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IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367(Print)

SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR & DISTRICT THROUGH QUALITY INDEX

1 Ms. Vaidehi Maheta, 2 Prof. R. G. Bhatt

1. Research Scholar, Department of Statistics, University, -380009. Email id: [email protected]

2. Head professor, Department of Statistics, , Ahmedabad-380009 Email id: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

One of the most effective ways to communicate information on environmental status or trends to policy makers and the general public is with indices. Water Quality describes the information about chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. Defining good or bad water quality is not as simple as it seems because it depends on the context in which it is used. For some quality parameters high value is better and for some low value is better according to various use of water. Generally, there are some standard techniques to measure water quality by Index number. To develop Water Quality Indices, before averaging one need to bring all the parameters to a common unit. This is the reason we have standardized gap between actual value and desirable dividing it by the range of that parameter, i.e difference between maximum and minimum value of that parameter. According to literature review other papers have conveniently taken minimum value as zero to avoid complication .However we have modified that by standardizing all the parameters before estimating the overall Water Quality Indices and applied this modified method to secondary data of water quality testing results of six locations near Purna River of and Watrak river in Kheda district.

Keywords: physicochemical parameters Surface Water quality, standardization, Water Quality Index

1. Introduction

The quality of water can be assessed by studying its physical and chemical characteristics. Continuously increasing population and negligence of human being towards water are the main reasons for deterioration of water quality day by day.According to WHO estimate about 80% of water pollution in is due to domestic waste. The improper management of water systems may cause serious problems in availability of drinking water (Subba RC,1995)[1].Anthropogenic forces have immense tendency to accelerate natural processes that affect water quality(Yidanna,S.M et al..2008)[2]. To assess water quality from a large number of water quality parameters is not easy task.Traditional methods to evaluate water quality are based on the comparison of experimentally

International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology http://www.irjmst.com Page 244 IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367(Print) determined parameter values with an existing local normative, which does not provide a global summary on the spatial and temporal trends in the overall water quality(Debels et al.;2005, Kannel et al.;2007)[3].To integrate complex water quality data and provide a simple and understandable tool for informing managers and decision makers about the overall water quality status, various water quality indices have been developed , which can be used to give a global vision on the spatial and temporal changes of the water quality.Water Quality indices have been employed frequently in the public domain to assess waterqualityof various water resources for Domestic as well as Agricultural use.

Objective of the study

To develop water indices, before averaging one need to bring all the parameters to a common unit. This is the reason we have standardized gap between actual value and desirable dividing by the range of that parameter i.e difference between maximum and minimum value of that parameter. According to literature review other papers have conveniently taken minimum value as zero to avoid complication .However we have modified that by standardizing all the parameters before estimating the overall water Quality Indices.Additionally, we have tried to develop and calculate Water Quality Indices for the water Quality testing results of samples collected at three water quality stations near Purna River and three stations near Watrak river. For this we have collected secondary data of water Quality results of all the parameters from 1999 to 2015 to test changes inthe spatial or temporal effect as well time effect on Water Quality for the selected water quality parameters.

2. Literature review

 An early water quality Index was proposed by Horton (1965), and then developed by Brown et al.(1970),Dojlido et al.(1994),McClelland (1974), and Pesce & Wundelin (2000).  Brown et al. (1970) developed a water quality index paying great rigor in selecting parameters, developing a common scale, and assigning weights for which elaborate Delphic exercises were performed .This effort was supported by the National Sanitation foundation (NSF) and also referred as NSFWQI.This method seems to be most comprehensive and has been discussed in various papers (Brown et al. 1972; Landwehr & Deininger,1976).  Brown and coworkers presented a WQI similar to Horton’s Index (Brown et al.,1972).He proposed multiplicative form of the index where weights to individuals’ parameters were assigned based on a subjective opinion based on the judgment and critical analysis of the author.The weight assigned reflected a parameter’s significance for a use and had considerable impact on the index .Later on similar indices have been formulated by Bhargava and Dwivedi.(Bhargava et.al.1998; Dwivedi et al.1997; Bhargava 2006, Devpura, Haridwar).  WQI has been regarded as one of the most effective way to assess the quality of water (Tiwari and Mishra 1985 and Sinha et al .2004)  Rita et al. (2011)made a study on seasonal variation and WQI of Sabarmati River at Ahmedabad Gujarat,India.The results of their study revealed that the quality of Sabarmati River was adversely affected by discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial effluents as a result of extended urbanization.

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 Bharti N & Katyal .D(2011) presented a comparative study of many indices for water quality assessment along with their Mathematical structure, set of parameters ,calculation, aggregation formula and flaws have also been detailed out.

3. Research Methodology

Water Quality Index can provide actual scenario about the utility of the water for various purposes related to all living creatures in any water body on the earth.The water quality indices have been calculated by using the standards of Drinking water qualityand water quality for agricultural use published by the World Health organization(WHO),Beauro of Indian standards(BIS),Indian council of Medical research(ICMR) and Indian council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),Gujarat pollution control Board(GPCB), Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB).For this study it has been considered that all the water quality parameters are inversely related to water quality to calculate weights. For some quality parameters high value is better and for some low value is better according to various purposes. So, we have used tolerance level for some parameters instead of standardized level of that parameter .The weighted averages Index method is used for calculation of water quality index. “The selection of the variables from the 5 classes namely oxygen level, eutrophication, health aspects, physical characteristics and dissolved substances, which have the considerable impact on water quality are recommended” Dunnette. D.A (1979)[9].Determination of Quality functions for each parameter known as Sub-Index. It transforms variables scaled by different units such as ppm, count, volume, saturation percentage etc. to non-dimensional scale values. After this transformation, sub- indices aggregated by mathematical function or expression.

3.1 Formulation of water quality index:

th Let there be i water quality parameters and quality rating or sub-Index (Qi) corresponding to i parameter is a number reflecting the relative value of this parameter.

th Wi= unit weight associated with i parameter So, Wi =K/Si

Unit weights are calculated by a value inversely proportional to the standard or desired values Si of the corresponding parameter.

th Si= standardized or tolerance value for i parameter

K= Proportionality constant,

Where, K= 1 / (Σ (1 / Si ))

Further quality rating or Sub index (Qi) was calculated using the following expression.

th Qi= Quality rating of i water quality parameter.

Qi= (((Ai-Si)/(Ximax-Ximin))*100)

Additionally Quality ratings have been scaled up by adding 100 to all the Qi’s for ease to communicate the interpretation of the results.

th Where,Ai= Annual average for i parameter in particular year. International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology http://www.irjmst.com Page 246 IRJMST Vol 8 Issue 12 [Year 2017] ISSN 2250 – 1959 (0nline) 2348 – 9367(Print)

th Ximax= maximum observation of the whole data set for i parameter from 1999 to 2011. th Ximin = minimum observation of the whole data set for i parameter from 1999 to 2011. th Range of the i parameter Ri= (Ximax- Ximin)

Water quality Index=Σ QiWi / ΣWi

3.2 Programming for calculation of Water Quality Indices.

To smoothen the work of calculation and to get instant results from water quality sample observations by this modified WQI formula, computer programme has been prepared in Java Language and verified the obtained results.

4. Case study for the application of modified WQI.

4.1 Data collection:

For application of Modified Water Quality Indices,we have considered secondary data of month wise water quality testing results from 1999 to 2015collected from State Water Data Centre (SWDC), Gujarat.Due to missing values of some chemical parameters for years 2008, 2009& 2012 to 2015 we have kept aside for further treatment to missing values.Water Quality results consists combination of values of Physical, Chemical, Biological parameters. Water Quality standards are also different for different categories of water use such as Drinking, Agricultural, Industrial, Power generation etc.

4.2 Sampling:

Cluster sampling technique has been used for this research work of water quality assessment. To determine surface water quality Index of Purna and Watrak River, water quality testing results of six water quality stations near river area were selected and obtained raw data from SWDC.

Considering Surat district ,River Purna is a west flowing river ,rises in the Sahyadri hill ranges of the western Ghats at an elevation of about 1300m in the Ahwa taluka of Dang district in the state of Gujarat and after traversing a distance of 180 kms, it outfalls into the Arabian sea. Among all the water quality testing stations in Surat district, we have selected water quality data of 3 stations near Purna River from 1999 to 2015.

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Figure 1: Location map of water Quality sample collection stations near Purna River.

Considering Kheda district, Watrak river originates in Aravalli hills in south Rajasthan.After flowing for about 178 kms in south-west direction, it joins Sabarmati near Pala village,about 34 kms from Ahmedabad. Eru, Mazam and Shedhi are important tributaries of Watrak. The catchment area of Watrak is about 1,114 sq. km out of which, 336 sq.km lies in Rajasthan and the rest in Gujarat. In the headwater region, river runs in hilly and forested tracts. Details of stations are mentioned in Table 1.

Table 1: Details of the sampled water Quality stations:

Station Distric Tehsil River Tributar Catchmen Locatio No of Name t y t Area n sample Details s Kheda--- 97 Sabarmat Dholka Rasikpura Kheda Kheda i - 9127.14 Road Mahemadaba Mahemadaba Sabarmat A'bad 43 d Kheda d i Watrak 3236.71 Road Mahemadaba Sabarmat 30 Kheda Kheda d i Watrak Bridge 89 of Purna River at Wankla Surat Vyara Purna Purna 857.97 Wankla Nr. 88 Zankhari Surat Valod Purna Zankhari 579.39 Zankhari

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Village. near 99 Bridge at Mahuwa Surat Mahuwa Purna Purna 2188.48 Mahuwa (Source: State water Data Centre, Gandhinagar Gujarat.)

4.2.1 Sample variables and sample size

The selection of variables or parameters is based upon geographical location of rivers as well as on presence of some important water quality parameter in the available data of water quality. Among 68 parameters 13 physicochemical parameters were selected which are important in drinking as well as aquatic life. In raw data of water quality samples from selected water quality stations, biological parameters were absent, so we have considered physical and chemical parameters. We have collected time series data consisting results of total 446 water samples.

Table2: Calculation of weights associated with water quality parameters.

Standardized or Unit Sr. Name of the Parameters Unit Tolerance level 1/Si weight No parameter (Si) Wi=K/Si 1 DO Dissolved oxygen mg/L 7.5 0.1333 0.3169 2 Temp Temperature 0C 25 0.0400 0.0951 Total Dissolved 3 TDS solids mg/L 300 0.0033 0.0079 4 Ca Calcium mg/L 75 0.0133 0.0317 5 Mg Magnesium mg/L 30 0.0333 0.0792 6 Na Sodium mg/L 200 0.0050 0.0119 7 Cl Chloride mg/L 250 0.0040 0.0095 8 SO4 Sulphate mg/L 200 0.0050 0.0119 9 PH-GEN pH Unit 7.5 0.1333 0.3169 Electrical Conductivity 10 EC-GEN General µmho/cm 300 0.0033 0.0079 11 Alk-total Alkalinity, total mgCaCO3/L 200 0.0050 0.0119 12 Har-Total Hardness , Total mgCaCO3/L 300 0.0033 0.0079 Sodium 13 SAR Adsorption Ratio % 26 0.0385 0.0914 1921 0.4208 ΣWi =1

Where Proportionality constant K = 1 / ( Σ (1 / Si ) )=1/0.420=2.3765.

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Table 3: Calculationof WQI for the Kheda station for year 2006

Range Annual Sr.No Parameter Desirable weight(Wi) of data average Qi QiWi 1 DO 7.5 0.3169 3.55 5.27 37.09 11.75 2 Temp 25 0.0951 11 27.75 125 11.88 3 TDS 300 0.0079 366 215 76.78 0.61 4 Ca 75 0.0317 28 23.33 -84.52 -2.68 5 Mg 30 0.0792 14.61 11.75 -24.95 -1.98 6 Na 200 0.0119 74.30 20.52 -141.57 -1.68 7 Cl 250 0.0095 8.70 32.45 -2400.57 -22.82 8 SO4 200 0.0119 24.18 15.36 -663.62 -7.89 9 PH-GEN 7.5 0.3169 1.30 7.72 117.18 37.13 10 EC-GEN 300 0.0079 629 370.67 111.23 0.88 11 Alk-total 200 0.0119 240.10 154.26 80.95 0.96 12 Har-Total 300 0.0079 120.83 107.27 -59.50 -0.47 13 SAR 26 0.0914 2.38 0.77 121.40 11.10 14 Total 1.0000 36.80 Water quality Index=ΣQiWi/ΣWi=36.80/1=36.80

5. Results and discussion:

Considering Annual averages and weights associated with water quality parameter,the present study indicates the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen between /very high value but below warning limit of DO can helpful in fisheries Dissolved oxygen regulates the distribution of flora and fauna and is essential for aquatic life. PH is an important parameter which determines the suitability of water for various purposes. Annual averages of PH ranged between 7.11 to 8.89 for Wankla station, 7.20 to 8.79 for Zankhari station and 6.84 to 8.95 for Mahuwa station indicating all the values within desirable interval of PH. So broadly speaking water of Purna River is alkaline. By investigating other parameters of water quality it can be said that this alkaline water is rich in alkalizing compounds including calcium, silica, potassium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Whenever the pH touches 8.3, the presence of carbonates is indicated. Temperature can put forth control over aquatic communities. If the overall water body temperature of a system is altered, an aquatic community shift can be expected.

Table 4Comparative table for calculated WQI for six stations:

District Surat (WQI) Kheda(WQI) Year Wankal Zankhari Mahuwa Year Rasikpura Mahemadabad Kheda 1999 96.33 97.88 108.00 2005 89.36 67.96 NA 2000 115.78 112.80 115.34 2006 88.06 69.16 36.80 2001 110.51 107.64 108.08 2007 91.34 95.27 42.93 2002 111.59 110.91 112.85 2008 88.95 92.28 62.29

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2003 104.11 103.76 105.25 2009 94.38 87.29 25.67 2004 105.70 112.82 104.74 2010 97.69 111.92 64.52 2005 115.80 113.82 113.45 2011 102.14 116.91 59.56 2006 107.25 108.17 101.92 2012 99.93 115.55 65.19 2007 99.99 93.77 95.91 2013 92.15 123.38 66.98 2010 107.73 107.27 115.98 2014 89.13 112.73 57.62 2011 110.64 118.00 118.12 2015 92.54 96.23 54.51

(A) Intra district comparison for water quality trends and status

WQI for sampled location in Surat District 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 Wankal

WQI 60.00 40.00 Zankhari 20.00 Mahuwa 0.00 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2011 year Figure 3:Graph of WQI for sampled locations in Surat District.

WQI for sampled location in Kheda District 140.00 Rasikpura 120.00 89.36 100.00 Mahemad 80.00 abad 67.96 60.00 Kheda NA 40.00 20.00 0.00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Figure 4: Graph of WQI for sampled locations in Kheda District.

Overtime all the three stations water quality more or less consistent indicates no other external pollutants responsible except natural events. No seasonality can be observed by figure 3 .By observing the pattern of WQI across the years, in Kheda district, Kheda station has low WQI indicates better quality compared to others. Except year 2008 Water quality is consistent. For Mahemadabad after quality gradually deteriorating by the years. The reason behind this deterioration may be urban development by the years and also deceasing surface water level of Watrak near town.

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(B)Inter district comparison of water quality from 2005 to 2011

Kheda District Surat district Year Rasikpura Mahemadabad Kheda Wankal Zankhari Mahuwa 2005 89.36 67.96 NA 115.80 113.82 113.45 2006 88.06 69.16 36.80 107.25 108.17 101.92 2007 91.34 95.27 42.93 99.99 93.77 95.91 2008 88.95 92.28 62.29 NA 2009 94.38 87.29 25.67 NA

2010 97.69 111.92 64.52 107.73 107.27 115.98

2011 102.14 116.91 53.88 110.64 118.00 118.12

Table 5. Water Quality Indices for Interdistrict evaluation

Figure 5: Graph of WQI for Inter stations water quality evaluation.

Interstations Water quality Evaluation 2005 2006 2007 2008 140.00 2009 120.00 2010 100.00 2011 80.00

WQI 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00

stations Due to scaling method used to overcome the issue of negative WQI results water quality status criteria (available in literature) has been inversed as follows.

Table 6: WQI and status of water quality

Water Quality Index level Water Quality status 0-25 Excellent water Quality 26-50 Good Water Quality 51-75 Poor water Quality 76-100 very poor water quality >100 Unsuitable for drinking

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Table 6: Status of water quality and Frequency distribution of WQI and no of years

WQI class interval Wankal Zankhari Mahuwa Rasikpura Mahemadabad Kheda 0-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 26-50 0 0 0 0 0 2 51-75 0 0 0 0 2 7 76-100 2 2 1 10 4 0 100 and above 9 9 10 1 5 0

6. Conclusion

Water Quality Indies of surface water are established for some important physicochemical parameters at different water quality stations near Purna River in Surat District and near Watrak River in kheda district.Interdistrict as well as Intradistrict water quality assessment has been carried out .Considering Surat district among three stations Zankhari water source is of better quality compared to wankal and Mahuwa stations. Analyzing annual averages,very high value but below warning limit of DO can helpful in fisheries. Low TDS indicates water can be used as potable water. WQI utilizes the water quality data which helps in the modification of the policies, which are formed by various environmental monitoring agencies. Thetotal dissolved solids (TDS) in water consist of inorganic salts and dissolved materials. In natural waters, salts are chemical compounds comprised of anions such as carbonates, chlorides, sulphates, and nitrates, and cations such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). In ambient conditions, these compounds are present in proportions that create a balanced solution. If there are additional inputs of dissolved solids to the system, the balance is altered and detrimental effects may be seen. This Modified Water Quality Indices technique have successfully demonstrated their capabilities in surface water quality assessment of Purna and Watrak tributary.These results can also be useful for preparing water treatment plan for water specific use. It can be beneficial to decision makers or policy makers in water quality monitoring sector to decide the requirement level of water treatment to available water.

Acknowledgement: The authors are thankful to Prof.N.C.Shah (Ex.Director, Sardar Patel Institute of Economics and social Research, Ahmedabad) for providing helpful comments to this work. We are also thankful to State Water Data Center (SWDC) Gandhinagar, Gujarat for providing required time series data

References: [1] Subba RC,” Groundwater Quality in Residential Colony”, Int.J.environ. Health, 1995; 37(4):295-300. [2] Yidanna,S.M., Ophoria,D., Banoeng-yakubo,B.(2008)”A multivariate statistical analysis of surface water chemistry data-The Ankobra Basin,Ghana ,Journal of Environmental Management,86(1):80-87.

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[3] Kannel PR et al. (2007) “Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment.” Environmental monit access sep. 2007, [4] M.K.Jha et al. (2012) “Multivariate statistical Interpretationof Physicochemical and Radiological Parameters of Tapi river water due to the operation of Kakrapar Atomic power station.”International journal of Environmental protectionNov.2012,vol. 2 Iss.11 [5] Douglas Kwasi Boah(2015),”Mathematical computation of water Quality Index of Vea Dam in Upper East region of Ghana”,Environmental sciences ,Vol3,2015,no 1,11-16. [6] Gajendran. C. (2011) Ph.D Thesis titled”Water Quality Assessment and Prediction modeling of Nambiyar river basin,Tamilnadu,India” [7] K.Yogendra & E.T.Puttaiah (2008)”Determination of water Quality Index and Suitability of an Urban water body in Shimoga town, Karnataka” from Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th world lake Conference: 342-346. [8] Rita , N. Kumar,Rajal Solanki and Nirmal kumar ,J.I” An assessment of seasonal variation and water quality index of Sabarmati River and Kharicut canal at Ahemdabad,Gujarat”.Electronic journal of Environmental ,Agricultural , and Food Chemistry,Vol.10,No. 5, pp 2248-2261,2011. [9] Tiwari, T.N and Mishra ,M.,”A Preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers ,Indian Journal of Environmental protection,Vol.5,Vol. 4,pp. 276-279,1985. [10] Dunnette, D.A., “A geographically variable water quality index used in Oregon”, J. Water Pollu. Cont. Fed., 51(1). 53-61. 1979. [11] Shweta Tyagi et.al (2013)”Water Quality Assessment in terms of Water Quality Index”, American Journalof Water resources, 2013, vol.1, No.3, 34-38. [12] Dr.Seema Tiwari (2015), “Water Quality parameters: A review” International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development; Vol.1, Issue IX March 2015.

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