, sepsis, pulmonary failure, and upper SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Patients from the gastrointestinal bleeding. The authors tested the effect of Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP), a sample of 219

Medicare beneficiaries discharged from nonfederal acute- care is concentrated in certain facilities over time. Their care hospitals with a primary discharge diagnosis of AMI results further show that public reimbursement and from January 1994 to February 1996. STUDY DESIGN: asymmetric information are both important factors in The authors estimated models of patient treatment, costs, explaining why low quality persists over time in certain and outcomes using ordinary least squares and logistic facilities. Published in Medical Care Research and regression. The independent variables of primary interest Review, v. 61, no. 1, Mar. 2004, p. 89–115. were market-area managed care penetration and competition. The models included controls for patient, LRP-200403-02 Increasing Obesity Rates and hospital, and other market area characteristics. DATA Disability Trends: If It Continues at Its Current Rate, COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: The authors Rising Obesity Could Wipe Out Recent Improvements in merged the CCP data with Medicare claims and other data Disability Among Older Americans. R. Sturm, J. S. sources. The study sample included CCP patients aged 65 Ringel, T. Andreyeva. and older who were admitted during 1994 and 1995 with a Are older Americans becoming more or less disabled? confirmed AMI to a nonrural hospital. PRINCIPAL Unhealthy body weight has increased dramatically, but FINDINGS: Rates of revascularization and cardiac other data show that disability rates have declined. The catheterization for Medicare fee-for-service patients with authors use data from the Health and Retirement Study to AMI are lower in high-HMO penetration markets than in estimate the association between obesity and disability, low-penetration ones. Patients admitted in high-HMO- and they combine it with trend estimates of obesity rates competition markets, in contrast, are more likely to receive from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. If cardiac catheterization for treatment of their AMI and had current trends in obesity continue, disability rate will higher treatment costs than those admitted in low- increase by 1 percent per year more in the 50–69 age competition markets. CONCLUSIONS: The level of group than if there were no further weight gain. Published managed care activity in the health care market affects the in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 2004, p. 199-205. process of care for Medicare fee-for-service AMI patients. Spillovers from managed care activity to patients with LRP-200403-03 Health Insurance: Should California other types of insurance are more likely when managed Regulate Health Insurance Premiums? N. Sood, A. care organizations have greater market power. Published Alpert, D. P. Goldman, M. E. Vaiana. in Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 1, Feb. 2004, p. 131–152. Online access: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/ In response to several years of double-digit health direct.asp?ArticleID=4B03BBBC8FDA03EF3275. insurance premium inflation, California Senate Bill 26 (SB 26) was introduced in 2003 to curtail insurance premium LRP-200402-18 Disparities in Transplantation: What growth. Although SB 26 did not pass out of committee in Should We Do? N. Lurie. 2003, proponents of premium regulation are likely to continue to pursue the idea, perhaps through new Published in American Journal of Kidney Disease, v. 43, legislation or a future ballot initiative. This issue brief no. 2, Editorial, Feb. 2004, p. 386–387. evaluates why health insurance premiums are rising and examines the potential long-term consequences of LRP-200402-19 The 2004 Presidential Candidates' regulating premium costs, using examples from other Platforms on Serious Chronic Illness and Palliative Care. insurance products such as automobile coverage and G. Jean-Baptiste, J. Lynn. workers compensation. The findings underscore that if Published in Journal of Palliative Medicine, v. 7, no. 1, health care costs continue to rise while premiums are Feb. 2004, p. 5–7. frozen, stringent rate regulation could lead to undesired consequences. These include: In the short term, insurers LRP-200403-01 Nursing Homes with Persistent High could balance their losses by reducing the quality or and Low Quality. D. C. Grabowski, N. G. Castle. quantity of care, or both. Insurers could discourage unhealthy consumers from enrolling in plans, thus This article examines the concentration of low- and high- increasing the number of uninsured over time. If costs quality care within particular nursing facilities over time. continue to rise and premiums are fixed, insurers may exit The authors explore three different explanations for the market entirely. Over the longer term, regulation could persistent low and high quality over time including the discourage expensive treatments and technologies, no level of public reimbursement, the presence of bed matter how beneficial, from coming to market. (A constraint policies such as certificate-of-need and desirable related consequence is that premium regulation construction moratoria, and the role of consumer could motivate the introduction of cost-saving information. Using 1991 through 1999 data from the On- technologies.) Published as a California HealthCare Line Survey, Certification, and Reporting system, the Foundation issue brief, Mar. 18, 2004, p. 1–11. authors show that both low- and high quality nursing home 220

Online access: http://www.chcf.org/topics/view.cfm? the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles itemid=81373. appropriateness method (bridging teleconference and white-board Internet technology were added), a second LRP-200403-04 How Many Patients Are Needed to expert panel rated each of the proposed indicators for Provide Reliable Evaluations of Individual Clinicians? E. validity using a 9-point scale, in which ratings of 1–3, 4-6, C. Nelson, M. A. Gentry, K. H. Mook, K. L. Spritzer, J. H. and 7-9 were considered "invalid," "indeterminate," and Higgins, R. D. Hays. "highly valid," respectively. Indicators were considered valid if the median panel rating was > or =7 and there was PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine no evidence of panel disagreement (defined to occur when how many patients are needed to provide reliable patient 2 of 6 panelists provided a validity rating of 1-3 and 2 ratings of care at the individual clinician level. SETTING panelists provided a validity rating of 7-9). RESULTS: AND SOURCES OF DATA: The study was conducted in Ten of the 12 draft indicators were rated to be valid by our an academic medical center and was based on analysis of second expert panel. Validated indicators pertained to 1) 34,985 patients who completed a 50-item survey rating the the use of urate-lowering medications in chronic gout, 2) care received during a recent outpatient visit to a physician the use of antiinflammatory drugs, and 3) counseling on or midlevel provider. STUDY DESIGN: Analyses of lifestyle modifications. CONCLUSION: Using a patient satisfaction surveys was done to: 1) confirm the combination of evidence and expert opinion, 10 indicators dimensions of satisfaction with outpatient care in an for quality of gout care were developed. These indicators existing measure, and 2) determine the number of patients represent an important initial step in quality improvement required to provide reliable estimates of clinician care for initiatives for gout care. Published in Arthritis and single items and an 11-item composite scale. PRINCIPAL Rheumatism, v. 50, no. 3, Mar. 2004, p. 937-943. FINDINGS: Factor analysis showed that the survey measured 2 dimensions of satisfaction: 1) clinician care, LRP-200403-06 Interventions for the Prevention of and 2) features of visiting the office. The 11-item clinician Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta- care scale had high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. J. T. Chang, S. The number of patients needed to achieve reliability of C. Morton, L. Z. Rubenstein, E. A. Roth, W. A. Mojica, 0.80 at the clinician level was 66 for the 11-item scale and M. A. Maglione, M. J. Suttorp, E. A. Roth, P. G. Shekelle. ranged from 52 to 91 for individual items. For primary care physicians only, the comparable number of patients OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative effectiveness of per clinician was 77 for the 11-item scale and ranged from interventions to prevent falls in older adults to either a 50 to 147 across items. CONCLUSIONS: For the survey usual care group or control group. DESIGN: Systematic items that the authors analyzed, the answer to the question review and meta-analyses. DATA SOURCE: Medline, How many patients are needed to obtain useful and HealthSTAR, Embase, the Cochrane Library, other health reliable feedback? is at least 50, but varies by item type related databases, and the reference lists from review (global vs. specific) and by number of items (composite articles and systematic reviews. DATA EXTRACTION: scale or single-item rating) and by the conditions of use Components of falls intervention: multifactorial falls risk (for self-assessment and learning or reward and assessment with management programme, exercise, punishment). Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. 3, environmental modifications, or education. RESULTS: 40 Mar. 2004, p. 259–266. trials were identified. A random effects analysis combining trials with risk ratio data showed a reduction in LRP-200403-05 Quality of Care Indicators for Gout the risk of falling (risk ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval Management. T. R. Mikuls, C. H. MacLean, J. Olivieri, F. 0.82 to 0.95), whereas combining trials with incidence rate Patino, J. J. Allison, J. T. Farrar, W. B. Bilker, K. G. Saag. data showed a reduction in the monthly rate of falling (incidence rate ratio 0.80, 0.72 to 0.88). The effect of OBJECTIVE: Despite the significant health impact of individual components was assessed by meta-regression. gout, there is no consensus on management standards. To A multifactorial falls risk assessment and management guide physician practice, the authors sought to develop programme was the most effective component on risk of quality of care indicators for gout management. falling (0.82, 0.72 to 0.94, number needed to treat 11) and METHODS: A systematic literature review of gout monthly fall rate (0.63, 0.49 to 0.83; 11.8 fewer falls in therapy was performed using the Medline database. Two treatment group per 100 patients per month). Exercise abstractors independently reviewed each of the articles for interventions also had a beneficial effect on the risk of relevance and satisfaction of minimal inclusion criteria. falling (0.86, 0.75 to 0.99, number needed to treat 16) and Based on the review of the literature, 11 preliminary monthly fall rate (0.86, 0.73 to 1.01; 2.7). quality indicators were developed and then reviewed and CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to prevent falls in older refined by an initial feasibility panel of community and adults are effective in reducing both the risk of falling and academic rheumatologists. A twelfth indicator was added the monthly rate of falling. The most effective intervention at the request of the first panel. Using a modification of 221 was a multifactorial falls risk assessment and management LRP-200403-09 Increased Medicare Expenditures programme. Exercise programmes were also effective in for Physicians' Services: What Are the Causes? M. B. reducing the risk of falling. Published in BMJ, v. 328, no. Buntin, J. J. Escarce, D. P. Goldman, H. Kan, M. 7441, Mar. 2004, p. 680–686. Laugesen, P. G. Shekelle. In light of rising expenditures for physicians' services and LRP-200403-07 Integrating Four Theories of the scheduled decreases in the amounts Medicare pays for Adolescent Smoking. R. L. Collins, P. L. Ellickson. such services, the authors identified the sources of change The ability of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social in the volume and intensity of Medicare physicians' Learning Theory, Social Attachment Theory, and Problem services. The authors found that the per capita volume and Behavior Theory to predict smoking at Grade 10 was intensity of physicians' services used by Medicare tested against an integrated model incorporating predictors beneficiaries increased more than 30% between 1993 and from all the theories. The integrated model also tested 1998. Our analyses indicated that, at most, half of this whether constructs from each theory contribute distinct increase was due to measurable changes in the variance to the prediction of smoking. Predictors measured demographic composition, places of residence, prevalence at Grade 7 (in 1985) were used to model smoking 3 years of health conditions, and managed care enrollment of later (in 1988) among 4186 youth, using logistic beneficiaries. The other half was due to a general increase regression. Constructs emphasized by each theory were in the use of care across beneficiary categories. Published important, independent predictors of later smoking. The in Inquiry, v. 41, no. 1, Spring 2004, p. 83–94. integrated model was superior to all of the theory-based models. A few predictors varied for current vs. frequent LRP-200403-10 The Impact of the Health Insurance smoking outcomes. Results emphasize the need for a Market on Small Firm Employment. K. Kapur. multifaceted approach to understanding and preventing Small firms that offer health insurance to their employees adolescent smoking. Published in Substance Use and may face variable premiums if they hire employees with Misuse, v. 39, no. 2, Mar. 1,2004, p. 179–209. high expected health costs. To avoid expensive premium variability, small firms may attempt to maintain a LRP-200403-08 The Interview Mode Effect on the workforce with low expected health costs. This results in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) employment distortions. I examine the magnitude of these Scale: An Item Response Theory Analysis. K. S. Chan, employment distortions using the 1987 National Medical M. Orlando, B. Ghosh-Dastidar, N. Duan, C. D. Expenditure Survey and the 1996 Medical Expenditure Sherbourne. Panel Survey. Based on the underwriting behavior of BACKGROUND: Evidence of a mode effect has raised insurance companies in 1988, I classify medical conditions concerns about the comparability and validity of self- into three categories: conditions that led to denial of versus interviewer-administered versions of the Center for coverage; conditions that led to exclusion restrictions; and, Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. conditions that led to higher premiums. In 1987, I find that Response anonymity has been proposed to explain this insured small firms were less likely to employ workers effect. However, the factors that contribute to this mode with families that had conditions that led to higher effect are not well understood. The authors used item premiums than insured large firms. However, in 1996, response theory (IRT) to examine the nature of the CES-D possibly due to the passage of small group health mode effect. METHODS: A sample of depressed primary insurance reforms that restrict insurers' ability to exclude care patients from the Partners-in-Care Study were or deny coverage, insured small firms were less likely to randomized to receive either a phone interview (N = 139) employ workers with denial conditions compared to or a mail survey (N = 139) of the CES-D. They used insured large firms. These results suggest that the pattern likelihood ratio tests to identify differentially functioning of employment distortions in insured small firms is items in the 2 groups. Category response curves are used consistent with the evolving small group health insurance to describe these effects. RESULTS: Twelve items market. Published in The Journal of Risk and Insurance, v. manifested differential functioning. Category response 71, no. 1, Mar. 2004, p. 63–90. curves consistently indicate that phone respondents had a lower probability of endorsing the third of 4 response LRP-200403-11 What We Can--and Cannot--Expect categories than mail respondents, suggesting a possible from School-Based Drug Prevention. J. P. Caulkins, R. L. cognitive effect. CONCLUSION: Although response Pacula, S. M. Paddock, J. Chiesa. anonymity could be important in mode effects observed in School-based drug prevention is a central component of surveys of sensitive topics, cognitive factors appear more drug control strategies. This paper assesses quantitatively important to the mode effect in the CES-D. Published in its contributions in the United States from a social policy Medical Care, v. 42, no. 3, Mar. 2004, p. 281–289. perspective. The social benefits per participant stemming 222 from reduced drug use (~$840 from tobacco, alcohol, LRP-200403-13 Lipid Screening in HIV-Infected cocaine and marijuana) appear to exceed the economic Veterans. P. T. Korthuis, S. M. Asch, M. Mancewicz, M. costs of running the programs (~$150 per participant); F. Shapiro, C. J. Mathews, W. E. Cunningham, J. A. while the benefits associated with reduced cocaine use McCutchan, A. L. Gifford, M. L. Lee, S. A. Bozzette. alone (~$300) exceed the costs, the corresponding figure BACKGROUND: Lipid screening is recommended for for marijuana (~$20) is small. Even if prevention reduced patients taking protease inhibitors (PIs). METHODS: The the use of other illicit drugs (e.g. heroin) by as much as it authors examined data from the Veterans Administration reduced use of cocaine, the majority of benefits would still Immunology Case Registry to assess lipid screening stem from reductions in use of tobacco and alcohol, which among HIV-infected veterans who received PIs for at least has implications for how school-based drug prevention is 6 consecutive months during 1999 and 2001. They funded and whether it is perceived more as a weapon in estimated crude and adjusted associations between lipid the war on illicit drugs or as a public health measure. screening and patient characteristics (age, gender, HIV Specific numeric results are subject to considerable exposure, and race/ethnicity), comorbidities (AIDS, uncertainty, but the basic character of the conclusions cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, appears to be robust with respect to parameter uncertainty. and hyperlipidemia), and facility characteristics (urban The greatest uncertainties concern the permanence of location, case management, guidelines, and quality prevention's effects and how to value instances of improvement programs). RESULTS: Among 4065 initiation being deferred but not completely prevented. patients on PIs, clinicians screened 2395 (59%) for lipids Published in Drug and Alcohol Review, v. 23, no. 1, Mar. within 6 months of initiating treatment. Adjusting for 2004, p. 79–87. patient characteristics, comorbidities, facility traits, and clustering, lipid screening was more common among LRP-200403-12 Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, patients who were cared for in urban areas (relative risk and Outcomes of Persistent Depression Despite Treatment RR = 1.3, confidence limits: 1.0–1.5), diabetic (RR = 1.2, in Primary Care. C. D. Sherbourne, M. Schoenbaum, K. confidence limits: 1.1-1.3), or previously hyperlipidemic B. Wells, T. W. Croghan. (RR = 1.4, confidence limits: 1.3-1.5) and less common The authors examine the sociodemographic and clinical among patients with a history of intravenous drug use characteristics of depressed primary care patients who (IVDU) (RR = 0.90, confidence limits: 0.79-1.0) or receive at least minimal standards of evidence-based unknown HIV risk (RR = 0.85, confidence limits: 0.75- treatment, comparing those who remain depressed with 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Six in 10 patients taking PIs those who recover; and their subsequent treatment patterns receive lipid screening within 6 months of PI use. and other outcomes. They used observational data from a Systemic interventions to improve overall HIV quality of subset of 542 treated patients participating in a group-level care should also address lipid screening, particularly randomized controlled trial of quality improvement among patients with unknown or IVDU HIV risk and interventions for depression conducted in six managed those cared for in nonurban areas. Published in Journal of care organizations. Nonresponse to treatment was defined Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, v. 35, no. 3, Mar as having at least minimally appropriate treatment for at 1, 2004, p. 253-260. least two of three 6-month periods but continuing to have probable depression. Our definitions of depression and LRP-200403-14 Psychiatric Symptoms in appropriate treatment are broader than those used in Methamphetamine Users. J. E. Zweben, J. B. Cohen, D. clinical trials, but relevant to primary care settings. Many Christian, G. P. Galloway, M. Salinardi, D. Parent, M. Y. of the factors predictive of treatment resistance in clinical Iguchi. trials predict nonresponse to guideline concordant care The Methamphetamine Treatment Project (MTP) offers among diverse primary care, depressed patients. The main the opportunity to examine co-occurring psychiatric unique predictors of nonresponse to treatment include a conditions in a sample of 1016 methamphetamine users clinical factor (suicide ideation) requiring clinician participating in a multisite outpatient treatment study assessment and intervention, a social/economic factor between 1999–2001. Participants reported high levels of (unemployment) usually not addressed by medical psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression and interventions, and medication nonadherence. attempted suicide, but also anxiety and psychotic Nonresponders used more adjunctive therapies and symptoms. They also reported high levels of problems combination medications, suggesting clinicians and controlling anger and violent behavior, with a patients were searching for solutions. High rates of service correspondingly high frequency of assault and weapons use and poor outcomes emphasize the urgency of new charges. Findings continue to support the value of research to find solutions for these patients. Published in integrated treatment for co-occurring conditions, General Hospital Psychiatry, v. 26, no. 2, Mar. 2004, p. especially the importance of training counseling staff to 106–114. handle psychotic symptoms when needed. Published in 223

American Journal on Addictions, v. 13, no. 2, Mar.-Apr. SYNTHESIS: Most major guidelines recommend periodic 2004, p. 181-190. referral of older adults to an eye care professional for comprehensive evaluation to detect eye diseases and visual LRP-200403-15 Preventing and Managing Visual disability. The value of routine screening for vision loss in Disability in Primary Care: Clinical Applications. C. L. the primary care setting has not been established. Timely Goldzweig, S. Rowe, N. S. Wenger, C. H. MacLean, P. G. identification and treatment of eye diseases can Shekelle. substantially reduce the incidence and prevalence of visual disability among older adults. Optimizing management of Clinicians in primary care settings are well positioned to systemic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and participate in the prevention and management of visual hyperlipidemia, significantly reduces the risk of related disability. They can have a significant impact on their eye disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care clinicians patients' visual health by screening for vision problems, can play a vital role in preserving vision in their patients aggressively controlling known risk factors for visual loss, by managing systemic diseases that impact eye health and ensuring adherence to ophthalmologic treatment and by ensuring that patients undergo periodic evaluations by continuity of eye care, and by timely referral of specific eye care professionals and receive needed eye care. patient populations to qualified eye care professionals Published in JAMA, Journal of the American Medical (e.g., ophthalmologists and optometrists). Using their Association, v. 291, no. 12, Mar. 24, 2004, p. 1487–1495. knowledge about common ophthalmic medications, clinicians can detect adverse effects of these agents, LRP-200403-17 Surgery for Hepatocellular including exacerbations of heart or lung disease. They can Carcinoma: Does It Improve Survival? J. H. Liu, P. W. ensure that appropriate patients are screened for common Chen, S. M. Asch, R. W. Busuttil, C. Y. Ko. serious eye diseases, such as glaucoma, and that patients with disabilities related to vision problems are assessed for BACKGROUND: The incidence and mortality of treatable conditions, such as cataracts or refractive error. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are increasing in the Finally, clinicians can direct patients with low vision from United States. Whether surgery is associated with any cause to resources designed to help enhance patient improved survival at the population level is relatively function and emotional support. Published in JAMA, unknown. To address this question, the authors used a Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 291, no. population-based cancer registry to compare survival 12, Mar. 24/31, 2004, p. 1497–1502. outcomes between patients receiving and not receiving surgery with similar tumor sizes and health status. LRP-200403-16 Preventing Visual Loss from METHODS: By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, Chronic Eye Disease in Primary Care: Scientific Review. and End Results database, the authors identified HCC S. Rowe, C. H. MacLean, P. G. Shekelle. patients who had surgically resectable disease as defined by published expert guidelines. After excluding patients CONTEXT: Vision loss is common in the United States with contraindications to surgery, the authors performed and its prevalence increases with age. Visual disability both survival analysis and Cox regression to identify significantly impacts quality of life and increases the risk predictors of improved survival. RESULTS: Of the 4008 of injury. Although at least 40% of blindness in the United patients diagnosed with HCC between 1988 and 1998, 417 States is either preventable or treatable with timely were candidates for surgical resection. The mean age was diagnosis and intervention, many people with vision loss 63.6 years; mean tumor size was 3.3 cm. The 5-year are undiagnosed and untreated. OBJECTIVE: To review overall survival with surgery was 33% with a mean of 47.1 the evidence regarding screening and management of eye months; without surgery, the 5-year overall survival was disorders and visual disability among adults in the primary 7% with a mean of 17.9 months (P <.001). In the care setting. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY multivariate Cox regression, surgery was significantly SELECTION: MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, EMBASE, The associated with improved survival (P <.001). Specifically, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the patients who received surgery had a 55% decreased rate of National Guidelines Clearinghouse were searched for death compared with patients who did not have surgery, articles and practice guidelines about screening and even after controlling for tumor size, age, sex, and race. management of eye diseases and vision loss among adults CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that surgical therapy in the primary care setting using key words and free-text is associated with improved survival in patients with terms, such as vision screening, glaucoma prevention and unifocal, nonmetastatic HCC tumors <5 cm. If this is control, from 1985 to 2003. References in these articles confirmed in future studies, efforts should be made to and those suggested by experts in eye care, vision loss, ensure that appropriate patients with resectable HCC and vision screening were reviewed as well. DATA receive high-quality care, as well as the opportunity for EXTRACTION: Articles were searched for the most potentially curative surgery. Published in Annals of clinically important information and emphasized Surgical Oncology, v. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2004, p. 298–303. randomized controlled trials where available. DATA 224

LRP-200403-18 Cost-Effectiveness of Screening ability. The number of competing hospitals and the with B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Identify Patients with Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) of competition were Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. P. A. calculated for each hospital's market. DATA Heidenreich, M. A. Gubens, G. C. Fonarow, M. A. COLLECTION METHODS: Discharge abstracts were Konstam, L. W. Stevenson, P. G. Shekelle. used to create actual radii for hospitals in nine states. These data were linked with other data describing hospital, OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the health care market, and other characteristics. PRINCIPAL cost-effectiveness of screening patients with a B-type FINDINGS: The authors explained 44.7 and 9.6 percent of natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test to identify those with the variation among urban and rural hospitals, depressed left ventricular systolic function. respectively, in radii that capture 90 percent of patients, BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic patients with depressed and slightly less of the variation in radii that capture 75 ejection fraction (EF) may have less progression to heart percent of patients. Population density; number of other failure if they can be identified and treated. METHODS: hospitals in the local area; and hospital characteristics such The authors used a decision model to estimate economic as medical school affiliation, percentage of admissions and health outcomes for different screening strategies that are Medicaid, case mix, and service offerings are using BNP and echocardiography to detect left ventricular important correlates of a hospital's market size. EF <40% for men and women age 60 years. The authors CONCLUSIONS: Predicted radii and associated used published data from community cohorts (gender- competition measures were created (matched to AHA specific BNP test characteristics, prevalence of depressed hospital identifiers) for all nonfederal, short-term, general EF) and randomized trials (benefit from treatment). medical/surgical hospitals in the continental United States RESULTS: Screening 1,000 asymptomatic patients with for which complete data were available in 1997 (N=4,806) BNP followed by echocardiography in those with an and are available from the authors. Published in HSR, abnormal test increased the lifetime cost of care ($176,000 Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 2, Apr. 2004, p. for men, $101,000 for women) and improved outcome (7.9 417–430. quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for men, 1.3 QALYs for women), resulting in a cost per QALY of $22,300 for LRP-200404-02 Assuring the Health of Immigrants: men and $77,700 for women. For populations with a What the Leading Health Indicators Tell Us. N. R. prevalence of depressed EF of at least 1%, screening with Kandula, M. Kersey, N. Lurie. BNP followed by echocardiography increased outcome at a cost <$50,000 per QALY gained. Screening would not Over the past 20 years, the United States has experienced be attractive if a diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction one of the largest waves of immigration in its history. led to significant decreases in quality of life or income. Understanding the health status and needs of immigrants is CONCLUSIONS: Screening populations with a 1% important because of their growing numbers and their prevalence of reduced EF (men at age 60 years) with BNP contribution to the health of the nation, but it is followed by echocardiography should provide a health challenging because of gaps in national databases, the benefit at a cost that is comparable to or less than other heterogeneity of immigrant populations, and uncertainty accepted health interventions. Published in Journal of the about how migration affects health. Healthy People 2010 American College of Cardiology, v. 43, no. 6, Mar. 17, outlines the nation's public health objectives for the 2004, p. 1019–1026. current decade. It includes ten leading health indicators (LHIs) chosen because of their importance as public health LRP-200404-01 Updated Variable-Radius Measures issues, their ability to motivate action, and the availability of Hospital Competition. C. R. Gresenz, J. A. Rogowski, of data to measure their progress. In this paper, the authors J. J. Escarce. discuss the health of immigrants from the perspective of these LHIs, as they provide a framework for anticipating OBJECTIVE: To calculate variable-radius measures of some of the future health needs of immigrants and help hospital market size and create measures of competition define priority areas for research and action. Published in for hospitals' markets. DATA SOURCES: Discharge Annual Review of Public Health, v. 25, Apr. 21, 2004, p. abstracts from the 1997 State Inpatient Databases of the 357–376. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) linked with the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual LRP-200404-03 Dating Violence Among Survey, Area Resource File (ARF), InterStudy Regional Adolescents: Prevalence, Gender Distribution, and Market Analysis database, and Medicare's Prospective Prevention Program Effectiveness. L. J. Hickman, L. Payment System Impact Files. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital Jaycox, J. Aronoff. radii capturing 75 and 90 percent of hospital admissions regressed against hospital and health care market Relative to violence among adult intimate partners, characteristics and other local area characteristics, where violence among adolescent dating partners remains an the specification was designed to maximize predictive understudied phenomenon. In this review, the authors 225 assess the state of the research literature on teen dating seek to ascertain whether there are baseling variables that violence. Their review reveals that the broad range of predict who will be most susceptible to these favorable or estimates produced by major national data sources and adverse noncardiac effects (i.e., effect modification). single studies make conclusions about the prevalence of Published in Controlled Clinical Trials, v. 23, no. 2, Apr. teen dating violence premature. Similarly, their review of 2004, p. 178–203. what is known about risk factors reveals inconsistency among studies. The authors assess published evaluations LRP-200404-05 Use of Mental Health Services by of adolescent dating violence prevention programs and Men Injured Through Community Violence. L. Jaycox, discuss their findings and limitations. Finally, the authors G. N. Marshall, T. L. Schell. discuss challenges to researchers in this area and suggest OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the use that additional investment in high-quality basic research is of mental health services and predictors of use among men needed to inform the development of sound theory and injured through community violence. METHODS: This effective prevention and intervention programs Published one-year prospective study examined use of mental health in Trauma, Violence and Abuse, v. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2004, p. services in a sample of 231 men who were injured through 123–142. community violence and hospitalized at an urban trauma center. Predictors of mental health service use that were LRP-200404-04 The UCSD Statin Study: A examined included age, ethnicity, income, neuroticism, Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of injury severity, previous mental health service use, and Statins on Selected Noncardiac Outcomes. B. A. Golomb, need for services. Need for services was defined M. Criqui, H. White, J. E. Dimsdale. objectively by self-report of symptoms of posttraumatic There has been persistent controversy regarding possible stress disorder (PTSD) and subjectively by perception of favorable or adverse effects of statins or of cholesterol an injury-related emotional problem. RESULTS: reduction on cognition, mood and behavior (including Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that older aggressive or violent behavior), muscle function, and age, non-Latino ethnicity, previous use of services, and quality of life. The UCSD Statin Study seeks to ascertain need for services predicted service use in the year after the the beneficial or adverse effects of statin cholesterol- injury. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, lowering drugs on a set of noncardiac endpoints, including objective and subjective need for services and older age cognition, behavior, and serotonin biochemistry. The study predicted postinjury service use. In the subset of men who will enroll 1000 subjects (minimum 20% female) of mixed were symptomatic postinjury, only older age and objective ethnicity from San Diego. Subjects must be age 20 and need predicted use of mental health services. older, postmenopausal if female, without known CONCLUSIONS: Despite high rates of need for services cardiovascular disease or diabetes, and with LDL- related to PTSD after violent injury in this sample, the rate cholesterol between 115 and 190 mg/dl. Subjects will be of mental health service use was low. Psychoeducation randomized to a double-blind, placebo- controlled trial about postinjury reactions and attention to structural with assignment 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 to placebo, simvastatin 20 barriers to services may help increase rates of care in this mg, or pravastatin 40 mg (equipotent LDL-cholesterol- population. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 4, lowering doses for drug arms with simvastatin and Apr. 2004, p. 415–420. pravastatin chosen to represent the extremes of the lipophilicity spectrum) for 6 months of treatment followed LRP-200404-06 Exploratory Evidence on the Market by 2 months postcessation follow-up. Primary outcomes for Effective Depression Care in Pittsburgh. M. are cognition (cognitive battery), irritability/aggression Schoenbaum, K. J. Kelleher, J. R. Lave, S. Green, D. J. (behavior measure), and serotonin (gauged by whole blood Keyser, H. A. Pincus. serotonin), assessed as the difference between baseline and OBJECTIVE: Despite the existence of effective and 6 months, judging combined statin groups vs. placebo. relatively cost-effective depression treatments, many Secondary outcomes include mood (CES-D and Wakefield depressed patients do not receive appropriate care. The depression inventory), quality of life (SF-12V), sleep authors assessed opportunities for increasing the rate of (Leeds sleep scale, modified), and secondary aggression effective depression treatment by investigating the market measures (Conflict Tactics Scale; Overt Aggression Scale, for such treatment in the Pittsburgh area. METHODS: A Modified). Cardiovascular reactivity will be examined in a conceptual framework was developed to evaluate the 10% subset. As additional secondary endpoints, primary market for effective depression care. On the basis of the and selected secondary outcomes will be assessed by statin conceptual framework, interviews were conducted with assignment (lipophilic simvastatin vs. hydrophilic representatives from seven large employers, two medical pravastatin). "Reversibility" of changes, if any, at 2 health insurance carriers, two behavioral health insurance months postcessation will be determined. If effects carriers, four primary care providers, and four behavioral (favorable or unfavorable) are identified, the authors will health care providers. Respondents were asked to assess 226 the barriers to and opportunities for increasing the rates of Trauma exposure and related symptoms interfere with depression treatment from their perspectives. RESULTS: adult adherence to drug treatment. Whether these findings The findings suggest that there is currently little demand hold true for adolescents is unknown. The authors among purchasers for improving depression care and little examined trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and interest among insurers and providers for improving care psychosocial functioning among 212 adolescents upon in the absence of purchaser demand. Even stakeholders admission to long-term residential drug treatment and who identified depression as an important problem could examined retention in treatment at 6 months. Seventy-one not come to a consensus about who should be responsible percent reported lifetime trauma exposure, and 29% of the for addressing the problem. Employers reported that they trauma-exposed met criteria for current PTSD. Trauma- look primarily to their vendors to initiate quality exposed adolescents reported more behavioral problems, improvement efforts, whereas insurers reported that such with gender differences apparent. The authors divided the improvement efforts were more likely to occur if they sample into three groups: no trauma exposure (21%), were initiated by employers who purchase their health trauma-exposed without PTSD (59%), and trauma- plans; providers, in turn, reported feeling powerless to exposed with PTSD (20%). Survival analysis showed that initiate change. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a clear trauma-exposed adolescents without PTSD left treatment locus of responsibility for improving depression care lends sooner than the nonexposed. Need for attention to trauma considerable inertia to the status quo. Because the in substance abuse treatment programs is discussed. currently low treatment rates are likely to be socially Published in Journal of Traumatic Stress, v. 117, no. 2, inefficient, researchers and policy makers should consider Apr. 2004, p. 113–121. strategies to help overcome this inertia. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. 393–395. LRP-200404-09 Provider Perceptions of Pharmacy Management: Lessons from the Military Health System. LRP-200404-07 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: P. A. Glassman, T. L. Tanielian, K. Harris, A. Suâarez, M. Methods for Developing the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Bradley, S. W. Atkinson, W. Davies, T. Williams. Indicator Set. C. H. MacLean, K. G. Saag, D. H. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to contrast Solomon, S. C. Morton, S. Sampsel, J. H. Klippel. experiences and opinion of providers in military treatment OBJECTIVE: To develop a comprehensive set of explicit facilities, where a single formulary is used, with those of process measures to assess the quality of health care for community providers where multiple formularies and osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and analgesics use. preferred lists are commonly encountered. STUDY METHODS: Potential quality measures and a summary of DESIGN: The authors conducted cross-sectional surveys. existing data to support or refute the relationship between SETTING: The study was conducted at military and the processes of care proposed in the indicators and community practices that serve military beneficiaries. relevant clinical outcomes were developed through a PARTICIPANTS: They studied randomly selected comprehensive literature review. The proposed measures clinicians, stratified by military treatment facility (MTF) and literature summary were presented to a size or number of military beneficiaries served. The final multidisciplinary panel of experts in arthritis and pain. samples included 566 eligible MTF and 557 private Using a modification of the RAND/UCLA Appropriate- clinicians, with 69% and 38% response rates, respectively. ness Method, the panel rated each proposed measure for OUTCOME MEASURES: They wanted to determine its validity as a measure of health care quality. RESULTS: experiences with and opinions of formularies and/or Among 66 proposed indicators, the expert panel rated 51 preferred lists and related policies. RESULTS: Sixty-three as valid measures of health care including 14 for percent of military providers were very familiar with osteoarthritis, 27 for rheumatoid arthritis, and 10 for formulary content and 60% with nonformulary request analgesics use. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient scientific procedures; 67% thought their formulary was up-to-date evidence and expert consensus exist to support a and 84% felt Pharmacy & Therapeutics (P&T) committees comprehensive set of measures to assess the quality of were responsive to providers. In contrast, 23% of heath care for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and community providers felt very familiar with (multiple) analgesics use. These measures can be used to gain an formulary content and 10% with nonformulary request understanding of the quality of care for patients with procedures. Only 15% perceived that formularies were arthritis Published in Arthritis Care and Research, v. 51, current and 34% thought P&T committees were no. 2, Apr. 5, 2004, p. 193–202. responsive to providers. Statistically significant differences remained after analysis of potential bias. LRP-200404-08 Trauma Exposure and Retention in CONCLUSIONS: Community providers were less aware Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. L. Jaycox, P. A. and less satisfied with pharmacy benefits management Ebener, L. Damesek, K. Becker. policies than military providers, likely as a result of their daily interactions with multiple, unrelated pharmacy 227 management systems. Addressing the problems expressed Researchers. P. P. Gunn, A. M. Fremont, M. Bottrell, L. by community providers is imperative for pharmacy R. Shugarman, J. R. Galegher, T. K. Bikson. benefits managers. Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. BACKGROUND: The Health Insurance Portability and 4, Apr. 2004, p. 361–366. Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, intended to address potential threats to patient privacy posed by the LRP-200404-10 Severe Irritability Associated with computerization and standardization of medical records, Statin Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs. B. A. Golomb, T. provides a new floor level of federal protection for health Kane, J. E. Dimsdale. information in all 50 states. In most cases, compliance BACKGROUND: As use of a drug becomes widespread, with the Privacy Rule was required as of April 2003. Yet the full spectrum of its effects becomes clearer. Although considerable confusion and concern remain about the a link has been suggested between low or lowered Privacy Rule and the specific changes it requires in the cholesterol and irritability/aggression, less is known about way healthcare providers, health plans, and others use, possible links between irritability and statins. Aim: To maintain, and disclose health information. Researchers assess the possible connection of statin usage to severe worry that the Privacy Rule could hinder their access to irritability. DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: Six health information needed to conduct their research. patients referred or self-referred with irritability and short OBJECTIVES: In this article, the authors explain how the temper on statin cholesterol-lowering drugs completed a final version of the Privacy Rule governs disclosure of survey providing information on character of behavioural health information, assess implications of the Privacy Rule effect, time-course of onset and recovery, and factors for research, and offer practical suggestions for relevant to drug adverse effect causality. RESULTS: In researchers who require access to health information. each case the personality disruption, once evident, was CONCLUSION: The Privacy Rule is fundamentally sustained until statin use was discontinued; and resolved changing the way that healthcare providers, health plans, promptly with drug cessation. In four patients, re- and others use, maintain, and disclose health information challenge with statins occurred, and led to recrudescence and the steps that researchers must take to obtain health of the problem. All patients experienced other recognized data. The Privacy Rule requires researchers who seek statin adverse effects while on the drug. Manifestations of access to identifiable health information to obtain written severe irritability included homicidal impulses, threats to authorization from subjects, or, alternatively, to others, road rage, generation of fear in family members, demonstrate that their research protocols meet certain and damage to property. DISCUSSION: Case series Privacy Rule requirements that permit access without invariably raise more questions than they can answer. written authorization. To ensure continued access to data, These case reports suggest that severe irritability may researchers will need to work more closely than before occur in some statin users. Although this adverse effect with healthcare providers, health plans, and other may be rare, potentially life-threatening adverse effects of institutions that generate and maintain health information. drugs must be taken seriously. Published in QMJ, v. 97, Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. 229–235. 321–327.

LRP-200404-11 After School Activities, Overweight, LRP-200404-13 Five-Year Impact of Quality and Obesity Among Inner City Youth. W. L. Elkins, D. Improvement for Depression: Results of a Group-Level A. Cohen, L. M. Koralewicz, S. N. Taylor. Randomized Controlled Trial. K. B. Wells, C. D. Sherbourne, M. Schoenbaum, S. L. Ettner, N. Duan, J. The authors examined the association of adolescent Miranda, J. Unützer, L. V. Rubenstein. obesity with participation in sports among 5489 low- income, inner city public high school students. Among BACKGROUND: Quality improvement (QI) programs for inner city youth 28.5% of males and 33.7% of females depressed primary care patients can improve health were overweight and 15.9% of boys and 16.4% of girls outcomes for 6 to 28 months; effects for longer than 28 were obese. For both males and females, participation in months are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess how QI for an increasing number of athletic activities was associated depression affects health outcomes, quality of care, and with lower (body mass index) BMI after controlling for health outcome disparities at 57-month follow-up. age, grade, and playing football. While youth with lower DESIGN: A group-level randomized controlled trial. BMI might be more likely to participate in sports, after SETTING: Forty-six primary care practices in 6 managed school sports are a potential opportunity for prevention of care organizations. PATIENTS: Of 1356 primary care obesity in adolescents. Published in Journal of patients who screened positive for depression and enrolled Adolescence, v. 27, no. 2, Apr. 2004, p. 181–189. in the trial, 991 (73%, including 451 Latinos and African Americans) completed 57-month telephone follow-up. LRP-200404-12 The Health Insurance Portability and INTERVENTIONS: Clinics were randomly assigned to Accountability Act Privacy Rule: A Practical Guide for usual care or to 1 of 2 QI programs supporting QI teams, 228 provider training, nurse assessment, and patient education, value. CONCLUSION: Reliability of rheumatologists' plus resources to support medication management (QI- assignment of a diagnosis of RA by using self-report data meds) or psychotherapy (QI-therapy) for 6 to 12 months. is good. Algorithms defining symptoms as either joint MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Probable depressive swelling or tenderness with symptom duration 4 weeks disorder in the previous 6 months, mental health-related have a better agreement with rheumatologist's diagnosis quality of life in the previous 30 days, primary care or than do ones relying on a longer symptom duration. mental health specialty visits, counseling or antidepressant RELEVANCE: These findings have important medications in the previous 6 months, and unmet need, implications for health services research and quality defined as depressed but not receiving appropriate care. improvement interventions pertinent to case finding for RESULTS: Combined QI-meds and QI-therapy, relative to RA through self-report data. Published in Seminars in usual care, reduced the percentage of participants with Arthritis and Rheumatism, v. 33, no. 5, Apr. 2004, p. probable disorder at 5 years by 6.6 percentage points (P = 302–310. .04). QI-therapy improved health outcomes and reduced unmet need for appropriate care among Latinos and LRP-200404-15 Correlates of HIV Antiretroviral African Americans combined but provided few long-term Adherence in Persons with Serious Mental Illness. G. J. benefits among whites, reducing outcome disparities Wagner, D. E. Kanouse, P. Koegel, J. G. Sullivan. related to usual care (P = .04 for QI-ethnicity interaction Although several studies have examined the relationship for probable depressive disorder). CONCLUSIONS: between symptoms of depression or psychological distress Programs for QI for depressed primary care patients and medication adherence, this is the first published study implemented by managed care practices can improve of HIV antiretroviral adherence and its correlates among health outcomes 5 years after implementation and reduce persons diagnosed with serious mental illness. Forty-five health outcome disparities by markedly improving health of 47 (96%) participants completed a two-week study in outcomes and unmet need for appropriate care among which their adherence to antiretroviral medication was Latinos and African Americans relative to whites; thus, measured using electronic monitoring caps. Mean equity was improved in the long run. Published in adherence (proportion of prescribed doses taken) was 66% Archives of General Psychiatry, v. 61, no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. (SD=34). There were several correlates (p<0.05) of 378–386. adherence among background and medical characteristics, physical symptoms and side effects, cognitive and LRP-200404-14 Case Finding for Population-Based psychosocial functioning, and treatment-related attitudes Studies of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Patient and beliefs. However, in a forward stepwise regression, Self-Reported ACR Criteria-Based Algorithms to attendance at recent clinical appointments was the sole Physician-Implicit Review for Diagnosis of Rheumatoid predictor that entered the model—accounting for 49% of Arthritis. H. Liu, J. O. Harker, A. L. Wong, C. H. the variance in adherence. Using attendance at recent MacLean, K. J. Bulpitt, B. S. Mittman, J. FitzGerald, J. M. clinic appointments as the criterion, adherence readiness Grossman, L. Z. Rubenstein, B. Hahn, H. E. Paulus, K. L. (90+% adherence to antiretrovirals) was correctly Kahn. determined for 72% of the sample. Although not sufficient OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interrater reliability of to serve as the basis for treatment decision making, review rheumatologist diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and of appointment-keeping records may provide clinicians the concordance between rheumatologist and computer with a simple, cost-effective method for predicting algorithms for assessing the accuracy of a diagnosis of adherence to ongoing treatment, as well as for evaluating RA. METHODS: Self-reported data regarding symptoms adherence readiness to inform the decision of whether to and signs for a diagnosis of RA were considered by a prescribe or defer treatment. Published in AIDS Care, v. panel of rheumatologists and by computer algorithms to 16, no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. 501–506. assess the probability of a diagnosis of RA for 90 patients. The rheumatologists' review was validated through LRP-200404-16 Racial Differences in Health- medical record. RESULTS: The interrater reliability Related Quality of Life Among Hemodialysis Patients. M. among rheumatologists regarding a diagnosis of RA was Unruh, D. Miskulin, G. Yan, R. D. Hays, R. Benz, J. W. 84%; the chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.66. Kusek. Agreement between the rheumatologists' rating and the BACKGROUND: Despite technical progress in therapy, best-performing algorithm was 95%. Using hemodialysis patients continue to report health-related rheumatologist's review as a standard, the sensitivity of the quality of life (HRQOL) substantially lower than that of algorithm was 100%, specificity was 88%, and the the general population. While African Americans with positive predictive value was 91%. The validation of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) survive longer than rheumatologist's review by medical record showed 81% members of other races, few studies have compared the sensitivity, 60% specificity, and 78% positive predictive HRQOL of African Americans with that of non-African 229

Americans. METHODS: The authors examined Control subjects had lower adherence levels during the differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and HRQOL corresponding 3 months (77%, 79%, and 75%, variables by race. A multiple regression model assessed respectively; P = .046). Among the 19 patients able to the extent to which race was associated with differences in serve as their own controls, CAS-measured adherence was HRQOL scores after adjustment for sociodemographic and higher during the period of transient viremia than during clinical variables. Racial differences in the relationship control periods (P = .01). Similar relationships were found between comorbid disease severity and HRQOL were when comparing only electronically measured adherence explored. RESULTS: In adjusted models, African on a week-wise basis. There were no significant Americans had higher scores in the Index of Well-Being differences in dose-timing error between case subjects and and burden of kidney disease, but lower scores in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found no cognitive function (all P < 0.05). For scales reflecting evidence that transient HIV viremia is associated with symptoms and effects of kidney disease, sleep quality, and decreases in adherence or differences in dose-timing. the Physical Component Summary, the fall in HRQOL Other etiologies for transient viremia should be evaluated. with increasing comorbidity was significantly greater in Published in Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 189, no. 8, non-African Americans (all P < 0.05). After adjustment, Apr. 15, 2004, p. 1487-1496. there were no racial differences in scores on the Mental Component Summary, social support, dialysis staff LRP-200404-18 The Relationship Between Type of encouragement, or patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Mental Health Provider and Met and Unmet Mental To our knowledge, ESRD is the only chronic illness for Health Needs in a Nationally Representative Sample of which African Americans report significantly better HIV-Positive Patients. S. L. Taylor, M. A. Burnam, C. D. psychologic well being and a lower burden of disease than Sherbourne, R. Andersen, W. E. Cunningham. non-African Americans. Further research is needed to This study examined mental health service utilization understand whether these experiences affect health care among a nationally representative sample of adults with utilization, medical decision making, and patient survival. HIV and psychiatric disorders or perceived need for Clarification of the reasons for race differences may mental health services. Data are from the HIV Cost and suggest measures to improve HRQOL for all patients with Services Utilization Study (HCSUS) mental health survey ESRD. Published in Kidney International, v. 65, no. 4, (n=1,489) conducted in 1997–1998. Most (70%) needed Apr. 2004, p. 1482–1491. mental health care. Of these, 30% received no mental health services in the previous six months, 16% received LRP-200404-17 No Evidence of an Association services from general medical providers (GMPs) only, and Between Transient HIV Viremia ("Blips") and Lower 54% used mental health specialists. Clients with perceived Adherence to the Antiretroviral Medication Regimen. L. need for care were more likely to receive any mental G. Miller, C. E. Golin, H. Liu, R. D. Hays, J. Hua, N. S. health services and services from mental health specialists Wenger, A. H. Kaplan. (versus GMPs) than clients having mental disorders BACKGROUND: Transient human immunodeficiency without perceived need. More patients using specialists virus (HIV) viremia, a common phenomenon among versus GMPs received psychotherapeutic medications and patients taking antiretroviral therapy, is often attributed to psychiatric hospitalizations, controlling for psychiatric lapses in adherence to the medication regimen. The symptom severity. The findings underscore that the authors investigated this relationship in a prospective differential mental health service provision between observational cohort of 128 patients initiating a new specialists and GMPs existing in the general population regimen. METHODS: A case of transient viremia was also is present among persons with HIV. Published in The defined as an HIV RNA level of 40–1000 copies/mL Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, v. 31, ("blip") sandwiched between 2 months of HIV RNA levels no. 2, Apr.-Jun. 2004, p. 149-163. <40 copies/mL ("pre" and "post"). Adherence was most often measured with a composite adherence score (CAS), LRP-200404-19 Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E which is primarily based on electronically measured for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular adherence. Case subjects' adherence and dose-timing was Disease. P. G. Shekelle, S. C. Morton, L. K. Jungvig, J. compared with (1) that of other patients (control subjects), Udani, M. Spar, W. Tu, M. J. Suttorp, I. D. Coulter, S. J. who had undetectable virus loads for 3 consecutive Newberry, M. Hardy. months, and (2) that during periods of sustained OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and synthesize the evidence on undetectable virus loads among the case subjects the effect of supplements of vitamin E on the prevention themselves, if available. RESULTS: Among the 28 case and treatment of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: subjects, mean CAS-measured adherence did not decrease Systematic review of placebo-controlled randomized before transient viremia; adherence during the pre, blip, controlled trials; meta-analysis where justified. and post periods were 86%, 84%, and 80%, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Eighty-four 230 eligible trials were identified. For the outcomes of all- Published in International Journal for Quality in Health cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, fatal or nonfatal Care, v. 16, no. 2, Apr. 2004, p. 133–140. myocardial infarction, and blood lipids, neither supplements of vitamin E alone nor vitamin E given with LRP-200404-21 Disparities in HIV Treatment and other agents yielded a statistically significant beneficial or Physician Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors adverse pooled relative risk (for example, pooled relative for Nonadherent Patients. M. D. Wong, W. E. risk of vitamin E alone = 0.96 95% confidence interval Cunningham, M. F. Shapiro, R. Andersen, P. D. Cleary, N. (CI), 0.84 to 1.10 0.97 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.90 and 0.72 Duan, H. Liu, I. B. Wilson, B. E. Landon, N. S. Wenger. 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.02 for all-cause mortality, BACKGROUND: Current HIV treatment guidelines cardiovascular mortality, and nonfatal myocardial recommend delaying antiretroviral therapy for infarction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is good nonadherent patients, which some fear may evidence that vitamin E supplementation does not disproportionately affect certain populations and beneficially or adversely affect cardiovascular outcomes. contribute to disparities in care. OBJECTIVES: To Published in Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 19, examine the relationship of physician's attitude toward no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. 380–389. prescribing protease inhibitors (PIs) to nonadherent patients with disparities in PI use and with health LRP-200404-20 A New Instrument to Measure outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS Appropriateness of Services in Primary Care. D. H. AND SETTING: A national probability sample of HIV- Thom, R. L. Kravitz, S. Kelly-Reif, R. V. Sprinkle, J. R. infected adults in the United States and their health care Hopkins, L. V. Rubenstein. providers was surveyed between January 1996 and OBJECTIVE: To develop a new instrument for judging January 1998. The authors analyzed data on 1717 patients the appropriateness of three key services (new eligible for PI treatment and the 367 providers who cared prescription, diagnostic test, and referral) as delivered in for them. MEASUREMENTS: Providers' attitude toward primary care outpatient visits. DESIGN: Candidate items prescribing PIs to nonadherent patients, time until patients' were generated by a seven-member expert panel, using a first receipt of PIs, mortality, and physical health status. five-step nominal technique, for each of three service MAIN RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of providers categories in primary care: new prescriptions, diagnostic agreed that patient adherence is important in their decision tests, and referrals. Expert panelists and a convenience to prescribe PIs (Selective) while 11% disagreed sample of 95 community-based primary care physicians (Nonselective). Patients who had a Selective provider ranked items for (i) importance and (ii) feasibility of received PIs later than those with a Nonselective provider ascertaining from a typical office chart record. Resulting (P =.05). Adjusting for patient demographics and health items were used to construct a measure of appropriateness characteristics and provider demographics, HIV using principals of structured implicit review. Two knowledge, and experience, Latinos, women, and poor physician reviewers used this measure to judge the patients received PIs later if their provider had a Selective appropriateness of 421 services from 160 outpatient visits. attitude but as soon as others if their provider had a SETTING: Primary care practices in a staff model health Nonselective attitude. African-American patients received maintenance organization and a large preferred provider PIs later than whites, irrespective of their providers' network. MEASURES: Inter-rater agreement was prescribing attitude. Patients with Selective providers had measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) similar odds of mortality than those with Nonselective and kappa statistic. RESULTS: For overall providers (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.6 to appropriateness, the ICC and kappa were 0.52 and 0.44 for 2.0), but had slightly worse adjusted physical health status new medication, 0.35 and 0.32 for diagnostic test, and at follow-up (49.1 vs 50.4, respectively; P =.04), after 0.40 and 0.41 for referral, respectively. Only 3% of controlling for baseline physical health status and other services were judged to be inappropriate by either patient and provider covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Most reviewer. The proportion of services judged to be less than providers consider patient adherence an important factor in definitely appropriate by one or both reviewers was 56% their decision to prescribe PIs. This attitude appears to for new medication, 31% for diagnostic test, and 22% for account for the relatively later use of PI treatment among referral. CONCLUSIONS: This new measure of Latinos, women, and the poor. Given the rising HIV appropriateness of primary care services has fair inter-rater infection rates among minorities, women, and the poor, agreement for new medications and referrals, similar to further investigation of this treatment strategy and its appropriateness measures of other general services, but impact on HIV resistance and outcomes is warranted. poor agreement for diagnostic tests. It may be useful as a Published in Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 19, tool to assess the appropriateness of common primary care no. 4, Apr. 2004, p. 366–374. services in studies of health care quality, but is not suitable for evaluating performance of individual physicians. 231

LRP-200404-22 Ecological Risk Ranking: and 68 for joint pain. Two or more history elements Development and Evaluation of a Method for Improving relevant to the presenting pain complaint were Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making. documented for 39% of patients, and at least one relevant H. H. Willis, M. L. DeKay, M. G. Morgan, H. K. Florig, physical examination element was documented for 68% of P. S. Fischbeck. patients. Treatment was offered to 86% of patients, but follow-up occurred in only 66%. Eleven of 18 patients This article reports an extension of the Carnegie Mellon prescribed opioids reported being offered a bowel risk-ranking method to incorporate ecological risks and regimen, and 10% of patients prescribed noncyclo- their attributes. On the basis of earlier risk-perception oxygenase-selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory studies, the authors identified a set of 20 relevant attributes medications received appropriate attention to potential for describing health, safety, and environmental hazards in gastrointestinal toxicity. CONCLUSION: Chronic pain standardized risk summary sheets. In a series of three management in older vulnerable patients is inadequate. ranking sessions, 23 laypeople ranked 10 such hazards in a Improvement is needed in screening, clinical evaluation, fictional Midwestern U.S. county using both holistic and follow-up, and attention to potential toxicities of therapy. multiattribute ranking procedures. Results were consistent Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, with those from previous studies involving only health and v. 52, no. 5, May 2004, p. 756–761. safety hazards, providing additional evidence for the validity of the method and the replicability of the resulting LRP-200405-02 Thinking Inside the Box: The Art of rankings. Holistic and multiattribute risk rankings were Telephone Interviewing. B. J. Genovese. reasonably consistent both for individuals and for groups. Participants reported that they were satisfied with the In the past quarter century, the technology for conducting procedures and results, and indicated their support for telephone interviews has changed significantly. using the method to advise real-world risk-management Fundamental interviewing concepts, however, have decisions. Agreement among participants increased over changed little. This article examines the art of telephone the course of the exercise, perhaps because the materials interviewing from the perspective of a telephone surveyor. and deliberations helped participants to correct their Through her experiences, the author shows how mastering misconceptions and clarify their values. Overall, health the production and interpretation of sounds is a key and safety attributes were judged more important than communication tool for producing successful and environmental attributes. However, the overlap between informative interviews. Published in Field Methods, v. 16, the importance rankings of these two sets of attributes no. 2, May 2004, p. 215–226. suggests that some information about environmental impacts is important to participants' judgments in LRP-200405-03 Out-of-Pocket Healthcare comparative risk-assessment tasks. Published in Risk Expenditures of Older Americans with Depression. J. S. Analysis, v. 24, no. 2, Apr. 2004, p. 363–378. Harman, K. J. Kelleher, C. F. Reynolds, H. A. Pincus. The objective of this study was to estimate mean annual LRP-200405-01 The Quality of Medical Care out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare expenditures of Provided to Vulnerable Older Patients with Chronic Pain. Americans aged 65 and older with self-reported depression J. Chodosh, D. H. Solomon, C. P. Roth, J. T. Chang, C. H. and compare these expenditures with the OOP MacLean, B. A. Ferrell, P. G. Shekelle, N. S. Wenger. expenditures of older Americans with hypertension, heart OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of chronic pain care disease, diabetes mellitus, and arthritis. Data from the provided to vulnerable older persons. DESIGN: 1999 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, which employs a Observational study evaluating 11 process-of-care quality nationally representative stratified random sample of indicators using medical records and interviews with households in the United States, were used to estimate patients or proxies covering care received from July 1998 mean OOP expenditures for health care during 1999. The through July 1999. SETTING: Two senior managed care data were limited to observations on individuals aged 65 plans. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 372 older patients at and older living in households in the United States increased risk of functional decline or death identified by included in the 1999 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey interview of a random sample of community dwellers aged sample (N=2,730). Mean OOP expenditures for older 65 and older enrolled in these managed-care plans. Americans with depression were $1,835 in 1999. Most of Measurements: Percentage of quality indicators satisfied the spending ($1,090) was for prescription drugs in this for patients with chronic pain. RESULTS: Fewer than population. For patients with depression, only 8% of total 40% of vulnerable patients reported having been screened OOP spending was for depression-specific services and for pain over a 2-year period. One hundred twenty-three treatments. Mean OOP spending was greater for persons patients (33%) had medical record documentation of a with depression than it was for older Americans with new episode of chronic pain during a 13-month period, hypertension ($1,181) and arthritis ($1,190), whereas OOP including 18 presentations for headache, 66 for back pain, spending for depression was similar to spending of older 232

Americans with heart disease ($1,412) and diabetes hospitalization could not be admitted to 29% of hospices. mellitus ($1,527). Older Americans with depression have Receipt of complex medical care, including TPN (38%), high OOP expenditures, with most of this spending for tube feedings (3%), transfusions (25%), radiotherapy health services and drugs to treat general medical (36%), and chemotherapy (48%), precluded admission. conditions. Published in Journal of the American Larger program size was significantly associated with a Geriatrics Society, v. 52, no. 5, May 2005, p. 809813. lower likelihood of all admission practices except restricting the admission of patients receiving TPN or tube LRP-200405-04 Delays and Unmet Need for Health feedings. Hospice programs that were part of a hospice Care Among Adult Primary Care Patients in a chain were less likely to restrict the admission of patients Restructured Urban Public Health System. A. L. Diamant, using TPN, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy than were R. D. Hays, L. S. Morales, W. Ford, D. Calmes, S. M. freestanding programs. CONCLUSION: Patients who are Asch, N. Duan, E. Fielder, S. Kim, J. E. Fielding, G. receiving complex palliative treatments could face barriers Sumner, M. F. Shapiro, D. Hayes-Bautista, L. Gelberg. to hospice enrollment. Policy makers should consider the clinical capacity of hospice providers in efforts to improve OBJECTIVES: The authors estimated the prevalence and access to palliative care and more closely incorporate determinants of delayed and unmet needs for medical care palliation with other healthcare services. Published in among patients in a restructured public health system. JAGS, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, v. 52, METHODS: The authors conducted a stratified cross- no. 5, May 2004, 725–730. sectional probability sample of primary care patients in the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Face- LRP-200405-07 Primary Care Provider Perceptions to-face interviews were conducted with 1819 adult patients of Barriers to and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer in 6 languages. The response rate was 80%. The study Screening in a Managed Care Setting. G. S. Dulai, M. M. sample was racially/ethnically diverse. RESULTS: Thirty- Farmer, P. Ganz, C. A. Bernaards, K. Qi, A. J. Dietrich, R. three percent reported delaying needed medical care Bastani, M. J. Belman, K. L. Kahn. during the preceding 12 months; 25% reported an unmet need for care because of competing priorities; and 46% BACKGROUND. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening tests had either delayed or gone without care. CONCLUSIONS: (e.g., fecal occult blood testing FOBT flexible Barriers to needed health care continue to exist among sigmoidoscopy FS etc.) are underused. Primary care patients receiving care through a large safety net system. providers (PCPs) play a critical role in screening, but Competing priorities for basic necessities and lack of barriers to and facilitators of screening as perceived by insurance contribute importantly to unmet health care PCPs in managed care settings are poorly understood. The needs. Published in American Journal of Public Health, v. objectives of the current study were to describe current 94, no. 5, May. 2004, p. 783–789. CRC screening practices and to explore determinants of test use by PCPs in a managed care setting. METHODS. LRP-200405-06 Hospice Admission Practices: In 2000, a self-administered survey was mailed to a Where Does Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care? K. A. stratified, random sample of 1340 PCPs in a large, Lorenz, S. M. Asch, K. E. Rosenfeld, H. Liu, S. L. Ettner. network model health maintenance organization in California. RESULTS. The survey response rate was 67%. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate selected hospice admission PCPs indicated that 79% of their standard-risk patients practices that could represent barriers to hospice use and were screened for CRC. PCP-reported median rates of the association between these admission practices and recommendation for the use of specific screening tests organizational characteristics. DESIGN: From December were 90% for FOBT and 70% for FS. In logistic 1999 to March 2000, hospices were surveyed about regression models, perceived barriers to the use of FOBT selected admission practices, and their responses were and FS included patient characteristics (e.g., education) linked to the 1999 California Office of Statewide Health and PCP-related barriers (e.g., failure to recall that patients Planning and Development's Home and Hospice Care were due for testing). Perceived facilitators of the use of Survey that describes organizational characteristics of FOBT and FS included interventions targeting certain California hospices. SETTING: California statewide. aspects of the health care system (e.g., reimbursement) and PARTICIPANTS: One hundred of 149 (67%) operational interventions targeting certain aspects of the tests licensed hospices. Measurements: Whether hospices admit themselves (e.g., provision of evidence of a test's patients who lack a caregiver; would not forgo hospital effectiveness). Assignment of high priority to screening, admissions; or are receiving total parenteral nutrition integrated medical group (as opposed to independent (TPN), tube feedings, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or practice association) affiliation, and the proportion of transfusions. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of hospices patients receiving routine health maintenance restricted admission on at least one criterion. A significant examinations were positively associated with reported test minority of hospices would not admit patients lacking a use. CONCLUSIONS. CRC screening tests appear to be caregiver (26%). Patients unwilling to forgo 233 underused in the managed care setting examined in the BACKGROUND: Although pharmacotherapy is critical to current study. The perceived barriers and facilitators that the medical care of older patients, medications can have were identified can be used to guide interventions aimed at considerable toxicity in this age group. To date, research increasing recommendations for, as well as actual has focused on inappropriate prescribing and policy efforts performance of, CRC screening. Published in American have aimed at access, but no comprehensive measurement Cancer Society, v. 100, no. 9, May 1, 2004, p. 1843–1852. of the quality of pharmacologic management using explicit criteria has been performed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the LRP-200405-08 The Partners in Care Approach to broad range of pharmacologic care processes for Ethics Outcomes in Quality Improvement Programs for vulnerable older patients. DESIGN: Observational cohort Depression. J. Halpern, M. D. Johnson, J. Miranda, K. B. study. SETTING: 2 managed care organizations enrolling Wells. older persons. PATIENTS: Community-dwelling high-risk patients 65 years of age or older continuously enrolled in OBJECTIVE: Patient centeredness and equity are major the managed care organizations from 1 July 1998 to 31 quality goals, but little is known about how these goals are July 1999. MEASUREMENTS: Patients' receipt of care as affected by efforts to improve the quality of care. The specified in 43 quality indicators covering 4 domains of authors describe an approach to addressing these goals in a pharmacologic care: 1) prescribing indicated medications; randomized trial of quality improvement for depressed 2) avoiding inappropriate medications; 3) education, primary care patients. METHODS: For four ethics goals continuity, and documentation; and 4) medication (autonomy, distributive justice, beneficence, and avoiding monitoring. RESULTS: Of 475 vulnerable older patients, harm), the authors identify intervention features, study 372 (78%) consented to participate and had medical measures, and hypotheses implemented in Partners in records that could be abstracted. The percentage of Care, a randomized trial of two quality improvement appropriate pharmacologic management ranged from 10% interventions, relative to usual care and summarize for documentation of risks of nonsteroidal anti- published findings pertinent to these outcomes. inflammatory drugs to 100% for avoiding short-acting RESULTS: To implement an ethics framework, calcium-channel blockers in patients with heart failure and modifications were required in study design and in avoiding B-blockers in patients with asthma. Pass rates for measures and analysis plans, particularly to address the quality indicators in the "avoiding inappropriate autonomy and justice goals. Extra resources were needed medications" domain (97% 95% CI, 96% to 98% were for sample recruitment, for intervention and survey significantly higher than pass rates for "prescribing materials, and to fund an ethics coinvestigator. The indicated medications" (50% CI, 45% to 55% ; "education, interventions were associated with improvements in all continuity, and documentation" (81% CI, 79% to 84% ; four ethics areas. Patients who received the interventions and "medication monitoring" (64% CI, 60% to 68%. were significantly more likely to receive the treatment LIMITATIONS: Fewer than 10 patients were eligible for they had indicated at baseline as their preferred treatment many of the quality indicators measured, and the (autonomy goal). Intervention-associated benefits occurred generalizability of these findings in 2 managed care more rapidly among sicker patients and extended to organizations to the general geriatric population is patients from ethnic minority groups, resulting in a uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Failures to prescribe reduction in ethnic-group disparities in health outcomes indicated medications, monitor medications appropriately, relative to usual care (distributive justice goal). The document necessary information, educate patients, and interventions were associated with improved quality of maintain continuity are more common prescribing care and health outcomes (beneficence goal) and with problems than use of inappropriate drugs in older patients. reduced use of long-term minor tranquilizers (goal of Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 140, no. 8, avoiding harm). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to May 4, 2004, p. 714–720 (e-721-e-722). explicitly address ethics outcomes in quality improvement programs for depression, but substantial marginal LRP-200405-10 There Is No Perfect Health System: resources may be required. Nevertheless, interventions so All Countries Need to Improve the Way They Measure modified can increase a practice's ability to realize ethics and Track the Quality of Patient Care. E. A. McGlynn. goals. Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 5, May 2004, p. 532–539. Extensive research into quality of care in different countries yields no conclusive findings that one system is LRP-200405-09 The Quality of Pharmacologic Care better or worse than others. Quality does not necessarily for Vulnerable Older Patients. T. Higashi, P. G. Shekelle, vary with financing mechanisms; even countries with D. H. Solomon, E. L. Knight, C. P. Roth, J. T. Chang, C. J. single-payer systems have variations in quality. Quality is Kamberg, C. H. MacLean, R. T. Young, J. L. Adams, D. not directly related to the amount spent on health care, B. Reuben, J. Avorn, N. S. Wenger. since the highest-spending country (the United States) does not have measurably better outcomes. Investments in 234 the quality measurement and reporting systems in all CONTEXT: Widespread overuse and inappropriate use of countries would substantially increase the opportunities to antibiotics are a major public health concern. Little is learn from cross-national comparisons. Published in known about racial/ethnic differences in parents seeking Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 1, May/Jun. 2004, p. 100–103. antibiotics for their children's upper respiratory illnesses. OBJECTIVE: To examine racial/ethnic differences in LRP-200405-11 Improving the Health of parent expectations about the need for antibiotics and Californians: Effective Public Private Strategies for physician perceptions of those expectations. DESIGN: The Challenging Times: A Summary of a Roundtable on conducted a nested, cross-sectional survey of parents who Philanthropy and Health Policy Making. J. M. Ferris, G. were coming to see their child's pediatrician because of Melnick. cold symptoms between October 2000 and June 2001. Parents completed a previsit survey that collected This paper summarizes the discussion that occurred at a information on demographics, their child's illness, and a November 2003 roundtable on philanthropy and health 15-item previsit expectations inventory that included an policy making. The roundtable was intended to stimulate a item asking how necessary it was for the physician to conversation about the strategic interplay of health policy prescribe antibiotics. Physicians completed a postvisit and philanthropy in a challenging economy; to gain a survey that collected information on diagnosis, treatment, richer understanding of the needs and expectations of and whether the physician perceived the parent expected funders and policymakers so that resources can be an antibiotic. The encounter was the unit of analysis. leveraged far more effectively; and to identify practical, Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed collaborative approaches for advancing policy to evaluate predictors of dichotomized parental development and implementation. The gathering included expectations for antibiotics, dichotomized physician more than fifty key leaders from state and national perceptions of those expectations, diagnostic patterns, and foundations; state policymakers; representatives from the antibiotic-prescribing patterns. SETTING: Twenty-seven California governor's office and key state health agencies community pediatric practices in the Los Angeles, Calif, and commissions; private-sector leaders; and academics. metropolitan area. Participants. A volunteer sample of 38 Published in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 3, May/Jun. 2004, pediatricians (participation rate: 64%) and a consecutive p. 257–261. sample of 543 parents (participation rate: 83%; 15 participating for each enrolled pediatrician) seeking care LRP-200405-12 Profiling the Quality of Care in for their children's respiratory illnesses. Pediatricians were Twelve Communities: Results from the CQI Study: eligible to participate if they worked in a community- Information on Quality at the Community Level Can based managed care practice in the Los Angeles area. Stimulate Change Where It Makes the Most Impact on Parents were eligible to participate if they could speak and Americans' Health. E. A. Kerr, E. A. McGlynn, J. L. read English and presented to participating pediatricians Adams, J. Keesey, S. M. Asch. with a child 6 months to 10 years old who had cold Health care quality falls far short of its potential symptoms but had not received antibiotics within 2 weeks. nationally. Because care is delivered locally, improvement MAIN OUTCOME MEASUSRES: Parental beliefs about strategies should be tailored to community needs. This the necessity of antibiotics for their child's illness, analysis from the Community Quality Index (CQI) study physician perceptions of parental expectations for reports on a comprehensive examination of how antibiotics, bacterial diagnosis rates, and antibiotic- effectively care is delivered in twelve metropolitan areas. prescribing rates. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of The authors find room for improvement in quality overall parents believed that antibiotics were definitely necessary, and in dimensions of preventive, acute, and chronic care in and 27% believed that they were probably necessary for all of these communities; no community was consistently their child's illness. Latino and Asian parents were both best or worst on the various dimensions. Having concrete 17% more likely to report that antibiotics were either estimates of the extent of the gap in performance should definitely or probably necessary than non-Hispanic white stimulate community-based quality improvement efforts. parents. Physicians correctly perceived that Asian parents Published in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 3, May/Jun. 2004, expected antibiotics more often than non-Hispanic white p. 247–256. parents but underestimated the greater expectations of Latino parents for antibiotics. Physicians also correctly LRP-200405-13 Racial/Ethnic Variation in Parent perceived that parents of children with ear pain or who Expectations for Antibiotics: Implications for Public were very worried about their child's condition were Health Campaigns. R. Mangione-Smith, M. N. Elliott, T. significantly more likely to expect antibiotics. Physicians Stivers, L. L. McDonald, J. Heritage, E. A. McGlynn, L. were 7% more likely to make a bacterial diagnosis and L. McDonald. 21% more likely to prescribe antibiotics when they perceived that antibiotics were expected. CONCLUSIONS: Parent expectations for antibiotics 235 remain high in Los Angeles County. With time, traditional recidivism. Meeting drug court offenders' needs requires public health messages related to antibiotic use may collaborative linkages between courts and providers of decrease expectations among non-Hispanic white parents. treatment and other services; however, there has been However, both public health campaigns and physician limited research on linkages. Using semi-structured educational efforts may need to be designed differently to interview data collected from administrators of fourteen reach other racial/ethnic groups effectively. Despite public drug courts and providers of services to offenders in those health campaigns to reduce antibiotic overprescribing in drug courts, this study described collaborative linkages the pediatric outpatient setting, physicians continue to and the challenges involved in fostering them. Although respond to parental pressure to prescribe them. To results suggest a moderate to strong level of linkage as effectively intervene to decrease rates of inappropriate perceived by both drug court administrators and service antibiotic prescribing further, physicians need culturally providers, services other than substance abuse treatment appropriate tools to better communicate and negotiate with were sparsely provided through the drug courts. parents when feeling pressured to prescribe antibiotics Limitations in funding, management information systems, Published in Pediatrics, v. 113, no. 5, May 2004, e385- and staffing were perceived as barriers to linkage. Results e394. Online access: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/ offer directions for enhancing linkages between drug cgi/content/full/113/5/e385. courts and service providers and should be of value in improving quality of drug court treatment and offender LRP-200405-14 Improving Contingency outcomes Published in Journal of Criminal Justice, v. 32, Management Programs for Addiction. R. J. Lamb, K. C. no. 3, May-Jun. 2004, p. 254–263. Kirby, A. R. Morral, G. Galbicka, M. Y. Iguchi. LRP-200405-16 Marijuana Use from Adolescence to Contingency management interventions effectively reduce Young Adulthood: Multiple Developmental Trajectories or eliminate some individuals' problem substance use. and Their Associated Outcomes. P. L. Ellickson, S. C. Typically, those who do not benefit never experience the Martino, R. L. Collins. reward or planned contingency available through the intervention because they never produce the behavior This study used latent growth mixture modeling to identify (often abstinence) on which the reward is contingent. With discrete developmental patterns of marijuana use from two analog studies, the authors examine whether the early adolescence (age 13) to young adulthood (age 23) effectiveness contingency management interventions among a sample of 5,833 individuals. After the a priori improves when contingencies are arranged in ways that removal of abstainers, 4 trajectory groups were identified: improve the likelihood of all participants experiencing the early high users, who decreased from a relatively high available reward. Participants were smokers not planning level of use at age 13 to a more moderate level: stable light to quit. In Study 1, smokers were paid $0, 1, 3, 10, or 30 users, who maintained a low level of use: steady each day for 5 days for delivery of breath carbon increasers, who consistently increased use; and occasional monoxide (CO) levels either <4 ppm or below half the light users, who began use at age 14 and used at low levels median of their baseline levels. Higher payment amounts thereafter. Analyses of covariance comparing the and the easier target criterion resulted in a higher trajectory groups on behavioral, socioeconomic, and likelihood of participants meeting criterion. Once health outcomes at age 29 revealed that abstainers participants met the 4 ppm criterion, however, they often consistently had the most favorable outcomes, whereas maintained this behavior even in the absence of payments early high users consistently had the least favorable for reduced breath CO levels. An ineffective contingency outcomes. Published in Health Psychology, v. 23, no. 3, management system was made effective based on these May 2004, p. 299–307. results. Study 2 examined the effectiveness of percentile schedules at reducing breath CO levels. Percentile LRP-200405-17 Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of schedules shaped lower breath CO levels. The Drugs by the Chronically Ill. D. P. Goldman, G. Joyce, J. effectiveness of percentile schedules in shaping abstinence J. Escarce, J. E. Pace, M. D. Solomon, M. Laouri, S. M. was tested in treatment seekers, and percentile schedules Teutsch. were found to be effective at shaping abstinence. CONTEXT: Many health plans have instituted more cost Published in Addictive Behaviors, v. 29, no. 3, May 2004, sharing to discourage use of more expensive p. 507–523. pharmaceuticals and to reduce drug spending. OBJECTIVE: To determine how changes in cost sharing LRP-200405-15 Collaborations Between Drug affect use of the most commonly used drug classes among Courts and Service Providers: Characteristics and the privately insured and the chronically ill. DESIGN, Challenges. S. L. Wenzel, S. Turner, M. S. Ridgely. SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective US Addressing the multiple treatment needs of drug-involved study conducted from 1997 to 2000, examining linked offenders can enhance outcomes including sobriety and pharmacy claims data with health plan benefit designs 236 from 30 employers and 52 health plans. Participants were undertreatment, especially in groups with worse access to 528 969 privately insured beneficiaries aged 18 to 64 years care Published in Annals of Family Medicine, v. 2, no. 3, and enrolled from 1 to 4 years (960 791 person-years). May/Jun. 2004, p. 240–244. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative change in drug days supplied (per member, per year) when co-payments LRP-200405-19 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions doubled in a prototypical drug benefit plan. RESULTS: for Depressed Latinos. M. Schoenbaum, J. Miranda, C. D. Doubling co-payments was associated with reductions in Sherbourne, N. Duan, K. B. Wells. use of 8 therapeutic classes. The largest decreases CONTEXT: Depression is a leading cause of disability occurred for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide, but treatment rates are low, particularly for (NSAIDs) (45%) and antihistamines (44%). Reductions in minority patients. OBJECTIVE: To estimated societal overall days supplied of antihyperlipidemics (34%), anti- cost-effectiveness of two interventions to improve care for ulcerants (33%), antiasthmatics (32%), anti-hypertensives depression in primary care, examining Latino and white (26%), antidepressants (26%), and anti-diabetics (25%) patients separately. METHODS: Intent-to-treat analysis of were also observed. Among patients diagnosed as having a data from a group-level controlled trial, in which matched chronic illness and receiving ongoing care, use was less primary care clinics in the US were randomized to usual responsive to co-payment changes. Use of antidepressants care or to one of two interventions designed to increase the by depressed patients declined by 8%; use of rate of effective depression treatment. One intervention antihypertensives by hypertensive patients decreased by facilitated medication management (``QI-Meds'') and the 10%. Larger reductions were observed for arthritis patients other psychotherapy ("QI-Therapy''); but patients and taking NSAIDs (27%) and allergy patients taking clinicians could choose the type of treatment, or none. The antihistamines (31%). Patients with diabetes reduced their study involved 46 clinics in 6 non-academic, managed use of antidiabetes drugs by 23%. CONCLUSIONS: The care organizations; 181 primary care providers; and 398 use of medications such as antihistamines and NSAIDs, Latino and 778 White patients with current depression. which are taken intermittently to treat symptoms, was Outcomes are health care costs, quality-adjusted life years sensitive to co-payment changes. Other medications- (QALY), depression burden, employment, and costs per antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antidepressant, QALY, over 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Relative antihyperlipidemic, antiulcerant, and antidiabetic agents- to usual care, QI-Therapy resulted in significantly fewer also demonstrated significant price responsiveness. The depression burden days for Latinos and increased days reduction in use of medications for individuals in ongoing employed for white patients. Average health care costs care was more modest. Still, significant increases in co- increased $278 in QI-Meds and $161 in QI-Therapy for payments raise concern about adverse health consequences Latinos, and by $655 in QI-Meds and $752 in QI-Therapy because of the large price effects, especially among for whites, relative to usual care. The estimated cost per diabetic patients. Published in Journal of the American QALY for Latinos was $6,100 or less under QI-Therapy, Medical Association, v. 291, no. 19, May 18, 2004, p. but $90,000 or more in QI-Meds. For Whites, estimated 2344–2350. costs per QALY were around $30,000 under both interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Latinos benefit from LRP-200405-18 Consumer Knowledge of Over-the- improved care for depression, and the cost is less than that Counter Phenazopyridine. C. Shi, S. M. Asch, E. Fielder, for white patients. Diverse patients are likely to benefit L. Gelberg, M. B. Nichol. from improving care for depression in primary care. BACKGROURD: Effective use of over-the-counter Published in Journal of Mental Health Policy and (OTC) medications depends on purchasers_b2_s Economics, v. 7, no. 2, May 30, 2004, p. 69–76. knowledge of their indications. This study examines consumer knowledge regarding the urinary tract analgesic LRP-200405-20 All Symptoms Are Not Created phenazopyridine, which recently became available without Equal: The Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the prescription. METHOD: The authors conducted a cross- Natural Course of Posttraumatic Psychological Distress. sectional survey of a stratified cluster random sample of T. L. Schell, G. N. Marshall, L. Jaycox. purchasers of OTC phenazopyridine (N = 434) in 31 Los This 3-wave longitudinal study examined the natural Angeles retail pharmacies. RESULTS: The response rate course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using was 58%. Only 29% correctly characterized the likely data collected from young adult survivors of community cause of their symptoms, and only 57% correctly violence. Three key findings emerged. 1. Mean levels of characterized the action of the drug. Worse consumer distress for each symptom cluster decreased over time, knowledge was associated with nonwhite race, first-time with reexperiencing decreasing most rapidly. 2. Cross- use, and less contact with health providers. lagged panel analysis revealed that hyperarousal strongly CONCLUSION: Many consumers possess poor influences, but is not generally influenced by, other knowledge about phenazopyridine, potentially leading to symptoms clusters. 3. Trajectory analysis demonstrated 237 that respondents for whom hyperarousal was the most LRP-200405-23 Recommendations for Comparing pronounced baseline symptom showed lower overall Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert symptom improvement relative to trauma exposed Consensus Process: Guidance to Help Early Adopters and counterparts for whom hyperarousal was a less prominent Policymakers Select the Systems Most Likely to Benefit early symptom. Implications for theory, research, and Patients. D. S. Bell, R. Marken, R. C. Meili, J. C. Wang, clinical practice are discussed. Published in Journal of M. Rosen, R. H. Brook. Abnormal Psychology, v. 113, no. 2, May 2004, p. Commercially available electronic prescribing systems 189–197. may differ in their effects on patients' health outcomes and on patients' ability to manage costs. An expert panel LRP-200405-21 Recent Trends and Geographic convened to recommend specific features that would Variation in the Safety Net. M. S. Marquis, J. A. enable electronic prescribing systems to advance these Rogowski, J. J. Escarce. goals. The panel authored sixty recommendations and BACKGROUND: Policymakers and researchers are rated each using a modified Delphi process. Ratings concerned that changes in the healthcare market have identified fifty-two recommendations as clearly positive stressed and weakened the safety net nationwide. for patient safety and health outcomes and forty-three OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to recommendations as achievable in the average clinician's investigate variations in the safety net across communities office within three years. Overall, these recommendations and over time and to explore the effect of market changes offer a synthesis of evidence and expert opinion that can on the safety net. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The help guide the development of electronic prescribing authors examined the safety net in all large urban policy. Published in Health Affairs, May 25, 2004, p. communities from 1993 to 1998. Data from a variety of w4–305-w4-317. sources measure uncompensated hospital care, local government spending for health, admissions to safety net LRP-200405-24 Racial and Ethnic Differences in hospitals, visits to outpatient departments of safety net Patients' Preferences for Initial Care by Specialists. M. D. hospitals, visits to community health centers, and Wong, S. M. Asch, R. Andersen, R. D. Hays, M. F. demographic and market characteristics of the Shapiro. communities. Descriptive analyses examine trends and PURPOSE: To examine racial and ethnic differences in community variations. Multivariate methods are used to patients' preferences for initial care by specialists, and to estimate the effect of market structure and of economic determine whether trust in the physician and health beliefs factors on the safety net. RESULTS: The safety net did not account for these differences. METHODS: The authors erode in urban areas over the study period. There was conducted a cross-sectional study of 646 patients in the substantial variation across communities, but the disparity waiting room of three academic-based internal medicine did not increase over time. HMO penetration and hospital outpatient practices. They asked subjects about their competition are not significantly related to variations in preference to see their primary care provider or a specialist the safety net, although demographic and economic factors first regarding the actual health problem that had brought are. CONCLUSIONS: Local financing capacity is a factor them to see their physician as well as regarding three in variations across communities in the safety net. The hypothetical scenarios (2 weeks of new-onset exertional economic downturn and pressures on state budgets could chest pain, 2 months of knee pain, and rash for 4 weeks). lead to future problems. Published in Medical Care, v. 42, The authors examined the relation among patients' no. 5, May 2004, p. 408–415. preference for initial care by a specialist and their demographic characteristics, global ratings of their LRP-200405-22 Too Much Ado About Two-Part primary care physician and health plan, trust in their Models and Transformation? Comparing Methods of primary care physician, and other health beliefs and Modeling Medicare Expenditures. M. B. Buntin, A. M. attitudes. RESULTS: Averaged for the three scenarios and Zaslavsky. actual health problem, 13% of patients preferred to see a Many methods for modeling skewed health care cost and specialist first. Adjusting for all other covariates, blacks use data have been suggested in the literature. This paper (risk ratio RR = 0.55; 95% confidence interval CI 0.20 to compares the performance of eight alternative estimators, 0.92) and Asians (RR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.75) were including OLS and GLM estimators and one- and two-part much less likely to prefer a specialist than were whites. models, in predicting Medicare costs. It finds that four of Patients with less confidence in their primary care the alternatives produce very similar results in practice. It physician and greater certainty about needed tests and then suggests an efficient method for researchers to use treatments were more likely to prefer a specialist. These when selecting estimators of health care costs. Published variables, however, did not explain the difference in in Journal of Health Economics, v. 23, no. 3, May 2004, p. preference for specialist care among blacks, Asians, and 525–542. whites. CONCLUSION: Blacks and Asians are less likely 238 than whites to prefer initial care by a specialist. Future attributable to secondary acute myocardial infarction studies should examine whether differences in preference (AMI) or ischemic stroke among persons with established for care lead minorities to underutilize appropriate atherosclerotic conditions were estimated from 1995–1998 specialty care or lead whites to overuse specialty care. data on 1,143 patients enrolled in US managed care plans. Published in The American Journal of Medicine, v. 116, RESULTS: The average 180-day costs attributable to no. 9, May 1, 2004, p. 613–620. secondary AMI or stroke were estimated as USD 19,056 in the AMI cohort having a private insurance (commercial; LRP-200405-25 The Quality of Care Provided to n = 344), USD 16,845 in the AMI cohort having Vulnerable Older Community-Based Patients with Urinary government insurance (Medicare, age >/=65 years; n = Incontinence. N. Gnanadesigan, D. Saliba, C. P. Roth, D. 200), USD 10,267 for stroke commercial (n = 108), USD H. Solomon, J. T. Chang, J. F. Schnelle, R. L. Smith, P. G. 16,280 for stroke Medicare (n = 113), USD 15,224 for Shekelle, N. S. Wenger. peripheral arterial disease commercial (n = 170), and USD 15,182 for peripheral arterial disease Medicare (n = 208). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the CONCLUSION: These estimates can be used to study the quality of care provided to vulnerable older community- cost-effectiveness of interventions proven to reduce these based patients with urinary incontinence (UI). DESIGN: secondary events. Published in Cerebrovascular Diseases, The authors conducted an observational study using v. 18, no. 1, May 19, 2004, p. 8-15. medical record review and patient (or proxy) interview. PARTICIPANTS: They studied 372 randomly selected LRP-200405-27 Beer Consumption and Premature community-dwelling older patients enrolled in two senior Mortality in Louisiana: An Ecologic Analysis. D. A. managed care plans identified by interview to be at Cohen, K. Mason, T. A. Farley. increased risk for functional decline or death. MEASUREMENTS: Percentage of quality indicators OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine passed for patients with UI. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent whether beer consumption is associated with premature of the patients reported having UI, and during a 13-month mortality across municipalities in Louisiana. METHOD: period, 32 (7%) presented to their physician with new or The authors conducted a cross-sectional ecologic study worsening UI. Analysis of medical records for these 32 using tax data on the sales of beer and mortality data from patients revealed that characteristics of voiding were Louisiana. They aggregated deaths that occurred before documented for 75% of the patients with new or the age of 65 to the level of the municipality and worsening UI, but importance of the problem, toileting calculated age-adjusted rates of both overall premature function, and prior treatment were rarely addressed. Pelvic mortality and specific causes of premature mortality that examination was performed for 20% of female patients may be related to alcohol. After controlling for potential and a rectal examination for 42% of men. Only 38% had a confounders including population distributions for race, urinalysis performed and 16% had a postvoid residual. income, employment and education, the authors examined Drug treatment was prescribed for 50% of the patients but whether beer sales were independently associated with behavioral intervention for only 13%. Compared with premature mortality rates due to homicides, unintentional patients seen by primary care providers alone, patients injuries, other acute alcohol-related causes, liver diseases, seen in consultative care received more comprehensive cardiovascular disease and other chronic alcohol-related evaluation and treatment of UI. CONCLUSION: Quality causes. RESULTS: After controlling for race and of care for UI provided to vulnerable older patients, socioeconomic status, municipalities with greater beer particularly by primary care providers alone, is inadequate. consumption had higher premature mortality, with the Despite the proven effectiveness of patient-dependent model explaining up to 24% of all premature deaths. Beer behavioral treatments, physicians rarely prescribe these consumption was also independently associated with interventions for UI. Published in Journal of the American homicide, liver diseases and cardiovascular disease. Medical Directors Association, v. 5, no. 4, May-Jun. 2004, Neither unintentional injuries nor other chronic alcohol- p. 141–146. related causes of mortality were significantly associated with beer consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The population- LRP-200405-26 Direct Medical Costs Attributable to level association between beer consumption and mortality Acute Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in may reflect population-level determinants of beer Cohorts with Atherosclerotic Conditions. E. M. Sloss, S. consumption as well as indirect health effects of alcohol L. Wickstrom, D. F. McCaffrey, S. Garber, T. S. Rector, consumption on persons who are not heavy drinkers. R. A. Levin, P. M. Guzy, P. B. Gorelick, M. D. Dake, B. Published in Journal of Studies on Alcohol, v. 65, no. 3, G. Vickrey. May 2004, p. 398–403. BACKGROUND: The cost of acute ischemic events in persons with established atherosclerotic conditions is unknown. METHODS: The direct medical costs 239

LRP-200405-28 Patients' Early Discontinuation of that the traditional topics of preventive care- Antidepressant Prescriptions. E. Lewis, S. C. Marcus, M. immunizations, feeding issues, and sleep patterns-are most Olfson, B. G. Druss, H. A. Pincus. frequently discussed, whereas topics that were more recently introduced into pediatric care related to Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 5, May 2004, developmental needs and family context are less p. 494. commonly addressed. Parent-reported discussion of these topics include reading (discussed for 61% of children LRP-200405-29 The Applicability of the Consumer 19–35 months) and child care (discussed for 26% of Assessments of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) to children 19-35 months). Parent reports of some unmet Preferred Provider Organizations in the United States: A need-defined as topics not discussed that the parent Discussion of Industry Concerns. L. S. Morales, M. N. believes would have been helpful to them-affect 36% of Elliott, J. Brown, C. Rahn, R. D. Hays. children aged 4 to 9 months and 56% of children aged 10 OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the applicability of a to 35 months and are highest for the topics of discipline leading patient survey, the Consumer Assessments of strategies and toilet training. Other specific areas of unmet Health Plans Study (CAHPS(r)), to Preferred Provider need reported by at least 15% of parents are burn Organizations (PPOs) in the United States. DESIGN: Elite prevention, child care, reading, vocabulary development, interviews were conducted with users of the CAHPS(r) and social development. Rates of unmet need vary with survey in PPO settings. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Study family characteristics and health system factors, including participants attended either the California Healthcare maternal education, race/ethnicity, and length of well- Foundation Quality Performance Measurement in child visits. CONCLUSION: Parents and pediatricians Preferred Provider Organizations Forum or the National report high rates of discussion on many topics that are Conference to Examine PPO Quality. Eleven critical to healthy development in the first years of life. representatives of state and federal government health care They also identify areas of need that largely address health purchasers, commercial PPO plans, and survey vendors supervision on developmental topics. Findings indicate were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The that additional research is needed to understand issues interview included 21 questions addressing experiences related to specific topic areas as well as the dynamics of with and concerns about using the CAHPS(r) survey in personal and system factors that determine what is PPO settings. RESULTS: Respondents raised concerns discussed. Published in Pediatrics, v. 113, no. 6, suppl., about the influence of out-of-network care on CAHPS(r) Jun. 2004, p. 1907-1916. reports and ratings of PPO health plans. Suggestions were made for additional PPO-relevant items such as after- LRP-200406-02 Local Variation in Public Health hours care, numbers and types of specialists in the PPO Preparedness: Lessons from California. N. Lurie, J. network, and disease management. CONCLUSIONS: Wasserman, M. A. Stoto, S. Myers, P. Namkung, J. E. Modifications to some of the CAHPS(r) survey items are Fielding, R. O. B. Valdez. needed to address concerns of users about their Since September 2001 Congress has allocated applicability in PPO settings. Published in International approximately $3 billion to strengthen the public health Journal for Quality in Health Care, v. 16, no. 3, May infrastructure. To achieve this goal, the U.S. Centers for 2004, p. 219–227. Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)allocates funding to states, which distribute funds to local jurisdictions. LRP-200406-01 Overview of the Content of Health Evidence-based measures to assess public health Supervision for Young Children: Reports from Parents and preparedness are lacking. The authors used an expert- Pediatricians. L. M. Olson, M. Inkelas, N. Halfon, M. A. panel process to develop performance measures, based on Schuster, K. G. O'Connor, R. Mistry. the ten essential public health services. They developed OBJECTIVE: To describe the content of anticipatory and conducted tabletop exercises in California to evaluate guidance provided to parents of infants and toddlers and to preparedness to detect and respond to a hypothetical identify primary areas of unmet need as reported by both smallpox outbreak based on those measures. There was parents and pediatricians. METHODS: Parent data were wide variation of readiness in California. While the obtained from the National Survey of Early Childhood sources of variation are often different, common Health, a nationally representative sample of parents of infrastructure gaps need to be addressed. Published in 2068 US children aged 4 to 35 months. Pediatrician data Health Affairs, Jun. 2, 2004, p. w4–341-w4-353. Online were obtained from the Periodic Survey of Fellows, a access: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff. national survey of members of the American Academy of w4.341v1 or http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/ Pediatrics. RESULTS: Parents and pediatricians tend to full/hlthaff.w4.341/DC1. agree on the relative ranking of which topics are most frequently addressed. Parents and pediatricians both report 240

LRP-200406-03 Routine Assessment of Family and participatory methods of community intervention to Community Health Risks: Parent Views and What They produce complementary functions, such as linking Receive. M. D. Kogan, M. A. Schuster, S. M. Yu, C. H. community-based case finding and referral with practice- Park, L. M. Olson, M. Inkelas, C. Bethell, P. J. Chung, N. based quality improvement, enhanced by community- Halfon. based social support for treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The community intervention approach OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of parent- is a major paradigm for affecting public health or provider discussions of family and community health risks addressing health disparities. Despite challenges in during well-child visits and the gaps between which issues implementation and evaluation, it represents a promising are discussed and which issues parents would like to approach for extending the reach of mental health services discuss. METHODS: Data came from the National Survey interventions into diverse communities. Published in of Early Childhood Health, a nationally representative American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 161, no. 6, Jun. 2004, sample of parents of 2068 children aged 4 to 35 months. p. 955–963. The outcome measures were 1) the reported discussions with pediatric clinicians about 7 family and community LRP-200406-05 Smoking-Cessation Interventions by health risks and 2) whether the parent believes that Type of Provider: A Meta-Analysis. W. A. Mojica, M. J. pediatric clinicians should ask parents about each risk. Suttorp, S. E. Sherman, S. C. Morton, E. A. Roth, M. A. RESULTS: Most parents believe that pediatric providers Maglione, S. L. Rhodes, P. G. Shekelle. should discuss topics such as smoking in the household, financial difficulties, and emotional support available to OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the evidence on the the parent. However, with the exception of "household effectiveness of smoking-cessation interventions by type smoking," fewer than half of parents have been asked of provider. METHODS: A random effects meta- about these topics by their child's clinician. Parents of regression was estimated to examine the effect of provider black and Hispanic children were more likely than parents and whether the intervention contained nicotine of white children to be asked about several of these issues, replacement therapy (NRT), on the intervention's relative as were parents of the youngest children and those with risk of quitting as compared to placebo or usual care from publicly financed health insurance. The greatest gap studies published in databases from inception to 2000. between parents' views and their reports of discussion with Thirty additional studies not included in the previous 1996 the clinician occur for parents of white children and older and 2000 U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice children. Among parents who hold the view that a topic guidelines were used to provide the most comprehensive should be discussed, parents of white and older children analysis to date of the comparative effectiveness of are less likely than others to report discussing some or all different types of providers in interventions for smoking family and community health risks. CONCLUSION: The cessation that have been published. RESULTS: The low frequency of discussions for many topics indicates effectiveness without NRT follows: psychologist (1.94, potential unmet need. More universal surveillance of 95% confidence interval CI 1.04–3.62); physician (1.87, parents with young children might ensure that needs are CI=1.42-2.45); counselor (1.82, CI=0.84-3.96); nurse not missed, particularly given that strong majorities of (1.76, CI=1.21-2.57); unknown (1.27, CI=0.57-2.82); parents view family and community topics, with the other (1.18, CI=0.67-2.10); and self-help (1.28, CI=0.89- exception of community violence, as appropriate for 1.82). Effectiveness of most providers increased by almost discussion in clinic visits. Published in Pediatrics, v. 113, twofold with the use of NRT. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking- no. 6, Suppl., Jun. 2004, p.1934–1943. cessation interventions without NRT delivered by psychologists, physicians, or nurses are all effective. NRT LRP-200406-04 Bridging Community Intervention increases the effectiveness of most providers. Published in and Mental Health Services Research. K. B. Wells, J. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, v. 26, no. 5, Miranda, M. L. Bruce, M. Alegria, N. Wallerstein. Jun. 2004, p. 391-401. OBJECTIVE: This article explores the potential of LRP-200406-06 Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in community intervention perspectives for increasing the Adolescents: Results from Project ALERT. B. Ghosh- relevance, reach, and public health impact of mental health Dastidar, D. Longshore, P. L. Ellickson, D. F. McCaffrey. services research. METHOD: The authors reviewed community intervention strategies, including public health The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a and community development and empowerment revised state-of-the-art drug prevention program, Project interventions, and contrast community intervention with ALERT, on risk factors for drug use in mostly rural practice-based quality improvement and policy research. midwestern schools and communities. Fifty-five middle RESULTS: A model was proposed to integrate health schools from South Dakota were randomly assigned to services and community intervention research, building on treatment or control conditions. Treatment-group students the evidence-based strength of quality improvement and received 11 lessons in Grade 7 and 3 more in Grade 8. 241

Effects for 4,276 eighth graders were assessed 18 months healthier than FFS beneficiaries even after adjustment for after baseline. Results indicate that Project ALERT had the included PIP-DCG risk factors. A model developed statistically significant effects on all the targeted risk over an FFS sample ignoring unobserved selection factors associated with cigarette and marijuana use and overestimates hospital use of new HMO enrollees by 28 more modest gains with the pro-alcohol risk factors. The percent compared to their use if they had remained in FFS. program helped adolescents at low, moderate, and high Models that better captures selection bias are needed to risk for future use, with the effect sizes typically stronger reduce overestimation of Medicare HMO enrollees' for the low- and moderate-risk groups. Thus, school-based resource use. Published in Health Services and Outcomes drug prevention programs can lower risk factors that Research Methodology, v. 4, no. 2, Jun. 2004, p. 71–91. correlate with drug use, help low- to high-risk adolescents, and be effective in diverse school environments Published LRP-200406-09 Continuity of Primary Care in Health Education and Behavior, v. 31, no. 3, Jun. 2004, Clinician in Early Childhood. M. Inkelas, M. A. Schuster, p. 318–334. L. M. Olson, C. H. Park, N. Halfon. OBJECTIVES: This study uses the first national data on LRP-200406-07 Use of Resident Satisfaction well-child care for young children to 1) assess how many Surveys in New Jersey Nursing Homes and Assisted children have a specific clinician for well-child care; 2) Living Facilities. N. G. Castle, T. J. Lowe, J. A. Lucas, J. identify the health insurance, health care setting, and child P. Robinson, S. Crystal. and family determinants of having a specific clinician; and In this article, the authors present the results of a 3) assess how parents choose pediatric clinicians. questionnaire inquiring into the use and usefulness of METHODS: Data from the National Survey of Early resident satisfaction surveys sent to all nursing homes (N = Childhood Health (NSECH), a nationally representative 363) and assisted living facilities (N = 152) in New Jersey survey of health care quality for young children fielded by in fall 2000. The authors found 86% of nursing homes and the National Center for Health Statistics in 2000, were 88% of assisted living facilities to be using resident used to describe well-child care settings for children aged satisfaction surveys. Satisfaction information was reported 4 to 35 months. Parents reported the child's usual setting of as extremely useful or very useful in 72% of nursing well-child care, whether their child has a specific clinician homes and 83% of assisted living facilities. However, for well-child care, and selection method for those with a satisfaction instruments used by nursing homes and clinician. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses are assisted living facilities are highly varied, and instruments used to identify determinants of having a specific clinician appear to have been developed largely on an ad hoc basis, and of provider selection method, including health care with little attention to testing of validity or psychometric setting, insurance, managed care, and child and family properties. Standardization initiatives are clearly needed. characteristics. RESULTS: Nearly all young children aged In addition, the uses of satisfaction information were 4 to 35 months in the United States (98%) have a regular limited and primarily aimed at administrative goals rather setting, but only 46% have a specific clinician for well- than at improving quality of care. These factors may child care. The proportion of young children who have a restrict the potential benefits of resident satisfaction single clinician is highest among privately insured children information. Published in Journal of Applied Gerontology, (51%) and lowest among publicly insured children (37%) v. 23, no. 2, Jun. 2004, p. 1–16. and uninsured children (28%). In multivariate logistic regression including health care and sociodemographic LRP-200406-08 An Analysis of Unobserved factors, odds of having a specific clinician vary little by Selection in a Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model. H. health care setting. Odds are lower for children who are Kan, D. P. Goldman, E. B. Keeler, N. Dhanani, G. publicly insured (odds ratio OR 0.7; 95% confidence Melnick. interval CI 0.45–0.97) and for Hispanic children with less acculturated parents (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.39-0.91). Odds The study assesses unobserved selection bias in an are higher for children in a health plan with gatekeeping inpatient diagnostic cost group (DCG) model similar to requirements (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.02-1.88). Medicare's Principal Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Approximately 13% of young children with a specific (PIP-DCG) risk adjustment model using a unique data set clinician were assigned to that provider. Assignment rather that contains hospital discharge records for both FFS and than parent choice is more frequent for children who are HMO Medicare beneficiaries in California from 1994 to publicly insured, in managed care, cared for in a 1996. The authors use a simultaneous equations model that community health center/public clinic, Hispanic, and of jointly estimates HMO enrollment and subsequent hospital lower income and whose mother has lower education. In use to test the existence of unobserved selection and multivariate logistic regression, only lack of health estimate the true HMO effect. It is found that the inpatient insurance, care in a community health center, and DCG model does not adequately adjust for biased managed care participation are associated with lack of selection into Medicare HMOs. New HMO enrollees are 242 choice. CONCLUSIONS: Anticipatory guidance is the LRP-200406-12 Sexual Relationships, Secondary foundation of health supervision visits and may be most Syringe Exchange, and Gender Differences in HIV Risk effective when there is a continuous relationship between Among Drug Injectors. K. S. Riehman, A. H. Kral, R. the pediatric provider and the parent. Only half of young Anderson, N. M. Flynn, R. N. Bluthenthal. children in the United States are reported to have a Injection drug use continues to place women at risk for specific clinician for well-child care. Low rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through both risky continuity are found across health care settings. injecting practices and risky sexual behavior with male Furthermore, not all parents of children with a continuous injection drug users (IDUs). Although attendance at relationship exercised choice, particularly among children syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) is protective against in safety net health care settings. These provisional HIV, a recent study found that women attending SEPs findings on a new measure of primary care continuity for who exchanged syringes for other people (secondary children raise important questions about the prevalence exchange) were at greater risk for HIV seroconversion, and determinants of continuity. Published in Pediatrics, v. potentially through risky sexual behavior. The authors 113, no. 6, Jun. 2004, p. 1917-1925. examined this question in a sample of 531 IDUs (175 women and 356 men) attending 23 SEPs in California in LRP-200406-10 Developmental Trajectories of 2001. Findings indicated that women were more likely Cigarette Smoking and Their Correlates from Early than men to engage in secondary exchange and were more Adolescence to Young Adulthood. M. Orlando, J. S. likely to have IDU sexual partners. In multivariate analysis Tucker, P. L. Ellickson, D. J. Klein. among women, secondary exchange was independently Smoking initiation typically occurs in adolescence and associated with distributive syringe sharing, not engaging increases over time into emerging adulthood. Thus in receptive sharing, and not exchanging sex for money or adolescence and emerging adulthood compose a critical drugs. Multivariate analysis among men found that having time period for prevention and intervention efforts. To an IDU sexual partner was associated with secondary inform these efforts, this study used latent growth mixture exchange. Women's sexual risk behavior was not modeling to identify 6 smoking trajectories from ages 13 associated with secondary exchange, and although to 23 among 5,914 individuals: nonsmokers (28%), stable women's secondary exchange was associated with highs (6%), early increasers (10%), late increasers (10%), individual protection for injection-related behaviors, it decreasers (6%), and triers (40%). By age 23, the may increase network risk. More information on network trajectories merged into 2 distinct groups of low- and high- members is needed to understand gender differences in frequency and their standing on age 23 outcomes reflected secondary exchange. Published in Journal of Urban this grouping. Consideration of these results can help Health, v. 81, no. 2, Jun. 2004, p. 249–259. researchers identify at-risk individuals before their smoking becomes too problematic, providing an LRP-200406-13 A National Longitudinal Study of opportunity for intervention and possible prevention of the Psychological Consequences of the September 11, nicotine dependence. Published in Journal of Consulting 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Impairment, and Help- and Clinical Psychology, v. 72, no. 3, Jun. 2004, p. Seeking. B. D. Stein, M. N. Elliott, L. Jaycox, R. L. 400–410. Collins, S. H. Berry, D. J. Klein, M. A. Schuster. This article examines the evolution of psychological and LRP-200406-11 The Rise and Rise of behavioral reactions following the September 2001 Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A terrorist attacks in a nationally representative sample, and Sociological Perspective. I. D. Coulter, E. M. Willis. describes where people turned for support, information, Major reasons for the growth in the use of complementary and counseling. From November 9 to November 28, 2001, and alternative medicine (CAM), in Australia and we resurveyed 395 (71%) of the original 560 adults 19 elsewhere, are general societal changes rather than specific years or older within the United States who participated in reasons internal to medicine. There are problems of our national random-digit-dialing telephone survey definition of CAM, as well as the extent to which CAM conducted on September 14 to September 16, 2001, about modalities can be considered a unified paradigm. The their terrorism-related psychological distress and behavior. general changes examined include the consumer and green Sixteen percent of adults had persistent distress, reporting movements, as well as postmodernism. The movement one or more substantial distress symptoms in both surrounding evidence-based healthcare may provide some September and November. Adults with persistent distress answers, but will not settle the issue of compatibility. reported accomplishing less at work (65%); avoiding CAM is here to stay and will continue to present public gathering places (24%); and using alcohol, challenges for conventional medicine on how to respond. medications, or other drugs to relax, sleep, or feel better Published in The Medical Journal of Australia, v. 180, no. because of worries about terrorism (38%). Seventy-five 11, Jun. 7, 2004, p. 587–589. percent talked with family and friends; however, 43% 243 reported sometimes feeling unable to share their terrorism- Published in The Gerontologist, v. 44, no. 3, Jun. 2004, p. related thoughts and feelings with others because it made 358–367. others uncomfortable. Few reported receiving counseling or information about psychological distress from general LRP-200406-15 Clinical Utility as a Criterion for medical providers (11%). These findings suggest that a Revising Psychiatric Diagnoses. M. B. First, H. A. significant number of adults across the country were Pincus, J. B. Levine, J. B. W. Williams, B. Ustun, R. continuing to experience terrorism-related distress and Peele. disruption of their daily lives approximately 2 months OBJECTIVE: Changes in DSM-IV were guided by after September 11; many turned to family and friends for empirical data that mostly focused on improving support, but at times many felt uncomfortable doing so, diagnostic validity and reliability. Although many changes and few used clinicians as a source of information or were made explicitly to improve clinical utility, no formal support. Clinicians and policymakers should consider how effort was made to empirically determine actual the healthcare system and other community organizations improvements in clinical utility. The authors propose that might provide a coordinated community-wide response for future revisions of DSM empirically demonstrate individuals needing information and counseling following improvement in clinical utility to clarify whether the terrorist events. Published in Psychiatry, v. 67, no. 2, advantages of changing the diagnostic criteria outweigh Summer 2004, p. 105–117. potential negative consequences. METHOD: The authors provide a formal definition of clinical utility and then LRP-200406-14 Response Formats and Satisfaction suggest that the merits of a proposed change to DSM be Surveys for Elders. N. G. Castle, J. Engberg. evaluated by considering 1) its impact on the use of the PURPOSE: A factor common to the results of many diagnostic system, 2) whether it enhances clinical decision satisfaction surveys of elders is a lack of response making, and 3) whether it improves clinical outcome. variability. Increasing response variability may be useful if RESULTS: Evaluating a change based on its impact on satisfaction surveys of elders are to be productively used use considers both user acceptability and accuracy in in the future. In this paper, the authors first examine elders' application of the diagnostic criteria. User acceptability preferences between five response formats and then can be measured by surveying users' reactions, assessing examine the response variability of these five commonly user acceptability in a field trial setting, and measuring the used formats. DESIGN AND METHODS: Satisfaction, effects on ease of use. Assessment of the correct demographic, and Short-Form 36 Health Survey data were application of diagnostic criteria entails comparing the self-reported by patients in four outpatient surgery centers clinician's diagnostic assessment to expert diagnostic during 1998 and 1999. The authors used six different assessment. Assessments of the impact on clinical decision survey instruments randomly given to 3,122 elders. Five making use methods developed for evaluating adherence instruments varied in response format (5-item Likert to practice guidelines. Improvement in outcome entails format, 5-item satisfaction format, 5-item valuation measuring reduction in symptom severity or improvement format, 4-item Chernoff faces, and 10-item visual in functioning or in documenting the prevention of a future analogue format). The sixth survey used all five different negative outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical methods response sets, and then it asked for the respondents' should be applied to the assessment of changes that preferences among the different response sets. RESULTS: purport to improve clinical utility in future revisions of A total of 2,450 questionnaires were examined (response DSM. Published in American Journal of Psychiatry, v. rate of 78.5%). The response format using four Chernoff 161, no. 6, Jun. 2004, p. 946–954. faces was liked the least, with only 5% of the respondents preferring this format. The 10-item visual analogue format LRP-200406-16 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (10VAF) was liked the most, with 39% of the respondents Symptom Checklist: Factor Structure and English-Spanish preferring this format. In addition, 10% more elders Measurement Invariance. G. N. Marshall. thought this format was easier to use than the second-place This study used confirmatory factor analysis to compare choice (i.e., 32% vs. 22%). The coefficient of variation for alternative models of the structure of posttraumatic the 10VAF was also higher than those in identical domains distress symptoms as measured by the Posttraumatic Stress using the other response formats. This would seem to Disorder Checklist—Civilian version (PCL-C; F. W. indicate that the 10VAF is less prone to a ceiling effect Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. than the other response formats. IMPLICATIONS: Our Keane, 1993). Data were derived from English- (N = 299) results show that elders have a preference for some and Spanish-speaking (N = 120) samples of young adult response formats, and from the choices they gave them a survivors of community violence recruited following 10VAF was preferred. The 10VAF also had more response hospitalization for physical injuries. The best fit to the data variability then the other formats the authors tested. was a four-factor model measuring correlated dimensions of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and 244 hyperarousal. English- and Spanish-language versions of contributes to an impression of capriciousness and the PCL-C showed general measurement equivalence. unpredictability in the military intervention decision- Published in Journal of Traumatic Stress, v. 17, no. 3, Jun. making processes. Drawing on the decisions for four U.S. 2004, p. 223–230. military interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean since WWII as examples, findings indicate that two LRP-200406-17 The Effect of Self-Reported and primary characteristics (crisis vs. premeditated, secret vs. Performance-Based Functional Impairment on Future public knowledge) condition the character and level of Hospital Costs of Community-Dwelling Older Persons. D. participation at all levels of the bureaucracy, The existing B. Reuben, T. E. Seeman, E. B. Keeler, R. P. Hayes, L. institutional structure of the U.S. government, the Bowman, A. Sewall, S. H. Hirsch, R. B. Wallace, J. M. important role played by the personal proclivities of the Guralnik. president, and often unexpected impact of personalism at the lower levels of the bureaucracy create numerous PURPOSE: The authors determined the prognostic value contingencies (or seeming contingencies) in the decisional of self-reported and performance-based measurement of process. Published in Journal of Political and Military function, including functional transitions and combining Sociology, v. 32, no. 1, Summer 2004, p. 19–43. different measurement approaches, on utilization. DESIGN AND METHODS: Our cohort study used the LRP-200406-19 Development and Validation of 6th, 7th, and 10th waves of three sites of the Established Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA) Short Form Instrument. linked to 1- and 4-year Medicare Part A hospital costs. C. Chiou, C. D. Sherbourne, J. J. Ofman, M. L. Lee, D. P. The authors examined mean hospital expenditures based Lubeck, H. E. Paulus, M. H. Weisman. on (a) 1- and 4-year transitions in self-reported functional status; (b) 4-year transitions in performance-based OBJECTIVE: To develop an abridged version of the 33- functional status; (c) combined baseline self-reported and item Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life in performance-based functional status; and (d) poorest self- Rheumatoid Arthritis instrument (CSHQ-RA) and test the reported and performance-based functional status during a validity and reliability of the abridged instrument. 4-year period. RESULTS: Even modest declines in self- METHODS: Items from the original 33-item, 5-domain reported or performance-based functional status were CSHQ-RA were assessed using psychometric and associated with increased expenditures. When baseline regression analyses of survey responses from 274 patients self-reported and performance-based assessments were with rheumatoid arthritis. Items were retained in the final combined, mean 1- and 4-year adjusted costs were higher instrument based on statistical analysis and evaluation by with progressively worse performance-based scores, even an expert panel. Test-retest reliability, internal among those who were independent in self-reported consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and function. When the poorest 4-year self-reported and ceiling and floor effects were examined for the shortened performance-based functions were examined, self-reported CSHQ-RA. RESULTS: Statistical analysis and expert functioning was the most important determinant of assessment yielded an 11-item instrument including hospital costs, but within each self-reported functional questions in 4 domains. Test-retest reliability and internal level, poorer performance-based function was associated consistency were high and the instrument showed good with progressively higher costs. IMPLICATIONS: The convergent and discriminant validity. CONCLUSION: costs associated with even modest functional decline are The abridged CSHQ-RA short form is a valid and reliable high. Combining self-reported and performance-based instrument that can be used to examine the impact of RA measurements can provide more precise estimates of on patients' health-related quality of life. Prospective future hospital costs. Published in The Gerontologist, v. validation in clinical trial settings is warranted. Published 44, no. 3, Jun. 2004, p. 401–407. in Arthritis Care and Research, v. 51, no. 3, June 15, 2004, p. 356–364. LRP-200406-18 The U.S. Military Intervention Decision-Making Process: Who Participates, and How? LRP-200406-20 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: C. Paul. The Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Analgesics. K. G. Saag, J. Olivieri, F. Patino, T. R. This article seeks to explain both who participates in Mikuls, J. J. Allison, C. H. MacLean. military intervention decisions and how they participate. The article argues that participation is strongly conditioned OBJECTIVE: To develop systematically validated quality by the primary characteristics of the intervention, along indicators (QIs) addressing analgesic safety. METHODS: with the organization and institutions of U.S. government A comprehensive literature review of existing quality bureaucracy. These organizational and institutional measures, clinical guidelines, and evidence supporting influences exist within a larger framework of structured potential QIs concerning nonselective (traditional) contingency, which also conditions participation, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and 245 newer cyclooxygenase 2-selective NSAIDs was no. 6, Jun. 2004, p.1559-1566. Online access: undertaken. An expert panel then validated or refuted http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=652296611&sid=1& potential indicators utilizing a proven methodology. Fmt=4&clientId=61650&RQT=309&VName=PQD. RESULTS: Eleven potential QIs were proposed. After panel review, 8 were judged to be valid; an additional 10 LRP-200407-01 Social Marketing of Condoms Is were proposed by the panel, of which 7 were rated as Great, but We Need More Free Condoms. D. A. Cohen, valid. Quality indicators focused upon informing patients T. A. Farley. about risk, NSAID choice and gastrointestinal Published in The Lancet, v. 364, (Comment), Jul. 3, 2004, prophylaxis, and side effect monitoring. CONCLUSION: p. 13–14. The 15 validated indicators were combined, where appropriate, to yield 10 validated processes of care LRP-200407-02 The Prevalence of Antiretroviral indicators for the safe use of NSAIDs. These indicators Drug Resistance in the United States. D. D. Richman, S. developed by literature review and finalized by our expert C. Morton, Wrin Terri, N. Hellmann, S. H. Berry, M. F. panel process can serve as a basis to compare the quality Shapiro, S. A. Bozzette. of analgesic use provided by health care providers and delivery systems. Published in Arthritis Care and BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically Research, v. 51, no. 3, Jun. 15, 2004, p. 337–349. reduced the morbidity and mortality of infection due to HIV. The emergence of drug-resistant virus has limited the LRP-200406-21 Fetal Infants: The Fate of 4172 usefulness of many drugs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the Infants with Birth Weights of 401 to 500 Grams, the prevalence of HIV drug resistance in the population of Vermont Oxford Network Experience (1996-2000). J. F. adults receiving care in the United States. DESIGN AND Lucey, C. A. Rowan, P. Shiono, A. R. Wilkinson, S. METHODS: HIV drug susceptibility assays were Kilpatrick, N. R. Payne, J. D. Horbar, J. H. Carpenter, J. performed on plasma virus from a random sample A. Rogowski, R. F. Soll. representative of the 132 500 HIV-infected American adults who had received medical care in early 1996 yet OBJECTIVE: Improvement in the survival of extremely were viremic with > 500 copies/ml of HIV RNA in late low birth weight infants requires that the authors evaluate 1998. A blood sample was obtained from 1797 patients the limits of our care and assess the impact of treatment on who comprised a representative sample of the 208 900 a population of infants who previously rarely survived. adults receiving urban care for HIV infection in early 1996 METHODS: A review was conducted of demographic and who survived to late 1998. The sampling procedure clinical data of infants who had birth weight 401 to 500 g permitted weighting each evaluated patient to reflect and were entered in the Vermont Oxford Network demographic and other characteristics of the target Database between 1996 and 2000. RESULTS: A total of population. RESULTS: The authors estimated that 132 4172 infants who weighed 401–500 g (mean gestational 500 (63%) of the target population had HIV viremia of > age: 23.3 ± 2.1 weeks) were born at 346 participating 500 copies/ml. Among viremic patients, an estimated 76% centers. Overall, 17% survived until discharge. A total of had resistance to one or more antiretroviral drugs. The 2186 (52%) died in the delivery room (DR), and 1986 odds of resistance were significantly higher in patients (48%) were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit with a history of antiretroviral drug use, advanced HIV (NICU). Compared with infants who died in the DR, disease, higher plasma HIV viral load and lowest CD4 cell infants who survived the DR and were admitted to the count by self-report. CONCLUSIONS: The frequent NICU were more likely to be female (58% vs 49%), to be selection for drug-resistant virus among viremic patients small for gestational age (56% vs 11%), to have received during the first 3 years of widespread use of potent prenatal steroids (61% vs 12%), and to have been antiretroviral combination therapy has significant delivered by cesarean section (55% vs 5%). Thirty-six implications for HIV treatment and transmission. percent of NICU admissions survived to discharge. Mean Published in AIDS, v. 18, no. 10, Jul. 2, 2004, p. gestational age of the 690 NICU survivors was 25.3 ± 2.0 1393–1401. weeks. These survivors experienced significant morbidity in the NICU. CONCLUSIONS: An appreciable number of LRP-200407-03 Sociodemographic Differences in these marginally viable fetal infants survive. They Access to Care Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV experienced a high rate of serious morbidities while in the Infected in the United States. L. S. Morales, W. E. NICU. There is very little information about long-term Cunningham, F. H. Galvan, R. Andersen, T. T. Nakazono, outcomes, as the medical and developmental status of few M. F. Shapiro. of these infants has been followed carefully. Parents should be made aware of the high incidence of serious This study evaluated associations between problems, and concerted efforts should be made to follow sociodemographic factors and access to care, use of highly the status of these infants. Published in Pediatrics, v. 113, active antiretroviral therapy, and patients_b2_s ratings of 246 care among Hispanic patients who are HIV infected; the Physicians are unaware of cognitive impairment in more authors used data from the HIV Cost and Services than 40% of their cognitively impaired patients. Utilization Study. Gender, insurance, mode of exposure, Additional geriatrics training may promote recognition, and geographic region were associated with access to but systems solutions are needed to improve recognition medical care. Researchers and policymakers should critical to provision of emerging therapies for early consider sociodemographic factors among Hispanic dementia. Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics patients who are HIV positive when designing and Society, v. 52, no. 7, Jul. 2004, p. 1051–1059. prioritizing interventions to improve access to care. Published in American Journal of Public Health, v. 94, no. LRP-200407-06 A Single Mathematical Model 7, Jul. 2004, p. 1119–1121. Predicts Physicians' Recommendations and Postmenopausal Women's Decisions to Participate in a LRP-200407-04 Physician Recognition of Cognitive Clinical Trial to Prevent Breast Cancer or Coronary Heart Impairment: Evaluating the Need for Improvement. J. Disease. C. T. Veit. Chodosh, D. B. Petitti, M. N. Elliott, R. D. Hays, V. C. Few eligible postmenopausal women participate in clinical Crooks, D. B. Reuben, J. G. Buckwalter, N. S. Wenger. trial research to prevent breast cancer or coronary heart OBJECTIVES: To assess physician recognition of disease, making it impossible to adequately assess the dementia and cognitive impairment, compare recognition efficacy of tested interventions for this vulnerable group. with documentation, and identify physician and patient To elucidate the causal factors and decision model factors associated with recognition. DESIGN: Survey of underlying participation behavior, 180 white, African physicians and review of medical records. SETTING: American, and Hispanic postmenopausal women judged Health maintenance organization in southern California. their likelihood of participation in a breast cancer or PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred twenty-nine physicians coronary heart disease prevention clinical trial in scenarios who provided care for women participating in a cohort with varied cost/remuneration, perceived risk, doctor's study of memory (Women's Memory Study). recommendation, and expected toxicity. In addition, 293 MEASUREMENTS: Percentage of patients with dementia white, African American, and Hispanic male and female or cognitive impairment (using the Telephone Interview of physicians judged the strength of their participation Cognitive Status supplemented by the Telephone recommendation in scenarios with varied Dementia Questionnaire) recognized by physicians. cost/remuneration, expected toxicity, patient's age, and the Relationship between physician recognition and patient source of the information about the clinical trial. An characteristics and physician demographics, practice additive and constant-weight-averaging model were characteristics, training, knowledge, and attitudes about rejected. The same configural-weight-range model dementia. RESULTS: Physicians (n=365) correctly accounted for judgments in both breast cancer and identified 81% of patients with dementia and 44% of coronary heart disease scenarios, with different parameter patients with cognitive impairment without definite values for each group. According to this model, white and dementia. Medical records documented cognitive Hispanic women under 70 years of age are most likely to impairment in 83% of patients with dementia and 26% of participate, even under somewhat adverse conditions; patients with cognitive impairment without definite costs and high toxicity levels act as severe barriers to dementia. In a multivariable model, physicians with physicians' positive recommendations and women's geriatric credentials (defined as geriatric fellowship participation. Perceived risk was the most important factor experience and/or the certificate of added qualifications) for women, yet only 8% and 15% reported ever having recognized cognitive impairment more often than did received risk information from their doctor for breast those without (risk ratio (RR)=1.56, 95% confidence cancer and coronary heart disease, respectively. For these interval (CI)=1.04–1.66). Physicians were more likely to two diseases, respectively, 75% and 48% of women rated recognize cognitive impairment in patients with a history their risk of the disease as low and 76% and 88% reported of depression treatment (RR=1.3, 95% CI=1.03-1.45) or they had never heard of a randomized clinical trial or of a stroke (RR=1.37, 95% CI=1.04-1.45) and less likely to prevention clinical trial being conducted. These results recognize impairment in patients with cognitive have implications for education, information impairment without definite dementia than in those with dissemination, and prevention clinical trial planners. dementia (RR=0.46, 95% CI=0.23-0.72) and in patients Published in Medical Decision Making, v. 24, no. 4, Jul.- with a prior hospitalization for myocardial infarction Aug. 2004, p. 330–350. (RR=0.37, 95% CI=0.09-0.88) or cancer (RR=0.49, 95% CI=0.18-0.90). CONCLUSION: Medical record LRP-200407-07 Self-Employment Among Older documentation reflects physician recognition of dementia, U.S. Workers. L. A. Karoly, J. M. Zissimopoulos. yet physicians are aware of, but have not documented, many patients with milder cognitive impairment. 247

Published in Monthly Labor Review, v. 127, no. 7, Jul. Although lifestyle factors and routinization of daily 2004, p. 24–47. Online access: http://www.bls.gov/ activities are emerging as important variables in opub/mlr/2004/07/art3full.pdf. understanding and improving medication adherence, measures of these constructs remain crude and LRP-200407-08 Psychosocial Mediators of rudimentary. This study evaluated whether a brief, yet Antiretroviral Nonadherence in HIV-Positive Adults with more comprehensive measure of the routinization of daily Substance Use and Mental Health Problems. J. S. Tucker, behaviors and activities is predictive of medication M. A. Burnam, C. D. Sherbourne, F. Kung, A. L. Gifford. adherence. Participants with HIV and histories of drug dependency completed a 2-week practice trial that This study used data from 1,889 HIV-positive patients on mimicked highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiretroviral (ARV) medications who participated in the (phase 1), followed by a 2-week observation of adherence HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study to investigate to HAART (phase 2) for those who started antiretroviral whether nonadherence to ARV medications among therapy during the study. Fifty-one participants completed patients with mental health and substance use problems the study. Average electronic monitored adherence rate could be explained by difficulty getting and negative (proportion of prescribed doses taken) in the practice trial attitudes toward ARV medications, poor fit of the regimen was 67% (standard deviation SD = 24), which was with lifestyle, lack of instruction and cues for significantly correlated (r = 0.50; p< 0.05) with adherence remembering the regimen from a health care provider, and to HAART. A high frequency of four daily activities poor support from others for taking ARV medications. (eating breakfast, watching favorite television program, Difficulty getting ARV medications and poor fit with attending meetings, sleeping at home) was associated with lifestyle were significant mediators of nonadherence for higher adherence, whereas a low frequency of having patients with a probable psychiatric disorder. Difficulty friends over to visit was associated with higher adherence; getting medication was a mediator for heavy drinkers, and the composite score that combined these five activities, poor fit with lifestyle was a mediator for drug users who and represented the extent to which a patient's daily drank heavily. Further research is needed to identify and routine incorporated these specific behaviors, was highly address the barriers to adherence in these populations. correlated (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) with adherence. In a Published in Health Psychology, v. 23, no. 4, Jul. 2004, p. stepwise multiple regression analysis with several 363–370. adherence correlates included as independent variables, the composite score was the best independent predictor of LRP-200407-09 Social Control of Health Behaviors: adherence, accounting for over one third (36%) of the Comparison of Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. J. variance. These findings suggest that the extent to which S. Tucker, D. J. Klein, M. N. Elliott. one's daily life is structured and routinized is an important Social control can positively influence health behaviors, factor in understanding medication adherence. The but changes in social networks over time may cause older individual items of this scale as well as a composite adults to experience less health-related social control. The measure may be used to predict adherence and inform size and composition of social control networks, and strategies to enhance adherence via recommended changes receipt of health-related social control, were examined in a in the patient's daily routine. Published in AIDS Patient probability sample of 509 household residents (aged Care and STDs, v. 18, no. 7, Jul. 2004, p. 385–393. 25–80 years) in Los Angeles County who completed a telephone survey. Compared with younger and middle- LRP-200407-11 Mammography Benefit in the aged adults, older adults identified fewer people who Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: Model attempted to influence their health behaviors and fewer Evaluation. A. J. Rijnsburger, G. J. van Oortmarssen, R. health behaviors that others urged them to change. Older Boer, G. Draisma, T. To, A. B. Miller, H. J. de Koning. adults also reported less frequent social control attempts The CNBSS-2 among women aged 50–59 did not show aimed at modifying their health behaviors, even after any significant difference in breast cancer mortality health status, health habits, and social network between a control arm screened annually by CBE and a characteristics were controlled for. Possible explanations study arm screened by CBE and mammography. Because for these age-related differences are discussed. Published of this design, the benefit of screening compared to no in Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, v. 59, screening could not be evaluated. The authors therefore no. 4, Jul. 2004, p. p147-p150. conducted a modeling effort to estimate the benefit of mammography or CBE compared to no screening. They LRP-200407-10 Relationship Between Routinization incorporated demographic, epidemiologic and screening of Daily Behaviors and Medication Adherence in HIV- characteristics of the CNBSS-2 in MISCAN. Stage- Positive Drug Users. G. J. Wagner, G. W. Ryan. specific sensitivities of CBE, with and without mammography, and breast cancer incidence rate in the 248 trial were estimated by comparing observed trial data with Questionnaire. M. Seid, E. J. Sobo, L. R. Gelhard, J. W. model predictions. The authors predicted the number of Varni. breast cancer deaths for both study arms of the CNBSS-2 OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and validation and in the absence of screening, assuming improvement in of the Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ). METHODS: prognosis by early detection. The authors estimated a 24- The 39-item BCQ was developed through review of the 29% higher breast cancer incidence rate in the CNBSS-2 literature, focus groups, and cognitive interviews of than the average Canadian rate. Estimated sensitivity of Spanish- and English-speaking parents of children with CBE (control arm) varied from 0.29 to 0.48 for stage T1c chronic health conditions. Barriers to care are and from 0.6 to 0.65 for stage T2+. Estimated sensitivity conceptualized as a multidimensional construct consisting of CBE supplemented with mammography (study arm) of pragmatics, health knowledge and beliefs, expectations varied from 0.5 to 0.79 for stage T1c and was 0.95 for about care, skills, and marginalization. The BCQ was field stage T2+. Expected breast cancer mortality reduction by tested in 3 samples of children with special health care annual CBE screening is 20.5% compared to no screening. needs (CSHCN). RESULTS: Response rate for the field Estimated breast cancer mortality reduction by test was 77.2%. There were minimal missing data mammography screening compared to no screening for the (0.08%), no floor effects, and minimal ceiling effects CNBSS-2 fell within the range 13.6-34.1%. Enrolled (3.8%, total scale). Internal consistency reliability (alpha) women had above average risk. Screening sensitivity in for the BCQ total scale was.95 and subscale alpha ranged both arms was high. A benefit of mammography screening from.75 to.91. The BCQ total scale and subscales is supported by our modeling of the CNBSS-2 results. correlated in the expected direction with validated Published in International Journal of Cancer, v. 110, no. measures of primary care characteristics and health-related 5, Jul. 10, 2004, p. 756–762. quality of life. BCQ scores were higher (fewer barriers) for children with a primary care physician and for those LRP-200407-12 How Can Repeat Drunk Drivers Be who reported no problems getting care or foregone care. Influenced to Change? Analysis of the Association CONCLUSION: The BCQ is a feasible, reliable, and valid Between Drunk Driving and DUI Recidivists' Attitudes instrument for measuring barriers to care for CSHCN. Its and Belief. M. D. Greenberg, A. R. Morral, A. K. Jain. use may inform efforts to support consumer choice, OBJECTIVE: Public policy interventions designed to enhance provider accountability, and spur quality deter or prevent drunk driving depend, in part, on improvement. Published in Ambulatory Pediatrics, v. 4, modifying beliefs concerning the riskiness, social no. 4, Jul.-Aug. 2004, p. 323–331. acceptability and immorality of driving under the influence of alcohol. The current study examines the LRP-200407-14 Supported Socialization for People association of these beliefs with the incidence of alcohol- with Psychiatric Disabilities: Lessons from a Randomized impaired driving. METHOD: Interviews were conducted Controlled Trial. L. Davidson, G. Shahar, D. A. Stayner, with 273 people with multiple driving under the influence M. J. Chinman, J. Rakfeldt, J. K. Tebes. (DUI) offenses. Data included self-reported frequency of Two hundred and sixty people with psychiatric disabilities driving after drinking in the past year, as well as measures who were socially isolated and withdrawn were randomly of moral and prescriptive beliefs concerning alcohol- assigned to one of three conditions to facilitate their impaired driving (internal behavioral controls), perceived engagement in social and recreational activities: They risks of criminal punishment and accidents associated with were (a) not matched with a volunteer partner (N = 70), alcohol-impaired driving (external behavioral controls) (b) matched with a volunteer partner who had a personal and perceived peer group attitudes toward alcohol- history of psychiatric disability (N = 95), or (c) matched impaired driving (social controls). RESULTS: Logit with a volunteer partner with no history of psychiatric regression modeling showed significant, unique protective disability (N = 95). Participants and volunteers received a associations with behavioral control items in each $28 stipend each month to cover the expenses of their category. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral controls may activities. Comprehensive assessments of symptoms, protect against alcohol-impaired driving behavior even in functional impairment, self-esteem, and satisfaction were a high-risk sample of repeat DUI offenders. Policy made at baseline, after 4 months, and after 9 months. interventions designed to curtail drunk driving might seek While all participants appeared to improve in terms of to enhance these sorts of behavioral controls among DUI symptom reduction and increases in functioning and self- offenders. Published in Journal of Studies on Alcohol, v. esteem, differences between conditions were found only 65, no. 4, Jul. 2004, p. 460–463. when participants' degree of contact with their partner was considered. While participants assigned to the LRP-200407-13 Parents' Reports of Barriers to Care nonconsumer volunteer partner condition improved in for Children with Special Health Care Needs: terms of their social functioning and self-esteem when Development and Validation of the Barriers to Care meeting with their partners, those who were assigned to 249 consumer partners only improved when they did not. implementation, although it might aid in interventional Findings highlight the important role of participants' design. Preparing for a national initiative, the authors expectations and perceptions in designing and evaluating assessed Veterans Affairs (VA) human immunodeficiency psychosocial interventions for people with psychiatric virus (HIV) clinic organizational characteristics and disabilities. Published in Journal of Community attitudes toward QI interventions. Current QI activities and Psychology, v. 32, no. 4, Jul. 2004, p. 453–477. attitudes toward potential effectiveness of several techniques to improve antiretroviral and opportunistic LRP-200407-15 Measuring Health Status and infection prophylaxis therapy were assessed. These Quality of Life for US Children: Relationship to Race, included computerized clinical reminders (CRs), group- Ethnicity, and Income Status. L. M. Olson, M. Lara, M. P. based QI, expert advice, and facility and provider-level Frintner. audit/feedback. Organizational characteristics were also examined. Respondents rated CRs and group-based QI OBJECTIVE: Accurately measuring the health of the (GBQI) interventions most highly. Western and complex increasingly diverse population of US children requires facilities viewed CR and GBQI interventions more instruments that are comparable and valid across cultures, positively than less complex facilities or those in other economic background, and language. This paper asks: Has regions, even controlling for organizational characteristics the field of pediatric health status measures reached this and perceived barriers to change. VA clinicians favored level of comprehensiveness? METHODS: Children's CR and GBQI over facility/provider feedback. The health status and quality of life measures commonly used persistence of regional variation should be further in the United States were reviewed to assess how they explored. Organizational surveys of attitudes toward have included racial/ethnic minority and low-income potential QI interventions can assist in choosing groups. Four generic and 2 condition-specific instruments interventions and targeting specific facilities. Published in (asthma) were examined for total sample size, percent of American Journal of Medical Quality, v. 19, no. 4, Jul.- sample from racial/ethnic and low-income groups, Aug. 2004, p. 137–144. language availability, translation methods for US-Spanish, reading level, and separately reported psychometric LRP-200408-01 Healthy Passages: A Multilevel, findings and outcomes/scores. RESULTS: Most measures Multimethod Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. have included minority groups, usually African American M. T. Windle, J. A. Grunbaum, M. N. Elliott, S. R. or Hispanic children, although with little information by Tortolero, S. H. Berry, J. Gilliland, D. E. Kanouse, G. S. Hispanic subgroup. Children's measures have generally Parcel, J. Wallander, S. Kelder, J. Collins, L. Kolbe, M. A. been tested on relatively small samples, without separate Schuster. analyses by subgroups. When done, tests of reliability and validity find few differences from the general population. PURPOSE: To provide an overview of a multisite, long- Some studies report information on health by racial or term study that focuses on risk and protective factors, ethnic group, but the findings are inconclusive. Economic health behaviors (e.g., dietary practices, physical status is usually measured in some way, but rarely are inactivity, tobacco use, and violent activity), and health psychometric findings examined separately by income. outcomes (e.g., diabetes, obesity, and sexually transmitted When differences in health outcome are reported by diseases) for a fifth-grade cohort to be followed biennially income, lower income children usually have poorer health. from ages 10 to 20 years. METHODS: A two-stage CONCLUSIONS: Much has been accomplished in probability sampling procedure was used to select 5250 advancing health status measures for children. Next- fifth-grade students from schools in Birmingham AL, generation issues include the influence of race, ethnicity, Houston TX, and Los Angeles CA to ensure a sufficient and income on health and health reports. Published in sample size of African Americans, Hispanics, and non- Ambulatory Pediatrics, v. 4, no. 4, Jul.-Aug. 2004, p. Hispanic whites, to support precise statistical inferences. 377–386. Computer-assisted technology was used to collect data from children and their primary caregivers. Teachers and LRP-200407-16 Early Adoption of Human other school personnel responded to questionnaires, and Immunodeficiency Virus Quality Improvement in observational procedures were used to obtain information Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: Use of Organizational about schools and neighborhoods. RESULTS: To exploit Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt the multilevel, multimethod structure of the data, statistical Interventions to Local Priorities: Use of Organizational models include latent-growth mixture modeling, Surveys to Measure Readiness to Change and Adapt multilevel modeling, time-series analysis, survival Interventions to Local Priorities. H. D. Anaya, E. M. analysis, latent transition analysis, and structural equation Yano, S. M. Asch. modeling. Analyses focus both on the co-occurrence and predictors of growth trajectories for different health Potential delivery system responsiveness to quality behaviors across time. CONCLUSIONS: By using a improvement (QI) interventions is rarely assessed before 250 prospective research design and studying the predictors ability to achieve its restructuring goals. Published in HSR, and time course of multiple health behaviors with a Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 4, pt. 1, Aug. 2004, p. multilevel, multimethod assessment protocol, this research 887-904. project could provide an empirical basis for effective social and educational policies and intervention programs LRP-200408-03 Childhood Overweight and Parent- that foster positive health and well-being during both and Teacher-Reported Behavior Problems: Evidence from adolescence and adulthood. Published in American a Prospective Study of Kindergartners. A. Datar, R. Journal of Preventive Medicine, v. 27, no. 2, Aug. 2004, p. Sturm. 164–172. OBJECTIVES: To determine if there is a relationship between overweight and behavior problems among LRP-200408-02 Variations in Nurse Practitioner Use children as young as 5 years old by studying the in Veterans Affairs Primary Care Practices. P. Y. Huang, association between overweight and behavioral health at E. M. Yano, M. L. Lee, B. L. Chang, L. V. Rubenstein. entry into kindergarten and to determine whether BACKGROUND: Increasingly, primary care practices overweight status is a risk factor for the onset of new include nurse practitioners (NPs) in their staffing mix to behavior problems during the first 2 years in school. contain costs and expand primary care. To achieve these DESIGN: The authors use data from a nationally aims in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs medical representative sample of kindergartners in the United centers (VAMCs), national policy endorsed involvement States-the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study- of NPs as primary care (PC) providers. OBJECTIVES: To Kindergarten class. Data on height, weight, and parent- evaluate the degree to which VAMCs incorporated NPs and teacher-reported behavior problems were collected 3 into PC practices between 1996 and 1999, and to identify times during their first 2 years in school for 9949 children. the internal and external practice environment features The authors use a multivariate regression analysis that associated with NP use. STUDY DESIGN: The authors controls for sociodemographic characteristics, parent-child surveyed 131 PC directors of all VAMCs in 1996 and interaction, birth weight, and mother's mental health. 1999 to ascertain the staffing and characteristics of the PC RESULTS: Among girls, but not boys, there is a practice and parent organization (e.g., academic affiliation, significant association between overweight and teacher- level of physician staffing, use of managed care reported externalizing behavior problems (odds ratio OR arrangements), and drew on previously published studies 1.81; 95% confidence interval CI 1.23–2.68), teacher- and HRSA State Health Workforce Profiles to characterize reported internalizing behavior problems (OR, 1.54; 95% each practice's regional health care environment (e.g., CI, 1.09-2.17), and parent-reported internalizing behavior geographic region, state NP practice laws, state managed problems (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.06) at the beginning care penetration). Using multivariate linear regression, of kindergarten. However, overweight status was not a risk they evaluate the contribution of these environmental and factor for the onset of new behavior problems over time organizational factors on the number of NPs/10,000 PC for either girls (teacher-reported externalizing behavior patients in 1999, controlling for the rate of NP use in 1996. problems: OR, 0.58 95% CI, 0.25-1.33 teacher-reported Principal Findings. From 1996–1999, NP use increased internalizing behavior problems: OR, 1.34 95% CI, 0.88- from 75 percent to 90 percent in VA PC practices. The 2.03 and parent-reported internalizing behavior problems: mean number of NPs per practice increased by about 60 OR, 1.29 95% CI, 0.82-2.01 or boys (teacher-reported percent (2.0 versus 3.2; po.001), while the rate of externalizing behavior problems: OR, 1.02 95% CI, 0.67- NPs/10,000 PC patients trended upward (2.2 versus 2.7; p 1.57 teacher-reported internalizing behavior problems: 5 .09). Staffing of other primary care clinicians (e.g., OR, 1.02 95% CI, 0.68-1.52 and parent-reported physicians and physician assistants per practice) remained internalizing behavior problems: OR, 1.42 95% CI, 0.94- stable, while the NP-per-physician rate increased (0.2 2.15 , whereas low family income and maternal depression versus 0.4; po.001). After multivariate adjustment, greater were strong predictors of such problems. reliance on managed-care-oriented provider education CONCLUSIONS: Childhood overweight is already programs (p 5 .02), the presence of NP training programs ( associated with behavior problems when girls start school, p 5 .05), and more specialty-trained physicians/10,000 PC but not boys. In contrast to common belief, overweight patients (p 5 .09) were associated with greater NP status does not predict the onset of new internalizing or involvement in primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Staffing externalizing behavior problems during the first 2 years of models in VA PC practices have, in fact, changed, with school. Published in Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent NPs having a greater presence. However, the authors Medicine, v. 158, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 804-810. found substantial practice-based variations in their use, suggesting that more research is needed to better LRP-200408-04 Function and Response of Nursing understand how they have been integrated into practice Facilities During Community Disaster. D. Saliba, J. and what impact their involvement has had on the VA's Buchanan, R. S. Kington. 251

OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to describe the role effects of evidence-based depression care over 6 months and function of nursing facilities after disaster. on clinical outcomes and employment status is examined METHODS: They surveyed administrators at 144 widely for ethnic minorities and nonminorities. Selection into dispersed nursing facilities after the Los Angeles treatment is accounted for using instrumental variables Northridge earthquake. RESULTS: Of the 113 (78%) techniques, with randomized assignment to the quality nursing facilities that responded (11 365 beds), 23 improvement intervention as the identifying instrument. sustained severe damage, 5 closed (625 beds), and 72 lost SETTING: Six managed care organizations across the vital services. Of 87 nursing facilities implementing United States. PATIENTS: One thousand three hundred disaster plans, 56 cited problems that plans did not fifty-six depressed adults, including 601 white, 258 adequately address, including absent staff, communication Latino, 56 African American, and 24 Asian or Native problems, and insufficient water and generator fuel. Fifty- American patients. INTERVENTION: Quality nine (52%) reported disaster-related admissions from improvement interventions aimed at increasing guideline- hospitals, nursing facilities, and community residences. concordant depression care. RESULTS: At 6 months, Nursing facilities received limited postdisaster assistance. minority patients who received appropriate care, compared Five months after the earthquake, only half of inadequate with those who did not receive it, had lower rates of nursing facility disaster plans had been revised. probable depressive disorder (20.5% vs 70.5%); the CONCLUSIONS: Despite considerable disaster-related findings were similar for nonminority patients (24.3% vs stresses, nursing facilities met important community 71.2%). Nonminority patients who received appropriate needs. To optimize disaster response, community-wide care were found to have higher rates of employment than disaster plans should incorporate nursing facilities. were those who did not receive appropriate care (71.4% vs Published in American Journal of Public Health, v. 94, no. 52.4%). This was not true of minority patients (68.2% vs 8, Aug. 2004, p. 1436–1441. 56.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based care for depression is equally effective in reducing depressive LRP-200408-05 Understanding Cancer Treatment disorders for minority and nonminority patients. However, and Outcomes: The Cancer Care Outcomes Research and functional outcomes of care, such as continued Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS). J. Z. Ayanian, E. employment, may be more limited for minority than A. Chrischilles, R. B. Wallace, R. H. Fletcher, M. N. nonminority patients. Because minority members are less Fouad, C. I. Kiefe, D. P. Harrington, J. C. Weeks, K. L. likely to get appropriate care, efforts should be made to Kahn, J. Malin, J. Lipscomb, A. L. Potosky, D. T. engage minority members in effective care for depression. Provenzale, R. S. Sandler, M. van Ryn, D. W. West. Published in Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 61, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 827–834. Published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, v. 22, no. 25, Aug. 1, 2004, p. 2992–2996. LRP-200408-09 Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses by Age and Race Among Persons with Bipolar Disorder. LRP-200408-06 Datapoints: Acceptability of Asking A. M. Kilbourne, Gretchen L Haas, B. H. Mulsant, M. S. Parents About Their Children's Traumatic Symptoms. K. Bauer, H. A. Pincus. L. Dean, B. D. Stein, L. Jaycox, S. H. Kataoka, M. Wong. The authors characterized concurrent psychiatric Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 8, Aug. 2004, diagnoses among patients with a diagnosis of bipolar p. 2985. disorder who were in routine care by using administrative data from a Department of Veterans Affairs facility. Of LRP-200408-07 Developing a System to Assess the 813 patients who had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in Quality of Cancer Care: ASCO's National Initiative on 2000, 21 percent were older (>/=60 years) whites, and 2 Cancer Care Quality. E. C. Schneider, A. M. Epstein, J. percent were older African Americans. Older African Malin, K. L. Kahn, E. J. Emanuel. Americans were the most likely to have a diagnosis of Published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, v. 22, no. 15, schizophrenia documented in the medical record compared Aug. 1, 2004, p. 2985–2991. with younger African Americans, older whites, and younger whites (67 percent, 34 percent, 38 percent, and 27 LRP-200408-08 Effects of Primary Care Depression percent, respectively). The results suggest that older Treatment on Minority Patients' Clinical Status and African-American patients with bipolar disorder are more Employment. J. Miranda, M. Schoenbaum, C. D. likely to receive diagnoses of mutually exclusive Sherbourne, N. Duan, K. B. Wells. conditions, such as schizophrenia, and thus appear to have an elevated risk of their illness being underrecognized or BACKGROUND: The response of ethnic minorities to misdiagnosed and receiving inappropriate treatment. mental health care is largely unstudied. OBJECTIVE: To Published in Psychiatric Services, v. 55, no. 8, Aug. 2004, determine the effect of appropriate care for depression on p. 931–933. ethnic minorities. DESIGN: Observational analysis of the 252

LRP-200408-10 Development and Evaluation of a 10 clinical experts in England. A modified version of the Patient Self-Report Case-Finding Method for Rheumatoid RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used and panel Arthritis. A. L. Wong, J. O. Harker, B. S. Mittman, L. D. members were supplied with literature reviews Gerald, K. J. Bulpitt, K. K. Colburn, H. Liu, K. L. Kahn, summarising the evidence base for each quality indicator. B. Hahn, H. E. Paulus, L. Z. Rubenstein. The indicators were sent for comment before the panel meeting to UK charitable organisations for older people. OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and evaluation RESULTS: The panel rated 102 of the 119 indicators of a patient self-report case-finding method for rheumatoid (86%) as valid for use in England; 17 (14%) were rejected arthritis (RA) not dependent on direct contact with the as invalid. All 58 indicators about treatment or continuity treating physicians. METHODS: The American College of and follow up were rated as valid compared with just over Rheumatology criteria for RA diagnosis were adapted for half (13 of 24) of the indicators about screening. patient self-report using a questionnaire, and alternative CONCLUSIONS: These 102 indicators are suitable for scoring algorithms were evaluated to balance case-finding use in patient interview surveys, including the English sensitivity and specificity. Positive rheumatoid factor tests Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). The systematic were used to identify 1053 individuals in 2 large measurement of quality of care at the population level and healthcare organizations; 440 agreed to receive study identification of gaps in quality is essential for quality materials. Case-finding results were validated by medical improvement. There is potential for transfer of quality record review (MRR) for a random sample of 90 patients. indicators between countries, at least for the health care of Three scoring algorithms were compared with MRR for older people. Published in Quality and Safety in Health likelihood of RA diagnosis. Cases not classifiable by Care, v. 13, no. 4, Aug. 2004, p. 260–264. algorithm were flagged and reviewed by 2 expert physicians for likelihood of RA diagnosis. RESULTS: LRP-200408-12 Psychosocial Antecedents of Pilot testing demonstrated that patients comprehended the Injection Risk Reduction: A Multivariate Analysis. D. questionnaire and were willing to answer the questions. Longshore, J. A. Stein, B. T. Conner. Completed questionnaires were returned by 265 (60%) of the 440 patients contacted. Following expert physician The AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) predicts review of 16 flagged cases in the 90-patient MRR decreased occurrence of AIDS risk behavior through a subsample, the most accurate scoring algorithm three-stage process: (a) perceiving one's behavior as risky demonstrated 80% sensitivity, 67% specificity, 74% and recognizing one's skills to reduce the behavior, (b) accuracy, and 77% positive predictive value for detecting forming an intention to change behavior, and (c) acting on early RA. CONCLUSION: The case-finding method that intention. The authors used the ARRM to test a stage- represents a promising tool for identifying RA patients, based longitudinal structural equation model of the impact with potential application in research and quality- of intention to reduce injection risk behavior on assurance activities. RELEVANCE: This case-finding subsequent behavior change in a sample of 294 HIV- method should be useful in research and quality-assurance negative opiate-addicted individuals in treatment. Intended efforts requiring identification of RA patients treated by risk reduction and continuous participation in treatment all types of providers in healthcare organizations in which significantly predicted less injection risk behavior. Greater centralized laboratory data are available. Published in self-efficacy, less baseline risk behavior, less perceived Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, v. 34, no. 1, Aug. susceptibility to AIDS, and greater fear of AIDS predicted 2004, p. 484–499. intention to reduce risk. Leverage points for change are discussed. Published in AIDS Education and Prevention, LRP-200408-11 Developing Quality Indicators for v. 16, no. 4, Aug. 2004, 353–366. Older Adults: Transfer from the USA to the UK Is Feasible. N. Steel, D. Melzer, P. G. Shekelle, N. S. LRP-200408-14 Los Años De La Crisis: An Wenger, B. C. McWilliams. Examination of Change in Differential Infant Mortality Risk Within Mexico. R. Frank, B. K. Finch. BACKGROUND: Measurement of the quality of health care is essential for quality improvement, and patients are The main aim of the present analysis is to test the an underused source of data about quality of care. The possibility that the period of economic hardship authors describe the adaptation of a set of USA quality characterizing Mexico over the decade 1986–1996 has indicators for use in patient interview surveys in England, negatively influenced infant health outcomes. Data on to measure the extent to which older patients receive a births from two installments of the Encuesta Nacional de broad range of effective healthcare interventions in both la Dinámica Demográfica, a nationally representative primary and secondary care. METHOD: One hundred and demographic survey, are used to determine whether a nineteen quality indicators covering 16 clinical areas, reduction in mortality differentials has paralleled the based on a set of indicators for the care of vulnerable overall drop in the national infant mortality rate. The elderly patients in the USA, were reviewed by a panel of findings indicate that the decrease observed in the overall 253 infant mortality rate has been matched by decreases in subsequent interdisciplinary practice and the quality of several disparities at the same time that it has been marred patient care. Published in Academic Medicine, v. 79, no. 8, by increases in others. The data support the possibility that Aug. 2004, p. 769–776. Online access: where you live has become an increasingly salient factor http://aa3rw9le2f.search.serialssolutions.com/log?L=AA3 in determining the odds of infant mortality. High parity, RW9LE2F&D=OVD&&J=ACADMED&U=http://gatewa low education and unemployment status have also become y.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=fulltext&NEWS= more salient factors in predicting post neonatal infant N&D=ovft&SEARCH=1040- mortality risk in the more recent period as compared to the 2446.is+and+79.vo+and+8.ip+and+769.pg. earlier period. As Mexico's infant mortality rate begins to stabilize in the near future, this research highlights the LRP-200408-16 Cost-Lowering Strategies Used by need to re-focus our research efforts on the causes and Medicare Beneficiaries Who Exceed Drug Benefit Caps consequences of differential mortality trends. Published in and Have a Gap in Drug Coverage. C. Tseng, R. H. Social Science & Medicine, v. 59, no. 4, Aug. 2004, p. Brook, E. B. Keeler, W. N. Steers, C. M. Mangione. 825–835. Online access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ CONTEXT: The majority of Medicare drug benefits in j.socscimed.2003.11.028. managed care (Medicare + Choice) have annual dollar limits or caps and many beneficiaries face temporary but LRP-200408-15 Interdisciplinary Education: potentially significant gaps in coverage after exceeding Evaluation of a Palliative Care Training Intervention for caps before the end of the year. In the new national Pre-Professionals. I. C. Fineberg, N. S. Wenger, L. Medicare drug benefit, beneficiaries with high medication Forrow. expenditures will also face a period without drug coverage PURPOSE: Medical education inadequately prepares when their total drug costs exceed annual caps but are not students for interdisciplinary collaboration, an essential high enough to qualify for catastrophic coverage. component of palliative care and numerous other areas of OBJECTIVE: To describe strategies adopted by clinical practice. This study developed and evaluated an beneficiaries exceeding annual drug benefit caps to lower innovative interdisciplinary educational program in prescription costs, the type of medications involved, and palliative care designed to promote interdisciplinary their financial burden. DESIGN, SETTING, AND exchange and understanding. METHOD: The study used a PARTICIPANTS: A survey (completed in 2002) of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. Thirty-three Medicare + Choice beneficiaries aged 65 years and older medical students (third and fourth year) and 38 social with high medication costs and benefits capped on the work students (second year of masters degree) were plan's share of drug costs (65% response rate). The recruited. The intervention group students (21 medical and different caps offered in different counties were used as a 24 social work students) participated in a series of four natural experiment. Study participants (n = 665) exceeded training sessions over four weeks while the control group a 750 dollars or 1200 dollars yearly cap in 2001 and had students received written materials after the study. The coverage gaps of 75 to 180 days. Control participants (n = curriculum and teaching methods were based on theories 643) had 2000 dollars caps, which they did not exceed. of professional socialization and experiential learning. The Study and control participants were matched by average intervention included experiential methods to promote total drug expenditures per month. MAIN OUTCOME interdisciplinary interaction to foster communication, MEASURES: Proportion of beneficiaries reporting exchange of perspectives, and the building of mutual trust specific strategies to decrease medication costs, and respect. Both groups completed assessments of medications affected, and difficulty paying for perceived role understanding, a primary component of prescriptions. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses effective interdisciplinary teamwork, in palliative care. adjusting for demographic and health characteristics, a Self-administered surveys were completed at baseline, higher proportion of patients exceeding caps reported intervention completion, and three months later. The using less prescribed medication than controls (18% vs intervention group also completed an anonymous 10%, respectively; P<.001), but similar proportions evaluation about the interdisciplinary education. reported stopping medications completely (8% for both, P RESULTS: The intervention group demonstrated a =.86) and of not starting prescribed medications (6% vs significant increase in perceived role understanding 5%, P =.39). Patients exceeding caps more often called compared with the control group. Three-month follow-up pharmacies to find the best price (46% vs 29%, P<.001), data suggested that intervention group subjects maintained switched medications (15% vs 9%, P =.002), used samples gains in perceived role understanding. CONCLUSION: (34% vs 27%, P =.006), and had difficulty paying for An interdisciplinary educational intervention improves prescriptions (62% vs 37%, P<.001). Twelve of the 20 role understanding early in the process of professional therapeutic classes most often affected by decreases in use socialization in a pilot program. Further implementation of of medication were for chronic health problems such as interdisciplinary education should evaluate the effect on hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and emphysema or asthma. 254

CONCLUSIONS: Medicare beneficiaries often decreased LRP-200408-18 Measuring Quality in Arthritis Care: use of essential medications and experienced difficulty The Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for paying for prescriptions during gaps in coverage. Health Osteoarthritis. J. N. Pencharz, C. H. MacLean. professionals need to explore how they can lessen the OBJECTIVE: To develop a comprehensive set of explicit impact of caps on patients' health and financial burden. process measures to assess the quality of health care for Published in JAMA, Journal of the American Medical osteoarthritis and to describe the scientific evidence that Association, v. 292, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 952–960. supports each measure. METHODS: Through a comprehensive literature review, the authors developed LRP-200408-17 Marginal Increase in Cost and potential quality measures and a summary of existing data Excess Length of Stay Associated with Nosocomial to support or refute the relationship between the processes Bloodstream Infections in Surviving Very Low Birth of care proposed in the indicators and relevant clinical Weight Infants. N. R. Payne, J. H. Carpenter, G. J. outcomes. The proposed measures and literature summary Badger, J. D. Horbar, J. A. Rogowski. were presented to a multidisciplinary panel of experts in OBJECTIVE: Nosocomial bloodstream infections (NBIs) arthritis and pain. The panel rated each proposed measure are associated with serious morbidity and prolonged length for its validity as a measure of health care quality. of stay (LOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. RESULTS: Among 22 measures proposed for However, the marginal costs and excess LOS associated osteoarthritis, the expert panel rated 14 as valid measures with these infections have never been measured in of health care quality. CONCLUSION: Sufficient different birth weight (BW) categories after adjustment for scientific evidence and expert consensus exist to support a many of the potentially confounding demographic comprehensive set of measures to assess the quality of variables, comorbidities, and treatments. The objective of heath care for osteoarthritis. These measures can be used this study was to measure the marginal cost and excess to gain an understanding of the quality of care for patients LOS caused by NBIs in surviving VLBW infants in with osteoarthritis. Published in Arthritis Care and different BW categories. METHODS: This retrospective Research, v. 51, no. 4, Aug. 15, 2004, p. 538–548. study examined data previously collected as part of the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement LRP-200409-01 Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Collaborative 2000 and the Vermont Oxford Network Violence, Substance Use and Disorder, and HIV Risk clinical outcomes database. Univariate analyses and Behavior: A Comparison of Sheltered and Low-Income multiple regression were used to examine the effect of Housed Women in Los Angeles County. S. L. Wenzel, J. NBIs on hospital costs and LOS. Seventeen neonatal S. Tucker, M. N. Elliott, K. Hambarsoomian, J. Perlman, intensive care units that participated in the Neonatal K. Becker, C. Kollross, D. Golinelli. Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2000 BACKGROUND: Violence against women, substance use submitted both clinical and financial data on their VLBW and disorder, and HIV represent three significant threats to infants who were born from January 1, 1998, to December the health of women, yet little is known about the extent of 31, 1999. This study included data from both university these epidemics among indigent women. This study and community hospitals. RESULTS: NBIs occurred in investigates and documents differences in the prevalence 19.7% of 2809 patients included in this study. NBI was and co-occurrence of physical and sexual violence, associated with significantly increased treatment costs for substance use and disorder, and HIV risk behavior in infants with BW 751 to 1500 g. The marginal costs of sizable probability samples of sheltered homeless and low- NBIs, as estimated by multiple regression, varied from income housed women. METHODS: Retrospective self- 5875 dollars for VLBW infants with a BW of 401 to 750 g reports were obtained through structured interviews with to 12,80 dollars for those with BW of 751 to 1000 g. LOS stratified random samples of women residing in shelters was significantly increased in all BW categories. The (N = 460) and low-income housing (N = 438) in Los excess LOS estimated by multiple regression varied from Angeles County, California. RESULTS: Sheltered women 4 days in VLBW infants with a BW of 1001 to 1251 g to 7 were more likely than housed women to report days in those with a BW of 751 to 1000 g. experiencing physical and sexual violence, substance use CONCLUSIONS: NBIs are associated with increased and disorder, HIV risk behavior, and co-occurrence of hospital treatment costs and LOS but by varying amounts these problems in the past year. Differences remained depending on the BW. Preventing a single NBI could when propensity weights were used to equate the groups reduce the treatment costs of a VLBW infant by at least on demographic and background characteristics. several thousand dollars. These savings are a greater CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest remarkable need for percentage of the total treatment costs in VLBW infants services among communities of indigent women. Higher with BW 1001 to 1500 g than in smaller infants. Published rates of problems among women in shelters highlight the in Pediatrics, v. 114, no. 2, Aug. 2004, p. 348–355. importance of differentiating among subgroups of indigent women in community-based prevention and intervention 255 activities and tentatively suggest a protective influence of Three Cities. R. N. Bluthenthal, M. R. Malik, L. E. Grau, housing. Published in Preventive Medicine, v. 39, no. 3, M. Singer, P. Marshall, R. Heimer. Sept. 2004 p. 617–624. AIM: Better sterile syringe access should be associated with a lower likelihood of syringe re-use and receptive LRP-200409-02 Bridging the Divide: Integrating syringe sharing, although few empirical studies have Cancer-Directed Therapy and Palliative Care. J. Malin. examined gradients in syringe access using both individual Published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, v. 22, no. 17, and ecological data. In this study, the authors compare Sept. 2004, p.1–3. syringe re-use and receptive syringe sharing among injection drug users (IDUs) with syringe exchange LRP-200409-03 Detection and Management of Falls program (SEP) and legal over-the-counter pharmacy and Instability in Vulnerable Elders by Community access with limits on syringes that can be purchased, Physicians. L. Z. Rubenstein, D. H. Solomon, C. P. Roth, exchanged or possessed to IDUs with no pharmacy sales R. T. Young, P. G. Shekelle, J. T. Chang, C. H. MacLean, but unlimited syringe access through SEPs. They address C. J. Kamberg, D. Saliba, N. S. Wenger. three questions: (1) Does residing in an area with no legal syringe possession increase the likelihood of police OBJECTIVES: To investigate quality of care for falls and contact related to possessing drug paraphernalia? (2) instability provided to vulnerable elders. DESIGN: Six Among direct SEP users, is use of more permissive SEPs process of care quality indicators (QIs) for falls and associated with less likelihood of syringe re-use and instability were developed and applied to community- receptive syringe sharing? (3) Among non-SEP users, is living persons aged 65 and older who were at increased residing in an area with pharmacy access associated with risk of death or decline. QIs were implemented using lower likelihood of syringe re-use and receptive syringe medical records and patient interviews. SETTING: sharing? DESIGN: Quantitative survey of IDUs recruited Northeastern and southwestern United States. from SEPs, subject nomination and outreach methods. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy-two vulnerable Multivariate analyses compared police contact, syringe re- elders enrolled in two senior managed care plans. use and receptive syringe sharing among IDUs recruited in MEASUREMENTS: Percentage of QIs satisfied three cities. FINDINGS: In multivariate analyses, the concerning falls or mobility disorders. RESULTS: Of the authors found that police contact was associated 372 consenting vulnerable elders with complete medical independently with residing in the area with no legal records, 57 had documentation of 69 episodes of two or possession of syringes; among SEP users, those with more falls or fall with injury during the 13-month study access to SEPs without limits had lower syringe re-use but period (14% of patients fell per year, 18% incidence). not lower syringe sharing; and that among non-SEP users, Double this frequency was reported at interview. An no significant differences in injection risk were observed additional 22 patients had documented mobility problems. among IDUs with and without pharmacy access to Clinical history of fall circumstances, comorbidity, syringes. CONCLUSION: The authors found that greater medications, and mobility was documented from 47% of legal access to syringes, if accompanied by limits on the fallers and two or more of these four elements from 85%. number of syringes that can be exchanged, purchased and Documented physical examination was less complete, with possessed, may not have the intended impacts on only 6% of fallers examined for orthostatic blood pressure, injection-related infectious disease risk among IDUs. 7% for gait or balance, 25% for vision, and 28% for Published in Addiction, v. 99, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. neurological findings. The evaluation led to specific 1136–1146. recommendations in only 26% of cases, but when present they usually led to appropriate treatment modalities. LRP-200409-06 Physical Education in Elementary Mobility problems without falls were evaluated with gait School and Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Early or balance examination in 23% of cases and neurological Childhood Longitudinal Study. A. Datar, R. Sturm. examination in 55%. CONCLUSION: Community physicians appear to underdetect falls and gait disorders. OBJECTIVES: The authors examined the effect of Detected falls often receive inadequate evaluation, leading physical education instruction time on body mass index to a paucity of recommendations and treatments. Adhering (BMI) change in elementary school. METHODS: They to guidelines may improve outcomes in community- examined data from a national sample of 9751 dwelling older adults. Published in Journal of the kindergartners in the United States who were reported on American Geriatrics Society, v. 52, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. for 2 years. The authors used a difference-indifferences 1627–1531. approach to examine the effect of an increase in physical education instruction time between kindergarten and first LRP-200409-04 Sterile Syringe Access Conditions grade on the difference in BMI change in the 2 grades, and Variations in HIV Risk Among Drug Injectors in using the same child as the control. RESULTS: One additional hour of physical education in first grade 256 compared with the time allowed for physical education in Network Tool (MINT). A. S. Young, J. Mintz, A. N. kindergarten reduces BMI among girls who were Cohen, M. J. Chinman. overweight or at risk for overweight in kindergarten The Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) is a (coefficient= -0.31, P<.001) but has no significant effect software system that supports the management of care for among overweight or at-risk for- overweight boys chronic illness. It is designed to improve clinical (coefficient= -0.07, P=.25) or among boys information, facilitate teamwork, and allow management (coefficient=0.04, P=.31) or girls (coefficient= 0.01, of health care quality. MINT includes a browser interface P=.80) with a normal BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding for entry and organization of data and preparation of real- physical education programs in schools, in the form in time reports. It includes personal computer-based which they currently exist, may be an effective applications that interact with clinicians. MINT is being intervention for combating obesity in the early years, used in a project to improve the treatment of especially among girls. Published in American Journal of schizophrenia. At each patient visit, a nurse briefly Public Health, v. 94, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. 1501–1506. assesses symptoms, side effects, and other key problems and enters this information into MINT. When the LRP-200409-07 Access and Quality in Child Health physician subsequently opens the patient's electronic Services: Voltage Drops: Whether Access Is Approached medical record, a window appears with the assessment Incrementally or Comprehensively, Children Will Not information, a messaging interface, and access to Fully Realize the Benefits Until Quality Is Addressed. P. treatment guidelines. Clinicians and managers receive J. Chung, M. A. Schuster. reports regarding the quality of patients' treatment. To Children require a health care system that promotes date, MINT has been used with more than 165 patients and healthy development for all children while reaching out to 29 psychiatrists and has supported practices that are the neediest. Barriers to care have been described as consistent with improvements in the quality of care. "voltage drops"—resistance points at which patients drop Published in Journal of the American Medical Informatics from the system like voltage from an electrical current. Association, v. 11, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 358–367. The authors examine the size and nature of these drops, ranging from insurance access to service quality, with LRP-200409-10 Variations in the Quality of Care for respect to children. The authors find critical policy needs Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: Implications for Policy: (such as expanded insurance opportunities, increased care Two Approaches Hold Promise for Improving U.S. Infant coordination, and improved quality measurement) at all Mortality Rates, Which Are Among the Highest in the system levels. Comprehensive access to insurance and Industrialized World. J. A. Rogowski. services does not guarantee that children will receive high- Much of the decline in childhood mortality over the past quality (safe and effective) care. Published in Health two decades is attributable to improvements in neonatal Affairs, v. 23, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 77–87. intensive care for very-low-birthweight infants. Yet large and persistent disparities persist in the quality of neonatal LRP-200409-08 Listening to Generic Prozac: intensive care across hospitals. Improving care for infants Winners, Losers, and Sideliners. B. G. Druss, S. C. now served by hospitals with poor outcomes can greatly Marcus, M. Olfson, H. A. Pincus. reduce infant mortality, particularly among minority This study tracks the diffusion of generic fluoxetine after infants who are more likely to be very low birthweight and its release in August 2001 within the largest U.S. cared for by hospitals with poor outcomes. Referral of pharmacy benefit manager (PBM). Within two weeks of high-risk births to hospitals with the best outcomes is the generic's release, prescriptions exceeded those of another promising strategy. Published in Health Affairs, v. brand-name Prozac. The main winners proved to be Barr 23, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2004, p. 88–97. Laboratories, the first entrant to the generic market; large purchasers, who reaped substantial cost savings after LRP-200409-11 Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: Barr's period of exclusivity expired; and the PBM. The A Study of California Hospice Programs. K. A. Lorenz, S. major loser was Eli Lilly, the manufacturer of Prozac. L. Ettner, K. E. Rosenfeld, D. Carlisle, H. Liu, S. M. Asch. Consumers and makers of other antidepressants largely BACKGROUND: Studies have confirmed ethnic remained on the sidelines, with surprisingly little short- disparities in the use of hospice services and identified term impact evident from Prozac's patent expiration. barriers that minorities face in accessing care. Published in Health Affairs, v. 23, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2004, OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to determine whether p. 210–216. hospices provide services that might affect minority participation. RESEARCH DESIGN: The authors LRP-200409-09 A Network-Based System to surveyed California hospices to determine whether Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics programs use diverse health care providers and volunteers, 257 offer translation, diverse spiritual care, or outreach 598 subjects, 48 died between 1988 and 1991. No baseline materials and whether they plan to expand such services. (1988) delayed recall scores or change in recall scores Linking the data to the California Office of Statewide (1988-91) were associated with hospitalization. Although Health Planning and Development annual home care and 48.2% declined on verbal memory scores, decline was not hospice survey and 2000 US Census, they used associated with risk of hospitalization. Of 494 subjects multivariate linear regression to evaluate the relationship with complete 3-year data, 31.2% declined at least one of program characteristics (profit status, size, point on the SPMSQ, and 4.7% declined more than two chain/freestanding status, urban/rural location, and points. Among individuals aged 75 and older at baseline, proportion of nonwhite residents) to services that might the adjusted odds ratio for hospitalization for those who affect minority participation. SUBJECTS: One hundred of declined more than 2 points compared with those who 149 programs that the authors surveyed responded. declined less was 7.8 (95% confidence interval=2.0-30.8). RESULTS: Many programs offer translation (81%), CONCLUSION: Although specific memory tests were not diverse providers (63%) and volunteers (64%), and associated with hospitalization, high-functioning older culturally diverse spiritual services (52%). Few (21%) persons who experienced decline in overall cognitive were conducting outreach, but 23/25 programs expanding function were more likely to be hospitalized. Variation in services reported plans to improve outreach. In baseline cognitive function in this high-functioning cohort multivariate models adjusted for program size, chain did not affect hospitalization, but additional research is status, profit status, urban/rural location, proportion of needed to evaluate associations with other healthcare nonwhite residents, the authors found that larger hospices costs. Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics and those in ethnically diverse zip codes were more likely Society, v. 52, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. 1456–1462. to offer such services. Larger hospices are more likely to report expanding such services. CONCLUSIONS: Many LRP-200409-13 Watching Sex on Television hospices are making efforts to accommodate ethnically Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior. R. L. diverse patients, but a substantial number are not. Collins, M. N. Elliott, S. H. Berry, D. E. Kanouse, D. Culturally appropriate care and outreach should be Kunkel, S. B. Hunter, A. Miu. addressed in efforts to improve the acceptability and BACKGROUND: Early sexual initiation is an important experience of hospice care among minorities. Published in social and health issue. A recent survey suggested that Medical Care, v. 42, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. 871–874. most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that LRP-200409-12 Cognitive Decline in High- unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases Functioning Older Persons Is Associated with an Increased are more common among those who begin sexual activity Risk of Hospitalization. J. Chodosh, T. E. Seeman, E. B. earlier. The American Academy of Pediatrics has Keeler, A. Sewall, S. H. Hirsch, J. M. Guralnik, D. B. suggested that portrayals of sex on entertainment Reuben. television (TV) may contribute to precocious adolescent OBJECTIVES: To examine hospital use for patients with sex. Approximately two-thirds of TV programs contain evidence of cognitive decline indicative of early cognitive sexual content. However, empirical data examining the impairment. DESIGN: Medicare Part A hospital utilization relationships between exposure to sex on TV and data were linked to data from the MacArthur Research adolescent sexual behaviors are rare and inadequate for Network on Successful Aging Community Study to addressing the issue of causal effects. DESIGN AND examine the association between baseline cognition and PARTICIPANTS: The authors conducted a national decline in cognitive function over a 3-year period and any longitudinal survey of 1792 adolescents, 12 to 17 years of hospitalization over that same period. SETTING: New age. In baseline and 1-year follow-up interviews, Haven, Connecticut, and East Boston, Massachusetts. participants reported their TV viewing habits and sexual PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N=598) were from two sites experience and responded to measures of more than a of the MacArthur Research Network on Successful Aging dozen factors known to be associated with adolescent Community Study, a 7-year cohort study of community- sexual initiation. TV viewing data were combined with the dwelling older persons with high physical and cognitive results of a scientific analysis of TV sexual content to functioning. MEASUREMENTS: Multivariate logistic derive measures of exposure to sexual content, depictions regression was used to determine the association between of sexual risks or safety, and depictions of sexual behavior any hospitalization over 3 years (1988–91) as the outcome (versus talk about sex but no behavior). OUTCOME variable and baseline cognitive function and decline in MEASURES: Initiation of intercourse and advancement in cognition over 3 years as primary predictor variables. noncoital sexual activity level, during a 1-year period. Decline was based upon repeated (1988 and 1991) RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis indicated that measures of delayed verbal recall and the Short Portable adolescents who viewed more sexual content at baseline Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). RESULTS: Of were more likely to initiate intercourse and progress to 258 more advanced noncoital sexual activities during the functioning, role limitations due to physical health subsequent year, controlling for respondent characteristics problems, PCS score, effects of liver disease, sexual that might otherwise explain these relationships. The size functioning, and sexual problems. Both MELD and CTP of the adjusted intercourse effect was such that youths in scores correlated with self-rated severity of liver disease the 90th percentile of TV sex viewing had a predicted symptoms but not with self-reported disability days. probability of intercourse initiation that was approximately CONCLUSIONS: Despite objectively mild liver disease, double that of youths in the 10th percentile, for all ages the subjective HRQOL of this cohort was severely studied. Exposure to TV that included only talk about sex impaired. CTP score was more closely associated with was associated with the same risks as exposure to TV that patient-reported estimates of HRQOL than the MELD depicted sexual behavior. African American youths who score. CTP or disease-specific HRQOL instruments may watched more depictions of sexual risks or safety were compliment MELD by providing insights into outcomes of less likely to initiate intercourse in the subsequent year. importance to patients with low risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Watching sex on TV predicts and may Published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology, hasten adolescent sexual initiation. Reducing the amount v. 99, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. 1726–1732. of sexual content in entertainment programming, reducing adolescent exposure to this content, or increasing LRP-200409-15 R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of references to and depictions of possible negative Disrespect in the Health Care Setting and Its Impact on consequences of sexual activity could appreciably delay Care. J. C. Blanchard, N. Lurie. the initiation of coital and noncoital activities. OBJECTIVE: The health care encounter is a setting in Alternatively, parents may be able to reduce the effects of which racial/ethnic disparities can arise. Patients who sexual content by watching TV with their teenaged experience disrespect in this encounter may be less likely children and discussing their own beliefs about sex and the to use health care services that improve outcomes. The behaviors portrayed. Pediatricians should encourage these objective of this study was to examine factors in the health family discussions. Published in Pediatrics, v. 114, no. 3, care encounter and to model how negative perceptions of Sept. 2004, p. e280-e289. the encounter influence health care utilization. DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND SETTING: Data were derived from the LRP-200409-14 Are Physician-Derived Disease Commonwealth Fund 2001 Health Care Quality Survey, a Severity Indices Associated with Health-Related Quality nationwide random-digit-dial survey of 6722 adults, of Life in Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease? F. conducted between April 30 and November 5, 2001. Kanwal, R. D. Hays, A. M. Kilbourne, G. S. Dulai, I. M. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed on Gralnek. weighted data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: OBJECTIVES: Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) Measures of negative perceptions of the patient-provider score is now often used as an overall indicator of health relationship included feelings of being treated with status for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, disrespect or being looked down upon, a belief that unfair there are no data evaluating the associations between treatment was received due to race or language spoken, MELD scores and patient reports of health-related quality and a belief that better treatment would have been received of life (HRQOL). METHODS: Two hundred-three had the respondent had been of a different race. Measures patients with end-stage liver disease completed a disease- of utilization included receipt of a physical exam within targeted HRQOL instrument (the LDQOL 1.0). Patients the prior year, receipt of optimal cancer screening and also rated the severity of their liver disease and reported recommended elements of chronic disease care, delay of number of disability days attributed to their liver disease in needed care, and not following the doctor's advice. MAIN the preceding month. MELD and Child Turcott Pugh RESULTS: Minorities were significantly more likely to (CTP) scores were calculated for all patients. Associations report being treated with disrespect or being looked down of MELD and CTP scores with patient-derived outcomes upon in the patient-provider relationship. Specifically, were estimated. RESULTS: The mean MELD and CTP 14.1% of blacks (P-.06), 19.4% of Hispanics (P<.001), and scores were 12 and 7, respectively, indicating mild 20.2% if Asians (P<.001) perceived being treated with severity of liver disease. HRQOL of patients was generally disrespect or being looked down upon, compared with poor, with the mean SF-36 physical and mental component only 9.4% of whites. Persons who thought that they would summary scores of 35 and 40. Seventy percent of patients have received better treatment if they were of a different rated their liver disease symptoms as moderate to severe. race were significantly less likely to receive optimal Similarly, 70% reported being disabled from their liver chronic disease screening and more likely to not follow the disease. MELD was associated with physical functioning doctor's advice or put off care (P<.01.) CONCLUSIONS: scale and the physical component summary (PCS) score in Perceptions of disrespect or of receiving unfair treatment patients with end-stage liver disease. In contrast, CTP within the patient-provider relationship are prevalent, score was significantly associated with physical particularly among racial/ethnic minorities. Such negative 259 perceptions influence health care utilization and may LRP-200409-19 Feasibility of Quality Indicators for contribute to existing health disparities. Published in The the Management of Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Home Journal of Family Practice, v. 53, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. Residents. D. Saliba, D. H. Solomon, L. Z. Rubenstein, R. 721–730. T. Young, J. F. Schnelle, C. P. Roth, N. S. Wenger. PURPOSE: The assessment and management of dementia, LRP-200409-16 The Role of Culturally Competent falls and mobility disorders, malnutrition, end-of-life Communication in Reducing Ethnic and Racial Healthcare issues, pressure ulcers, and urinary incontinence have been Disparities. S. L. Taylor, N. Lurie. identified as important quality improvement targets for Promoting culturally competent communication at the vulnerable elders residing in nursing homes. This study provider, care institution, health plan, and national levels aimed to identify valid and feasible measures of specific is likely to contribute to success in reducing racial and care processes associated with improved outcomes for ethnic disparities in the receipt of high quality care. these conditions. METHODS: Nine experts in nursing Although some health plans recently have shown interest home (NH) care participated in a modified Delphi process in addressing racial and ethnic disparities in care, very few to evaluate potential quality indicators (QIs) for care in have addressed how health plans can improve their NHs. Panelists met and discussed potential indicators cultural competency to reduce disparities. This before completing confidential ballots rating validity commentary summarizes the importance of culturally (process associated with improved outcomes), feasibility competent communication across several levels of the of measurement (with charts or interviews), feasibility of healthcare system and details concrete steps that managed implementation (given staffing resources in average care organizations can take to maximize their ability to community NHs), and importance (expected benefit and provide culturally competent communication and care. prevalence in NHs). The NH panel's median votes were Published in The American Journal of Managed Care, v. used to identify a final set of QIs that were subsequently 10, special issue, Sept . 2004, p. Sp1-Sp4. reviewed by a clinical oversight committee. RESULTS: Sixty-eight geriatric syndrome QIs were identified as valid LRP-200409-17 Assessing the Influence of and important in NH populations. Panelists assessed 12 Incentives on Physician and Medical Groups: A (18%) of these QIs as having questionable feasibility to Comment. J. J. Escarce. implement in average community nursing homes trying to provide quality care. Nine (13%) would not be included in Published in Medical Care Research and Review, v. 61, systems assessing quality of care for persons with no. 3, Suppl. 1, Sept. 2004, p. 119S-123S. advanced dementia or poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Steps of care critical to the assessment and management of LRP-200409-18 New Evidence on Hospital geriatric syndromes in NHs were identified. Feasibility is Profitability by Payer Group and the Effects of Payer an important issue for a significant number of these, Generosity. B. Friedman, N. Sood, K. Engstrom, D. indicating that much remains to be done to design systems McKenzie. that efficiently and reliably implement these care This study provides (a) new estimates of U.S. hospital processes. Published in Journal of the American Medical profitability by payer group, controlling for hospital Directors Association, v. 5, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. characteristics, and (b) evidence about the intensity of care 310–319. for particular diseases associated with the generosity of the patient's payer and other payers at the same hospital. The LRP-200409-20 Effectiveness of Community-Based conceptual framework is a variant of the well-known Treatment for Substance-Abusing Adolescents: 12-Month model of a local monopolist selling in a segmented Outcomes of Youths Entering Phoenix Academy or market. Effects of two kinds of regulation are considered. Alternative Probation Dispositions. A. R. Morral, D. F. The data are taken from hospital accounting reports in four McCaffrey, G. K. Ridgeway. states in FY2000, and detailed discharge summaries from Whereas strong efficacy research has been conducted on the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency novel treatment approaches for adolescent substance for Healthcare Research and Quality. The profitability of abusers, little is known about the effectiveness of the inpatient care for privately insured patients was found to substance abuse treatment approaches most commonly be about 4% less than for Medicare, but 14% higher than available to youths, their families, and referring agencies. for Medicaid and only 9% higher than for self-pay This report compares the 12-month outcomes of patients. The authors found significant direct associations adolescent probationers (N = 449) who received either but not external effects of payer generosity on the intensity Phoenix Academy, a therapeutic community for of care. Published in International Journal of Health Care adolescents that uses a treatment model that is widely Finance and Economics, v. 4, no. 3, Sept. 2004, p. implemented across the U.S., or an alternative probation 231–246. disposition. Across many pretreatment risk factors for 260 relapse and recidivism, groups were well matched after LRP-200409-23 Quality Indicators for the case-mix adjustment. Repeated measures analyses of Management of Medical Conditions in Nursing Home substance use, psychological functioning, and crime Residents. D. Saliba, D. H. Solomon, L. Z. Rubenstein, R. outcomes collected 3, 6, and 12 months after the baseline T. Young, J. F. Schnelle, C. P. Roth, N. S. Wenger. interview demonstrated that Phoenix Academy treatment PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a set is associated with superior substance use and of specific care processes associated with better outcomes psychological functioning outcomes over the period of for general medical conditions identified as quality observation. As one of the most rigorous evaluations of improvement targets for institutionalized vulnerable the effectiveness of a traditional community-based elders. METHODS: A national panel of nursing home adolescent drug treatment program, this study provides experts used a modified-Delphi process to rate the validity evidence that one such program is effective. Implications (process linked to improved outcomes) and feasibility (of of this finding for the dissemination of efficacious novel implementation and measurement) of candidate measures treatment approaches are discussed. Published in for depression, diabetes, hearing impairment, heart failure, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, v. 18, no. 3, Sept. hypertension, ischemic heart disease, osteoarthritis, 2004, p. 257–268. osteoporosis, pneumonia, stroke, and vision impairment. Each quality indicator was written as an "if" statement, LRP-200409-21 Predictors for Medical Students describing persons to whom the quality indicator applied Entering a General Surgery Residency: National Survey followed by a "then" statement identifying the care process Results. C. Y. Ko, J. J. Escarce, L. C. Baker, D. J. Klein, to be provided. A separate clinical committee reviewed the C. M. Guarino. resulting set of indicators. RESULTS: One hundred BACKGROUND: The number of general surgery (GS) fourteen quality indicators were identified across the 11 residency applicants had been decreasing before 2003. medical conditions. The quality indicators capture a broad This national survey of fourth-year medical students range of medical care addressing assessment, elucidates factors related to the basic surgery clerkship management, and follow up. Fifty-five indicators (48%) that are associated with the decision to enter a GS were identical to quality measures for community- residency. METHODS: A national sample of 2250 fourth- dwelling vulnerable elders. A limited number were rated year medical students from all 4-year allopathic US as questionably feasible to implement or measure (6 and 2, medical schools was surveyed in spring 2002. Multivariate respectively). Thirty-eight (33%) would not be applied to analyses were performed to identify mutable predictors for measures of care quality for persons with advanced students entering GS. RESULTS: Data from 1531 fourth- dementia or poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Explicit year medical students from 121 different medical schools care processes linked to improved nursing home outcomes (response rate=68%) showed that 5.6% planned to enter for general medical conditions can be identified. Most of GS. In multivariate analyses, the strongest predictor of these care processes can be measured by medical records entering GS was satisfaction with the quality of attending or interview. Nursing home quality measures for medical teaching (odds ratio 2.14, P <.01) in surgery clerkships. conditions must account for exclusions related to poor Several clerkship factors, such as frequency of call nights prognosis and advanced dementia. Published in Journal of and total hours worked., were not as strongly associated the American Medical Directors Association, v. 5, no. 5, with entering GS residency, Subsequent analyses showed Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 297–309. that predictors of satisfaction with the quality of attending teaching included intraoperative activities (ie, suturing, LRP-200409-24 Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among cutting, and stapling), having attending-led rounds, and College Students: Economic Complements or Substitutes? performing a history and physical with an attending. J. Williams, R. L. Pacula, F. J. Chaloupka, H. Wechsler. Significant negative predictors of satisfaction included Previous research has shown that the recent tightening of observing or retracting only in surgery. CONCLUSIONS: college alcohol policies has been effective at reducing In this national survey, factors are identified that are college students' drinking. Over the period in which these significantly associated with students entering a GS stricter alcohol policies have been put in place, marijuana residency. Some of these mutable factors may increase the use among college students has increased. This raises the pool of GS residency applicants. Published in Surgery, v. question of whether current policies aimed at reducing 136, no. 3, Sept. 2004, p. 567–572. alcohol consumption are inadvertently encouraging marijuana use. This paper begins to address this question LRP-200409-22 Will Web Surveys Ever Become by investigating the relationship between the demands for Part of Mainstream Research? M. Schonlau. alcohol and marijuana for college students using data from Published in Journal of Medical Internet Research, v. 6, the 1993, 1997 and 1999 waves of the Harvard School of no. 3, editorial, Sept. 3, 2004, p. 1–3. Online access: Public Health's College Alcohol Study (CAS). The authors http://www.jmir.org/2004/3/e31/. find that alcohol and marijuana are economic 261 complements and that policies that increase the full price LRP-200409-28 National Polyp Study Data: of alcohol decrease participation in marijuana use. Evidence for Regression of Adenomas. F. Loeve, R. Boer, Published in Health Economics, v. 13, no. 9, Sept. 2004, A. G. Zauber, M. van Ballegooijen, G. J. van Oortmarssen, p. 825–843. S. J. Winawer, J. D. F. Habbema. The data of the National Polyp Study, a large longitudinal LRP-200409-25 Problem Identification and Care study on surveillance of adenoma patients, is used for Plan Responses in a Home and Community-Based testing assumptions on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Services Program. S. Diwan, L. R. Shugarman, B. E. The observed adenoma and colorectal cancer incidence in Fries. the National Polyp Study were compared with the This study examines how case managers identify and simulated outcomes of the MISCAN-COLON model of respond to home care client needs through chart reviews of epidemiology and control of colorectal cancer for the U.S. 169 randomly selected clients in a homecare program. population based on expert opinion. Variants of this model Algorithms from the Minimum Data Set for Home Care to were explored in order to identify assumptions on the identify client needs were applied to the existing data to adenoma-carcinoma sequence that are consistent with the determine whether a potential problem existed in any of 23 study observations. The high observed adenoma detection broad categories of need. The authors also determine rates at surveillance and low observed colorectal cancer whether these problems were noted by the case manager incidence in the National Polyp Study could only be and identify various types of responses made in the care explained by assuming a high incidence rate of adenomas plan. Compared to the range of problems identified with accompanied by regression of adenomas. The National the algorithms, case managers were more likely to note Polyp Study data suggest that adenoma prevalence results functional and mental health problems than clinical health from a dynamic process of both formation as well as problems. Some problem categories (e.g., functional regression of adenomas. This lowers the expectations for performance and brittle support) almost always received a the effects of colorectal cancer screening strategies that response, whereas others (e.g., sensory performance, focus on adenoma detection. Published in International mental health, and some clinical problems) remained Journal of Cancer, v. 111, no. 4, May 2004, p. 633–639. unmet even when the problem was noted. Implications for Online access: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ training case managers and resource development in the cgi-bin/fulltext/108563070/PDFSTART. community are discussed. Published in Journal of Applied Gerontology, v. 23, no. 3, Sept. 2004, p. 193–211. LRP-200409-29 When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? W. Levinson, N. Lurie. LRP-200409-26 Oregon's Lessons for Improving The profession of medicine is becoming feminized: The Advance Care Planning. K. Lorenz, J. Lynn. number of women enrolled in medical school and Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, residency programs has increased dramatically over the v. 52, no. 9, Sept. 2004, p. 1574. past several decades. Some researchers have examined how women are faring in the profession, but few have LRP-200409-27 The Effects of HMO Ownership on considered how feminization of the profession will affect Hospital Costs and Revenues: Is There a Difference patient care and health care systems, as well as the Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Plans? Y. Shen, G. profession itself. The authors predict that notable changes Melnick. may emerge in 4 domains: the patient-physician relationship, the local delivery of care, the societal The authors conducted multivariate analyses to examine delivery of care, and the medical profession itself. The whether high health maintenance organization (HMO) authors also consider the potential positive and negative penetration and large share of for-profit health plans in a consequences of a predominantly female physician market reduced hospital cost and revenue growth rates workforce on these domains. Published in Annals of between 1989 and 1998. They found that hospitals in high Internal Medicine, v. 141, no. 6, Sept. 21, 2004, p. HMO areas experienced revenue and cost growth rates 471–175. that were 21 and 18 percentage points, respectively, below hospitals in low HMO areas. The authors also found that, LRP-200409-30 Emotional and Behavioral conditional on overall HMO penetration level, hospitals in Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health areas with high for-profit HMO penetration experienced Response. B. D. Stein, T. L. Tanielian, D. P. Eisenman, revenue and cost growth rates that were 10 percentage D. J. Keyser, M. A. Burnam, H. A. Pincus. points below hospitals in areas with low for-profit penetration areas; the difference was especially evident Millions of dollars have been spent improving the public within high HMO penetration areas. Published in Inquiry, health system's bioterrorism response capabilities. Yet v. 41, no. 3, Fall 2004, p. 255–267. relatively little attention has been paid to precisely how the 262 public will respond to bioterrorism and how emotional and utilization of Medicare beneficiaries. DATA SOURCES: behavioral responses might complicate an otherwise The authors linked enrollment data on Medicare successful response. This article synthesizes the available beneficiaries to patient discharge data from the California evidence about the likely emotional and behavioral Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development consequences of bioterrorism to suggest what decision (OSHPD) for 1991–1995. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A makers can do now to improve that response. It examines quasi-experimental design comparing inpatient utilization the emotional and behavioral impact of previous before and after switching from fee-for-service (FFS) to "bioterrorism-like" events and summarizes interviews with Medicare HMOs; with comparison groups of continuous experts who have responded to such events or conducted FFS and HMO beneficiaries to adjust for aging and secular research on the effects of communitywide disasters. The trends. The sample consisted of 124,111Medicare article concludes by reflecting on the evidence and experts' beneficiaries who switched from FFS to HMOs in 1992 perspectives to suggest actions to be taken now and future and 1993, and random samples of 108,966 continuous FFS policy and research priorities. Published in The Milbank beneficiaries and 18,276 continuous HMO enrollees Quarterly, v. 82, no. 3, Sept. 2004, p. 413–455. yielding 1,227,105 person-year observations over five years. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE: Total inpatient LRP-200410-01 Socioeconomic Disparities in the days per thousand per year. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Use of Home Health Services in a Medicare Managed When beneficiaries joined a group/staff HMO, their total Care Population. V. A. Freedman, J. A. Rogowski, S. L. days per year were 18 percent lower (95 percent Wickstrom, J. L. Adams, J. Marainen, J. J. Escarce. confidence interval, 15-22 percent) than if the beneficiaries had remained in FFS. Total days per year OBJECTIVE: To investigate socioeconomic disparities in were reduced less for beneficiaries joining an IPA access to home health visits and durable medical (independent practice association) HMO (11 percent; 95 equipment by persons enrolled in two Medicare managed percent confidence interval, 4-19 percent). Medicare care health plans. DATA SOURCES: A telephone survey group/staff and IPA-model HMO enrollees had roughly 60 of 4,613 Medicare managed care enrollees conducted percent of the inpatient days per thousand beneficiaries in between April and October of 2000 and linked to 1995 as did FFS beneficiaries (976 and 928 versus 1,679 administrative claims for a subsequent 12-month period. days per thousand, respectively). In the group/staff model STUDY DESIGN: The authors estimated a series of HMOs, our analysis suggests that managed care practices logistic regression models to determine which accounted for 214 days of this difference, and the socioeconomic factors were related to home health visits remaining 489 days (70 percent) were due to favorable and the use of durable medical equipment (DME) among selection. In IPA HMOs, managed care practices appear to Medicare managed care enrollees. PRINCIPAL account for only 115 days, with 636 days (85 percent) due FINDINGS: Controlling for health and demographic to selection. CONCLUSIONS: Through the mid-nineties, differences, Medicare managed care enrollees in the Medicare HMOs in California were able to reduce lowest tertile for nonhousing assets had 50 percent greater inpatient utilization beyond that attributable to the high odds than those in the highest tertile of having one or more level of favorable selection, but the reduction varied by home health visits. All else equal, enrollees with less than type of HMO. Published in HSR, Health Services a high school education had 30 percent lower odds than Research, v. 39, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 1607-1627, Technical those who had graduated from high school of using Appendix, p. 1-7. durable medical equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Medicare managed care enrollees of low socioeconomic status do LRP-200410-03 Subsidies and the Demand for not appear to have reduced access to home health visits; Individual Health Insurance in California. M. S. Marquis, however, use of durable medical equipment is M. B. Buntin, J. J. Escarce, K. Kapur, J. M. Yegian. considerably lower for enrollees with less than a high school education. Physicians and therapists working with OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of changes in Medicare managed care enrollees may want to actively premiums for individual insurance on decisions to target DME prescriptions to those with educational purchase individual insurance and how this price response disadvantages. Published in HSR, Health Services varies among subgroups of the population. DATA Research, v. 39, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 1277–1297. SOURCE: Survey responses from the Current Population Survey (www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm), the LRP-200410-02 The Effect of HMOs on the Survey of Income and Program Participation Inpatient Utilization of Medicare Beneficiaries. N. (www.sipp.census.gov/sipp), the National Health Dhanani, J. F. O'Leary, E. B. Keeler, A. Bamezai, G. Interview Survey (www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm), and data Melnick. about premiums and plans offered in the individual insurance market in California, 1996–2001. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of joining HMOs DESIGN: A logit model was used to estimate the (health maintenance organizations) on the inpatient 263 decisions to purchase individual insurance by families Retirement Income Security Act), the scope of state parity without access to group insurance. This was modeled as a legislation may have been restricted because of large function of premiums, controlling for family proportion of selfinsured employers. Furthermore, characteristics and other characteristics of the market. A comprehensiveness of state legislation appears to be multinomial model was used to estimate the choice related to the traditional level of use of mental health between group coverage, individual coverage, and specialty care, which becomes another confounder for the remaining uninsured for workers offered group coverage potential policy effects. Published in HSR, Health Services as a function of premiums for individual insurance and Research, v. 39, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 1361-1377. out-of-pocket costs of group coverage. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The elasticity of demand for individual LRP-200410-05 The Economics of Physical Activity: insurance by those without access to group insurance is Societal Trends and Rationales for Interventions. R. about -.2 to -.4, as has been found in earlier studies. Sturm. However, there are substantial differences in price What are Americans doing with their time and their money responses among subgroups with low-income, young, and and what has changed in recent decades? Do changes self-employed families showing the greatest response. suggest interventions that will lead to healthier lifestyles? Among workers offered group insurance, a decrease in This paper analyzes several different data sets that reveal individual premiums has very small effects on the choice some surprising (and some less surprising) insights. The to purchase individual coverage versus group coverage. big growth areas, both in terms of expenditure and time CONCLUSIONS: Subsidy programs may make insurance allocation, have been leisure time and more affordable for some families, but even sizeable travel/transportation. Leisure-time industries outpace subsidies are unlikely to solve the problem of the gross-domestic product growth for both "active" (sporting uninsured. The authors did not find evidence that subsidies goods, dance studios, gyms) and "sedentary" industries to individual insurance will produce an unraveling of the (spectator sports, cable TV), although industries associated employer-based health insurance system. Published in with more sedentary lifestyles grow the fastest. Overall HSR, Health Services Research, V. 39, No. 5, Oct. 2004, time spent in productive activities, whether at home or P. 1-4, 1547-1570. work, has declined by several hours each week for both men and women compared to 40 years ago. Reduced LRP-200410-04 The Effects of State Mental Health physical activity by itself is not a reason for intervening, as Parity Legislation on Perceived Quality of Insurance many changes improved overall quality of life (even if not Coverage, Perceived Access to Care, and Use of Mental necessarily health-related quality of life). But other trends Health Specialty Care. Y. Bao, R. Sturm. are more likely to reflect poorly functioning markets, OBJECTIVE: To assess the impacts of recent state mental leading to worse economic and health outcomes. Market health parity legislation on perceived quality of health failures that lead to less physical activity or unhealthy insurance coverage, perceived access to needed health nutrition justify interventions, both from an economic and care, and use of mental health specialty services by a public health perspective. Published in American individuals with likely need for mental health care. DATA Journal of Preventive Medicine, v. 27, no. 3, Oct. 2004, p. SOURCES: The study sample came from two waves of a 126–135. national household survey first fielded in 1997–1998 and then in 2000-2001. The analysis used a subset of the LRP-200410-06 Injection Risk Behaviors Among sample. STUDY DESIGN: The study took the Difference- Clients of Syringe Exchange Programs with Different in-Difference-in-Difference approach to investigate Syringe Dispensation Policies. A. H. Kral, R. Anderson, changes in self-perceived quality of health insurance N. M. Flynn, R. N. Bluthenthal. coverage and access to needed health care, and use of While there have been numerous papers published in the mental health specialty care by the group with mental medical, social, and epidemiologic literature about the disorders (relative to those without) in states with parity effectiveness of syringe exchange programs (SEPs), few legislation of different comprehensiveness (relative to the papers identify operational characteristics of the SEPs they nonparity states) in the years after the law (relative to study or assess which of those characteristics are before the law). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Overall, there associated with optimal HIV risk reduction among clients. were no significant or consistent effects of the parity The objective of this study was to examine whether legislation. Descriptive statistics showed significant different syringe dispensation policies were associated changes in some (but not all) outcome variables, but these with client-level injection- related HIV risk. Injection drug results disappeared in detailed statistical analyses by users (IDUs) were recruited at 23 SEPs in California in controlling for important covariates. CONCLUSIONS: 2001 (n = 531). SEPs were classified by their executive The null findings of the effects of state mental health directors as to whether they provided a strict one-for-one parity mandates suggest that under ERISA (Employee syringe exchange, gave a few extra syringes above the 264 one-for-one exchange, or distributed the amount of LRP-200410-08 Changes in Racial Differences in syringes based upon need as opposed to how many Use of Medical Procedures and Diagnostic Tests Among syringes were turned in by the clients. Injection- related Elderly Persons: 1986-1997. J. J. Escarce, T. G. McGuire. risk was compared by SEP program type. In multivariate OBJECTIVES: The authors used 1997 Medicare data to logistic regression analysis, clients of distribution-based replicate an earlier study that used data from 1986 to programs had lower odds of reusing syringes (adjusted examine racial differences in usage of specific medical odds ratio = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.71) when adjusting for procedures or tests among elderly persons. METHODS: confounding variables. There were no statistical They used 1997 physician claims data to obtain a random differences with regards to distributive or receptive sample of 5% of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and syringe sharing by dispensation policy. It is concluded that older. The authors used this sample to study 30 procedures SEPs that base syringe dispensation policy upon need may and tests that were analyzed in the 1986 study, as well as facilitate reductions in reuse of syringes. Published in several new procedures that became more widely used in Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, v. 37, the early 1990s. RESULTS: Racial differences remain in no. 2, Oct. 1, 2004, p. 1307–1312. the rates of use of these procedures; in general, Blacks have lower rates of use than do Whites. Between 1986 and LRP-200410-07 Racial Differences in the Impact of 1997, the ratio of White to Black use moved in favor of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Health-Related Quality of Blacks for all but 4 of the established procedures studied. Life. I. M. Gralnek, R. D. Hays, A. M. Kilbourne, L. CONCLUSIONS: The White-Black gap in health care use Chang, E. A. Mayer. under Medicare is narrowing. Published in American GOALS: To compare the impact of irritable bowel Journal of Public Health, v. 94, no. 1, Oct. 2004, p. syndrome (IBS) on health related quality of life (HRQOI) 1795–1799. for non-white and white IBS patients. BACKGROUND: There are no reported data evaluating the HRQOL of non- LRP-200410-09 Self-Reported Satisfaction of white persons with IBS. STUDY: SF-36 scores are Enrollees in Capitated and Fee-for-Service Dental Benefit compared between non-white IBS patients (n = 166), Plans. I. D. Coulter, J. R. Freed, M. Marcus, C. Der- white IBS patients (n = 707), the general US population, Martirosian, N. Guzman-Becerra, A. H. Guay, L. J. and patients with selected chronic diseases. RESULTS: Of Brown. the n = 166 non-white IBS patients included for analysis, BACKGROUND: This article examines the impact of 66 (40%) described themselves as African-American, 56 capitated, or CAP, and fee-for-service, or FFS, dental (34%) as Hispanic, 25 (15%) as Asian-American, 2 (1%) benefit plans on the enrollees' satisfaction with their plans as Native American and the remaining 17 (10%) as and their satisfaction with their dentists. METHODS: The "other." Compared with white IBS patients, non-white IBS authors selected four dental markets: California, New patients reported similar decrements in their HRQOL after Jersey, Michigan and North Carolina. Eight Fortune 500 controlling for age, gender, income and education level. companies participated. Enrollees were selected randomly On all 8 SF-36 scales, non-white IBS patients had and interviewed about their experiences with their dental significantly worse HRQOL compared with the general plans. The sample consisted of 2,340 respondents, of US population, (P < 0.001). Compared with GERD whom 42.3 percent were enrolled in CAP plans and 57.7 patients, non-white IBS patients scored significantly lower percent in FFS plans. RESULTS: The major findings were on all SF-36 scales (P < 0.001) except physical that those enrolled in FFS plans were four times more functioning. Similarly, non-white IBS patients had likely to be very satisfied than dissatisfied with their dental significantly worse HRQOL on selected SF-36 scales plans than were those in CAP plans. The FFS plan compared with diabetes mellitus and ESRD patients. Non- enrollees were 16 times more likely to be very satisfied white IBS patients had significantly better emotional well- than dissatisfied with their dentists than were those in CAP being than depressed patients, (P < 0.001). plans. CONCLUSION: Enrollees generally were satisfied CONCLUSIONS: Non-white IBS patients experience with their plans and their dentists but those in FFS plans impairment in vitality, role limitations-physical, and were the most satisfied. The higher the premium paid, the bodily pain. Yet overall, non-white IBS patients report higher the level of satisfaction. PRACTICE similar HRQOL to white IBS patients. These data provide IMPLICATIONS: Enrollees with perceived unmet needs the first detailed evaluation of the impact of IBS on were less satisfied with their dental benefit plans and HRQOL in non-white IBS patients. Published in Journal dentists. Taking care of needs is the most significant thing of Clinical Gastroenterology, v. 38, no. 9, Oct. 2004, p. dentists can do to affect patients' satisfaction. Published in 782–789. Journal of the American Dental Association, v. 135, Oct. 2004, p. 1458–1466. 265

LRP-200410-10 Computer-Assisted Self-Assessment implies 96 more chronic medical problems per 1000 in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. M. J. Chinman, A. residents, which is approximately similar to an aging of S. Young, T. L. Schell, J. Hassell, J. Mintz. the population of 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: A robust association between sprawl and physical (but not mental) BACKGROUND: It has been difficult to improve care for health suggests that suburban design may be an important severe mental illness (SMI) in usual care settings because new avenue for health promotion and disease prevention. clinical information is not reliably and efficiently Published in Public Health, v. 118, no. 7, Oct. 2004, p. managed. Methods are needed for efficiently collecting 448–496. this information to evaluate and improve health care quality. Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing LRP-200410-12 Sociodemographic Differences in (ACASI) can facilitate this data collection and has Use of Preventive Services by Women Enrolled in improved outcomes for a number of disorders, suggesting Medicare+Choice Plans. L. S. Morales, J. A. Rogowski, the need to test its accuracy and reliability in people with V. A. Freedman, S. L. Wickstrom, J. L. Adams, J. J. SMI. METHOD: Ninety patients with DSM-IV Escarce. schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 45) or bipolar disorder (N = 45) recruited between Oct. 15, 2002, BACKGROUND: The authors examined the effect of and July 1, 2003, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 study sociodemographic factors on the receipt of mammography, groups and completed 2 standardized symptom surveys colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccinations by (Revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale and women enrolled in two Medicare+Choice health plans. the symptom severity scale of the Schizophrenia METHODS: Administrative and survey data for 2,698 Outcomes Module 2) 20 minutes apart in a crossover study female health plan members was analyzed using design. Half of the patients first completed the scales via multivariate logistic and ordinal logistic regression to an in-person inter-view, and the other half first completed assess the effects of enrollee characteristics on use of the scales via an ACASI survey self-administered through preventive services. RESULTS: Age, race and wealth an Internet browser using a touchscreen developed to meet were associated with the receipt of one or more preventive the cognitive needs of people with SMI. We evaluated services. Older women were less likely to receive attitudes toward ACASI, understanding of the ACASI mammograms, wealthier women were more likely to survey, internal consistency, correlations between the receive mammograms and CRC screening, and Black ACASI and inter-view modes, concurrent validity, and a women were more likely to receive CRC screening but possible administration mode bias. RESULTS: All ACASI less likely to receive influenza vaccinations. Wealthier and in-person interview scales had similar internal women received a greater number of preventive services, reliability, high correlations (r = 0.78–1.00), and mean other things equal, while older women received fewer scores similar enough as not to be different at p < .05. A preventive services. CONCLUSIONS: Race and wealth large majority rated the ACASI survey as easier, more continue to be important factors in the receipt of enjoyable, more preferable if monthly completion of a preventive services by elderly women, though not always survey were required, and more private, and 97% to 99% consistent with historical trends. Medicare+Choice plans perfectly answered questions about how to use it. should consider strategies to further reduce racial and CONCLUSION: ACASI data collection is reliable among wealth disparities in the use of preventive services. people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and could Published in Preventive Medicine, v. 39, no. 4, Oct. 2004, be a valuable tool to improve their care. Published in p. 738 745. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, v. 65, no. 10, Oct. 2004, p.1343-1351. LRP-200410-13 Is Telephone Screening Feasible? Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness of Identifying People LRP-200410-11 Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Medically Eligible for Home- and Community-Based Mental Health. R. Sturm, D. A. Cohen. Services. B. E. Fries, M. James, S. S. Hammer, L. R. Shugarman, J. N. Morris. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between objective measures of suburban sprawl and chronic medical PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of a telephone- conditions and mental health disorders in the USA. screening system to identify persons eligible for home- METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of survey data and community-based long-term care. DESIGN AND merged with objective measures of suburban sprawl. METHODS: Data from Michigan telephone screens were Outcomes are self-reported medical conditions, mental compared to data from in-person assessments using the health disorders and health-related quality of life. Minimum Data Set for Home Care (MDS-HC). Weighted RESULTS: Sprawl significantly predicts chronic medical kappa statistics measured the level of agreement between conditions and health-related quality of life, but not mental the two assessments. RESULTS: Overall, health disorders. An increase in sprawl from one standard recommendations based on the telephone screen produced deviation less to one standard deviation more than average a marginal match compared to recommendations based on 266 in-person assessment. "False positives" (individuals needed. Published in The Mount Sinai Journal of scoring as more impaired on the telephone screen than in Medicine, v. 71, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 335–343. person) occurred in 27% of all cases, while "false negatives" (individuals scoring as less impaired on the LRP-200411-01 Antecedents and Outcomes of telephone screen) only occurred among 6% of the callers. Marijuana Use Initiation During Adolescence. P. L. Neither individual screen questions, source of information, Ellickson, J. S. Tucker, D. J. Klein, H. Saner. location of the individual, timing between screen and BACKGROUND: This study identified similarities and assessment, nor temporal changes accounted for differences in risk factors for marijuana use initiation from mismatches. Telephone screens resulted in an 11% savings grades 7 to 8, grades 8 to 9, and grades 9 to 10, and over the cost of providing in-person assessments to all examined differences between earlier initiates, later program seekers. IMPLICATIONS: The telephone screen initiates, and nonusers on various problem behaviors at has utility as a broad targeting mechanism that allows grade 10. METHOD: Longitudinal data were used to agencies to avoid costly in-person assessments for all examine predictors and outcomes associated with program seekers. Evidence does not support use of the marijuana initiation from grade 7 (N = 1,955) to grade 10 telephone screen alone to determine either medical (N = 909). Participants completed yearly surveys to assess eligibility or a specific level of care. Published in The problem behaviors, social influences, and marijuana- Gerontologist, v. 44, no. 5, Oct. 2004, p. 680–688. related attitudes and behavior. RESULTS: Earlier initiates were more likely than later initiates to exhibit problem- LRP-200410-14 Physicians' Religiosity and End-of- related marijuana use, hard drug use, polydrug use, poor Life Care Attitudes and Behaviors. N. S. Wenger, S. grades, and low academic intentions at grade 10. Across Carmel. ages, initiation was predicted by smoking, frequency of BACKGROUND: Physicians play the central role in marijuana offers, and poor grades. Results provided some decisions to initiate, withhold and withdraw life-sustaining evidence for a shift from familial to peer influence on medical care. Prior studies show that physicians= marijuana initiation with increasing age. Marijuana-related religiosity is related to end-of-life care attitudes and beliefs were relatively weak predictors of initiation at all practices, which if not in concert with the patient or family ages after controlling for pro-marijuana social influences may be a source of conflict. The authors surveyed and engagement in other types of substance use and physicians of one religion to describe the relationship delinquent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize between religiosity and end-of-life care. METHODS: the importance of early intervention and identify a wide Cross-sectional survey of 443 Jewish physicians at four range of potentially modifiable risk factors that may be Israeli hospitals, which characterized religiosity and asked targeted. Published in Preventive Medicine, v. 39, no. 5, about attitudes and communication with patients about Nov. 2004, p. 976–984. end-of-life issues and care practices. RESULTS: Very religious physicians, compared to moderately religious and LRP-200411-02 The Role of the Individual Health secular physicians, were much less likely to believe that Insurance Market and Prospects for Change. M. B. life-sustaining treatment should be withdrawn (11% vs. Buntin, M. S. Marquis, J. M. Yegian. 36% v. 51%, p<0.001), to approve of prescribing needed The individual market is the only source of health pain medication if it will hasten death (69% vs. 80% vs. insurance for the more than 20 percent of Americans not 85%, p<0.01), or to agree with euthanasia (5% vs. 42% vs. eligible for group or public health insurance, yet 70%, p<0.001). Religiosity was not related to withholding participation rates are low and shrinking. This paper most life-sustaining treatments, but even after adjustment examines this market's structural features and assesses the for physician and practice characteristics, very religious likelihood that it will play an expanded role in the future. physicians were much less likely to "ever stop life- The authors describe how pressures such as cost growth, sustaining treatment provided to a suffering terminally ill new technologies, and changes in the nature of the patient" (p<0.0003). Religiosity was unrelated to workplace are shaping the individual market. They physician-patient communication or to desire for support conclude that the future of the market will depend largely concerning end-of-life care. Desire for support was on whether there are policy interventions that balance the universally high. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' religiosity problems of affordability, risk sharing, and adverse can have a major effect on the way their patients die, selection. Published in Health Affairs, v. 24, no. 6, including whether patients receive adequate analgesia near Nov./Dec. 2004, p. 79–90. death. Patients may need to query physicians' religious perspectives to ensure that they are consistent with LRP-200411-03 Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness patients' end-of-life care preferences. Evaluation of of HIV Prevention Interventions. D. A. Cohen, S. Wu, T. religiosity-related clinical behavior in other cultures is A. Farley. 267

OBJECTIVE: Communities need to identify cost-effective among culture values of participation, achievement, interventions for HIV prevention to optimize limited openness to innovation, and adherence to rules and resources. METHODS: The authors developed a accountability also appeared to be important. Perceived spreadsheet tool using Bernoulli and proportionate change team effectiveness, in turn, was consistently associated models to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness for 26 with both a greater number and depth of changes made to HIV prevention interventions including biomedical improve chronic illness care. The variables examined interventions, structural interventions, and interventions explain between 24 and 40% of the variance in different designed to change risk behaviors of individuals. They dimensions of perceived team effectiveness; between 13% also conducted sensitivity analyses to assess patterns of and 26% in number of changes made; and between 20% the cost-effectiveness across different populations using and 42% in depth of changes made. CONCLUSIONS: The various assumptions. RESULTS: The 2 factors most data suggest the importance of developing effective teams strongly determining the cost-effectiveness of the different for improving the quality of care for patients with chronic interventions were the HIV prevalence of the population at illness. Published in Medical Care, v. 42, no. 11, Nov. risk and the cost per person reached. In low-prevalence 2004, p. 1040–1048. populations (e.g., heterosexuals) the most cost-effective interventions were structural interventions (e.g., mass LRP-200411-05 Does Racial Concordance Between media, condom distribution), whereas in high-prevalence HIV-Positive Patients and Their Physicians Affect the populations (e.g., men who have sex with men) Time to Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? W. D. King, M. individually focused interventions to change risk behavior D. Wong, M. F. Shapiro, B. E. Landon, W. E. were also relatively cost-effective. Among the most cost- Cunningham. effective interventions overall were showing videos in BACKGROUND: Compared to whites, African STD clinics and raising alcohol taxes. School-based HIV Americans have been found to have greater morbidity and prevention programs appeared to be the least cost- mortality from HIV, partly due to their lower use of effective. Needle exchange and needle deregulation effective antiretroviral therapy. Why racial disparities in programs were relatively cost-effective only when antiretroviral use exist is not completely understood. The injection drug users have a high HIV prevalence. authors examined whether racial concordance (patients CONCLUSIONS: Comparing estimates of the cost- and providers having the same race) affects the time of effectiveness of HIV interventions provides insight that receipt of protease inhibitors. METHODS: They analyzed can help local communities maximize the impact of their data from a prospective, cohort study of a national HIV prevention resources. Published in Journal of probability sample of 1,241 adults receiving HIV care with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, v. 37, no. 3, linked data from 287 providers. The authors examined the Nov. 1, 2004, p. 1404–1414. association between patient-provider racial concordance and time from when the Food and Drug Administration LRP-200411-04 The Role of Perceived Team approved the first protease inhibitor to the time when Effectiveness in Improving Chronic Illness Care. S. M. patients first received a protease inhibitor. RESULTS: In Shortell, J. A. Marsteller, M. Lin, M. L. Pearson, S. Wu, P. our unadjusted model, white patients received protease Mendel, S. Cretin, M. Rosen. inhibitors much earlier than African-American patients BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The importance of (median 277 days compared to 439 days; P < .0001). teams for improving quality of care has received increased Adjusting for patient characteristics only, African- attention. The authors examine both the correlates of self- American patients with white providers received protease assessed or perceived team effectiveness and its inhibitors significantly later than African-American consequences for actually making changes to improve care patients with African-American providers (median 461 for people with chronic illness. STUDY SETTING AND days vs. 342 days respectively; P < .001) and white METHODS: Data were obtained from 40 teams patients with white providers (median 461 vs. 353 days participating in the national evaluation of the Improving respectively; P = .002). In this model, no difference was Chronic Illness Care Program. Based on current theory found between African-American patients with African- and literature, measures were derived of organizational American providers and white patients with white culture, a focus on patient satisfaction, presence of a team providers (342 vs. 353 days respectively; P > .20). champion, team composition, perceived team Adjusting for patients' trust in providers, as well as other effectiveness, and the actual number and depth of changes patient and provider characteristics in subsequent models, made to improve chronic illness care. RESULTS: A focus did not account for these differences. CONCLUSION: on patient satisfaction, the presence of a team champion, Patient-provider racial concordance was associated with and the involvement of the physicians on the team were time to receipt of protease inhibitor therapy for persons each consistently and positively associated with greater with HIV. Racial concordance should be addressed in perceived team effectiveness. Maintaining a balance programs, policies, and future racial and ethnic health 268 disparity research. Published in Journal of General factors associated with their implementation. STUDY Internal Medicine, v. 19, no. 11, Nov. 2004, p. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: At a 1146–1153. national electronic health record (EHR) meeting, the authors surveyed 261 participants from 104 Veterans LRP-200411-06 A Bitter Pill: Formulary Variability Health Administration (VHA) healthcare facilities and the Challenge to Prescribing Physicians. W. H. regarding the number and types of CCRs available at each Shrank, S. L. Ettner, P. A. Glassman, S. M. Asch. facility. Potential explanatory measures included perceived utility and ease of use of CCRs, training and BACKGROUND: Multitiered, incentive-based personnel support for computer use, EHR functionalities, formularies have been increasingly used as a mechanism and performance data feedback to providers at each to control prescription drug expenditures. Prescribing facility. RESULTS: The number of conditions with CCRs physicians who manage patients from multiple insurers in use at a facility ranged from 1 to 15; most reported must be familiar with the variability in their patients' implementation of reminders for 10 of the 15 conditions formulary incentives to help patients choose therapy surveyed. The most commonly implemented CCRs, used wisely. However, the degree of formulary variability in more than 85% of facilities, were for conditions with among and within health plans over time is unclear. VHA national performance measures (eg, tobacco METHODS: In 6 major health plans in California, the cessation, immunizations, diabetes mellitus). The least authors evaluated formulary incentive variability in 4 of commonly implemented CCRs were for post-deployment the 5 drug classes with the highest expenditures in health evaluation and management, medically unexplained California: proton pump inhibitors, hydroxymethylglutaryl symptoms, and erectile dysfunction. Facilities that had coenzyme A reductase inhibitors ("statins"), calcium implemented greater numbers of clinical reminders had channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme providers who reported greater ease of use and utility of inhibitors. The authors categorized 20 branded members the reminders (P= .01). CONCLUSIONS: VHA facilities of these classes into either "preferred" or vary markedly in their implementation of CCRs. This nonpreferred/uncovered categories. They calculated the effect may be partly explained by greater incorporation of consistency that brands were preferred across health plans clinical reminders for conditions with performance and the frequency of changes in formulary status for each measures. Further study is needed to determine how to drug within plans between 2000 and 2002. RESULTS: best implement clinical reminders and the institutional None of the branded drugs evaluated were preferred on all factors important in their use. Published in American formularies in 2002, and 10% were not available on any of Journal of Managed Care, v. 10, no. 11, pt. 2, Nov. 2004, the formularies. Formulary status varied greatly across p. 878–885. plans, and more than 60% of drugs were preferred on 2 to 4 of the 6 formularies studied. Formulary status within LRP-200411-08 Systematic Reviews for Evidence- health plans varied between 2000 and 2002 in more than Based Management: How to Find Them and What to Do half of the plans in the drug classes evaluated. with Them. K. S. Chan, S. C. Morton, P. G. Shekelle. CONCLUSIONS: In the drug classes evaluated, over a 2- year period, considerable variability was seen among and OBJECTIVE: To identify strategies for retrieval and within formularies over time. This variability poses a evaluation of systematic reviews from a management challenge to physicians who wish to reduce patients' perspective. SUDY DESIGN: Review of available expenditures by prescribing the least expensive among literature and resources on systematic reviews. similarly effective drugs within a drug class. This METHODS: From published literature on evidence-based variability is especially relevant because recent legislation medicine and systematic review, the authors identified increases the likelihood that more Medicare beneficiaries resources and adapted retrieval and evaluation strategies will receive their medications from private health plans. for healthcare managers. A published systematic review Published in Journal of the American Board of Family then was assessed for quality and relevance to Practice, v. 17, no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2004, p. 401–407. Online management decisions. RESULTS: Systematic reviews access: http://www.jabfp.org/cgi/content/full/17/6/401? relevant to the organization and delivery of care are Maxtoshow. available. Criteria for evaluating the relevance and quality of systematic reviews on clinical topics may be adapted LRP-200411-07 Variation in Implementation and for systematic reviews on organizational topics. However, Use of Computerized Clinical Reminders in an Integrated even a systematic review that focuses on an organizational Healthcare System. C. H. Fung, J. N. Woods, S. M. Asch, topic can lack important information on costs and study P. A. Glassman, B. Doebbeling. setting. CONCLUSIONS: Greater familiarity with the retrieval and evaluation of systematic reviews can help OBJECTIVES: To identify patterns of use of managers use these sources effectively and encourage the computerized clinical reminders (CCRs) across an development of evidence-based management. Published in integrated healthcare system and describe institutional 269

American Journal of Managed Care, v. 10, no. 11, Nov. intercourse, estimate prevalence of sexual revictimization 2004, p. 806–812. and determine mediators of the relationship between history of forced sex and sexual revictimization. LRP-200411-09 Satisfaction with Provider RESULTS: At Wave 1, 7% of adolescent women reported Communication Among Spanish-Speaking Medicaid having been forced into sexual intercourse. Of these, 8% Enrollees. D. M. Mosen, M. J. Carlson, L. S. Morales, P. were revictimized in the following year. In multivariate P. Hanes. analyses, predictors of sexual victimization by Wave 1 included having been in a romantic relationship in the past OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences between 18 months (odds ratio, 2.1), having been exposed to English- and Spanish-speaking parents in ratings of their violence in the past year (1.9), alcohol use in the last year children's health care can be explained by need for (1.7), marijuana use in the last 30 days (1.5) and interpretive services. METHODS: Using the Consumer increasing levels of emotional distress (1.4). Predictors of Assessment of Health Plans Survey-Child-Survey sexual victimization between waves included having had (CAHPS), reports about provider communication were sex by the first wave (2.3), alcohol use (2.0), recent compared among 3 groups of parents enrolled in a cocaine use (4.7), rising levels of emotional distress (1.4) Medicaid managed care health plan: 1) English speakers, and genital touching within romantic relationships (2.7). 2) Spanish speakers with no self-reported need for CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers, teachers and interpretive services, and 3) Spanish speakers with self- school counselors can play key roles in identifying reported need for interpretive services. Parents were asked adolescent women at high risk for sexual victimization and to report how well their providers 1) listened carefully to revictimization by being attuned to adolescents_b2_s what was being said, 2) explained things in a way that mental health symptoms, substance use and levels of could be understood, 3) respected their comments and sexual activity. Published in Perspectives on Sexual and concerns, and 4) spent enough time during medical Reproductive Health, v. 36, no. 6, Nov./Dec. 2004, p. encounters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to 225–232. compare the ratings of each of the 3 groups while controlling for child's gender, parent's gender, parent's LRP-200412-01 Effective HIV Treatment and the educational attainment, child's health status, and survey Employment of HIV+ Adults. D. P. Goldman, Y. Bao. year. RESULTS: Spanish-speaking parents in need of interpretive services were less likely to report that OBJECTIVE: To examine whether highly active providers spent enough time with their children (odds ratio antiretroviral therapy (HAART) helps HIV-infected = 0.34, 95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.68) compared to patients return to work, remain employed, and maintain English-speaking parents. There was no statistically hours of work. DATA SOURCE: Longitudinal data from a significant difference found between Spanish-speaking national probability sample of HIV+ patients older than 18 parents with no need of interpretive services and English- years old who made at least one visit in the contiguous speaking parents. CONCLUSIONS: Among Spanish- United States in early 1996. STUDY DESIGN: The versus English-speaking parents, differences in ratings of authors consider the effect of HAART on three whether providers spent enough time with children during employment outcomes: (1) returning to work within six medical encounters appear to be explained, in part, by months of treatment, conditional on not working need for interpretive services. No other differences in pretreatment; (2) remaining employed within six months ratings of provider communication were found. Published of treatment, conditional on working pretreatment; (3) in Ambulatory Pediatrics, v. 4, no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2004, p. hours of work conditional on working at the second 500-504. follow-up survey. They use a bivariate probit model to jointly model employment and treatment with HAART for LRP-200411-10 Sexual Victimization Among a the first two outcomes and the two-stage least squares National Probability Sample of Adolescent Women. R. method for hours of work. State policies regarding Raghavan, L. M. Bogart, M. N. Elliott, K. D. Vestal, M. prescription drug coverage are used as instrumental A. Schuster. variables for HAART to account for a key source of potential bias - the more severely ill tend to have the most CONTEXT: Forced sexual intercourse is becoming more difficulty working, but are also the most likely to be on salient for adolescent women nationwide, but little is HAART. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our results indicate known about sexual revictimization and its mediators that HAART increases the probability of remaining among adolescents in middle and high school. employed by HIV patients and hours of work for those METHODS: Data on 7,545 adolescent women who working within six months of treatment. In the case of participated in both Wave 1 (April-December 1995) and remaining employed, the employment effect (an increase Wave 2 (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of from 58 percent to 94 percent in the probability of Adolescent Health were used in logistic regression remaining employed) is statistically significant and the analyses to identify predictors of completed forced sexual 270 related incremental income is sizable compared to the BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators incremental costs of HAART. Sensitivity analyses (ICDs) can prevent premature death from an arrhythmia demonstrate that the results are robust to different but may also prolong the dying process and make it more specifications for insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS: distressing. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency, Patients who are working are more likely to remain timing, and correlates of discussions about deactivating employed because of treatment with HAART. HAART ICDs. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: prescribed to patients in less advanced stages of the Telephone survey. PARTICIPANTS: Next of kin of infection may lead to the greatest gain in employment. patients with ICDs who died of any cause. Of 136 next of Published in Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 6, pt. 1, kin contacted, 100 (74%) participated. Dec. 2004, p. 1691–1712. MEASUREMENTS: Incidence of discussions about deactivating ICDs and timing of last shock from ICD. LRP-200412-02 Quality of Care for Primary Care RESULTS: Next of kin reported that clinicians discussed Patients with Anxiety Disorders. M. B. Stein, C. D. deactivating the ICD in only 27 of the 100 cases. Most Sherbourne, M. G. Craske, A. Means-Christensen, A. discussions occurred in the last few days of life. Family Bystritsky, W. Katon, J. G. Sullivan, P. Roy-Byrne. members reported that 8 patients received a shock from their ICD in the minutes before death. LIMITATIONS: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated quality of care for This retrospective survey relied on the reports of next of primary care patients with anxiety disorders in university- kin. CONCLUSIONS: Next of kin reported that clinicians affiliated outpatient clinics in Los Angeles, San Diego, discussed deactivating ICDs with few patients. Individuals and Seattle. METHOD: Three hundred sixty-six primary who choose to receive this device should have the care outpatients who were diagnosed with panic disorder, opportunity to choose to discontinue it as death generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and/or approaches. Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, v. posttraumatic stress disorder (with or without major 141, no. 11, Dec. 7, 2004, p. 835–838, W-155. depression) were surveyed about care received in the prior 3 months. Quality indicators were mental health referral, LRP-200412-04 Pathways of Innovation: A History anxiety counseling, and use of appropriate antianxiety of the First Effective Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia. medication during the previous 3 months. RESULTS: V. L. Williams. Approximately one-third of patients with anxiety disorders had received counseling from their primary care provider The promise of molecular medicine is the prevention and in the prior 3 months. Fewer than 10% had receiving treatment of illness. Understanding the mechanism of the counseling from a mental health professional that included disease should allow one to "fix" it. For sickle cell anemia, multiple elements of cognitive behavior therapy. however, knowledge of the biochemical basis of the Approximately 40% had received appropriate antianxiety disease was only partly responsible for finding a means of medications in the previous 3 months, although only 25% treating the disease-of equal value were hypotheses and had received them at a minimally adequate dose and conclusions generated from clinical observations. This duration. Overall, fewer than one in three patients had article describes the research path that led to the first received either psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy that effective treatment for sickle cell anemia, hydroxyurea. met a criterion for quality care. In multivariate analyses, Rather than exemplifying the "bench-to-bedside" model patients with comorbid depression and/or medical illness commonly used to describe the process of therapeutic were more likely-and patients from ethnic minorities were innovation, this history of this research reveals that the less likely-to receive appropriate antianxiety medications. critical advances for the development of treatment came CONCLUSIONS: Rates of quality care for anxiety not from basic research, but instead from clinical and disorders are moderate to low in university-affiliated patient-oriented research. Given that the linear approach is primary care practices. Although an appropriate type of the prevailing paradigm of therapeutic innovation, this pharmacotherapy was frequently used, it was often of history is important because it indicates the inadequacy of inadequate duration. Cognitive behavior therapy was this approach for a relatively straightforward single-gene markedly underused. These findings emphasize the need mutation disease such as sickle cell anemia and suggests for practice guidelines and implementation of quality the need for multiple models of innovation for more improvement programs for anxiety disorders in primary complex diseases. Thus, this article questions the care. Published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, v. expectations of molecular medicine and the dominance of 161, no. 12, Dec. 2004, p. 2230–2237. a linear model of therapeutic innovation, which often excludes or subordinates other models of developing LRP-200412-03 Management of Implantable treatments. Published in Perspectives in Biology and Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care. N. E. Medicine, v. 47, no. 4, Autumn 2004, p. 552–563. Goldstein, R. Lampert, E. Bradley, J. Lynn, H. M. Krumholz. 271

LRP-200412-05 Do the Effects of Quality to new basic research. Discussion of alternate conceptual Improvement for Depression Care Differ for Men and frameworks for biomedical research should help lead to Women? Results of a Group-Level Randomized changes in funding and organizational structures that Controlled Trial. C. D. Sherbourne, R. Weiss, N. Duan, C. might finally revitalize clinical research. Published in E. Bird, K. B. Wells. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, v. 47, no. 4, Autumn 2004, p. 476–486. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to examine whether a quality improvement (QI) program for depression care is LRP-200412-07 Identifying and Accommodating effective for both men and women and whether their Statistical Outliers When Setting Prospective Payment responses differed. DESIGN: They instituted a group- Rates for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. S. M. level, randomized, controlled trial in 46 primary care Paddock, B. O. Wynn, G. M. Carter, M. B. Buntin. practices within 6 managed care organizations. Clinics were randomized to usual care or to 1 of 2 QI programs OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how a Bayesian outlier that supported QI teams, provider training, nurse accommodation model identifies and accommodates assessment and patient education, and resources to support statistical outlier hospitals when developing facility medication management (QI-Meds) or psychotherapy (QI- payment adjustments for Medicare's prospective payment Therapy). PATIENTS: There were 1299 primary care system for inpatient rehabilitation care. DATA patients who screened positive for depression and SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Administrative data on completed at least one questionnaire during the course of costs and facility characteristics of inpatient rehabilitation 24 months. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were facilities (IRFs) for calendar years 1998 and 1999. probable depression, mental health-related quality of life STUDY DESIGN: Compare standard linear regression (HRQOL), work status, use of any antidepressant or and the Bayesian outlier accommodation model for psychotherapy, and probable unmet need, which was developing facility payment adjustors for a prospective defined as having probable depression but not receiving payment system. DATA COLLECTION: Variables probable appropriate care. RESULTS: Women were more describing facility average cost per case and facility likely to receive depression care than men over time, characteristics were derived from several administrative regardless of intervention status. The effect of QI-Meds on data sources. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Evidence was probable unmet need was delayed for men, and the found of non-normality of regression errors in the data magnitude of the effect was significantly greater for men used to develop facility payment adjustments for the than for women; therefore, this intervention reduced inpatient rehabilitation facilities prospective payment differences in probable unmet need between men and system (IRF PPS). The Bayesian outlier accommodation women. QI reduced the likelihood of probable depression model is shown to be appropriate for these data, but the equally for men and women. QI-Therapy had a greater model is largely consistent with the standard linear impact on mental HRQOL and work status for men than regression used in the development of the IRF PPS for women. QI-Meds improved these outcomes for payment adjustors. CONCLUSIONS: The Bayesian women. CONCLUSIONS: To affect both quality and outlier accommodation model is more robust to statistical outcomes of care for men and women while reducing outlier IRFs than standard linear regression for developing gender differences, QI programs may need to facilitate facility payment adjustments. It also allows for easy access to both medication management and effective interpretation of model parameters, making it a viable psychotherapy for depression. Published in Medical Care, policy alternative to standard regression in setting payment v. 42, no. 12, Dec. 2004, p. 1186–1193. rates. Published in Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 6, pt. 1, Dec. 2004, p. 1859–1879. LRP-200412-06 Why Is Revitalizing Clinical Research So Important, Yet So Difficult? A. N. LRP-200412-08 Developing and Comparing Schechter, R. L. Perlman, R. A. Rettig. Population Models for the Early Detection Center. E. J. Feuer, R. Boer, T. R. Holford. The authors believe that support for academic clinical research has greatly declined in recent decades. Here the Published in Statistical Methods in Medical Research, v. authors discuss our views on why this has happened. They 13, no. 6, Editorial, Dec. 2004, p. 419–420. define clinical or patient-oriented research as limited to the study of human beings or populations of individuals, and LRP-200412-09 Price Regulation in Secondary argue that its eclipse in favor of basic and "translational" Insurance Markets. J. Bhattacharya, D. P. Goldman, N. research is the result of inappropriate conceptual Sood. paradigms or "models" for medical advances. The authors Secondary life insurance markets are growing rapidly. believe that medical history shows that the _b3_sbench-to- From nearly no transactions in 1980, a wide variety of bedside_b4_s model is inadequate to explain most recent similar products in this market has developed, including progress and that clinical advances themselves often lead 272 viatical settlements, accelerated death benefits, and life 37.2–40.0) reported clinician screening for an ADM settlements and as the population ages, these markets will problem. Alcohol or drug screening occurred more become increasingly popular. Eight state governments, in frequently (28.3%; 95% CI 27.0-29.6) than screening for a bid to guarantee sellers a "fair" price, have passed depression and anxiety (21.2%; 95% CI 20.1-22.2). regulations setting a price floor on secondary life Among those screened, 30.1% (95% CI; 27.8-32.4) insurance market transactions, and more are considering reported ADM treatment in primary care. Medications doing the same. Using data from a unique random sample (16.4%; 95% CI 14.3-18.5) and counseling (18.2%; 95% of HIV+ patients, we estimate welfare losses from CI 16.1-20.3) were the most common treatments. Rates of transactions prevented by binding price floors in the screening were higher among individuals with ADM viatical settlements market (an important segment of the disorders, the young and middle aged, and the college secondary life insurance market). We find that price floors educated. Treatment rates were higher among individuals bind on HIV patients with greater than 4 years of life with ADM disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial effort expectancy. Furthermore, HIV patients from states with is expended screening and treating common ADM price floors are significantly less likely to viaticate than problems in primary care, and these efforts are targeted similarly healthy HIV patients from other states. If price towards those with ADM disorders. However, only about floors were adopted nationwide, they would rule out half of individuals with an ADM disorder report being transactions worth $119 million per year. The authors find screened, and among this group, about 60% report that the magnitude of welfare loss from these blocked receiving any treatment. Published in Medical Care, v. 42, transactions would be highest for consumers who are no. 12, Dec. 2004, p. 1158-1166. relatively poor, have weak bequest motives, and have a high rate of time preference. Published in The Journal of LRP-200412-12 The Volume-Quality Relationship of Risk and Insurance, v. 71, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. 643–675. Mental Health Care: Does Practice Make Perfect? B. G. Druss, C. L. Miller, H. A. Pincus, S. Shih. LRP-200412-10 Comparison of Quality of Care for OBJECTIVE: An extensive literature has demonstrated a Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and relationship between hospital volume and outcomes for Patients in a National Sample. S. M. Asch, E. A. surgical care and other medical procedures. The authors McGlynn, M. M. Hogan, R. A. Hayward, P. G. Shekelle, examined whether an analogous association exists L. V. Rubenstein, J. Keesey, J. L. Adams, E. A. Kerr. between the volume of mental health delivery and the BACKGROUND: The Veterans Health Administration quality of mental health care. METHOD: The study used (VHA) has introduced an integrated electronic medical data for the 384 health maintenance organizations record, performance measurement, and other system participating in the Health Employer Data and Information changes directed at improving care. Recent comparisons Set (HEDIS), covering 73 million enrollees nationwide. with other delivery systems have been limited to a small Analyses examined the association between three set of indicators. Published in Annals of Internal Medicine, measures of mental health volume (total annual v.141, no. 12, Dec. 21, 2004, p. 938–945. ambulatory visits, inpatient discharges, and inpatient days) and the five HEDIS measures of mental health LRP-200412-11 Clinician Screening and Treatment performance (two measures of follow-up after psychiatric of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Problems in Primary Care: hospitalization and three measures of outpatient Results from Healthcare for Communities. M. J. Edlund, antidepressant management), with adjustment for plan and J. Unützer, K. B. Wells. enrollee characteristics. RESULTS: Plans in the lowest quartile of outpatient and inpatient mental health volume OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to estimate national had an 8.45 (95% CI confidence interval 4.97–14.37) to rates of screening and treatment of alcohol, drug, and 21.09 (95% CI=11.32-39.28) times increase in odds of mental (ADM) problems in primary care. DESIGN: This poor 7- and 30-day follow-up after discharge from was a cross-sectional survey administered from 1997 to inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. Low-volume plans 1998. PARTICIPANTS: Our study included a nationally had a 3.49 (95% CI=2.15-5.67) to 5.42 (95% CI=3.21- representative household probability sample of 7301 9.15) times increase in odds of poor performance on the primary care patients. MEASUREMENT: The authors acute, continuation, and provider measures of used patient self-reports from a telephone survey to antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The large and estimate rates of screening and treatment of common consistent association between mental health volume and ADM problems, to examine the types of screening and performance suggests parallels with the medical and treatment received, and to investigate adherence with surgical literature. As with that previous literature, further treatment recommendations. Covariates included measures work is needed to better understand the mechanisms of ADM conditions, physical health, and underlying this association and the potential implications sociodemographic indicators. RESULTS: Among adult for using volume as a criterion in plan choice. Published in primary care patients, 38.6% (95% confidence intervals CI 273

The American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 161, no. 12, Dec. LRP-200412-15 Specificity and Sensitivity of 2004, p. 2282-2286. Claims-Based Algorithms for Identifying Members of Medicare+choice Health Plans That Have Chronic LRP-200412-13 Does WIC Work? The Effects of Medical Conditions. T. S. Rector, S. L. Wickstrom, M. WIC on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. M. Bitler, J. M. Shah, N. T. Greenlee, P. Rheault, J. A. Rogowski, V. A. Currie. Freedman, J. L. Adams, J. J. Escarce. Support for WIC, the Special Supplemental Nutrition OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of varying Program for Women, Infants, and Children, is based on diagnostic and pharmaceutical criteria on the performance the belief that WIC works. This consensus has lately been of claims-based algorithms for identifying beneficiaries questioned by researchers who point out that most WIC with hypertension, heart failure, chronic lung disease, research fails to properly control for selection into the arthritis, glaucoma, and diabetes. STUDY SETTING: program. This paper evaluates the selection problem using Secondary 1999–2000 data from two Medicare+Choice rich data from the national Pregnancy Risk Assessment health plans. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of Monitoring System. The authors show that relative to algorithm specificity and sensitivity. DATA Medicaid mothers, all of whom are eligible for WIC, WIC COLLECTION: Physician, facility, and pharmacy claims participants are negatively selected on a wide array of data were extracted from electronic records for a sample of observable dimensions, and yet WIC participation is 3,633 continuously enrolled beneficiaries who responded associated with improved birth outcomes, even after to an independent survey that included questions about controlling for observables and for a full set of state-year chronic diseases. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Compared to interactions intended to capture unobservables that vary at an algorithm that required a single medical claim in a one- the state-year level. The positive impacts of WIC are year period that listed the diagnosis, either requiring that larger among subsets of even more disadvantaged women, the diagnosis be listed on two separate claims or that the such as those who received public assistance last year, diagnosis to be listed on one claim for a face-to-face single high school dropouts, and teen mothers. Published encounter with a health care provider significantly in Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, v. 24, no. increased specificity for the conditions studied by 0.03 to 1, Winter 2005, p. 73–91. Online access: http:// 0.11. Specificity of algorithms was significantly improved ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=46EC834207D2 by 0.03 to 0.17 when both a medical claim with a 0CFF1555. diagnosis and a pharmacy claim for a medication commonly used to treat the condition were required. LRP-200412-14 Translating Evidence-Based Sensitivity improved significantly by 0.01 to 0.20 when Depression Management Services to Community-Based the algorithm relied on a medical claim with a diagnosis or Primary Care Practices. A. M. Kilbourne, H. C. a pharmacy claim, and by 0.05 to 0.17 when two years Schulberg, E. P. Post, B. L. Rollman, B. H. Belnap, H. A. rather than one year of claims data were analyzed. Pincus. Algorithms that had specificity more than 0.95 were found for all six conditions. Sensitivity above 0.90 was not Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the achieved all conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Varying claims efficacy and cost-effectiveness of using treatment models criteria improved the performance of case-finding for major depression in primary care settings. Nonetheless, algorithms for six chronic conditions. Highly specific, and translating these models into enduring changes in routine sometimes sensitive, algorithms for identifying members primary care has proved difficult. Various health system of health plans with several chronic conditions can be and organizational barriers prevent the integration of these developed using claims data. Published in HSR, Health models into primary care settings. This article discusses Services Research, v. 39, no. 6, pt. 1, Dec. 2004, p. 1839- barriers to introducing and sustaining evidence-based 1860. depression management services in community-based primary care practices and suggests organizational and LRP-200412-16 How Important Are Client financial solutions based on the Robert Wood Johnson Characteristics to Understanding Treatment Process in the Foundation Depression in Primary Care Program. It Therapeutic Community? K. S. Chan, S. L. Wenzel, M. focuses on strategies to improve depression care in Orlando, C. Montagnet, W. Mandell, K. Becker, P. A. medical settings based on adaptations of the chronic care Ebener. model and discusses the challenges of implementing evidence-based depression care given the structural, Prior research has demonstrated that therapeutic financial, and cultural separation between mental health communities (TCs) are effective at improving and general medical care. Published in The Milbank posttreatment outcomes for substance abusers. However, Quarterly, v. 82, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. 631–659. Online little is known about the in-treatment experience for access: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID= clients with different backgrounds, experiences, and needs. 44F6902AE1953444BBA5. The aim of this study is to examine the in-treatment 274 experience for different clients by exploring the limited to the choice between surgery and radiation rather relationships between treatment process and client than to the choice between curative and noncurative characteristics. A comprehensive measure of treatment treatment. Published in Journal of Urology, v. 172, no. 6, process, operationalized as Community Environment and Dec. 2004, p. 2362–2365. Personal Change and Development and change was administered to 447 adults and 148 adolescents receiving LRP-200412-18 Prevalence and Characteristics of treatment at community-based TC programs in New York, Clients with Co-Occuring Disorders in Outpatient California, and Texas. Data on demographic Substance Abuse Treatment. W. E. Cunningham, S. B. characteristics, substance use and treatment history, and Hunter, S. L. Wenzel, W. Tu, S. M. Paddock, A. Griffin, client risk factors were extracted from intake interviews P. A. Ebener. and analyzed separately for adolescent and adult residents. This article reports on the prevalence of probable mental Multivariate general linear models were used to examine health disorders among clients entering outpatient the effect of client variables on treatment process, after substance abuse treatment, their clinical characteristics, controlling for treatment duration and program effects. and past access to substance abuse and mental health care. Within adult programs, clients who were 25 years or older, Four hundred fifteen individuals (74% of those eligible) female, and had a prior drug treatment experience had entering three publicly funded outpatient substance abuse higher Community Environment scores. Adolescents with treatment facilities in Los Angeles County were screened one or more arrests within the past 2 years had lower for a probable mental health disorder. Of the 210 with a scores on both process dimensions of Community positive screener (just over 50% of those screened), 195 Environment and Personal Development and Change. Our (93%) were interviewed. Depression and anxiety were the results indicate the need to understand why adult clients most common disorders, and more than a third had two or who are younger, male, and have no prior treatment more probable disorders. Close to 70% reported using history and adolescent clients with recent arrests reported alcohol, and almost half reported using crack or cocaine. lower ratings of treatment process. Future research should Half had never received any mental health treatment, and also examine the role of modifiable mediators so that for a third this was their first episode of addiction appropriate strategies to enhance therapeutic engagement treatment; 22% were on psychotropic medications. Levels may be developed as necessary. Published in American of physical and mental health functioning were lower than Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, v. 30, no. 4, Dec. the 25th percentile of the U.S. population norms. Our 2004, p. 871–891. results indicate high rates of co-occurring mental health disorders among individuals entering these outpatient LRP-200412-17 Geographic Variation Across substance abuse treatment clinics in Los Angeles. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the Treatment of Identifying people with probable mental health disorders Early Stage Prostate Cancer. B. A. Spencer, C. H. Fung, as they enter treatment has the potential to increase access M. Wang, L. V. Rubenstein, M. S. Litwin. to care among those with limited prior access. Published in PURPOSE: The authors investigated geographic variation Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, v. 30, no. 4, Dec. in the treatment of early stage prostate cancer in a national 2004, p. 749–764. sample of veterans after widespread adoption of the prostate specific antigen test. MATERIALS AND LRP-200412-19 Global Health Services Research: METHODS: Our sample consisted of 16,352 cases from Challenging the Future. C. R. Anthony, N. Lurie. the Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry that were Published in Health Services Research, v. 39, no. 6, pt. 2, diagnosed between January 1997 and December 1999 with Dec. 2004, p. 1923–1926. stage I or II prostate cancer. The authors used a 2-stage nested logit model to compare surgery, radiation therapy LRP-200412-20 Interpersonal Violence, Substance and noncurative treatment among 4 geographic regions of Use, and HIV-Related Behavior and Cognitions: A the United States. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis Prospective Study of Impoverished Women in Los showed that patients in the West (referent group) had a Angeles County. J. S. Tucker, S. L. Wenzel, G. N. higher OR of undergoing surgery than radiation compared Marshall, S. Williamson. with the Northeast, South or Midwest (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87, OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.98 and OR 0.75, In a sample of 810 women residing in shelters and low- 95% CI 0.64 to 0.87, respectively. Black men, men with income housing, this 6-month prospective study lower grade and higher stage tumors, and unmarried men investigated associations of recent violence and substance were less likely to undergo curative treatment and less use with HIV-related sexual behaviors and cognitions. likely to undergo surgery than radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for baseline sexual behavior, partner violence Geographic variation persists in patterns of care in men at baseline was associated with less sexual activity and with early stage prostate cancer. However, this variation is unprotected sex at follow-up. Non-partner violence at 275 baseline was associated with a higher likelihood of being stay, and the number of inpatient days. RESULTS: The sexually active at follow-up (housed women), but less results indicated that there were large differences in frequent sexual activity. Drinking to intoxication at obesity-related health care costs by degree of obesity. baseline was associated with less ability to refuse Overall, a BMI of 35 to 40 was associated with twice the unwanted sex (sheltered women) and higher perceived increase in health care expenditures above normal weight susceptibility to HIV at follow-up, whereas baseline drug (about a 50% increase) than a BMI of 30 to 35 (about a use was associated with greater perceived ability to refuse 25% increase); a BMI of over 40 doubled health care costs unwanted sex and condom use self-efficacy. These (approximately 100% higher costs above those of normal findings differed in important ways from cross-sectional weight). There was a difference by gender in how health associations, emphasizing the need for additional care use and costs changed with obesity class. The primary prospective research to fully understand the impact of effect of increasing weight class on health care use violence and substance use on women's HIV-related appeared to be through elevated use of outpatient health behaviors and cognitions. Published in AIDS and care services. DISCUSSION: Obesity imposes an Behavior, v. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. 463–474. increasing burden on the health care system, and that burden grows disproportionately large for the most obese LRP-200412-21 Abuse in the Close Relationships of segment of the U.S. population. Because the prevalence of People with HIV. F. H. Galvan, R. L. Collins, D. E. severe obesity is increasing much faster than that of Kanouse, M. A. Burnam, S. M. Paddock, R. L. Beckman, moderate obesity, average estimates of obesity effects S. R. Mitchell. obscure real consequences for individuals, physician practices, hospitals, and health plans. Published in Obesity The authors estimated the proportion of adults receiving Research, v. 12, no. 12, Dec. 2004, p. 1936–1943. HIV care who are involved in abusive close relationships and identified factors associated with abuse perpetration and victimization. A nationally representative sample of 1,421 persons in care for HIV included 51% who reported having a close relationship (a spouse or a primary relationship partner) during a 6-month period. Of those in a close relationship, 26.8%reported the presence of abuse. Forty-eight percent of all abuse was mutual, and abuse perpetration and victimization occurred equally often. Age, substance abuse, and psychiatric disorder, as well as characteristics of relationships (e.g., both partners seropositive) predicted perpetration and/or victimization. After adjusting for these factors, females were not found to differ from gay men in their likelihood of being perpetrators of abuse or victims. However, African Americans were more likely than Whites to be involved in an abusive relationship. Interventions for people with HIV must address the presence of abuse in close relationships, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, but may benefit from targeting people of color. Published in AIDS and Behavior, v. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2004, p. 441–451.

LRP-200412-22 Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Care Costs. T. Andreyeva, R. Sturm, J. S. Ringel. OBJECTIVE: To analyze health care use and expenditures associated with varying degrees of obesity for a nationally representative sample of individuals 54 to 69 years old. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationwide biennial longitudinal survey of Americans in their 50s, were used to estimate multivariate regression models of the effect of weight class on health care use and costs. The main outcomes were total health care expenditures, the number of outpatient visits, the probability of any inpatient ORDER FORM

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______MG-100-RC 18.00 ______MG-196-OSD 24.00 ______MG-103-A 20.00 ______MG-199-A 24.00 ______MG-104-MIPT 22.00 ______MG-200-RC 20.00 ______MG-105-OSD 28.00 ______MG-210-A 20.00 ______MG-107-OSD 27.50 ______MG-212-OSD 20.00 ______MG-108-OSD 27.50 ______MG-214-AF 20.00 ______MG-109-AF 28.00 ______MG-216-FF 24.00 ______MG-111-RC 20.00 ______MG-217-OSD 26.00 ______MG-112-A 20.00 ______MG-218-WF 20.00 ______MG-114-USCG 30.00 ______MG-221-A 20.00 ______MG-115-AF/KF 20.00 ______MG-222-EDU 0.00 ______MG-116-AF 20.00 ______MG-226-UK 25.00 ______MG-117-OSD 20.00 ______MG-234-ICJ 20.00 ______MG-118-OSTP 20.00 ______MG-237-OSD 20.00 ______MG-121-WF 20.00 ______MG-238-A 20.00 ______MG-123-A 35.00 ______MG-246-AF 40.00 ______MG-126-RC 27.50 ______MG-248-FF 40.00 ______MG-128-A 20.00 ______MG-251-ARC 20.00 ______MG-134-OSD 20.00 ______MG-261-AF 20.00 ______MG-135-OSD 18.00 ______MG-264-ICJ 30.00 ______MG-136-WFHF 25.00 ______MG-271-NAVY 20.00 ______MG-137 24.75 ______MG-273 20.00 ______MG-138-OSD 20.00 ______MG-280-ICJ 20.00 ______MG-139-EDU 27.50 ______MR-1327-OSD 15.00 ______MG-140-A 25.00 ______MR-1467-OSD 24.00 ______MG-141-AF 24.00 ______MR-1640-AF 30.00 ______MG-142-NGA 24.00 ______MR-1674-A 24.00 ______MG-143-AF 20.00 ______MR-1684/1-OSD 20.00 ______MG-145-FFLA 20.00 ______MR-1684/2-OSD 20.00 ______MG-151-AF 20.00 ______MR-1692-IAACD 18.00 ______MG-153-OSD 20.00 ______MR-1698/1-HECFE 20.00 ______MG-154-OSD 20.00 ______MR-1711-AF 20.00 ______MG-156-A 20.00 ______MR-1712-OSD 20.00 ______MG-158-EDU 20.00 ______MR-1743-NAVY 24.00 ______MG-161-RC 20.00 ______MR-1758-A 25.00 ______MG-163-DVA 20.00 ______MR-1782-AF 20.00 ______MG-164-DOL 30.00 ______MR-1789-A 20.00 ______MG-165-A 20.00 ______MR-1797-AF 20.00 ______MG-169-OSD 20.00 ______MR-1812-AF 20.00 ______MG-176-AF 20.00 ______MR-1819-AF 20.00 ______MG-178-NASA/OSD 20.00 ______MR-1821-AF 18.00 ______MG-190-AF 20.00 ______MR-1824-NSF 20.00 ______

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______TR-100-OSTP/NIOSH 20.00 ______RB-1505-OSTP 0.00 ______TR-112-NETL 20.00 ______RB-151-AF 0.00 ______TR-118-OSD 20.00 ______RB-3032-A 0.00 ______TR-119-FOI 20.00 ______RB-4545-1 0.00 ______TR-126-EDU 18.00 ______RB-4559 0.00 ______TR-131-RC 28.00 ______RB-4560 0.00 ______TR-132-DHHS 20.00 ______RB-7556-OSD 0.00 ______TR-133-RC 25.00 ______RB-7562-OSD 0.00 ______TR-134-NASA/OSD 25.00 ______RB-7563-OSD 0.00 ______TR-136-OSTP 20.00 ______RB-7564-OSD 0.00 ______TR-139-HE 18.00 ______RB-7566-OSD 0.00 ______TR-140-OSD 20.00 ______RB-7568-OSD 0.00 ______TR-141-SRF 20.00 ______RB-7570-OSD 0.00 ______TR-144-AF 20.00 ______RB-8025-EDU 0.00 ______TR-149-EDU 30.00 ______RB-8026-WFHF 0.00 ______TR-159-AF 18.00 ______RB-9039 0.00 ______TR-160-PNNL 20.00 ______RB-9040-RC 0.00 ______TR-169-CMS 30.00 ______RB-9041-RC 0.00 ______TR-177-CCPP 20.00 ______RB-9042 0.00 ______TR-180-EDU 30.00 ______RB-9043 0.00 ______TR-214-RC 18.00 ______RB-9044-NIOSH 0.00 ______RB-104-AF 0.00 ______RB-9045-NGA 0.00 ______RB-108-AF 0.00 ______RB-9046-OSD 0.00 ______RB-111-1-AF 0.00 ______RB-9047-RC 0.00 ______RB-112-AF 0.00 ______RB-9048-A/OSD 0.00 ______RB-117-AF 0.00 ______RB-9049-DPRC 0.00 ______RB-118-AF 0.00 ______RB-9050-EDU 0.00 ______RB-119-AF 0.00 ______RB-9051 0.00 ______RB-120-AF 0.00 ______RB-9052 0.00 ______RB-121-AF 0.00 ______RB-9053 0.00 ______RB-122-AF 0.00 ______RB-9053-1 0.00 ______RB-124-AF 0.00 ______RB-9054-EDU 0.00 ______RB-125-AF 0.00 ______RB-9055 0.00 ______RB-128-AF 0.00 ______RB-9057 0.00 ______RB-131-AF/KF 0.00 ______RB-9058-EDU 0.00 ______RB-133-AF 0.00 ______RB-9059-EDU 0.00 ______RB-134-AF 0.00 ______RB-9060-EDU 0.00 ______RB-135-AF 0.00 ______RB-9061-EDU 0.00 ______RB-136-AF 0.00 ______RB-9062-EDU 0.00 ______RB-139-AF 0.00 ______RB-9063-EDU 0.00 ______RB-141-AF 0.00 ______RB-9064-A 0.00 ______RB-144-AF 0.00 ______RB-9066-NASA/OSD 0.00 ______RB-148-AF 0.00 ______RB-9068 0.00 ______

All RAND publications are available to U.S. government agencies at no charge. National Book Network (NBN) carries selected RAND titles. Contact NBN at 800-462-6420 to determine availability. SELECTED RAND ABSTRACTS, Volume 42 January–December 2004 Unit Total Unit Total Quantity Publication Number Price Price Quantity Publication Number Price Price

______RB-9069-A 0.00 ______OP-108-OSD 15.00 ______RB-9070-OAK 0.00 ______OP-109-RC 15.00 ______RB-9071-ICJ 0.00 ______OP-110-RC 12.00 ______RB-9075-FF 0.00 ______OP-111-FF 15.00 ______RB-9078-FF 0.00 ______OP-127-IPC/CMEPP15.00 ______RB-9080 0.00 ______OP-132-RC 12.00 ______RB-9081-EDU 0.00 ______OP-134-RC 15.00 ______RB-9086 0.00 ______DB-385-AF 15.00 ______RB-9087-ICJ 0.00 ______DB-391-NAVY 18.00 ______RB-9090 0.00 ______DB-407-ONR 20.00 ______RB-9093-MIPT 0.00 ______DB-410-RC 25.00 ______RB-9094 0.00 ______DB-411-RC 18.00 ______RB-9097 0.00 ______DB-412-RC 15.00 ______RB-92-AF 0.00 ______DB-418-NAVY 18.00 ______RGSD-179 0.00 ______DB-423-A 18.00 ______RGSD-180 0.00 ______DB-428-USTC/DLA 18.00 ______RGSD-181 0.00 ______DB-430-A 15.00 ______RGSD-182 0.00 ______DB-434-AF 20.00 ______RGSD-183 0.00 ______DB-435-AF 20.00 ______RP-1090-ICJ 0.00 ______RP-1094 0.00 ______RP-1101 0.00 ______RP-1102 0.00 ______RP-1104 0.00 ______RP-1107 0.00 ______RP-1111 0.00 ______RP-1115 0.00 ______RP-1120 0.00 ______RP-1122 0.00 ______RP-1127 0.00 ______RP-1148 0.00 ______RP-1149 0.00 ______CF-193-OSTP 25.00 ______CF-194-OSTP 24.00 ______CF-196-ARDA 20.00 ______CF-203-CC 20.00 ______CF-210-GCSP/CMEPP12.00 ______CP-22-0404 0.00 ______CP-22-0408 0.00 ______CP-22-0412 0.00 ______CP-478 0.00 ______OP-101-RC 15.00 ______OP-103-RC 20.00 ______

All RAND publications are available to U.S. government agencies at no charge. National Book Network (NBN) carries selected RAND titles. Contact NBN at 800-462-6420 to determine availability. SELECTED RAND ABSTRACTS, Volume 42 January–December 2004

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