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The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance Elizabeth
17 The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance 1 Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence TUFTS UNIVERSITY For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Generally held in late spring or early summer, the rite celebrates renewal-the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components. The sun dance reflects relationships with nature that are characteristic of the Plains ethos, and includes symbolic representations of various animal species, particularly the eagle and the buffalo, that once played vital roles in the lives of the people and are still endowed with sacredness and special powers. The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. For many tribes of Plains Indians whose buffalo-hunting culture flowered during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Although details of the event differed in various groups, certain elements were common to most tribal traditions. Generally, the annual ceremony was held in late spring or early summer when people from different bands gathered together again following the dispersal that customarily took place in winter. The sun dance, a ritual of sacrifice performed by virtually all of the High Plains peoples, has been described among the Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboin, Bannock, Blackfeet, Blood, Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Crow, Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Kiowa, Mandans, Ojibway, Omaha, Ponca, Sarsi, Shoshone, Sioux (Dakota), and Ute (Spier, 1921, p. -
EVANS-DISSERTATION.Pdf (2.556Mb)
Copyright by Katherine Liesl Young Evans 2010 The Dissertation Committee for Katherine Liesl Young Evans certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Staged Encounters: Native American Performance between 1880 and 1920 Committee: James H. Cox, Supervisor John M. González Lisa L. Moore Gretchen Murphy Deborah Paredez Staged Encounters: Native American Performance between 1880 and 1920 by Katherine Liesl Young Evans, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2010 Acknowledgements For someone so concerned with embodiment and movement, I have spent an awful lot of the last seven years planted in a chair reading books. Those books, piled on my desk, floor, and bedside table, have variously angered, inspired, and enlightened me as I worked my way through this project, but I am grateful for their company and conversation. Luckily, I had a number of generous professors who kept funneling these books my way and enthusiastically discussed them with me, not least of which were the members of my dissertation committee. James Cox, my director, offered unflagging enthusiasm and guidance and asked just the right questions to push me into new areas of inquiry. Lisa Moore, Gretchen Murphy, John González, and Deborah Paredez lit the way towards this project through engaging seminars, lengthy reading lists, challenging comments on drafts, and crucial support in the final stages. Other members of the English department faculty made a substantial impact on my development as a teacher and scholar. -
Your Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Powvwows
Indian Education for All Your Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Pow Wows Thanks to: Murton McCluskey, Ed.D. Revised January 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................... 1 History of the Pow Wow ............................................... 2-3 The Pow Wow Committee ............................................ 4 Head Staff ............................................................. 4 Judges and Scoring................................................ 4-6 Contest Rules and Regulations ................................... 7 Singers..................................................................... 7 Dancers................................................................... 8 The Grand Entry................................................... 8 Pow Wow Participants.......................................... 9 The Announcer(s) ................................................ 9 Arena Director....................................................... 9 Head Dancers......................................................... 9 The Drum, Songs and Singers..................................... 10 The Drum...............................................................10 Singing..................................................................... 10-11 The Flag Song........................................................ 12 The Honor Song.................................................... 12 The Trick Song.......................................................12 Dances and Dancers....................................................... -
The Lakota Sun Dance: a Composite View and Analysis
Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. The Lakota Sun Dance: A Composite View and Analysis MICHAEL E.N4EL0DY The Lakota Sun Dance is the archetypal expression of western Sioux religious belief. In a sense, the dance is the public, ritualized manifestation of an understanding of reality that was shared among the group as a whole. In the context of a cosmological society, the dance represents the people's participation in the life of the cosmos itself. In this, the Sun Dance is similar to the rituals of other cosmological societies such as the Mesopotamian New Year's Festival.' The literature on the old form of the Sun Dance varies greatly in quality. Surprisingly, there are only four major accounts of the ritual. Anthropologists seem to have been preoccupied by questions regarding diffusion. There are, however, a plethora of short articles that typically record eyewitness experiences. Besides these works there are only derivative narratives, usually based upon the work of only one of the major commentators.^ 1. This article is based upon my dissertation, "The Sacred Hoop: The Way of the Chiiicahua Apache and Teton Lakota" (Ph.D. diss.. University of Notre Dame, 1976). Much of the information in this article was acquired on a research grant provided by the dean of the College of Aits and Letters, Professor Frederick Crosson, and the chairman of the Department of Government, George Brinkley. The cosmos is a whole in that the gods are included within its bounds, there is no concept of transcendence; see Henri Frankfort, et al. -
What Sort of Indian Will Show the Way? Colonization, Mediation, and Interpretation in the Sun Dance Contact Zone
WHAT SORT OF INDIAN WILL SHOW THE WAY? COLONIZATION, MEDIATION, AND INTERPRETATION IN THE SUN DANCE CONTACT ZONE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sandra Garner, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Comparative Studies The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Lindsay Jones, Advisor Maurice Stevens Richard Shiels Copyright by Sandra Garner 2010 ABSTRACT This research project focuses on the Sun Dance, an Indigenous ritual particularly associated with Siouan people, as a site of cultural expression where multiple, often conflicting concerns, compete for hegemonic dominance. Since European contact the Sun Dance has been variously practiced, suppressed, reclaimed, revitalized, and transformed. It has also evoked strong sentiments both from those that sought to eradicate its practices as well as those who have sought its continuance. In spite of a period of intense colonial repression, during the last three decades the Siouan form of the Sun Dance has become one of the most widely practiced religious rituals from Indigenous North America and the number of Sun Dances held and the numbers of people participating has grown significantly. How has the Sun Dance ritual endured in spite of a lengthy history of repression? What is it about the Sun Dance that evokes such powerful sentiments? And, how do we account for the growth of the Sun Dance. I argue that the current growth and practice of the Sun Dance must be considered within the context of colonialism; a central focus of this dissertation. I identify the complex and messy ways that individuals mediate the inequitable power relations that shape colonialist interactions, as well as the way they interpret these social spaces. -
The Traditional Symbolism of the Sun Dance Lodge Among the Wind River Shoshoni by ÅKE HULTKRANTZ
The Traditional Symbolism of the Sun Dance Lodge among the Wind River Shoshoni By ÅKE HULTKRANTZ 1. Introductory remarks Of all the North American Indian religious ceremonies no one is as spec- tacular and as well-known as the Sun Dance of the Plains Indians'. The in- formation collected on the subject since the turn of the century is quite extensive2. However, while there is a mass of materials on the outer features of the Dance, on behavioural and ritual aspects, there is very little information on its religious aspects, in particular the meaning of the ritual. As F. Eggan has stated, "despite all the studies of the Sun Dance we still do not have an adequate account giving us the meaning and signifi- cance of the rituals for the participants and for the tribe. One such account would enable us to revalue the whole literature of the Sun Dance"3. Neither is there any thorough study of the religious symbolism of any Sun Dance, although for instance G. Dorsey's monograph on the Arapaho Sun Dance observes meticulously all pertinent details (Dorsey 1903)4. The comparative studies of the Sun Dance dismiss the religious meaning of the Dance as unessential. The following pronouncement by such an authority as Robert Lowie is representative: the Sun Dance "does not re- volve about the worship of a particular deity, the popular English name for it being a misnomer, but is a composite of largely unintegrated elements prominent in the area at large. The remarkable thing about it is the wide distribution of many objective features, while the interpretations and os- tensible motives for holding it vary widely. -
Vol. Xvi, Part Vii
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN. MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. XVI, PART VII THE SUN DANCE OF THE PLAINS INDIANS: ITS DEVELOP- MENT AND DIFFUSION BY LESLIE SPIER NENV YORK PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 1921 THE SUN DANCE OF THE PLAINS INDIANS: ITS DEVELOP- MENT AND DIFFUSION. BY LESLIE SPIER. 451 PREFACE. Most Plains tribes had the sun dance: in fact, it was performed by all the typical tribes except the Comanche. Since the dance has not been held for years by some tribes, viz., Dakota, Gros Ventre, Sutaio, Arikara, Hidatsa, Crow, and Kiowa, the data available for a comparative study vary widely in value. The chief sources of information outside of this volume are the accounts by G. A. Dorsey for the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Ponca; Kroeber for the Arapaho and Gros Ventre; Curtis for the Arikara; and Lowie and Curtis for the Assiniboin. There is no published informa- tion for the Fort Hall Shoshoni, Bannock, Kutenai, or Sutaio. So far as I am aware there has been no general discussion of the sun dance. Hutton Webster in his "Secret Societies" considers it, without giving proof, an initiation ceremony. It is the aim of the present study to reconstruct the history of the sun dance and to investigate the char- acter of the factors that determined its development. By a discussion of the distribution of traits-regalia, behavior, ideas of organization, and explanatory myths-it will be shown that the ceremony among all the tribes has grown chiefly by intertribal borrowing. It will be demon- strated further that the center of development has been in the central Plains among the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Oglala, and that the original nucleus of sun dance rites probably received its first specific character at the hands of the Arapaho and Cheyenne, or of this couple and the Village tribes. -
AMNH Digital Library
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE American fluseum of Natural History. Vol. XI, Part X. DANCES AND SOCIETIES OF THE PLAINS SHOSHONE. BY ROBERT H. LOWIE. NEW YORK: Published by Order of the Trustees. 1915. DANCES AND SOCIETIES OF THE PLAINS SHOSHONE. By ROBERT H. LOWIE. 803 PREFACE. From the beginning it had been intended to include those Shoshonean tribes who had been more or less affected by the culture of the Plains in the present survey of the military societies of that area. Accordingly, I devoted a portion of the summer of 1912 to seeking relevant data from the Comanche, Southern Ute, and Wind River Shoshone. The Comanche were visited in the vicinity of Lawton, Oklahoma; the Southern Ute at Navaho Springs and Ignacio, Colorado; the Shoshone at Wind River, Wyoming. In 1914, a brief visit was paid to the Ute of Whiterocks, Uintah Reservation, Utah. While the information is meager for all of the tribes concerned, I feel reasonably sure that this is largely due to the relative simplicity of Sho- shonean culture and that the essential features of the Ute and Wind River dances are correctly represented. I am much less confident as regards the Comanche, who proved poor, and in part very unwilling, informants. For the pictures of the Bear dance, as well as for innumerable courtesies during my brief stay at Navaho Springs, I feel under deep obligations to Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Wagner. March, 1915. 805 CONTENTS. PAGE. PREFACE . 805 COMANCHE DANCES . 809 DANCES AND SOCIETIES OF THE WIND RIVER SHOSHONE . 813 THE YELLOW NOSES AND THE LOGS . -
MUSIC of the AMERICAN INDIANS SIOUX from the Archive Offolk Culture
The Library of Congress Motion Picture, 8rOCldcaSting Clnd Recorded Sound Division Recording Laboratory AFS L40 MUSIC OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS SIOUX From the Archive ofFolk Culture Recorded and E.dited by Willard Rhodes First issued on long-playing record in 1954. Accompanying booklet published 1987. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-743370. Available from the Recording Laboratory, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540. Cover illustration: SIOUX SUN DANCE, by Oscar Howe. Courtesy Philbrook Art Center. • II • Dedicated to the memory of Willard W. Beatty, Director of Indian Education for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, from 1937 to 1951. • II • • • FOREWORD TO THE 1954 EDITION • • For a number of years the Bureau of Indian Affairs has sponsored the recording of typical Indian music throughout the United States. During this time approximately a thousand Indian songs have been recorded by Mr. W illard Rhodes, professor of music at Columbia Univer sity. The study originated in an effort to deter mine the extent to which new musical themes were continuing to develop. Studies have shown that in areas of Indian concentration, especially in the Southwest, the old ceremonial songs are still used in the traditional fashion. In the Indian areas where assimilation has been greater, Indian type music is still exceedingly popular. There is considerable creative activity in the development of new secular songs which are used for social gatherings. These songs pass from reservation to reservation with slight change. While the preservation of Indian music through recordings contributes only a small part to the total understanding of American Indians, it is nevertheless an important key to this understand ing. -
It Is Well Documented That Many Dakota People Migrated Northward
It is well documented that many Dakota people migrated northward into Canada immediately following the Minnesota Massacres of 1862.14 Many of these people settled in Manitoba and possibly further west. As a plains people they were tied to the buffalo harvest and implicated in the geopolitical struggles of not only the Minnesota Massacre, but also the Cypress Hills Massacre; the War of the Little Big Horn and the aftermath; as well as the Métis Rebellions. These events either included White Bear members or had direct effects upon the White Bear First Nations. The traditional land use, livelihood, and culture of the White Bear First Nations were dramatically changed by the pressures introduced by the European colonization of both Canada and the USA. As a Plains people, the importance of the land to the survival of the White Bear First Nations, and ultimately, to their language and culture cannot be underestimated. The next part of this book briefly outlines the traditional culture and language of these people and how their entire livelihood was intertwined with their use of the land and their harvesting practices. 14 The Minnesota Massacre of 1862 is also known as the Dakota War of 1862; the Sioux Uprising; the Dakota Uprising; the Sioux Outbreak; and Little Crow's War (Dollman, Darla S., 2012). 55 Chapter 4 – PLAINS CULTURE Although the White Bear First Nations camped in the Moose Mountains, the Assiniboine, Cree and Dakota peoples had originally come from or adopted what would be considered a plains cultural livelihood. A plains culture was based primarily on harvesting buffalo or bison and other animals which roamed throughout the prairies until the early 1880s. -
Download 2015 Manito Ahbee Festival Program
Celebrating 10 Years! Presented By FESTival pRogRaM SEpTEMbER 9-13 2015 MTS CENTRE WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA indigenousmusicawards.com manitoahbee.com NeedNeed fundingfunding forfor youryour nextnext project?project? ApplyApply for for FACTOR FACTOR fundingfunding atat www.factor.cawww.factor.ca to to get get help help for for tours, tours, sound sound recordings,recordings, andand music music videos. videos. We acknowledge the financial support We ofacknowledge Canada’s private the financial radio broadcasters. support of Canada’s private radio broadcasters. contentsTABLE OF About Manito Ahbee ............................................................................. 4 Welcome/Messages ............................................................................. 5 Board of Governors .............................................................................. 6 Greetings ............................................................................................... 8 Event Staff ............................................................................................ 12 Special Thanks .................................................................................... 23 Our Sponsors ...................................................................................... 32 Official Schedule .................................................................................. 34 IMA EvEnts >>> Red Carpet ........................................................................................... 25 The Hosts ........................................................................................... -
Pow Wow Dances
Pow Wow Dances Activity Information Grade Appropriate Level: Grade K - 3 Duration : Three, 30 minute classes. Materials: Classroom or library access to internet. Paper for drawing, markers, pencil colours, crayons, large area for movement. Objective • Children will gain a greater appreciation for other cultures and their ceremonies and traditions by learning about Pow Wow style dances and their connections to the environment. Prescribed Learning Outcomes It is expected that students will: • move expressively to a variety of sounds and music. • create movements that represent patterns, characters, and other aspects of their world. • organize information into sequenced presentations that include a beginning, middle, and end. • demonstrate awareness of British Columbia's and Canada's diverse heritage. Skills Researching, analyzing results, singing, dancing, presenting material Introductory Activity • The teacher reads a brief description of the history and purpose of the Pow Wow to the class from the “About Pow Wows” sheet (included in package) • Have students listen to dance music and songs. Children can view and discover different Pow Wow dance styles, music and dress from the following website: http://www.ktca.org/powwow/dances.html Some information from the website has been included as .pdf files at the end of this lesson plan in the event the website is down or can’t be accessed. Suggested Instructional Strategies 1. List the different competition categories for Pow Wow dancers on the board. ie. Fancy dancers. (Found in “About Pow Wow” from INAC sheet included in resource package.) 2. Dancers wear regalia with fringes of yarn or fabric on their aprons, capes, and leggings.