Stratigraphy of Quaternary Deposits of Narmada Valleycentral India

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 892 ISSN 2229-5518

STRATIGRAPHY OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF NARMADA VALLEYCENTRAL INDIA

Dr. A. A. Khan1

1. Ex. Director, Geological Survey of India. 2. Director, Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya2 Bhopal-462042, M.P India. ______

ABSTRACT [email protected]

The SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE embodies the two Quaternary basins of tectonic origin on the two margins of Sapura Crustal Block. The Satpura block traversed by enechelon system of faults and lineaments is characterized by thinner crust (33-38 km deep, basement depth >2.5 km) with series of ENE-WSW trending gravity high (viz. Sendwa, Khandwa, Chicholi, Tikaria etc.) with amplitudes of 10-35 mgal. The chain of gravity high indicates extensive magmatic and emplacement of derivatives at shallow crustal levels. The associated Narmada South (Satpura North) fault and Satpura South Fault marking the two hinges of the Satpura block are fundamental in nature and extend to Moho level. The Narmada Quaternary basin in the north and Tapti-Purna basin in the south are two Graben which formed prominent loci of sedimentation in lineament zone. The area of lineament zone studied tectonically encompasses two crustal provinces of Central India Shield, namely, the Northern Crustal Province (NCP) and the Southern Crustal Province (SCP). The two provinces are separated by a crustal level shear zone, referred as Central Indian Suture. The zone has been a major locus of episodic tectonism with evidences of reactivation.

The NarmadaIJSER Rift valley forms an ENE-WSW lineament where Quaternary deposits are confined in a trough like basin on unstable platform which forms a prominent lineament with profound geomorphologic and geological asymmetry between the northern and southern valley walls, giving it a tectonic significance. The alluvial deposits of the Narmada valley represent the thickest Quaternary deposits in peninsular India. These sediments were deposited in faulted and sinking platform under structural riparian rift trench remained silent and unrevealed. The quaternary blanket of Narmada consists of sediments of various domains which were deposited in different environment in vertical chronology in faulted trough in time and space.

The Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada Rift valley incepting from glacial activity, followed by fluvio-glacial, lacustrine and fluvial phase within the rinsing and sinking environment, block faulting and linear displacement and dislocation, uplifting and isolated domal uplift, Neogene rifting and Quaternary sedimentation. The rift-bound Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and volcanic activities specifically during glacial and fluvio-glacial phase are major component of the Quaternary period and tectonic processes of the Rift System which form the base of quaternary deposits. The Narmada rift system basin platform provided a unique setting for dynamic ecosystems that were characterized by Rift-related subsidence and coeval sedimentation and environment for the accumulation of sediments volcanic fabrics sediments, burial, digenesis, and preservation of organic remains.

The present disposition of Narmada blanket of Narmada, in SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE revealed that the rift occurred after widespread Quaternary sedimentation and accumulation of sediments in the linear trench by glacial activity in late Pleistocenc.The Fluvio-glacial phase is represents by boulder conglomerate which has formed the persistent horizon in the valley. The

Narmada has in the area under study has sculptured the alluvial tract into stepped sequence forming four alluvial terraces along its course. These are designated as NT0 to NT3, NT0 being the youngest terrace and NT-3 the oldest terrace where the sub terraces are designated NT2-A is NT2-B, NT2 B, besides NT2-C, NT3-A & NT3-B in increasing order of antiquity. These are both erosional and depositional terraces and confined at an elevation of, between 280 to 380 are separated by the scarp both of curvilinear and linear in nature facing towards river side. These are abandoned flood plains represent the level of former valley floor in the area, and were formed by cumulative climato-tectonic changes in the watershed of Narmada in the Quaternary times Khan et.al (2016)

The Jabalpur- Bharuch Harda section of Narmada possess the complete sequence of all three domain of sediments in increasing antiquity from the bottom of the rift trench, Boulder bed (glacial), Boulder conglomerate (fluvial-glacial) sediments of paleo-domain of Narmada (fluvial). The intense tectonic activities within the basins of the Narmada Rift System during the Neogene and Quaternary periods have destroyed fossil record except the fossiferous horizons exposed in river sections. The erosional-sedimentary cycle has persisted in the rift valley environment for millions of years as a result of the interplay between depositional and erosional forces driven by tectonic processes; there are numerous gaps in the fossil record, particularly in the important time period between Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene times. It is pertinent to the understand the origin of Hominid during the late Miocene, but it is difficult to disclose mysteries of human evolution in Narmada due to concealed nature of these deposits in rift system, however the complementary part of Tapti-Purna Quaternary blanket may be potential and possessive of human remain and should be studied to trace further the imprints of fossil man taking in to account of SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE as single ecosystem for evolution of man in Indian subcontinent. However, evidence of the effects of tectonics on fauna and flora are distinct and its signatures on dislocation and concealing of fossiliferous horizons are uncontrolled and ill-defined in the ecosystem in the valley during the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The boulder conglomerate which yielded the skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) remained only discovery of hominid fossil in last two and half decade due to concealed and hidden nature of Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene deposits in rift system and inconsistency in exposure of fosiliferous horizon due faulting, dislocation ad subsidence of Quaternary blanket of Narmada rift system. IJSER The Narmada rock basin of Narmada is occupied by the Quaternary sediments of three domains viz. glacial, fluvio- glacial and fluvial which were deposited in distinct environments during Quaternary time. The glacial deposit comprised of thick pile of sediments occupied base of rock basin and was deposited by glacial activities in dry and cold climatic condition during early Pleistocene time. The study of these concealed sediments, their sedimentary environments and sedimentation and correlation both in vertical and horizontal columns indicates that the lower most units, Boulder bed (20 to 260 m. below ground level ) is of glacial origin, where as the fossiliferous bed Boulder conglomerate (260 to 278m. above m.s.l.) is of fluvio-glacial and top four formations in increasing antiquity Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad and Janwasa ( 278 to 350m. above m.s.l.) are of fluvial origin and represent the complete sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in Central India Khan & Sonakia (1992). ). The boulder conglomerate is a marker horizon of Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada Valley and as well in Central India, its disposition and relation with other deposits in the valley, indicates a significant change in regional climate from cold dry to warm and humid, during which the sediment were re-worked from glacial front intermittently and deposited in the valley over a very long time. The skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Man) and other fauna recorded along with calc- nodules within the boulder conglomerate; suggest that warm climatic phase prevailed for very long time.

The Boulder Conglomerate which is of fluvio-glacial origin and has yielded human skull from Sonakia (1982) Khan &Sonakia (1992) is exposed impersistently in scarp section of Narmada at few places only. The type section of Boulder Bed and Boulder Conglomerate which are

IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 894 ISSN 2229-5518 potential sediments of human remains of Pliocene Pleistocene time are hidden and concealed under sediments of present and paleo- domain of Narmada in the valley.

The skull cap of Home erectus(Sonakia1984) and other fauna recorded along with calc- nodules near village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate; named as Hathnora formation Khan & Sonakia (1992). It is found to be associated with volcanic Ash bed of Quaternary age in the area around Hathnora, and upstream Khan et.at. (1991). The two levels of horizons of Ash bed identified are designated as NAB-I and NAB-II in ascending antiquity in the valley. The Ash bed NAB-1 is associated lower litho units of boulder conglomerate which is well preserved and persistent where as NAB-II is associated with younger deposits. The NAB-1 contains three micro layer (L-1 to -L3) and NB-II two micro layers (L-4 to L-5) in increasing antiquity Khan et.at. (1991).

In Narmada valley the association of Ash bed NAB-I with Hathnora formation at the depth of 78 m in Quaternary column and occurrences skull cape of Homo erectus at the depth of 83 m in decreasing antiquity from the top assumed that Toba eruption have taken place later than existence of Homo erectus which appeared and resided in the valley for long time before the fall of Toba ash. The association of Ash is NAB-II at the depth of 72 m with the younger deposit revealed the second cyclic fall of Toba ash which certainly have had influenced on hominines and had collective and cumulative impact on Homo erectus (Sonakia1984) Homo sapiens (Thobold 1860, 81 ), in Narmada valley and Indian sub-continent. Oppenheimer (2003) argues that Homo. Sapiensoccupied India before 74 ka and may have undergone “mass extinction” as a result of the Toba eruption. The argument of Oppenheimer (2003) is in strong conformity with the present observation of authors. As sediment∼ & Ash bed sequence of Quaternary column of Narmada (325 m) and occurrences of fossil of skull cape of Homo erectus (Sonakia1984) at 83 m & human cranium Homo sapiens (Thebold 1960, 1981) transported have existed prior to fall of Toba ash and they are among the few who inspite of massextinction causedby mega dislocation in ecology and environment related with volcanic eruption survived in Narmada Valley. It is further documented by the rarest occurrences of these fossils in subcontinent which also confirm the intensive impact of volcanic ash fall on these hominines and their consequential mass extinction. IJSER The skull cap of Narmada Man Homo erectus was found in Narmada Valley near village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, in district Sehore, M.P., India. The skull cap is completely fossilized undistorted, renal vault nearly complete except few left Supra-orbital and statures are nicely preserved. The various morphological features and robust form of skull and excessive thickness of the bones indicate that it belongs to adult male individual (Sonakia, 1984). The discovery of skull cap of Homo erectus in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate in association of other mammalian fossil is recorded in stratigrphic column of Quaternary deposits at the depth of 83 m , where estimated total thickness of deposits is about ( 325 m).This blanket consist of sediments of three domain viz. glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial, which were deposited in distinct environment during Pleistocene to Holocene time ( Khan & Sonakia (1992), (Khan et.al. in press).The statistical analysis of sediments form these different domain in vertical column has been conducted to ascertain the environment of sedimentation and trace the breaks in climate (Khan et.al. in press). An attempt has been made for the first time Khan et.al (2013) to correlate the various stratigraphic columns of associated hominid fossils of Narmada valley ( 325 m) India and that of Luochuan sequence,( 90-120 m) Chenjiawoe (50m ) and Congwanling sequence ( 36 m ) of China on unified Quaternary platform tied up and developed at mean sea level. The study revealed that the depth of occurrence of Narmada skull cap on unified Quaternary platform is about (83 m) as compared to with that of Chenjiawo and Gongwangling of China which occur at very shallow depth of 38 and 26 m respectively. The estimated age of Narmada Man based on these parameters is about 1.38 m.y. (+), which is greater than Homo erectus of Chenjiawo 0.65 m.y. and Gongwangling 1.15 m.y. of China An Zhisheng and Ho Chuan Kun (1989). On the merits of

IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 895 ISSN 2229-5518 correlation of startigraphic columns of Quaternary of Narmada, accumulation of sediment, rate of sedimentation, palaeo- environments, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphic position of boulder conglomerate in unified Quaternary Platform, author consider it as one of the earliest and oldest Homo erectus in Asia. Khan et.al (2013) Khan2016). The area around Hominid locality of Hathnora area is occupied by thick Quaternary sediments which represent various domain of sedimentation. Based on sedimentological characters, depositional environments, and erosional processess and their correlation with depositional / erosional terraces revealed that quaternary blanket is consisting of three domains of sediments viz glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial. The lower most units (Boulder bed) is or glacial origin, the boulder conglomerate of glacio-fluvial (Khan el. al 1991) and fluvial terraces are of fluvial paleo- domain of Narmada. The top four formations Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad and Janwasa are designated as (NTo-NT3). Boulder conglomerate is assigned an independent formational status based on distinct lithology and fossil assemblage. The sequence of Quaternary events and the history of sedimentation of Narmada indicate that the upper 70m top 90m of the Narmada alluvium was deposited in two distinct aggradations episode with a distinct and well defined break in sedimentation in rift system. The dissection of the quaternary blanket resulted two terraces (NT3-NT2), after break in sedimentation.The sediments of this aggradations episode constitute three lithostratigraphy units Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad formation. The sediments of the alluvial phase are underlain by a boulder bed of glacio-fluvial origin. Thus, the fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the basal unit of alluvium marks a disconformity between the lower glacial-boulder layer and upper fluvial sediments. The fossiliferous basal boulder conglomerate is being of middle Pleistocene age (Khan 1992).

In India Narmada basin considering the one of a main loci of Quaternary sedimentation, and assuming the uniform accumulation rate of sediment in the basin in the line of Ma. et. al. (1978) Yobin Sun & Zhisheng, An (2005) and comparing the Narmada sequence of Quaternary deposit (325 m.) with those of Luochuan standard sequence of Chenjiawo and Congwangling sequence of China. The skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Man) recovered from the boulder conglomerate of fluvio-glacial origin in middle part of Quaternary column from deep level of Narmada, at the depth of 83 m. above glacial deposits, in association of ash bed, as compared to Chenjiawo Hominid from inter bedded sequence of paleo sols loess and silty loess at the depth of 38 m. and Congwangling 26 m. from paleo sols which are younger than Narmada deposits. IJSER The Narmada skull cap of Homo erectus which is recovered from the vom of basal unit of boulder conglomerate at the depth of 83 m. (278 m. above m.s.l.) is estimated to be of upper segment of lower Pleistocene age. It is older than the Homo erectus of Chenjiawo, Congwangling of China which were recovered from paleo-sole and loess deposit at the depth of 38 and 26 m. The Quaternary sequence of Narmada (325 m.) as compared to Louchuan (136 m.) sections of China on unified Quaternary platform is older and represents the complete and type sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada Rift System in Central India. The occurrence of skull cap of early man at the depth of 83 m. in basal unit of boulder conglomerate of fluvio- glacial origin in Narmada Valley is one of the earliest and oldest Homo erectus in Asia.

The skull cap of Narmada Man Homo erectus was found in Narmada Valley near village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, in district Sehore, M.P., India. The skull cap is completely fossilized undistorted, renal vault nearly complete except few left Supra-orbital and statures are nicely preserved. The various morphological features and robust form of skull and excessive thickness of the bones indicate that it belongs to adult male individual (Sonakia, 1984). The discovery of skull cap of Homo erectus in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate in association of other mammalian fossil is recorded in stratigrphic column of Quaternary deposits at the depth of 83 m , where estimated total thickness of deposits is about ( 325 m).This blanket consist of sediments of three domain viz. glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial, which were deposited in distinct environment during Pleistocene to Holocene time ( Khan & Sonakia (1992), (Khan et.al. in press).The statistical analysis of sediments form these different domain in vertical column has been conducted to ascertain the environment of

IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 896 ISSN 2229-5518 sedimentation and trace the breaks in climate (Khan et.al. in press). An attempt has been made for the first time Khan et.al (2013) to correlate the various stratigraphic columns of associated hominid fossils of Narmada valley ( 325 m) India and that of Luochuan sequence,( 90-120 m) Chenjiawoe (50m ) and Congwanling sequence ( 36 m ) of China on unified Quaternary platform tied up and developed at mean sea level. The study revealed that the depth of occurrence of Narmada skull cap on unified Quaternary platform is about (83 m) as compared to with that of Chenjiawo and Gongwangling of China which occur at very shallow depth of 38 and 26 m respectively. The estimated age of Narmada Man based on these parameters is about 1.38 m.y. (+), which is greater than Homo erectus of Chenjiawo 0.65 m.y. and Gongwangling 1.15 m.y. of China An Zhisheng and Ho Chuan Kun (1989).

The time-stratigraphic data obtained from tephra interbedded with fossiliferous Quaternary sedimentary deposits provided an important framework for the study of hominid origins, evolution, adaptations, and cultural changes. The paleoantoological Paleoanthropological information from these localities is remained closely associated with Quaternary sedimentary deposits boulder conglomerate and boulder bed often related to the trench Quaternary sedimentation , formation and development of rift and linear basin caused by repeated uplift, and the development of rift basins that began in the middle to late Pliocene and Pleistocene period. The unfortunate part of theses deposits is that due repeated tectonic dislocation and faulting they are dislocated ad distorted ad at present are concealed under the thick pile of sediments of present and paleo domain of Narmada of late Pleistocene and Holocene time. These deposits do not provide adequate opportunity to researcher to study the human remain as postulated, except in limited section where they are exposed.

In Narmada valley the most of the hominid remains and associated artifacts in the would have been found associated with Miocene Pliocene– Pleistocene sediments of boulder bed and boulder conglomerate in increasing antiquity, unfortunately same are not exposed due rift system and tectonic setting. In the rift system the type development of Quaternary blanket is confined between Jabalpur _Harda section, and Tilakwarda _Bharouch which posses the complete sequence of all three domain in increasing antiquity in chronology in vertical coloumn from the bottom of the rift trench viz Boulder bed (glacial), Boulder conglomerate (fluvio-glacial) sediments of paleo-domain of Narmada (fluvial). The intense tectonic activities within the basins of the NarmadaIJSER Rift System during the Neogene and Quaternary periods have destroyed fossil record except the fossiferous horizons exposed in river sections. The erosional-sedimentary cycle has persisted in the rift valley environment for millions of years as a result of the interplay between depositional and erosional forces driven by tectonic processes; there are numerous gaps in the fossil record, particularly in the important time period between Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene times. It is pertinent to the understand the origin of Hominid during the late Miocene, but it is difficult to disclose mysteries of human evolution in Narmada due to concealed nature of these deposits in rift system, however the complementary part of Tapti-Purna Quaternary blanket may be potential and possessive of human remain and should be studied to trace further the imprints of fossil man taking in to account of SONATA LINEAMAN ZONE as single ecosystem for evolution of man in Indian subcontinent.

The Hominids skull cap of Sonakia (1984), including other fossil assemblage suggest that the Narmada Rift System created productive ecosystems during Pliocene–Pleistocene time. The volcanic rocks within the fossiliferous sediments provide temporal information for calibrating and sequencing hominid and other faunal evolution. The detailed study geological, sedimentological, geochemical, aspects of interbedded tephra quartz grain morphology of sediments of quaternary strata paleo-sole and geochronological studies of different localities for establishing accurate biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data, sedimentation rates pale environmental and tectonic histories of different sediment columns in area along of the rift system, Interbedded volcanic rocks allow determination of the time of rifting, the beginning of sedimentation, sedimentation rates, and the oscillation of rift platform from glacial, fluvio-

IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 897 ISSN 2229-5518 glacial lacustrine to fluvial environments. The cyclic environmental transitions recorded in the sedimentary sequences of the rift basins are caused by tectonic activities (uplift and subsidence), changes in relief, and climatic variations. The climatic changes in uplift, topographic and landscape features, coupled with block faulting, rinsing and sinking platform, created basins for the accumulations of thick lacustrine and fluvial sediments sequences with terrestrial and aquatic fossils. The sequential change in the sediment fancies from finely bedded lacustrine deposits to fluvial sediments are commonly noted in the sedimentary sequences and reflect environmental and tectonic changes that can be temporally determined. Moreover, regional correlation based on the chemistry and geochronology of interbedded tephra has made it possible to establish accurate stratigraphic relations that are useful for pale- environment reconstruction and evolutionary studies of fossil remains in the Narmada rift valley Khan et.al. ( 2013). Regional tephra correlation is being used increasingly to link sites together, and has already established that similar tephra layers are known from other parts of rift valley, as well as from other basin and peninsular India Basu, Biswas, and Acharyya, S.K. (1987): Achariya,( 1993), Khan, (1992) Khan et.al. (2013).There is a great potential for further correlation of tephra in the rift system and marine sediments in the Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea has a continuous record of deposition that extends to at least 7 million years. The Quaternary sediments interbedded with tephra with within the age range of the ODP Ocean Drilling Program 721/722 stratigraphic sections of the Arabian Sea are also present within the rift floor and the western rift margin of the region. The chemical and chronological correlations of ash beds within the rift sequences of have been made with ashes described in marine sections. Detailed correlations based on orbitally calibrated time scales of pale magnetic stratigraphy Rao (1985) within Quaternary sediments of rift deposits will provide ties to establish global climate changes based on the terrestrial and marine sediments of the rift system.

The rift system and platforms of sedimentation bear the imprints of and evidence of the effects of tectonics on fauna and flora are distinct, however the signatures of subsidence dislocation and concealing of fossiliferous horizons are uncontrolled and ill defined in the ecosystem in the valley during the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The boulder conglomerate which yielded the skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) remained only discovery of hominid fossil in last two and half decade due to concealed and hidden nature of Mio-PlioceneIJSER Pleistocene deposits in rift system and inconsistency in exposure of fosilifrous horizon of Narmada rift system which is the handicapp in search of further human remains in Narmada valley after Sonakia (1984).

The Miocene -Pliocene–Pleistocene lake deposit of Katni on the eastern rift shoulder was created by faulting, topographic control, or isostatic depression similar to that of other Rift system. The Narmada flows along seismic tectonically active NSF which forms a fault controlled basin of a huge thickness of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. The thick blanket of Quaternary sediments occurs in the central part of valley in Jabalpur –Harda section and in Gurudeshwar – Bharouche section in lower of valley; where as in the other part in Harda –Mandleshwar section thin and isolated caps and strips of quaternary sediments are noticed on rock cut terraces and rock benches of country rocks. In Mandleshwar-Barwani, Dhadgaon- Tilakwarda the quaternary deposits are shallow to moderate in thickness and thin out to wards east. The isolated loci of accumulation and sedimentation along the entire length of 1300 kms of Narmada area controlled by the tectonics and structural frame work and sinking and uplift of fault bounded blocks and lineaments. It is well illustrated by neoseismic signatures and imprints on quaternary deposits and landscapes in the valley. The critical analysis of landscape profile evolution of drainage, quaternary terraces, river morphology and analysis of bore hole data of basement configuration of rock and quaternary deposits revealed that Jabalpur-Harda section valley segment suffered mega dislocation and sink to level of about 1150 m as compared to the adjoining blocks and created and has formed open rock basin and platform of quaternary sedimentation. This section display complete record of quaternary deposits of glacial, fluvio- glacial and fluvial sediments in increasing antiquity from the base.

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IJSER

I. Introduction eruption and settling of volcanic matrix during sedimentation. Khan and Sonakia The Narmada river originates from the (1992) reported for the first time glacial and Amarkantak plateau of Satpura Ranges in interglacial deposit in the Narmada valley, Rewa at an elevation of about 1057 m (220 Central India which is represented by arid 40’ -810 45’) flows westerly course for about and humid cycles. The lithostratigraphy of 1284 kms length across the middle of Indian Narmada valley described by Khan (1984), subcontinent before entering Gulf of Cambay Khan & Benarjee (1984), Khan & Rahate in the Arabian sea near Baroda in Gujarat (1990-91), Khan & Sonakia (1992), Khan et state. It enters the fertile alluvial plain and al (1991), Rahate & Khan (1985), Khan passes through the gorge of about 19 kms (1991), Khan & Sonakia (1992), Yadav & long consisting of Marble rocks near Khan (1996). Jabalpur.It then takes westerly turn through the alluvial tract, situated between the The Quaternary lithostratigraphy and Satpura and Vindhyan hills. The river course sedimentological aspects were studied and in of Narmada conspicuously straight and is the Narmada valley (Khan 1984, Khan & controlled by ENE_WSW to E_W lineament, Benarjee 1984, Khan & Rahate 1990-91-90 is bounded by Vindhyan in the north and Khan & Sonakia 1992, Khan &et al 1991, Satpura in the south. The valley has Rahate & Khan 1985, Khan et al. 1991, maximum width of about 32 kms. Khan 1991, Khan et al. 1992, Yadav & Khan 1996. The Narmada valley embodied The Quaternary Blanket of Narmada basin complete sequence of Quaternary deposits covers an area of abut 12950 sq. km starting from lower Pleistocene to Holocene (Khan & from west of Jabalpur (230070790530) to Sonakia (1992). Khan, et.al (1912), Khan Bharouch (220 29’; 760 58’) in Gujarat state (2012) et.al Khan ( in press) , Khan ( in for a distance of about 1300 km. It is found press),.The results of sedimentological to be ideal locus of Quaternary sedimentation studies Khan ( 2015), quartz grain in Central India as witness by multi-cyclic morphology, Khan ( 2014), quartz grain sequence of Quaternary terraces in the morphology,Palesole Quaternary column valley. The general elevation of Narmada section in Hominid locality in central sector alluvial plain varies between 265.7 and 274.3 of Narmada revealed the presence of m above the sea level. The general gradient complete sequence of quaternary sediments of this plain inIJSER this stretch is about 1m /Km in Narmada rock basin viz Glacial, fluvio- towards West. glacial and fluvial domain whereas the boulder conglomerate which has yielded The Quaternary deposits of the Narmada human skull is of fluvio-glacial origin from valley contain the richest vertebrate fossil Khan & Sonakia (1991) assemblage including only known Hominid fossil from the Indian sub-continent (Sonakia The Quartz grain morphology of sediment 1984) The boulder bed which yielded column Khan (2014) Quartz grain Hominid fossil from boulder conglomerate morphology of different palesole, , Khan reported to be of glacial & fluvial origin for (2014), Ash bed Khan & Maria (2012) Khan first time( Khan & Sonakia 1992). Beside & Maria (1912) Heavy mineral assemblage occurrences of association of ash beds with Khan ( 2016) tephra stratigraphy, Khan fossileferous boulder conglomerate (Khan & et.al (1991 ) Acharya, S.K. and Basu, P.K. Rahate 1991) Achariya 1993 indicates (1993) Khan etal (2014) Khan & Maria volcanic source. It appears that close to the (2015) Ash fall and its impects ( 2015 ) completion of cycle of deposition of the Khan (2016) magnetostratigraphy, and bio- boulder bed there was vilolent volcanic stratigraphy and correlation of sediment eruption in around Middle to uper Pleistocen columns intra valley wise , inter valley wise time and subsequent settled down across the and on unified Quaternary Platform Khan globe and in the pennisular India during the et.al (2012) focusing on hominid localities quaternary sedimentation. The occurrences of China have been studied on quaternary of association of two marked horizons at platformwhich have given new insight on the different levels further revealed the cyclic age of the Narmada Homo erectus.

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The present an integrated analysis of the locality Hathnora has further supplemented stratigraphy of the Quaternary deposits of the data on evolution of the area Khan et.al Narmada Valley; is based on multiple criteria (1916) in central sector of Narmada.The of morphostratigraphy, soil stratigraphy, sediment statistics and sedimentology of in tephra stratigraphy, lithological assemblage, vertical coloumn (320) , revealed the biostratigraphy volcanic ash bed and presence of complete sequence of quaternary polarity. Based on critical data analysis the sediments in Narmada rock basin which stratetigraphy of quaternary deposit of comprise of sediments of viz Glacial, fluvio- Narmada Valley has been attempted for the glacial ad fluvial domain wheras the boulder first time. The Quaternary alluvial sequence conglomerate which has yielded human skull of the Narmada Valley is well known for its which is of fluvio-glacial origin Khan & rich and diverse mammalian fossil content Sonakia (1991) Khan et.al (2016) Khan et.al and Paleolithic tools (Princep, 1833; (1991 ) Khan & Maria (1912) bio- Splisburry, 1837, 1844, 1883; Falconer, stratigraphy aspects and correlatied 1859; Theobold, 1860, Lydekker, 1880, sediment of Quaternary columns of 1882, 1884; DeTerra and Patterson, 1939; hominid locality on unified Quaternary Khatri, 1961 & 1966; Dassarma, 1979; Platform Khan et.al (2012) focusing on Badam, 1979; Biswas and Dassarma, 1981; hominid localities of China these deposits Khan and Sonakia, 1992). It further gained have thrown new light on the age of the prominence with the find of skull cap of Narmada Homo erectus. Homo erectus (Sonakia 1984) and volcanic ash beds (Khan et.al 1984 & Khan et.al Present work 1992, Basu et. al. 1987).Based on analysis of multiple thematic data the stratigraphic The present work is telefocus on study the classifications are summarized in ( Table No varios aspsects of geomorphology and QGT_3,6,& 7).( Plate No_1,2,3) geomorphic veolution, Quaternary tectonics and sedimentation of Narmada valley in Previous Work Jabalpur _ Bharouch Section with special reference to Hominid locality Hathnora and The Narmada valley received adequate occurrence fossil man.The Narmada valley attention of Earth scientist after recovery of embodies two prominent Quaternary Human skull from Quaternary deposits of landscape viz in Jabalpur_Harda section in Hathnora sonakiaIJSER (1984) accordingly central Sector and Gurudeshwar_Bharouch Quaternary deposits and its Section in lower Sector which was found to geomorphological aspects have been studied be ideal locus of sediment accumulation and in detailed in last three decade and data base Quaternary sedimentation as witnessed by of various aspects has been updated (Khan multi-cyclic sequence of Quaternary terraces 1984, Khan & Benarjee 1984, Khan & in the valley. The study of Quaternary Rahate 1990-91-90 Khan & Sonakia 1992, landscape revealed that it has been posed to Khan &et al 1991, Rahate & Khan 1985, the repeated post erosional & depositional Khan et al. 1991, Khan 1991, Khan et al. activities and subjected to anisotropic and 1992, Yadav & Khan 1996. The Narmada asymmetric tectonic dislocation which has valley embodied almost complete sequaence culminated diversified manifestation, it is of Quaternary deposits in time span from the further undergone to process of tectonic lower Pleistocene to Holocene (Khan & evolution and chiseling of rift valley by Sonakia (1992). Khan (1912), Khan (2012), dynamic erosional and depositional activity Khan et.al (2013) Khan et.al (2014), Khan ( resulting in reshaping of the terrain into 2015), Khan et.al (2015) Khan .etal. (2015) various multi morphogenetic illustration. .The results of sedimentological studies The delineation and reorganization of Khan (2015), in recent years, Quatenary different units and land form element, tectonics & sedimentation, geomorphphic sequential and renewed configuration of evolution have also been attemepted of drainage, topography, Narmada Valley Khan et.al (1916), Khan physiography,plantation surfaces, denudation et.al (1916). The study of geomorphology ridges, structural linear valleys, strike hills, of Quaternary column and area of Hominid valley gapes, escarpments and river terraces

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 901 ISSN 2229-5518 revealed that area has uudergone multicylic expression tectonics & noetectonics erosion and deposition unerfrequential subsidence and uplift of fault bound blocks, change tectonic set up in recent past.. The platform of sedimentation, morphotectonics, cumulative and cyclic deviation of impact of tectonics, channel morphology and concealed dynamics and structural river terraces have been studied and deformation of unstable platform of correlated with erosional cycles & Narmada further added with hidden cyclic geomorphic eventsin Narmada valley ( Plate mechanism of tectonics, geothermic, No _2 &_3). seismicity has chiseled surface and subsurface both quaternary & pre-quaternary II. Geology landscape in to present composit expression which defines evolution of basin by imprints The Narmada basin is occupied by different of neotectonisam identified by various of geological formations. The geological signatures on landscape profile in the succession of these rocks is incorporated in valley.In present paper the quaternary & pre- table. quaternary landscape its architech

Table No_1

Age Group Rock formation Recent Alluvial Plains Unconsolidated sand, silt, clay. Quaternary (Older and Newer Alluvium) Eocene Deccan Trap Bagh and Lameta beds Basalt Sandstone, Cherty Limestone Cretaceous CretaceousPal Gondwana Super Group : Boulder beds Sandstone, Shale, Clay, eozoic Jabalpur, Mahadeva Limestone,CoalSeams Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Vindhyan Super Group :

Bhander, Rewa, Kaimur, Semri.

Pre Cambrian porphyrtic granite , Quartz veain, and Bijawar Group (Proterozoic) basic dykes

Mahakoshal Group IJSERGneisses, phyllites, Chert and mete

basics Archaeans Quartzites, Granites, Phyllites, Schists

III. Pleistocene sedimentation phase are major component of the Quaternary period and tectonic processes of The Narmada Rift valley formed a linear the Narmada Rift System and form the base trench in the middle of Indian subcontinent of quaternary deposits . The conspicuous was an ideal loci for accumulation of ENE-WSW to E-W rift basin zone is filled sediments .The rift trench is intruded by the with Pliocene–Pleistocene sediments, dolerite and other mafic and siliceous dykes whereas some of them contain Miocene and sills along lineaments in different phases sedimentary deposits. The Narmada Rift of tectonic deformation. The Quaternary System, bounded by adjacent plateaus rising sedimentation incepting from glacial activity, 300–700 m above the rift floor, consists of followed by fluvio-glacial, lacustrine and number symmetrical and symmetrical faulted fluvial phase within the rinsing and sinking blocks, escarpment, rock cut terraces, rock environment, block faulting and segmental floors and segments of micro half grabben. and linear displacement and dislocation, Although rift-related basins started to form uplifting and isolated domal uplift, during the late Oligocene to early Miocene Neogene rifting and Quaternary times, the Narmada Rifts were fully defined sedimentation and rift-bound Pliocene– by middle to late Miocene time. Pleistocene rifting and volcanic activity specifically during glacial and fluvio-glacial

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The Miocene -Pliocene–Pleistocene lake other basin and peninsular India Achariya,( deposit of Katni on the eastern rift shoulder 1995), Khan (1992) Khan et.al. (2012) was created by faulting, topographic control, Tiwari (1996). There is a great potential for or isostatic depression similar to that of other further correlation of tephra in the Rift Rift system. The skull cap of homo-eructus System and marine sediments in the Arabian Sonakia (1984), suggest that the Narmada Sea. The Arabian Sea has a continuous Rift System created productive ecosystems record of deposition that extends to at least 7 during Pliocene–Pleistocene time. The million years. The Quaternary sediments volcanic rocks within the fossiliferous interbedded with tephra with within the age sediments provide temporal information for range of the ODP Ocean Drilling Program calibrating and sequencing hominid and 721/722 stratigraphic sections of the Arabian other faunal evolution. The detailed Sea are also present within the rift floor and geological sedimentological geochemical of the western rift margin of the region. The interbedded tephra ,Quartz grain morphology chemical and chronological correlations of of sediments of quaternary strata and palo- ash beds within the rift sequences of have sole of and geochronological studies of been made with ashes described in marine from the different localities for establishing sections. Detailed correlations based on accurate biostratigraphic and orbitally calibrated time scales of pale lithostratigraphic data, sedimentation rates, magnetic stratigraphy Rao (1996) within and paleoenvironmental and tectonic Quaternary sediments of rift deposits will histories of different sediment columns in provide ties to establish global climate area along the rift system. Interbedded changes based on the terrestrial and marine volcanic rocks allow determination of the sediments of the rift system. time of rifting, the beginning of sedimentation, sedimentation rates, and the Moreover, because of tephra layers in oscillation from glacial, fluvio-glacial sedimentary basins of different geologic lacustrine to fluvial environments. The cyclic periods, processes such as faulting, rifting, environmental transitions recorded in the sedimentation and digenesis, impact of sedimentary sequences of the rift basins are climatic changes, age of fossils, nature and caused by tectonic activities (uplift and acquisition of archeological implements, and subsidence), changes in relief, and climatic the origin, distribution, and functional variations. The climatic changes in uplift, significance of early hominid artifact topographic andIJSER landscape features, coupled assemblages can be deciphered. However, with block faulting, rinsing and sinking evidence of the effects of tectonics on fauna platform, created basins for the and flora are distinct and its signatures on accumulations of thick lacustrine and fluvial dislocation and concealing of fossiliferous sediments sequences with terrestrial and horizons are uncontrolled and ill defined in aquatic fossils. The sequential change in the the ecosystem in the valley during the sediment fancies from finely bedded Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The boulder lacustrine deposits to fluvial sediments are conglomerate which yielded the skull cap of commonly noted in the sedimentary Homo erectus in Narmada rift from Hathnora sequences and reflect environmental and Sonakia (1984) remained only discovery of tectonic changes that can be temporally hominid fossil in last two and half decade determined. Moreover, regional correlation due inconsistency concealed nature of based on the chemistry and geochronology of fosilifrous horizon due faulting, dislocation interbedded tephra has made it possible to and subsidence of Quaternary blanket of establish accurate stratigraphic relations that Narmada rift system as such researcher and are useful for pale- environment scientist failed to add any further knowledge reconstruction and evolutionary studies of to hominid discovery any further. fossil remains in the Narmada rift valley Moreover, because of tephra layers in Khan et.al. ( 2012). Regional tephra sedimentary basins of different geologic correlation is being used increasingly to link periods, processes such as faulting, rifting, sites together, and has already established sedimentation and diagenesis, impact of that similar tephra layers are known from climatic changes, age of fossils, nature and other parts of rift valley, as well as from acquisition of archeological implements, and

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 903 ISSN 2229-5518 the origin, distribution, and functional lower Narmada valley under various significance of early hominid artifact projects.The boulder bed is diffrentiated in assemblages can be deciphered. However, Hominid locality by extensive an intensive evidence of the effects of tectonics o fauna statistical analysis of sediment collected and flora are distinct and its signatures o from bore hole logs for grain size dislocation and concealing of fossiliferous parameters heavy mineral study quartz horizons are uncontrolled ad ill defined and grain morphology of sediments and plaosole the ecosystem in the rift system during the which have assited in identifying the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods is not clear.The sedimentological breaks in increasing boulder conglomerate which yielded the antiquity in vertical coloumns and their skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift correlation in other sections of Narmada Rift from Hathnora remained only discovery of valley. hominid fossil in last two and half decade due inconsistency concealed nature of Early to Late Pleistocene phase fosilifrous horizon in Narmada valley. Historical or modern analogs illustrate the In the Narmada valley the River terraces potential of the regional and sometimes (NT-1 NT-2) which represents sediments of global effects of such major silicic eruptions Bharuch ad Tilakarda formation date back to in the geologic past of sedimentation, the Late Pleistocene. The sedimentation sedimentation rates, and the oscillation from commenced with the deposition of the lacustrine to fluvial environments. The cyclic marine basal clays during the last environmental transitions recorded in the interglacial high sea level at f125 ka, which sedimentary sequences of the rift basins are is presumed to be about + 7 m as revealed by caused by tectonic activities (uplift and the studies Regression of this sea led to the subsidence), changes in relief, and climatic initiation of fluvial sedimentation. The variations. Changes in topographic features, fluvial sediments were deposited in to two coupled with volcanic damming, created phases of sedimentation with a sharp break basins for the accumulations of thick glacial, marked by tectonic changes and related fluvio-glacial lacustrine and fluvial climatic changes. The fluvial flood plain sequences with terrestrial and aquatic fossils. deposit of Bharuch formation overlies the Changes from finely bedded lacustrine marine clays followed by the fluvial flood deposits to fluvial sediments are commonly plain deposit of Tilakwarda formation. The noted in the IJSERsedimentary sequences and sequence of these to formation is exposed in reflect environmental and tectonic changes the cliff section which represents different that can be temporally determined. sediment facies typical of fluvial Moreover, regional correlation based on the environments .The sequence of sediments chemistry and geochronology of interbedded display imprints of compressive tectonic tephra has made it possible to establish regimes of sedimentation. The southern accurate stratigraphic relations that are useful margin of lower Narmada is marked by for pale environment reconstruction and Narmada–Son Fault, the transformation of evolutionary studies of fossil remains in the this geofracture in Tertiary to reverse fault in rift valleys across India sub continent Quaternary is implicit in the seismic studies Regional tephra correlation is being used of the area (Roy, 1990). Additional evidence increasingly to link sites together, and has for prevalence of compressive stress regime already established that similar tephra layers in the lower Narmada basin is provided by fro known area in Rift system. numerous reverse faults (Fig. 2B) in the The Boulder Bed and Boulder conglomerate Neogene sediments exposed immediately to which form the base of Quaternary sediments the south of Narmada–Son Fault (Agarwal, in Central sector of armada Rift Valley are 1986). These evidences suggest that the not exposed in the lower Narmada valley. sediments of both the formation were formed These deposits are concealed under the in a compressive tectonic environment. sediments of lacustrine and fluvial deposits There are evidences of subsidence of basin in the valley. The presence of these deposits which has been documented on landscape of is confirmed by study of bore hole data and basin which are authenticated by other logs of State ad Federal agencies drill in studies exist from adjacent area of

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 904 ISSN 2229-5518 synsedimentary subsidence on alluvial plain The tectonic uplift of the lower Narmada sedimentation (Shuster and Steidtmann, valley during the Early and Late Holocene 1987; Brown and Plint, 1994; Kraus and suggests inversion of an earlier subsiding Middleton, 1987; Kraus, 1992; Jordan, 1981; basin. Such inversions of the basin have been Hagen et al., 1985). common in the Tertiary times and are well Absence of soil profiles in the thick blanket recorded in the sediments of that age (Roy, of Quaternary sediments of the study area is 1990). A symmetric convergence of the NT- indicative of synsedimentary subsidence of 1,NT-2 terraces , diagonal disposition of the basin.. It is unlikely that a high sinuosity paired equivalent of terraces across the channel will produce stacked system of channel , divergent and linear disposition of fluvial deposits showing these aracteristics cliff of NT-3 terrace in conformity of NSF (Shuster and Steidtmann, 1987). constant subsidence of basin and in response Deformations in these sediments of the types to frequential movement and geotectonic described above are the direct manifestations activity along the NSF. The displaced Late of this subsidence. Strong similarity of the Pleistocene sediments across NSF in the structural orientations of the deformation Narmada and Orsang Heran and Madhumati structures suggests subsidence in a thrusting & Karjan valleys, the NNW tilting of the environment along the NSF which is NT-1, NT-2 sediments litho units consisting consistent with the subsurface studies. It is of the Late Pleistocene sequence, the inferred a low sinuosity and relatively fixed anomalous topographic slope in the same river system in a slowly subsiding basin for direction and the incised cliffs up to 25–30 m the deposition of these in the streams that flow along this slope in sediments.Synsedimentary subsidence of the the area between NSF and the Narmada basin due to differential movement along the River ,indicate unsynchronized neoseismic NSF is indicated by entrenched meander movements along the NSF during the Early thick overbank sediments and the Holocene. The displacement of sediments of deformation structures. Folding and faults NT-1 surface across the NSF indicates with reverse movement in the overbank differential movement of about 35 m along sediments suggest a compressive stress the NSF during Early Holocene. The block regime along the NSF. A brief period of between the Narmada and Karjan rivers tectonic stability followed as suggested by bounded by the NSF and the two other cross- the 4–5-m thick palaeosol (red soil), which is faults suffered subsidence leading to the stratigraphicallyIJSER correlatable with the red soil formation of a series, linear and curvilinear exposed in the Mahi and Sabarmati river cuts of on terraces and flood plains. The 5–8- basins of Gujarat alluvial plains. m incised cliffs of the streams also suggest The physiographic set up and drainage that this block escaped the uplift induced configuration of the Narmada the area of large scale incision going on simultaneously study demonstrate strong influence of in other areas of the lower Narmada valley. tectonic and structure on development ad The occurrence of ravines and association of evolution of drainage. The Narmada enters in deep gullies with the river terraces is morph- the area around Garudeshwar descends NW tectonic manifestation caused by the sudden –SE direction cutting across NSA entering vertical movement and block adjustment due the quaternary tract. It further down stream subsidence resulting to sudden collapse of of Tilakarda swing towards west and water table and ground water regime in the suddenly become slow and sluggish and area. The strongest supporting evidence for sinuous to meandering in channel pattern the Early Holocene tectonic uplift of the area long the northern edge of upland ad comes from the sea-level curves of the west ultimately debouches in the Gulf of Cambay. coast of India which suggest a tectonic The disposition and convergence of drainage component of about 40 m at this time (Rao et net in conformity of disposition of al., 1996). quaternary landscape demonstrates is anomalous further imprints and neosiesmic Middle Holocene - Recent phase signatures on landscape profile reveled persistent instability of basin during In the Lower Narmada valley the Mid–Late sedimentation. Holocene Quaternary valley deposits is the

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 905 ISSN 2229-5518 product of a Holocene high sea-level- more sinuous. It exhibits a narrow channel induced deposition in a deeply incised valley with wide meanders inside wide belts of trench trough highly influenced by NSF. The Mid–Late Holocene terraces ( NT-3) a Mid–Late Holocene which resulted in both typical pattern of under fit streams (Dury, estuarine ad fluvial sedimentation in the 1970). lower reaches. A significant slowing down of tectonic uplift facilitated the encroachment In the Narmada valley the River terraces of the sea into the valley and the creation of a (NT-3) has occupied large area on the both depositional wedge, which extended up to bank of Narmada. It extends from Orsang the deep in land foothills. The 5–10-m river in the north east to Mahi river in the exposed thickness of the valley-fill west from Baroda in the north to Bharuch – sediments reveals tide dominated estuarine Aliabet in the southwest. In the southern deposition in the lower reaches and fluvial bank of Narmada it is developed alround deposition upstream of the tide reach. The Ankleshwar and Rajpipla and further south. pre-existing quaternary platform of NT-3 of The average elevation of this surface is about middle Pleistocene prior to induced 75 m above m.s.l, separated by both linear sedimentation of tidal transgression was and curvilinear scarp from NT-2. The strongly induced by tectonic impulses of average height of cliff is about 40 m. The NSF. The relative disposition of terraces,( sediments comprised of this terrace are NT-2 NT-3 cliff alluvial bluff and scarp , exposed in the cliff section. The oldest reveals that the present mouth of the deposit of the exposed sediment successions Narmada river has retained roughly the a highly pedogenised mottled clay horizon originally funnel shape of the estuary formed showing vertisolic characters like extensive during the Mid–Late Holocene. However, fracturing giving rise to blocky aggregates, the size of the estuary is now considerably seudo anticlines and hydro plastic reduced in space and time with slickenside along the fracture surfaces. .The sedimentation and t compressive tectonic sediments of this terrace are associated with environment. a rich assemblage of shallow marine foraminifers. The basal unit consisting of The incursion and transgression of tides, rock pebbles with clays is overlain by thick present estuarine reach contains several fluvial sediments, which comprise alluvial islands, which are coeval with the terrace plain facies. The pebbly unit which contains surface above IJSERthe present tidal range. Hence, rock fragments of quartzite, granite basalt, they are the products of estuarine processes and limestone sandstone is about 5.5.m thick, of the Mid–Late Holocene and not those of it is a persistent horizon and exposed in the the present day. Funnel shaped morphology cliff section. It is marker horizon, represent and increasing tidal energy landward are distinct phase of sedimentation in the valley. characteristics of tide-dominated estuaries In the Narmada valley the River terraces (Wright et al., 1973). Existing data suggest (NT-3) which represent sediments of that the Mid–Late Holocene sea level has Ankleshwar formation. The fluvial remained at the same level up to the present sediments indicate deposition in single phase with minor fluctuations (Chappel and of fluvial sedimentation with a sharp break Shackleton, 1986; Hashimi et al., 1995). The marked by tectonic changes and related Mid–Late Holocene sediments show tilting climatic changes. The sequence of this of 10–20j which is more pronounced in the formation is exposed in the cliff section, is vicinity of the NSF suggesting that the marked by the major break in sedimtation incision and uplift of the valley-fill terraces as witnessed by the occurrence of persist well above the present day tidal limits is pebble horizon at the base .This formation related to the continued differential uplift represent different sediment facies typical of along NSF. Evidence of tectonic uplift has fluvial environments .The sequence of been reported from the coast also in the form sediments display imprints of compressive of raised mudflats occurring 2–4 m above tectonic regimes on sedimentation. In the present sea level (Merh, 1993). Currently, lower Narmada Valley alluvial fan as the river occupies the northern margin of the identified between Tilakwarda and Rajpipla Early Holocene channel belt and is clearly within the loop of Narmada is mono

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 906 ISSN 2229-5518 illustration of morphogenetic process ad was an ideal locus for accumulation of morph tectonic =manifestation associated sediments. The rift trench is intruded by the with neotectonic event. The disposition of dolerite and other mafic and siliceous dykes Quaternary blanket, fan deposit and other and sills along lineaments in different phases quaternary land forms are controlled and of tectonic deformation. The Quaternary restricted by SONATA LINEAMENT. The sedimentation incepting from glacial activity, convergence of fan deposits and its apex is followed by fluvial-glacial, lacustrine and not in persistence and in conformity of fluvial phase within the rinsing and sinking piedmont sedimentation further it is devoid environment, block faulting and segmental of torrential stream net work and and linear displacement. The instability of environment which firmly rule out to be turmoil sedimentation platform, dislocation, endogenetic genetics of fan deposits The uplifting and isolated domal uplift, present study of these deposits its Neogene rifting, sedimentation and rift- disposition its composition indicate that bound Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and these deposits are older deposits and brought volcanic activity specifically during glacial to the present position by tectonic activity and fluvial-glacial phase are major along SONATA LINEAMENT. component of the Quaternary period and tectonic processes of the Narmada Rift The boulder bed is diffrentiated in Hominid System which form the base of quaternary locality by extensive an intensive statistical deposits. The rift system and basin platform analysis of sediment collected from bore hole provided a unique setting for dynamic logs for grain size parameters heavy ecosystems that were characterized by rift- mineral study quartz grain morphology of related subsidence and coeval sedimentation sediments and plaosole which have assited in created an ideal ecology and loci of identifying the sedimentological breaks in Quaternary sedimentation and environment increasing antiquity in vertical coloumns and for the accumulation of sediments. The their correlation in other sections of Narmada disposition of quaternary deposits, drainage Rift valley. The sediments of paleo-domain configuration basin boundary and of Narmada conformably overlie the boulder geotectonic of the area revealed that rifts conglomerate and represent the flood-plain was formed after widespread Quaternary fluvial facies of the Narmada. The sediments sedimentation occurred and voluminous of the fancies predominantly consist of clay sediments in the rift basins were accumulated silt and sand,IJSER discontinuous nodules and by glacial activity, it is also witnessed by plates. The beds are horizontal, exhibit present disposition of quaternary blankets of upward fining sequence typical of fluviatile SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE. deposits .This domain may be divided into three formations based on lithology, The Narmada valley consists of sediments of sediment assemblage, shape and size of rock three domains viz glacial, fluvio-glacial and clastics, relative disposition and diagnostic sediment of paleo-domain of Narmada. sedimentary characteristics. These formations are, viz. (i) Shohagpur, (ii) The glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits of Shahganj, and (iii) Hoshangabad Formations Narmada unconformable overly the respectively. These formations represent the Vindhyan and the basaltic Deccan Trap sediments the complete sequence of rocks. The sediments consist of a Hetero- Narmad\a deposited in channel and flood heterogeneous assemblage of sub-angular to plin environments during Upper Pleistocene angular, sub-rounded, unsorted, time. (Plate No _4_9 to_17) stratifiedrock fragments ranging from boulders to small pebbles, predominantly of IV. Geological Sequence of Quaternary quartzite, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, jasper, Deposits of Narmada Valley chart, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, chart, altered feldspar, ferruginous nodules, in a matrix of Quaternary Geology very coarse to very fine-sand, silt and clay. These clastics are highly angular, generally The Narmada Rift valley formed a linear poorly sorted and isotropically imprecated. trench in the middle of Indian subcontinent Fine sediments comprise of reddish grayish

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 907 ISSN 2229-5518 and greenish sand with appreciable amount The Fluvial sediments of paleo-domain of of mica flaks, altered feldspar, brick-red and Narmada conformably overlie the boulder buff silt, greenish-brown silt and clay, and conglomerate and represent the flood-plain greenish, reddish and dark maroon hard and fluvial facies of the Narmada. The sediments plastic clay. These fine sediments contain of the fancies predominantly consist of clay fairly good amount of ferruginous material, silt and sand, discontinuous nodules and quartz, mica flakes and altered feldspar plates. The beds are horizontal, exhibit grain. Through these sediments are similar in upward fining sequence typical of fluviatile composition to the other deposits of deposits .This domain may be divided Narmada Valley, exhibit entirely different divided into three formations based on sedimentary pattern, sediment characters and lithology, sediment assemblage, shape and mineral composition. These rock clastics are size of rock clastics, relative disposition and largely angular, very poorly sorted and diagnostic sedimentary characteristics. These demonstrate isotropic imbrications pattern in formations are, viz. (i) Shohagpur, (ii) the valley. The sediments of glacial domain Shahganj, and (iii) Hoshangabad Formations of Narmada occur between and average respectively. These formations represent the elevation of about 20-265 m above m.s.l. and sediments the complete sequence of were deposited in glacial environments Narmada deposited in channel and flood during Pleistocene time. These deposits are plain environments during Upper Pleistocene concealed under boulder conglomerate in the times.It consists of sediments of paleo- valley. domain of Narmada. It is represented by a thick sequence of clay, silt-sand and rock The Fluvio-glacial deposits are represented gravels. The unit is divisible into three sub by conglomerate bed that constituted the litho unit. The basal sub-unit is chiefly red fossiliferous horizon of Narmada is and brownish sand, silt, clay containing sandwiched between older Alluvium and the appreciable amount of cal matrix. The glacio-fluvial bounder bed. This average measured thickness of this sub-unit conglomerate bed is a very persistent marked is about 6.25m. The middle sub-unit consists horizon indicating a distance phase of of yellow and brownish silt, clay with sedimentation in the Narmada Valley. The subordinate sand and occasional rock gravel boulder conglomerate predominantly lenses. The average measured thickness of consists of sub-rounded to well rounded this sub-unit is about 5.50m. The upper sub- boulder, cobbleIJSER and pebble of quartzite, units predominantly consist of compact gneiss, sandstone, basalt, agate, jasper, chert, yellow clay, silt and calcareous concretion. chalcedony tightly cemented in a matrix of The average measured thickness of this sub- sand and silt. The finer sediments include unit is about 3.25m. different grade of sand and silt, brown and maroon in color often laminated and cross The sediments of fluvial domain of Narmada laminated. The boulder conglomerate is identified between an elevations of 268 to fossil and skull cap of early man Homo 350 m above m.s.l. and were deposited in erectus (Sonakia, 1984) channel and flood plain environments during upper Pleistocene lime. The sequence of The boulder conglomerate consists of three Quaternary events and the history of sub-litho units; each sub-unit characterized sedimentation of Narmada indicate that the by distinct rock fragment shape, size, upper 70m top 90m of the Narmada alluvium lithological abundance and allied sediment was deposited in a single aggradations characters. The sub-units are composed of episode with minor pauses when dissection variable assemblage of quartzite, gneiss, of the alluvium produced two terraces (NT3- basalt, sandstone, agate, jasper, chalcedony, NT2). The sediments of this aggradations chart, sand and silt (Khan1992) These sub- episode constitute three lithostratigraphy litho units display fancies variation in the units viz. Boulder conglomerate, Sohagpur valley and upper units grades into gritty and Shahganj formation. The sediments of sandstone upstream of Hathnora the alluvial phase are underlain by a boulder bed of glaciao-fluvial origin. Thus, the fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the basal

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 908 ISSN 2229-5518 unit of alluvium marks a disconformity concealed under boulder conglomerate in the between the lower glacial-boulder layer and valley. upper fluvial sediments. The fossiliferous basal boulder conglomerate is being of ii. Boulder Conglomerate middle Pleistocene age (Khan 1992) (Fluvio-glacial deposits)

The sediments of present domain of The Vindhyan Group of rocks and Deccan Narmada is represented by sediments of Trap in the Central sector of the Narmada active flood plain, point bar and sand bar Valley form the basement for the Quaternary facies of present domain and consist of deposits. The conglomerate bed that unconsolidated imbricated, stratified, constituted the fossiliferous horizon of polygonal sorted rock-gravel supported by Narmada is sandwiched between older very coarse to very fine-sand and is named as Alluvium and the glacio-fluvial bounder bed. Janwasa formation, after the village Janwasa This conglomerate bed is a very persistent where is it best developed. The measured marked horizon indicating a distance phase thickness in the valley is about 5m. of sedimentation in the Narmada Valley. It is exposed in the bluff/scrap of Narmada i. Boulder Bed around Sardar Nager, Hathnora, Surajgarh, (Glacial/Fluvial-glacial deposits) Budhni, Hoshangabad, Khoksa, Tigharia, Demawar and Bhariya-Ghat at the base of The glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits of terraces NT2 (Khan, 1984). The measured Narmada unconformable overly the thickness of the exposed boulder Vindhyan and the basaltic Deccan Trap conglomerate varies from 1.5 to 6.5m but rocks. The sediments consist of a Hetero- average 5m. heterogeneous assemblage of sub-angular to angular, sub-rounded, unsorted, The boulder conglomerate predominantly stratifiedrock fragments ranging from consists of sub-rounded to well rounded boulders to small pebbles, predominantly of boulder, cobble and pebble of quartzite, quartzite, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, jasper, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, agate, jasper, chert, chart, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, chart, altered chalcedony tightly cemented in a matrix of feldspar, ferruginous nodules, in a matrix of sand and silt. The finer sediments include very coarse to very fine-sand, silt and clay. different grade of sand and silt, brown and These clasticsIJSER are highly angular, generally maroon in color often laminated and cross poorly sorted and isotropically imprecated. laminated. The boulder conglomerate is Fine sediments comprise of reddish grayish fossil and skull cap of early man Homo and greenish sand with appreciable amount erectus (Sonakia, 1984) of mica flaks, altered feldspar, brick-red and buff silt, greenish-brown silt and clay, and The boulder conglomerate consists of three greenish, reddish and dark maroon hard and sub-litho units; each sub-unit characterized plastic clay. These fine sediments contain by distinct rock fragment shape, size, fairly good amount of ferruginous material, lithological abundance and allied sediment quartz, mica flakes and altered feldspar characters. The sub-units are composed of grain. Through these sediments are similar in variable assemblage of quartzite, gneiss, composition to the other deposits of basalt, sandstone, agate, jasper, chalcedony, Narmada Valley, exhibit entirely different chart, sand and silt (Khan1992) These sub- sedimentary pattern, sediment characters and litho units display fancies variation in the mineral composition. These rock clastics are valley and upper units grades into gritty largely angular, very poorly sorted and sandstone upstream of Hathnora demonstrate isotropic imbrications pattern in the valley. The sediments of glacial domain The basal unit of boulder conglomerate and of Narmada occur between and average is characterized by sub-rounded to rounded elevation of about 20-265 m above m.s.l. and boulders cobbles, pebble of quartzite were deposited in glacial environments (38.50%), gneiss (18.50%) sandstone during Pleistocene time. These deposits are (14.50%), basalt (6.50%), agate and other rock fragments (3.50%). These clastic are

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 909 ISSN 2229-5518 tightly cemented in a reddish brown and skull cap of early man, Homo erectus maroon sand and silt which exhibit Narmadensis along with other mammalian lamination, cross-lamination and cut and fill fossils (Sonakia, 1984). The Ash bed of feature. It is capped by a pebbly layer Quaternary age is recorded associated with containing vertebrate fossils and a human these deposits around Timrawan upstream of skull of early man (Sonakia, 1984). The Hathnora is of aeolian nature and perhaps average measured thickness of this layer is indicates volcanic activity during middle about 2.25m. Pleistocene time.

The middle sub-unit of boulder conglomerate iii. Fluvial deposits characterized by an abundance of spherical, (Flood plain deposit of paleo discoidal and bladed cobbles, pebbles of domain of Narmada quartzite (31.50%), gneiss (14.00%), jasper (8.50%), sandstone (15.00%), basalt The sediments of paleo-domain of Narmada (10.50%), agate (12.50%), chart (6.50%) and conformably overlie the boulder other rock fragments chart (1.50%). These conglomerate and represent the flood-plain coarse clasitic are tightly cemented by a deep fluvial facies of the Narmada. The sediments brown and maroon sand, silt and clay. The of the fancies predominantly consist of clay finer clastics display sedimentary feature like silt and sand, discontinuous nodules and lamination, cross-bedding load structure, plates. The beds are horizontal, exhibit small ripples and, cut and fill feature. Out of upward fining sequence typical of fluviatile this sedimentary structure the cross bed units deposits .This domain may be divided of boulder conglomerate vary from 5.15o and divided into three formations based on average about is 8.5o. The cross-beds average lithology, sediment assemblage, shape and is often truncated by a pebbly layer at the size of rock clastics, relative disposition and top. This sub-unit contents mammalian fossil diagnostic sedimentary characteristics. These and some stone implements. The average formations are, viz. (i) Shohagpur, (ii) measured thickness of these sub-units is Shahganj, and (iii) Hoshangabad Formations about. respectively. These formations represent the sediments the complete sequence of The upper sub-units of the boulder Narmada deposited in channel and flood conglomerate. It consists of sub-rounded to plain environments during Upper Pleistocene well-rounded IJSERpebble of quartz (23.50%), times. The lowest Sohagpur Formation is gneiss (11.50%), sandstone (14.50%), basalt named after Sohagpur town. The unit occurs (13.50%), agate (15.50%), jasper (11.50%), along the outer flanks of Narmada Valley chart (8.00%) and other rock fragments bounded by Vindhyachal range to the north (2.00%). These clastics are commented by and Satpura to the south. It consists of grey and brownish sand and silt containing sediments of paleo-domain of Narmada. It is appreciable amount of calcareous matrix. represented by a thick sequence of clay, silt- sand and rock gravels. The unit is divisible These deposits identified between an average into three sub litho unit. The basal sub-unit is elevations of 245 to 300 m above m.s.l. the chiefly red and brownish sand, silt, clay basal unit of boulder conglomerate identified containing appreciable amount of cal matrix. is marked at an elevation of about 268 m The average measured thickness of this sub- above m.s.l, exposed on the northern bank of unit is about 6.25m. The middle sub-unit Narmada around Hathnora (22° 52” N - 77° consists of yellow and brownish silt, clay 52” E) at the depth of about 83 m in with subordinate sand and occasional rock stratigraphic column of Quaternary gravel lenses. The average measured sediments of Narmada. thickness of this sub-unit is about 5.50m. The upper sub-units predominantly consist of The boulder conglomerate is of middle compact yellow clay, silt and calcareous Pleistocene age equivalent to Siwalik concretion. The average measured thickness boulder conglomerate (India), Trinil bed of of this sub-unit is about 3.25m. Java (Indonesia) and boulder conglomerate of Tapti (Khan. These deposits have yielded

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The Sohagpur formation is often association chart. The upper unit contains yellowish and with discontinues and persistent pebbly brownish silt and clay with occasional horizon containing well sorted polymodal calcium concretion. It is capped by black gravel of quartzite, gneiss, basalt, agate, soil. The measured thickness of the units is jasper and chart in the matrix of course to 6.5m, 5.00m and 3.5m respectively. The fine-sand. The gravel is general discoidal, sediments of fluvial domain of Narmada spherical and exhibits higher indices of identified between an elevation of 268 to 350 sphericity and roundness indicating their m above m.s.l. and were deposited in channel derivation from distance and mixed and flood plain environments during upper provenance during sedimentation. Pleistocene lime.

The Shahganj formation is forms litho- The sequence of Quaternary events and the stratigraphic unit overlying boulder history of sedimentation of Narmada indicate conglomerate and occupies large area in the that the upper 70m top 90m of the Narmada central part of the valley. It is exposed in the alluvium was deposited in a single bluff section of Narmada around aggradations episode with minor pauses Narayanpur, Sardarnagar, Hathnora, when dissection of the alluvium produced Shahganj and Hoshangabad. This formation two terraces (NT3-NT2). The sediments of is equivalent to the Shivpur formation this aggradations episode constitute three described by Khan (1984) from the down lithostratigraphy units viz. Boulder stream of Hoshangabad. It consists of conglomerate, Sohagpur and Shahganj sediments of palaeo-domain of Narmada. It formation. The sediments of the alluvial is represented by clay, silt, sand phase are underlain by a boulder bed of accompanied by inconsistent pebbliferous glaciao-fluvial origin. Thus, the fossiliferous bed containing quartzite, gneiss, basalt, boulder conglomerate, the basal unit of chart, agate. The average measured thickness alluvium marks a disconformity between the of this formation is about 15m. These lower glacial-boulder layer and upper fluvial sediments constitution three units each sediments. The fossiliferous basal boulder characterized by distinct lithology, rock conglomerate is being of middle Pleistocene classics and diagnostic sediment characters. age (Khan1992). The Hoshangabad is the younger formation of the Narmada and is represented by the The sediments of present domain of flood plain IJSERfancies. It forms a distinct Narmada is represented by sediments of morphostratigraphy unit; above the present active flood plain, point bar and sand bar day flood plain of Narmada. It is crescent- facies of present domain and consist of shaped and is confined within the meander unconsolidated imbricated, stratified, looped of the Narmada. This formation polygonal sorted rock-gravel supported by comprises three units. The basal unit very coarse to very fine-sand and is named as predominantly consists of rock gravels of Janwasa formation, after the village Janwasa quartzite, gneiss, basalt and agate imbricated where is it best developed. The measured in the grayish sand and silt. The middle unit thickness in the valley is about 5m. (Table is represented by unconsolidated imbricated No_2, 3,6& 7) (Plate No _4_9 to_16) matrix of sand and silt supported by bimodal sorted gravel of quartzite, basalt, agate and

Table No_2 Geological sequence of Quaternarydeposits of Narmada Valley

Associated Quaternary Environments Age Lithe constituents geomorphic formations of Deposition Phenomena 1 2. 3. 4. 5. Younger Reworked sediments, Point bars, Channel & Alluvium Fluvial mostly rock gravel channel bars, Recent flood plain terraces / fluvial consisting boulder, present day environments deposit of cobble, pebble of active flood

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present domain quartzite, gneiss, granite, plane and of Narmada schist, basics, slate, channel braids: phyllite, limestone & Fluvial terrace: shale in a matrix of NT-0. ( Fluvial coarse to fine sand deposits) Coarse gravel consisting of boulder, cobble, Fluvial terraces pebble, of quartzite Fluvial terraces fluvial deposits / gneiss granite, schist, Channel & of Narmada NT- older alluvium 9 Holocene phyllite, state, flood plain 0 to NT-3 . Sediment of 1 fossiliferous lime stone, environments. ( Fluvial paleo-domian of shale & basic rocks in a deposits) Narmada matrin of coarse to fine sand. Sub-angular to sub rounded boulder, cobble, pebble of quartzite, gneiss, granite schist Late Fluvio- glacial Fluvio glacial Fluvio-glacial with subordinate amount Pleistocene deposits environments deposts "FGD" of limestone, slate, phyllite& basic rocks with coarse to fine sand & silt. A heterogeneous mix of sub- angular to angular boulder and cobble of predominately gneiss, granite, schist, & Glacial Glacial deposits Pleistecene Glacial deposit quartzite with environment “GD". subordinate an amount of slate phyllite and shale IJSERtogether with very fine sand, silt & clays.

faulted and oscillating rift trench remained V. Geological Sequence of Quaternary silent and disclosed and unrevealed hidden Deposits of Hathnora miseries needed attention.

The Quaternary deposits of the Narmada The Hominid locality Hathnora is located valley represent the thickest Quaternary on tectonic depressin associated with a linear deposits in peninsular India which were trench in the middle of valley, it was an ideal deposited in a tectonic trench of SONATA locus for accumulation of sediments. The rift LINEAMENT ZONE., the sedimentation has trench is intruded by the dolerite and other been controlled and synchronised by mafic and siliceous dykes and sills along mechnisam of tectonisam during entire span lineaments in different phases of tectonic of sedimentation from Lower Pleistocene to deformation. The Quaternary sedimentation Holocene time. The association of fossils incepting from glacial activity, followed by and stone implements with Quaternary fluvio-glacial, lacustrine and fluvial phase deposits of Narmada are well described, within the rinsing and sinking environment, quarries on various aspects on geology block, faulting, uplifting, Neogene rifting, geomorphology, sedimentolgy, provenance Quaternary sedimentation, rift-bound of sediments, stream kinetics, stratigraphy, Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and volcanic chronology ,tectonics, neotectonic, activity specifically during glacial and subsurface geometry, and overall model of fluvio-glacial phase are major component of Quaternary sedimentation of Narmada in the Quaternary period and tectonic processes

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 912 ISSN 2229-5518 of the Narmada Rift System which forms the phase prevailed for very long time. (Table base of quaternary deposits. The quaternary No AB- 1-3 & Plate No AB-1) landscape in this segment is confined in trough like basin which embraces the In Homnid locality Hathnora in Narmada stepped sequence of Narmada terraces (NT1 valley is occupied by thick Quaternary to NT3), where Boulder conglomerate sediments which are classified on the basis exposed at the base of these deposits. The of statistical parameters.quartz grain Boulder conglomerate is persistent horizon morphology of sediments, quartz grain and represent distinct fluvial-glacial phase of morphology of quartz grain of paleosole, sedimentation. It is underlian by Boulder bed heavy mineral assemblage, and ash bed which is concealed under younger sediments sedimentary features and environments of in the valley.The Quaternary landscape sedimentation. The lowermost units (Boulder embodies imprints of tectontonisam which bed) is or glacio-fluvial origin (Khan el al revealed that sedimentation had been 1991) whereas the rest of fluvial origin. The controlled by mechanics of SONATA top four formations (Sohagpur, Shahganj, LINEAMENT ZONE. Hoshangabad and Janwasa) are classified

based on morphostratigraphic state (NTo- The Narmada rock basin of Narmada is NT3), degree of oxidation, calcification and occupied by the Quaternary sediments of compaction. Janwasa formation comprises of three domains viz. glacial, fluvio- glacial and sediments of active channel deposition and is fluvial which were deposited in distinct the older three (Sohagpur, Shahganj, environments during Quaternary time. The Hoshangabad formation) are related to older glacial deposit comprised of thick pile of flood plains deposits of paleo-do-main of sediments occupied base of rock basin and Narmada and are grouped under older was deposited by glacial activities in dry and alluvium. Boulder conglomerate of fluvio- cold climatic condition during early glacial origin is assigned an independent Pleistocene time. The study of these formational status based on distinct lithology concealed sediments, their sedimentary and fossil assemblage. The sequence of environments and sedimentation and Quaternary events and the history of correlation both in vertical and horizontal sedimentation of Narmada indicate that the columns indicates that the lower most units, upper 70m top 90m of the Narmada alluvium Boulder bed (20 to 260 m. below ground was deposited in a single aggradations level ) is of IJSERglacial origin, where as the episode with minor pauses when dissection fossiliferous bed Boulder conglomerate (260 of the alluvium produced two terraces (NT3- to 278m. above m.s.l.) is of fluvio-glacial NT2). The sediments of this aggradations and top four formations in increasing episode constitute three lithostratigraphy antiquity Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad units viz. Boulder conglomerate, Sohagpur and Janwasa ( 278 to 350m. above m.s.l.) are and Shahganj formation. The sediments of of fluvial origin and represent the complete the alluvial phase are underlain by a boulder sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in bed of glacio-fluvial origin. Thus, the Central India Khan & Sonakia (1992). ). The fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the basal boulder conglomerate is a marker horizon of unit of alluvium marks a disconformity Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada Valley between the lower glacial-boulder layer and and as well in Central India, its disposition upper fluvial sediments. The fossiliferous and relation with other deposits in the valley, basal boulder conglomerate is being of indicates a significant change in regional middle Pleistocene age (Khan 1992) climate from cold dry to warm and humid, during which the sediment were re-worked The boulder bed which yielded Hominid from glacial front intermittently and fossil from boulder conglomerate reported to deposited in the valley over a very long time. be of fluvio-glacial origin for first time The skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada (Khan & Sonakia 1992). Beside occurrences Man) and other fauna recorded along with of associated of ash beds with fossileferous calc- nodules within the boulder boulder conglomerate (Khan & Rahate 1991) conglomerate; suggest that warm climatic Achariya 1993 indicates volcanic source. It appears that close to the completion of cycle

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 913 ISSN 2229-5518 of deposition of the boulder bed there was magnetostratigraphy, and bio-stratigraphy vilolent volcanic eruption in around Middle and correlation of sediment columns intra to uper Pleistocen time which was valley wise , inter valley wise and on unified subsequently settled down across the globe Quaternary Platform Khan et.al (2012) and in the pennisular India during the focusing on hominid localities of China quaternary sedimentation. The occurrences have been studied on quaternary platform of association of two marked horizons at which have given new insight on the age of different levels further revealed the cyclic the Narmada Homo erectus. eruption and settling of volcanic matrix was occurred with a pause during sedimentation. The Hathnora section section of Narmada Khan et.al. (1991). Khan and Sonakia (1992) possess the complete sequence of all three reported for the first time glacial and domain of sediments in increasing antiquity interglacial deposit in the Narmada valley, from the bottom of the rift trench Boulder Central India which is represented by arid bed (glacial), Boulder conglomerate (fluvial- and humid cycles. The lithostratigraphy of glacial) sediments of paleo-domain of Narmada valley described by Khan (1984), Narmada (fluvial). The intense tectonic Khan & Benarjee (1984), Khan & Rahate activities within the basins of the Narmada (1990-91), Khan & Sonakia (1992), Khan et Rift System during the Neogene and al (1991), Rahate & Khan (1985), Khan Quaternary periods have destroyed fossil (1991), Khan & Sonakia (1992), Yadav & record except the fossiferous horizons Khan (1996). exposed in river sections. The erosional- sedimentary cycle has persisted in the rift The Quaternary lithostratigraphy and valley environment for millions of years as a sedimentological aspects were studied and in result of the interplay between depositional the Narmada valley (Khan 1984, Khan & and erosional forces driven by tectonic Benarjee 1984, Khan & Rahate 1990-91-90 processes; there are numerous gaps in the Khan & Sonakia 1992, Khan &et al 1991, fossil record, particularly in the important Rahate & Khan 1985, Khan et al. 1991, time period between Mio-Pliocene Khan 1991, Khan et al. 1992, Yadav & Khan Pleistocene times. It is pertinent to the 1996. The Narmada valley embodied understand the origin of Hominid during the complete sequence of Quaternary deposits late Miocene, but it is difficult to disclose from lower Pleistocene to Holocene (Khan mysteries of human evolution in Narmada & Sonakia (1992).IJSER Khan, et.al (1912), Khan due to concealed nature of these deposits in (2012) et.al Khan ( in press) , Khan ( in rift system, however the complementary part press),.The results of sedimentological of Tapti-Purna Quaternary blanket may be studies Khan ( 2015), quartz grain potential and possessive of human remain morphology, Khan ( 2014), quartz grain and should be studied to trace further the morphology,Palesole Quaternary column imprints of fossil man taking in to account of section in Hominid locality in central sector SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE as single of Narmada revealed the presence of ecosystem for evolution of man in Indian complete sequence of quaternary sediments subcontinent. However, evidence of the in Narmada rock basin viz Glacial, fluvio- effects of tectonics on fauna and flora are glacial and fluvial domain whereas the distinct and its signatures on dislocation and boulder conglomerate which has yielded concealing of fossiliferous horizons are human skull is of fluvio-glacial origin from uncontrolled and ill-defined in the ecosystem Khan & Sonakia (1991).The Quartz grain in the valley during the Pliocene–Pleistocene morphology of sediment column Khan periods. (2014) Quartz grain morphology of different The boulder conglomerate which yielded the paleo- sole, , Khan (2014), Ash bed Khan & skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift Maria (2012) Khan & Maria (1912) Heavy from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) remained mineral assemblage Khan ( 2016) tephra only discovery of hominid fossil in last two stratigraphy, Khan et.al (1991 ) Acharya, and half decade due to concealed and hidden S.K. and Basu, P.K. (1993) Khan etal nature of Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene deposits (2014) Khan et.al.(2015) Ash fall and its in rift system and inconsistency in exposure impects (2015) Khan (2016)

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 914 ISSN 2229-5518 of fosiliferous horizon due faulting, The skull cap of Narmada man Homo erectus dislocation ad subsidence of Quaternary Narmadanesis was found in near village blanket of Narmada rift system. Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, The Boulder Conglomerate which is of (Sonakia, 1984) at an elevation of about fluvio-glacial origin and has yielded human 268m above the m.s.l. and at the depth of skull from Sonakia (1982) Khan &Sonakia about 83m in Central Narmada Valley. These (1992) is exposed persistently in scarp deposits are underlain by glacial deposits and section of Narmada at few places only. The overlain by fluvial deposits of palaeo-domain type section of Boulder Bed and Boulder of Narmada. The Quaternary sequence of Conglomerate which are potential sediments Hathnora is described by Khan & Sonakia of human remains of Pliocene Pleistocene (1992). time are hidden and concealedunder sediments of present and paleo- domain of The boulder conglomerate at Hominid Narmada in the valley.( Table No_3, 4,6,7 locality Hathnora consist of stratified hard &_4 )(Plate No _8 to_17) compact basal unit comprising of rook fragments of different shape and size of VI. Geological Sequence of Quaternary granite, quartzite, sandstone, agate, Deposits of Vom Of Indian Fossil chalcedony, chart, basalt and calcareous Man & China Man On Unified nodules tightly cemented in the matrix of Quaternary Platform A brown, red and grayish sand and silt. These Correlation rock clastics constitute various sub-litho units and are supported by grey and The Quaternary sequence of Hominid brownish, cross bedded sand. The sub-litho locality of Hathnora represents multiple units consists of mostly pebble supported sequences of sediments. Based on study of horizons which contains vertebrate fossils, statistical parameters of sediment their stone implements, like chopper, scraper hand deviation and breaks in vertical stratigrphic axes and core flakes mostly of quartzite, column between 00.00 to 260 m below the flint, chalcedony and quartzite. ground level indicate that the sediments consist of three domains viz. glacial, fluvio- A mandible of Lantian hominid at Chenjiawo glacial and fluvial.( Khan et.al 2016. The (China) was found in paleosole (S6) and at study of theseIJSER concealed sediments, their the depth of 38 m in the loess deposits A sedimentary environments and sedimentation Zhisehng et. al. (1989). Assumingly a and correlation both in vertical and roughly uniform accumulation rate of horizontal columns indicates that the lower sedimentation in the line of Ma. et.al. (1978) most units, Boulder bed (20 to 260 m. below estimation of age, the date of the Lantian ground level ) is of glacial origin, where as mandible at Chanjiawo is computed to be the fossiliferous bed Boulder conglomerate about 0.65 m. m.y.r. Ho-chuan at the depth (260 to 278m. above m.s.l.) is of fluvio- of 26m which were deposited in typical glacial and top four formations in fluvial environments. In view of recovery of increasing antiquity Sohagpur, Shahganj, skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Man) Hoshangabad and Janwasa( 278 to 350m. from older deposits and from deeper level above m.s.l.) are of fluvial origin and (83m.) as compared to Chinese Hominid, the represent the complete sequence of claim of Lantian Hominid of Congwangling Quaternary sedimentation in Central India. (1.15 m.y.r.) after A Zhisehng et. al. (1989)\ The Janwasa formation comprises of needs re-evaluation of reassessment of its sediments of active channel deposit where as age. the older three (Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad formation) are related to older The rock basin of Narmada is occupied by flood plains deposits of paleo-do-main of the Quaternary sediments of three domains Narmada and are grouped under older viz. glacial, fluvio- glacial and fluvial which alluvium. Boulder conglomerate of fluvio- were deposited in distinct environments glacial origin is assigned an independent during Quaternary time. The glacial deposit formational status. Khan & Sonakia (1992). comprised of thick pile of sediments

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 915 ISSN 2229-5518 occupied base of rock basin and was Congwangling 26 m. from paleo sols which deposited by glacial activities in dry and cold are younger than Narmada deposits. climatic condition during early Pleistocene time. The boulder conglomerate constitute The Narmada skull cap of Homo erectus fossiliferous horizon of Narmada, deposited which is recovered from the vom of basal in fluvio-glacial environments (interglacial). unit of boulder conglomerate at the depth of It is a marker horizon of Quaternary 83 m. (278 m. above m.s.l.) is estimated to sedimentation in Narmada Valley and as well be of upper segment of lower Pleistocene in Central India its disposition and relation age. It is older than the Homo erectus of with other deposits in the valley, indicates a Chenjiawo, Congwangling of China which significant change in regional climate from were recovered from paleosole and loess cold dry to warm and humid, during which deposit at the depth of 38 and 26 m. The the sediment were re-worked from glacial Quaternary sequence of Narmada (325 m.) as front intermittently and deposited in the compared to Louchuan (136 m.) sections of valley over a very long time. The skull cap China on unified Quaternary platform is of Home erectus (Narmada Man) and other older and represents the complete and type fauna recorded along with calc- nodules sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in within the boulder conglomerate; suggest Central India. The occurrence of skull cap of that warm climatic phase prevailed long early man at the depth of 83 m. in basal unit time. The Lantian hominid cranium at of boulder conglomerate of fluvio-glacial Gongwangiling was found in silty loess at origin in Narmada Valley is one of the the depth of about 26 m. and it Luochuan earliest and oldest Homo erectus in Asia. standard sequence the fossil bearing stratum (Plate No _8_ to_12 16, 17) un-doubted to the middle part of silty loess L-15 which at Luochuan was dated to be The Boulder bed and Boulder Conglomerate 1.09 to 1.20 m.y.r. The hominid fossil and in Son Narmada Tapti and Purna with similar associated faunas were discovered in the rock assemblages and suites of rock fabrics, middle part of silty layer; the age of the heavy mineral assemblages, and quartz grain fossils at Gongwanling can be pinpointed morphology in critical and crucial sections narrowly to 1.15 m.y.r. This dates differs across the SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE from the earliest (0.75-0-80 m.y.r.) of Ma. et. Khan (2013) Khan (2014) strongly support al. (1978) and from 1 m.y.r. estimate of tearing and rifting of quaternary blanket Cheng et. al.IJSER (1978). The Lantian fossil during late Pleistocene time. The presence hominid at Gondwangling is considered as of thick boulder bed in Harda inliers area, earliest Homo erectus in China. Ho Chuan such as at Chandgarh and north east of Kun (1986). Barwaha, boulder bed in confluence are of Tapti and waghur around Khadgaon in Tapti In India Narmada basin considering the one valley Khan et.al (1984) Khan et.al (2015) of a main loci of Quaternary sedimentation, Khan et.al (2016) Khan (2016) supports this and assuming the uniform accumulation rate assumption. of sediment in the basin in the line of Ma. et. al. (1978) Yobin Sun & Zhisheng, An (2005) The sequence of quaternary dposits in this and comparing the Narmada sequence of segment of rift system was deposited on Quaternary deposit (325 m.) with those of uneven platform of valley floor of turmoil Luochuan standard sequence of Chenjiawo nature in tight and narrow basin which and Congwangling sequence of China. The depicts cyclic transitional environmental of skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Man) the rift basins are caused by tectonic recovered from the boulder conglomerate of activities (uplift and subsidence), changes in fluvio-glacial origin in middle part of relief, and climatic variations. The climatic Quaternary column from deep level of changes in uplift, coupled with block Narmada, at the depth of 83 m. above glacial faulting, rinsing and sinking platform, deposits, in association of ash bed, as created basins unstable platform for the compared to Chenjiawo Hominid from inter accumulations of thick lacustrine and fluvial bedded sequence of paleo sols loess and silty sediments sequences with terrestrial and loess at the depth of 38 m. and aquatic fossils.The evidence of the effects of

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tectonics on fauna and flora are distinct and Pleistocene time. The NT1to NT2 is the its signatures on dislocation and concealing major depositional terrace and have both of fossiliferous horizons are uncontrolled and convergent & divergent mutual disposition ill defined in the ecosystem in the valley with other terrace. These terraces further during the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The downstream have matched equivalents along boulder conglomerate which yielded the the valley flanks, whereas in the up stream skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift section the matched equivalents are from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) remained rare. The conspicuous divergent relation of only discovery of hominid fossil in last two these terraces the valley reveals successive and half decade due inconsistency and uplift of catchments area and consequential concealed nature of fosilifrous horizon due incision of valley floor and adjustment of faulting, and subsidence of Quaternary base level of Narmada during Upper blanket of Narmada rift system as such Pleistocene time. researcher and scientist failed to add any further knowledge to hominid discovery.in In Hoshangabad Harda Section section the Narmada valley.(Table No _3 &_9) Vindhayan group of rocks is overlain

uncomfortably by the Quaternary VII. Geological Sequence of Quaternary Formations. The basal conglomerate bed is Deposits of Jabalpur _Harda exposed at Dimawar, Bhilariyaghat, Kund, Section Hathnora etc. It consists of rounded to sub- rounded pebbles, cobbles of quartz, jasper, In Narmada valley Jabalpur _ Harda section agata, chert, calcareous matrix or siliceous is occupied by thick quaternary deposits matrix with coarse of fine sand, silt and little which have been chisealled to three of clay. Recently Sri A. Sonkia has found prominent terraces (NT1 to NT3) besides sub fossilized human skull known as the terraces NT2-A is NT2-B, NT2 B, tese Narmada man, in association with extinct terraces are seprated by linear and Pleistocene mammals at Hathnora associated curvilinear scarps, show convergence and with the conglomerate horizon. The fossils divergence in their relative position and assemblage indicates that it belongs to cyclic & non cyclic in nature. In some middle Pleistocene. This unit is overlain by section of valley rock cut terraces, rock cut the older Alluvium Group-Varying in platform and benches are notices which at thickness viz 25m at Dimawar, 36m at many places IJSERover lie by caps and strips Mardhanpur 18m. at Hathnora etc. it broadly quaternary deposits representing the former comprises of two litho units. The basal level of valley floor of Narmada. The rock member of which consists chiefly of light cut terraces and rock cut benches are time yellow to brown silt with clay and fine sand equivalent to NT1 to NT3 which have whereas the upper horizon consists of hard developed in Nasrullahganj &Harda .Khan and compact clay, brown to red in colour et.al (2016). The Quaternary events of the with sub-ordinate amount of silt. At the base Narmada portys three prominent terraces and coarse sand is observed approximately 1.5m two sub terraces in these sections which are thick showing current bedding, cross bedding designated NT1 to NT3 and sub terraces and other sedimentary structures. The entire NT2-A is NT2-B, NT2 B, besides NT2-C, section is associated with horizons of NT3-A & NT3-B besides NT-0 in the valley. pebbles, cobble bed having composition of They have been designed NTO to NT3, ( 280 green to black quartzite, sandstone, jasper, to 400 m ), NTO being the low level terrace agate, and chert. The thickness of this above the present-day course of the river, horizon varies form 1m to 5m. These units NT1-the younger terrace both of cyclic ad o are horizontally bedded at places show cyclic nature. The NT3 terrace occurs as prominent bedding. The upper horizon of elongated strip and isolated caps and lenses this unit are pre-dominently clayey and is along the margin of valley flanks has hard and compact whereas the lower horizon divergent relative disposition. These land are less compact and silty in composition forms indicate vigorous and abrupt incision containing layers of sand and calcareous of valley floor due to relatively & repaid concretions. The older alluvium is uplift of watershed area during Upper represented by Demawar, Shivpur and

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Nasrullahganj Formations.The sequence of Demawar occupies smaller area and is con- Quaternary deposits is given in the (Table centrated in the meandering loops of the No QGT_3 & _4.) Narmada on either side of the Narmada river. It represents sediments of the palaeodomain Fluvial Deposit (flood plain deposit of of the Narmada and forms morphostrati- paleo domain of Narmada) graphic unit comparable to the Demewar geomorphic surface. a. Nasrullahganj Formation i. Fluvial Deposit (flood plain deposit The Nasrullahganj formation is the oldest of paleo domain of Narmada) Quaternary formation of the Narmada and it derives its name after Nasrullahganj where it This represents the active flood plain is best developed. The formation overlies the deposits of the Narmada and its tributaries. Vindhayan group of rocks unconformable. It These deposits are restricted to the present occupied an extensive area both in the north day course of the channel and surrounding and south bank of the Narmada river. It low lying areas. It consists chiefly of fine comprises sediments of plaeodomain of the grey sand (showing various sedimentary Narmada river and forms morphostrati- structures as current bedding, graded bedding graphic unit comparable with Nasrullahaganj etc.) with pebbles, cobbles, boulders of geomorphic surface. The formation is quartzite, gneiss, sandstones, agate and represented by a thick sequence of brown to jaspers. This unit is represented by Ambar, pink colored hard and compact clay, thin Indra, Kolar and Amba formations. layer of light yellow to brown silt and coarse to fine sand and associated with sub-rounded a. Amba Formation to well rounded boulder, pebble and cobble to quartzite, basalt, gneiss, sandstone, agate, This forms the youngest formation of the chert jasper. Narmada and represents the sediments of the Recent Flood Plain facies of the Narmada b. Shivepur Formation river. This is a morphostratigraphic unit referable to Amabs geomorphic surface. It It is younger than the Nasrullahganj comprises fine to coarse sand, silt and Formation and overlies it with a erosional subordinate clay. This occurs in the meander scarp. It derivesIJSER its name after ShivpurMain loops of the Narmada and is found around Township located on this formation and also Amba, Kund, South of Nilkanth, Jalha etc. best developed here. This Quaternary This section, as observed in around the formation has a large l extent on either side village Kund shows the following units. A of the Narmada river. It comprises sediments zone of cobbles and pebbles of quartz, of palaeo-domain of the Narmada river and jasper, agate, chert is strewn over the surface forms morphostratigraphic unit referable to and it is succeeded upwards by a thick the Shivpur geomorphic surface. It consists sequence of (about 4m) of conglomerate of yellowish clay, subordinate amount of silt showing gradual fineness upwards and and coarse to fine sand accompanied by dipping 5’ to 10’ away from the river. This is pebble and cobble horizon of quartzite, followed upwards by inter layered sequence gneisses, basalt, sandstone, agate, chert, of sand and clay exhibiting cross-bedding. jasper. b. Kolar Formation c. Demawar formation These represent sediments of the Recent This forms the youngest unit of older Flood Plain facies of the Kolar and Ganjal alluvium group of the Narmada. It is younger rivers. The Kolar is on the north bank than the Shivpur and older than the Amba whereas the Ganjal is on the southern. Bank formations. It assumes its name after of the Narmada. These form Demawar village which forms the type aread morphostratigraphic unit comparable with of the formation. In comparison to other the Kolar/Ganjal geomorphic surface. Kolar Quaternary formations described above, is deeply entrenched river. It has restricted

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 918 ISSN 2229-5518 flood plain and even show poor development fine grey coloured sand silt and little amount of Point Bar due to the deep entrenchment of of clay and associated with rock gravels the river. The river is probably controlled by comprise quartzite, quartz, Jaspar, chert, fault trending NNW-SSE as evident from the agate, etc. Thickness of sediments is about pattern of the riverc course. The Ganjal river 3m. is also found to have restricted flood plain and is entrenched. The flood plain facies of d. Ambar Formation both river comprises sediments dominated by coarse to fine sand silt and lesser amount of This formation is developed along the Ambar clay. The thickness of sediment is about 5m. river a tributary of the Narmada on the northern bank and derives its name ager the c. Indra Formation Ambar river. It represents the sediments of the Recent Flood Plain facies of the Amba This represents the sediments of the Recent river and forms morphostratigraphic unit Flood Plain from of the Indra river a referable to the Ambar Geomorphic surface. tributary to the Narmada on the southern The flood plain of the river comprises bank. The formation assumes its name after sediments similar to that of the other the indra river. It forms morphostratigraphic tributaries of the Narmada viz. coarse to fine unit comparable with the Indra geomorphic sand silt and clay. (Table No QGT_3 surface. The restricted flood plain of the river &_4_5,6) (Plate No _4 to _8_13 14& 17). comprise sediments consisting of coarse to

TABLE_5 GEOLOGICAL ESQUENCE OF QUATERNAR DEPSITS OF JABALPUR _HARDA SECTION

Terrace Elevation above MSL Nature of its Origin Morphostatigraphy

NT_o 260-280 m Depositional Light grey to dark grey sand and silt NT_1 280-300- m Erosional / Light grey to dark grey sand and silt Depositionalwith rock pebble sand and silt NT_2A IJSER300-320 m Depositional Grey & brown sand and silt. NT_2B 320-340m Depositional Yellow brownish clay with silt Erosional / NT_2C340-360 m Depositional Yellow brownish clay with silt with Dark brown oxidized clay silt NT_3A 360-380 m Depositional Dark brown, dark yellow clay silt Erosional/ Brownish red clay and silt with Calc - matrix. NT_3B 400 m Depositional Dark brown, dark yellow clay silt Brownish red clay and silt with Calc-matrix

Boulder Conglomerate Fluvio-glacial sub rounded to rounded cobble pebble inthe matrix coarse to fine sand & silt Boulder Bed Glacial sub angular to sub rounded boulder cobble pebble in the matrix coarse to fine sand, silt and clay

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VIII. Geological Sequence of distinct lithology and fossil assemblage. The Quaternary Deposits of sequence of Quaternary events and the Gurudeshwar- Bharouche Section history of sedimentation of Narmada indicate which is exposed at the base of NT2. The The Narmada river in Grudeshwar and upper 180 of the Narmada alluvium was Bharouche section of Narmada bounded by deposited in two distinct aggradations latitude 21 30 to 22 31 North 72 50 to 74 15 episode with a distinct, well defined break in East in parts of of Gujarat state negotiatiates sedimentation in rift system. The dissection in lower part of valley before debouching in of the quaternary blanket resulted in to two Gulf of Cambay in Arabian Sea in Gujarat terraces (NT3-NT2), after break in state. This segment is about 90 km in length sedimentation. The sediments of this and forms the southern margin of the N–S aggradations episode constitute three extending Gujarat alluvial plains .A lithostratigraphy units viz Ankhleshwar, significant feature of the lower Narmada Tilakwarda and Bharuch formation. The valley is the deposition of a huge thickness sediments of the alluvial phase is underlain of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments in a by a boulder bed of glacio-fluvial origin. fault controlled rift trench. To the south of Thus, the fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the ENE–WSW-trending Narmada–Son the basal unit of alluvium marks a Fault (NSF), the Tertiary rocks and basaltic disconformity between the lower glacial- flows of Deccan Trap Formation occur on boulder layer and upper fluvial sediments. the surface while to the north they lie in the The fossiliferous basal boulder conglomerate subsurface and are overlain by Quaternary is being of middle Pleistocene age. sediments. The Quaternary tract of lowerNarmada basin covers an area of about The area of study is located in the western 10830 sq. km starting from Gurudeshwar to extremity of Narmada basin at the mouth of Bharouch for a distance of about 130 km. It Gulf of Cambay. It is bounded by latitude 21 is found to be ideal locus of Quaternary 30 to 22 31 North 72 50 to 74 15 East in sedimentation in western India as witness by parts of Barouche of Gujarat state. The area multi-cyclic sequence of Quaternary terraces is main segment of tectonic disconformities in the valley. The general elevation of it encompasses two crustal provinces of Narmada alluvial plain varies between 65.00 Central India Shield, namely, the Northern m to 95.00 m above the sea level. The Crustal Province (NCP) and the Southern general gradientIJSER of this plain in this stretch is Crustal Province SCP (Acharyya and Roy, about 1m /km towards West (Plate No QG- 1998; Roy, 1988). The two provinces are 42-52 Table No QG 34 to _53)It is occupied separated by a crustal level shear zone, by thick Quaternary deposits of about 800 m referred as Central Indian Suture (CIS Jain et which represent various domain of al. 1995). The southern part of the NCP, sedimentation. Based on sedimentlogical containing the Sapura and son Narmada characters, depositional environments, (SONA) valley geographic domain, is known erosional processes and their relation with as Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ; depositional activity revealed that it Radhakrishna and the CITZ are marked by comprised of four domains of sediments viz Narmada North Fault (NNF) in the north and glacial, fluvio-glacial fluvial and tidal flats. CIS in the south (Acharyya, 1999). The The lower most units (Boulder bed) is, of Jabalpur earthquake affected area lies in glacial origin, followed by the boulder SONA lineament zone which forms the conglomerate of glacio-fluvial and northern units of CITZ. The SONA zone is subsequently by fluvial of paleo- domain of about 1600 km long and 150 km-200km Narmada and tidal flats . The top Quaternary wide, extending from the southern margin of landscape is chisealed into three terraces Kathiawar peninsula in the west to the NT1 to NT3 besides presentday flood plain margin of Vindhyan basin in the east .The NT0 which is represented by four formations zone has been a major locus of episodic Ankleshwar, Tilakwarda & Bharuch and tectonisam with evidences of reactivation. Aliabat respectively.( Table NoQGT_9) The The E-W to ENE-WSW trending Narmada Boulder conglomerate is assigned an and Tapti lineament from a prominent independent formational status based on

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 920 ISSN 2229-5518 tectonic belt (SONATA) in midplate fluvio-glacial, fluvial, lacustrine and tidal continental India. flats influenced by incursion of marine transgression and regression on tectonically The Narmada in area on the western active platform. It is evidenced by bore hole extremity of basin in between Garudeshwar data and subsurface statistical analysis of and Bharouch in lower part of valley, sediments, quartz grain morphology of descends in sinuous to meandering pattern, sediments, pale sole geometry and it is strongly influenced and guided by the configuration of quaternary deposits in SONATA Lineament the major geofracture western segments of Narmada rift valley and known as the Narmada-Son fault, SONATA TECTONIC ZONE.

The area in western sector of Narmada The Quaternary deposits and river terraces between Grudeshwar and Barouche is (NT1to NT3) entrapped in tectonic zone with occupied by thick Quaternary deposits of rock cut equivalence and scare is significant about 800 m which represent various domain signature of euestatic change / climatic of sedimentation. Based on sedimentlogical changes in the western coast and Gulf characters, depositional environments, and sedimentation. The alluvial fan in between erosional processes and their correlation Tilakwarda and Rajpipla within the loop of with depositional activity revealed that it Narmada Chamyal (2002) is mono comprised of four domains of sediments viz illustration of morphogenetic process glacial, fluvio-glacial fluvial and tidal flats. associated with neotectonic event. The The lower most units (Boulder bed) is, of disposition of Quaternary blanket, fan glacial origin, the boulder conglomerate of deposit and other quaternary land forms are glacio-fluvial, fluvial of paleo- domain of controlled and restricted by SONATA Narmada and tidal flats. The top four LINEAMENT towards north. The formations Ankleshwar, Tilakwarda & convergence of fan deposits and its apex is Bharouch and Aliabat are designated as not persistence and in conformity of (NTo-NT3). Boulder conglomerate is piedmont sedimentation and devoid of assigned an independent formational status torrential stream net work which firmly rule based on distinct lithology and fossil out to be endogenetic fan deposits and assemblage. The sequence of Quaternary appears to be older quaternary deposits events and the history of sedimentation of which have been moved from basement and Narmada indicateIJSER that the upper 180 of the have been pasted along SONATA Narmada alluvium was deposited in two LINEAMENT. distinct aggradations episode with a distinct, well defined break in sedimentation in rift The Narmada in area on the western system. The dissection of the quaternary extremity of basin in between Garudeshwar blanket resulted in to two terraces (NT3- and Bharouch in lower part of valley, NT2), after break in sedimentation. The descends in sinuous to meandering pattern, sediments of this aggradations episode it is strongly influenced and guided by the constitute three lithostratigraphy units SONATA Lineament the major geofracture Ankhleshwar, Tilakwarda and Barouche known as the Narmada-Son fault, which formation. The sediments of the alluvial causes the river to flow westwards, opposite phase are underlain by a boulder bed of to the regional slope. glacio-fluvial origin. Thus, the fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the basal unit of The Narmada graben controlled alluvium marks a disconformity between the accumulation of the 800 m thick alluvial lower glacial-boulder layer and upper fluvial sediments through synsedimentary sediments. The fossiliferous basal boulder subsidence (Ravi Shanker, 1991) which conglomerate is being of middle Pleistocene consist of four distinct groups of deposits age. viz. glacial, fluvio- glacial and fluvia / lacustrine l and tidal flats which were The Quaternary deposits contained in the deposited in distinct environment in western asymmetric trench consist of Pleistocene to Late Holocene times. Khan sediments of various domains viz glacial, (1992) Khan (2014). The blanket comprised

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 921 ISSN 2229-5518 of various pale sole at different levels which basin viz glacial, fluvio-glacial ad fluvial marks significant micro change in climate domain whereas the boulder conglomerate during Quaternary times. which has yielded human skull is of fluvio- glacial origin from Khan & Sonakia (1992) The area is situated at the mouth of Gulf of The results of analysis of sedimentary Cambey at terminus point of basin which structures Khan ( in Press) Quartz grain forms a oval depression which elongated and morphology of sediment column, Khan ( in starched E-W direction ad truncated by Press) Quartz grain morphology of different crossed structural lineaments trending NW palesole, , Khan ( 2014) heavy mineral –SE, NE-SW direction. The quaternary assemblage Khan ( in Press) tephra blanket exposed to post deposition activity stratigraphy, , Khan et.al (1991 ) Khan & which subsequently chiseled by cumulative Maria (1912) magneto-stratigraphy, and bio- geostatic ad climatic changes resulting into stratigraphy and correlation of sediment various terraces, pre-quaternary and columns intra valley wise , inter valley wise quaternary surfaces and landform elements and on unified Quaternary Platform Khan of various domain and plantation surface. In et.al (2012) focusing on hominid localities the area Narmada channel course is both of China these deposits have thrown fresh obstructed & guided and controlled by the light on the age of the Narmada Homo cross lineament trending transverse to erectus. Discoveries of volcanic ash beds and strongly dominated ENE-WSW to E-W palaeomagnetic reversal in these deposits for SONATA LINEAMENT resulting in the the first time for peninsular India are channel dynamics to suddenly open out breakthroughs in fixing the chronologic which at short range became sluggish as position of the skull. Fresh data on the age of evident by the disposition of quaternary the Narmada Homo erectus are also available terraces and various landform elements. by additional finds of fossil mammals and a Based on morphologenetic expression, detailed taxonomic study along with a elevation, slope characteristics, drainage thorough review of some families of density, erosional pattern, pedagogical mammals. characters and diagnostic land form elements, the area in lower Narmadavalley is The western Narmada basin on the terminal broadly three Quaternary terraces ( NT1 to segment, it is expressed as a single deep- NT3) which are time equivalent to three seated fault (NSF) confirmed by the deep terraces of centralIJSER sector of Narmada Khan seismic sounding studies (Kaila et al., 1981). et.al (1982) Khan 1984, Khan 1992 & khan The seismic reflection studies have firmly 2014. established that the NSF is a normal fault in the subsurface and becomes markedly The complete account of Quaternary reverse near the surface (Roy, 1990). lithostratigraphy has been up dated in the Reactivation of the fault in Late Cretaceous Narmada valley (Khan 1984, Khan & led to the formation of a depositional basin in Benarjee 1984, Khan & Rahate 1990-91-90 which marine Bagh beds were deposited Khan & Sonakia 1992, Khan &et al 1991, (Biswas, 1987). The NSF remained Rahate & Khan 1985, Khan et al. 1991, tectonically active since then with Khan 1991, Khan et al. 1992, Yadav & Khan continuous subsidence of the northern block, 1996. The Narmada valley embodied almost designated as the Broach block, which whole of the Quaternary deposits time span accommodated6–7-km thick Cenozoic from the lower Pleistocene to Holocene sediments (Biswas, 1987). The total (Khan & Sonakia (1992). Khan (1912), displacement along the NSF exceeds 1 Khan (2012), Khan ( in press) , Khan ( in kmwithin the Cenozoic section (Roy, 1990). press),.The results of sedimentological However, the movements along this fault studies Khan ( 2014), quartz grain have not been unidirectional throughout. The morphology, Khan ( 2014) paleo study of general tendency of the basin to subside has type Quaternary column section in Hominid been punctuated by phases of structural and locality in central sector of Narmada tectonic inversion (Roy, 1990). The N–S- revealed the presence of complete sequence directed compressive stresses during the of quaternary sediments in Narmada rock Early Quaternary, folded the Tertiary

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 922 ISSN 2229-5518 sediments into a broad syncline, the heat flow and anomalous geothermal regime Bharouch syncline, in the rapidly subsiding (Ravishankar, 1991) suggesting that the zone northern block (Roy, 1990). The Bharouch is thermo mechanically and seismically syncline extends from the NSF to the Mahi vulnerable in the framework of river in the north. The E–W trending axis of contemporary tectonism (Bhattacharji et al., this syncline lies to the north of the Narmada 1996). The westward extension of this zone river corresponding anticlinal structures are into the lower Narmada valley exhibits a less found in the Tertiary rocks exposed in the complex structural setting.In the lower southern up thrown block. Historical and Narmada basin, it is expressed as a single instrumental records indicate that the deep-seated fault (NSF) confirmed by the compressive stresses still continue to Deep Seismic Sounding studies (Kaila et al., accumulate along the NSF due to continued 1981). Seismic reflection studies have firmly northward movement of the Indian plate. established that the NSF is a normal fault in This is evidenced by the fault solution the subsurface and becomes markedly studies of the earthquakes at Bharouch (23 reverse near the surface (Roy, 1990). March 1970) and Jabalpur (22 May 1997), Reactivation of the fault in Late Cretaceous which suggest a thrusting movement (Gupta led to the formation of a depositional basin in et al., 1972, 1997; Chandra, 1977; Acharyya which marine Bagh beds were deposited et al., 1998). However, the underlying cause (Biswas, 1987). The NSF remained of the seismicity in the NSF zone is not yet tectonically active since then with understood (Quittmeyer and Jacob, 1979) continuous subsidence of the northern block, extending Gujarat alluvial plains. A designated as the Bharouch block, which significant feature of the lower Narmada accommodated 6–7-km thick Cenozoic valley is the deposition of a huge thickness sediments (Biswas, 1987). The total of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments in a displacement along the NSF exceeds 1 km fault controlled basin. To the south of the within the Cenozoic section (Roy, 1990). ENE–WSW-trending Narmada–Son Fault However, the movements along this fault (NSF), the Tertiary rocks and basaltic flows have not been unidirectional throughout. The of Deccan Trap Formation occur on the general tendency of the basin to subside has surface while to the north they lie in the been punctuated by phases of structural and subsurface and are overlain by Quaternary tectonic inversion (Roy, 1990). The N–S- sediments. However, the overlying directed compressive stresses during the Quaternary sedimentsIJSER having a maximum Early Quaternary, folded the Tertiary thickness of 800 m (Maurya et al., 1995) sediments into a broad syncline, the .The correlation of subsurface data of Bharouch syncline, in the rapidly subsiding CGWB and other agencies on Quaternary northern block (Roy, 1990). The Broach Platform Khan (2012) and Khan (2014) syncline extends from the NSF to the Mahi indicate presence of glacial fluvio-glacial river in the north. The E–W trending axis of deposits at the base of rock basin. Drill data this syncline lies to the north of the Narmada from some of the deepest wells in the basin river. Corresponding anticline structures are have revealed occurrence of Deccan Trap at found in the Tertiary rocks exposed in the depths of 6000 m followed by an Archaean southern up thrown block. (Historical and basement (Roy, 1990). The Tertiary instrumental records indicate that the sediments, outcropping to the south of the compressive stresses still continue to NSF, represent the full sequence from accumulate along the NSF due to continued Eocene to Pliocene overlying the Deccan northward movement of the Indian plate. Trap and show extensive deformation in the This is evidenced by the fault solution form of several ENE–WSW-trending studies of the earthquakes at Bharouch roach anticline highs and ENE–WSW and E–W- (23 March 1970) and Jabalpur (22 May trending reverse faults. Profuse occurrences 1997), which suggest a thrusting movement of E–W-trending dykes suggest that the zone (Gupta et al., 1972, 1997; Chandra, 1977; formed the main centre of eruptive activity Acharyya et al., 1998). However, the (Bhattacharji et al., 1996). The entire zone is underlying cause of the seismicity in the presently characterized by high gravity NSF zone is not yet understood (Quittmeyer anomalies, high-temperature gradient and and Jacob, 1979).

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 923 ISSN 2229-5518 i. Quaternary Geology independent formational status based on distinct lithology and fossil assemblage. The area in western segment of Narmada rift Boulder conglomerate is assigned an valley is occupied by Quaternary blanket of independent formational status based on about 800 m which represent different distinct lithology and fossil assemblage. The domain of sedimentation. Based on sequence of Quaternary events and the sedimentlogical characters, depositional history of sedimentation of Narmada indicate environments, and erosional processes and that the upper 180 of the Narmada alluvium their correlation with depositional erosional was deposited in two distinct aggradations activity revealed that it comprised of four episode with a distinct and well defined distinct domains of sediments viz glacial, break in sedimentation in rift system. The fluvio-glacial fluvial / lacutrine and tidal dissection of the quaternary blanket resulted flats. The lower most units (Boulder bed) is two terraces (NT3-NT2), after break in of glacial origin, the boulder conglomerate sedimentation. The sediments of this which seprates glacial and fluvial deposit is aggradations episode constitute tour persistent horizon and is of of glacio-fluvial lithostratigraphy units Ankleshwar and (Khan el. al 1991) fluvial terraces are of Bharouch & Aliabat formation. The paleo- domain of Narmada and tidal flats sediments of the alluvial phase are underlain over top the fluvial deposits and confined by a boulder bed of glacio-fluvial origin. along the coast line on the margin of gulf of Thus, the boulder conglomerate, the basal Cambay.The top three formations unit of alluvium marks disconformities Ankleshwar, Tilakwarda , Bharouche, and between the lower glacial-boulder layer and Aliabat are designated as (NTo-NT3) upper fluvial sediments. The fossiliferous represent thick and multiple sequences of basal boulder conglomerate is being of Quaternary sediments. middle Pleistocene age (Khan 1992)..

Based on study of statistical parameters of The stratigraphic succession of Quaternary sediment their deviation and breaks in sediments in lower Narmada valley comprise vertical stratigrphic column between 00.00 to of four distinct groups of deposits viz. 260 m below the ground level indicate that glacial, fluvio- glacial and fluvial ad tidal the sediments consist of three domains viz flats ; their age, litho constituents, glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial.( Khan et.al environments of deposition and associated in press) TheIJSER study of these concealed geomorphic elements are given in sediments, their sedimentary environments tables.(Table No QGT-9)Khan et.al. and sedimentation and correlation both in (2015),Khan et.al.(2016) Khan et.al.(2016) vertical and horizontal columns indicates that the lower most units, Boulder bed (20 to 260 ii. Glacial/Fluvio-glacial deposit m. below ground level ) is of glacial origin, whereas the fossiliferous bed Boulder The glacial fluvio-glacial deposits of conglomerate (260 to 278m. above m.s.l.) is Narmada unconformably overly the fluvio-glacial and top three formations in Vindhyan and Deccan Trap rocks. The increasing antiquity are of fluvial origin. sediments consist of a heterogeneous Boulder bed, Boulder Conglomerate, assemblage of sub-angular to angular, sub- Ankleshwar, and Tilakwarda Bharouch & rounded, unsorted, unstratifiedrock Aliabat (65 to 90 m. above m.s.l.) are fluvial fragments ranging from boulders to small origin and represent the complete sequence pebbles, predominantly of quartzite, gneiss, of Quaternary sedimentation in Central India sandstone, basalt, jasper, chart, gneiss, (Khan el al 1991). The Alibat formation sandstone, basalt, chart, altered feldspar, comprises of sediments of active channel ferruginous nodules, in a matrix of very deposit where as the older three Ankleshwar, coarse to very fine-sand, silt and clay. These Tilakwarda Bharouch formation are related clastics are highly angular, generally poorly to older flood plains deposits of paleo-do- sorted and imbricated in fine matrix. The fine main of Narmada and are grouped under sediments comprise of reddish grayish and older alluvium. Boulder conglomerate of greenish sand with appreciable amount of fluvio-glacial origin is assigned an mica flaks, altered feldspar, brick-red and

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 924 ISSN 2229-5518 buff silt, greenish-brown silt and clay, and facies variation in the valley and upper units greenish, reddish and dark maroon hard and grades into gritty sandstone upstream of plastic clay. These fine sediments contain Tilakwarda Hathnora. The rock clastics of fairly good amount of ferruginous material, boulder conglomerate are tightly cemented in quartz, mica flakes and altered feldspar deep brown and maroon sand, silt and clay. grain. Thouough these sediments are similar The finer clastics display sedimentary feature in composition to the other deposits of like lamination, cross-bedding load structure, Narmada but exhibit entirely different small ripples and, cut and fill feature. The sedimentary pattern, sediment characters and cross-bedded units are often truncated by a mineral composition. These rock clastics are pebbly layer at the top. The average largely angular, very poorly sorted and measured thickness of these sub-units is demonstrate isotropic pattern in the valley. about 2m. The sediments of glacial domain of Narmada were deposited in glacial environments The boulder conglomerate is of middle during Pleistocene time. These deposits are Pleistocene age equivalent to Siwalik concealed under boulder conglomerate in the boulder conglomerate (India), Trini bed of valley. Java (Indonesia) and boulder conglomerate of Tapti (Khan.1982) These deposits have iii. Fluvio-glacial deposits (Boulder yielded skull cap of early man, Homo erectus Conglomerate) Narmadensis along with other mammalian fossils Sonakia, (1984). (Khan 1991) has The conglomerate bed which constituted the identified and recorded Ash bed of fossiliferous horizon of Narmada is Quaternary age associated with these sandwiched between older fluvial sediment deposits around Timrawan upstream of of paleo -domain and the glacio-fluvial Hathnora is of Aeolian nature and perhaps boulder bed. This conglomerate bed is a very indicates volcanic activity during middle persistent horizon indicating a distinct phase Pleistocene time. of sedimentation in the valley. It is exposed in the bluff/scrap of Narmada around at the iv. Fluvial deposit of paleo domain of base of terraces NT2 (Khan, 1984). The Narmada measured exposed thickness of the boulder conglomerate in western sector of Narmada The Fluvial deposit of conformably overlies is about 16.5IJSER m and average thickness is the boulder conglomerate and represents the 12.00 m. flood-plain fancies of palaeo -domain of Narmada. The sediments facies The boulder conglomerate predominantly predominantly consist of clay silt and sand, consists of sub-rounded to well rounded calc nodules and calc matrix. The sediments boulder, cobble and pebble of quartzite, are horizontal disposed and exhibit upward gneiss, sandstone, basalt, agate, jasper, chert, fining sequence typical of fluviatile chalcedony tightly cemented in a matrix of deposits. The Fluvial deposit of paleo- sand and silt. The finer sediments include domain of Narmada can be divided into three different grade of sand and silt, brown and formations based on lithology, sediment maroon in color often laminated and cross assemblage, shape and size of rock clastics, laminated. The skull cap of early man Homo relative disposition and diagnostic erectus is recovered from boulder sedimentary characteristics. These conglomerate (Sonakia, 1984). formations are, viz. where as the older three Ankleshwar, Tilakwarda Bharouch formation It consists of three sub-litho units; each sub- Aliabat are related to older flood plains unit characterized by distinct rock fragment deposits of paleo-do-main of Narmada shape, size, lithological abundance and allied respectively. These formations represent the sediment characters. The sub-units are sediments of the palaeodomain of Narmada composed of variable assemblage of deposited in channel and flood plain quartzite, gneiss, basalt, sandstone, agate, environments during Upper Pleistocene jasper, chalcedony, chart, sand and silt times Khan & Sonakia (1992). (Khan1992) These sub-litho units display

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The younger alluvium is represented by The Quaternary sedimentation incepting sediments of active flood plain, point bar and from glacial activity, followed by fluvio- sand bar facies of present domain of glacial, lacustrine and fluvial phase within Narmada and consist of unconsolidated the rinsing and sinking environment, block imprecated, stratified, polymodal sorted faulting and segmental and linear rock-gravel supported by very coarse to very displacement, dislocation, uplifting and fine-sand and is named as Aliabat isolated domal uplift, Neogene rifting and formation. (Table No QGT-9). Quaternary sedimentation, rift-bound Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and volcanic In Narmada Rift system taking as single activity specifically during glacial and ecological unit for Quaternary sedimentation fluvio-glacial phase are major component of & tectonics and presence of the Katni the Quaternary period and tectonic processes Formation in central sector with angiosperm of the Narmada Rift System. The Quaternary flora suggests that sedimentation continued sedimentation was triggered by tectonic during Mio-Pliocene in localized lakes. The activities / up lift and climatic changes. The relative disposition of such lakes and provenance for these sediments is the subsequent deformation and structural weathering products of eroding pre- dislocation on oscillating valley platform Cambrian, meta-sediments, sedimentary and clubbed with rifting and faulting during volcanic rocks along the watershed upland, Quaternary period has shifted the site of the rift escarpments and shoulders; faulted and lakes towards the present alluvium-covered uplifted blocks, volcanic fissure zones, and area between Harda -Jabalpur, Garudeshwar plateaus within and outside the rift. The and Bharuch as presumed: where as the Narmada Rift System, bounded by adjacent present study of various aspects of plateaus rising 300–700 m above the rift Quaternary blanket in SONATA floor, consists of number symmetrical and LINEAMENT ZONE reveled that quaternary symmetrical faulted blocks, escarpment, rock sedimentation was a sequential and cut terraces, rock floors and segments of continuous process in rift valley system micro half grabben. Although rift-related (Table No -3)from Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene basins started to form during the late time, has deposited complete sequence of Oligocene to early Miocene times, the glacial, fluvio-glacial lacustrine fluvial and Narmada Rifts were fully defined by middle tidal deposits with changing environments to late Miocene time. and climate inIJSER time & space . The present disposition of quaternary blankets in Son The Narmada rift system provided a unique Narmada basin is due to post deposition setting for dynamic ecosystems that were Quaternary tectonics which is solely characterized by Rift-related subsidence and responsible for sedimentation, dislocation, coeval sedimentation also created an ideal faulting and shifting of different blocks and loci of Quaternary sedimentation and distorting ecology in rift system. The environment for the accumulation of occurrence of Boulder bed and Boulder sediments volcanic fabrics sediments, burial, Conglomerate in Son Narmada Tapti and digenesis, and preservation of organic Purna with similar rock assemblages and remains. Because rifts formed after suites of rock fabrics, heavy mineral widespread Quaternary sedimentation assemblages, and quartz grain morphology in occurred and voluminous sediments in the critical and crucial sections across the rift basins were accumulated by glacial SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE strongly activity consequential upon the lowering of support tearing and rifting of quaternary temperature and climatic changes in the blanket during late Pleistocene time. The region. presence of thick boulder bed in Harda inliers area, such as at Chandgarh and north The Miocene -Pliocene–Pleistocene lake east of Barwaha, boulder bed in confluence deposit of Katni on the eastern rift shoulder are of Tapti and waghur around Khadgaon in was created by faulting, topographic control, Tapti valley Khan et.al (1984) supports this or isostatic depression similar to that of other assumption. Rift system.

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In Narmada Quaternary blanket posses Regional tephra correlation is being used abundant faunal remains in rift settings, increasingly to link sites together, and has including hominids Sonakia (1984), suggest already established that similar tephra layers that the Narmada Rift System created are known from other parts of rift valley, as productive ecosystems during Pliocene– well as from other basin and peninsular Pleistocene time. The volcanic rocks within India Achariya,( 1998 ), Biswas, Khan the fossiliferous sediments provide temporal (1992) Khan et.al. (2012) Tiwari (1992) information for calibrating and sequencing There is a great potential for further hominid and other faunal evolution. The correlation of tephra in the Rift System and detailed geological sedimentological marine sediments in the Arabian Sea. The geochemical study of interbedded tephra Arabian Sea has a continuous record of ,Quartz grain morphology of sediments of deposition that extends to at least 7 million quaternary strata and palo-sole of and years. The Quaternary sediments interbedded geochronological studies Khan ( 2012 ), with tephra with within the age range of the Khan (2014 ), Khan (2014) from the ODP Ocean Drilling Program 721/722 different localities for establishing accurate stratigraphic sections of the Arabian Sea are biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data, also present within the rift floor and the sedimentation rates, and paleo- western rift margin of the region. The environmental and tectonic histories of chemical and chronological correlations of different sediment columns revealed that ash beds within the rift sequences of have inspite of tectonic dislocation subsidence and been made with ashes described in marine oscillation and rinsing and sinking platform sections. Detailed correlations based on of sedimentation there is intake sequential orbitally calibrated time scales of pale deposits in the rock basin representing the magnetic stratigraphy Rao (1997 ) within sediments of glacial fluvio-glacial, fluvial Quaternary sediments of rift deposits will lacustrine and tidal environment in area provide ties to establish global climate along the rift system. Interbedded volcanic changes based on the terrestrial and marine rocks allow determination of the time of sediments of the rift system. rifting, the beginning of sedimentation, sedimentation rates, and the oscillation from The tephra layers associated with Quaternary glacial, fluvio-glacial lacustrine to fluvial deposits of Narmada Rift valley has under environments. The cyclic environmental gone faulting, rifting, and dislocation during transitions recordedIJSER in the sedimentary sedimentation. The impact of structural sequences of the rift basins are caused by disturbances and\evidence of the effects of tectonic activities (uplift and subsidence), tectonics on fauna and flora are distinct and changes in relief, and climatic variations. its signatures on dislocation and concealing The climatic changes in uplift, topographic of fossiliferous horizons are uncontrolled and and landscape features, coupled with block ill defined in the ecosystem in the valley faulting, rinsing and sinking platform, during the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The created basins for the accumulations of thick boulder conglomerate which yielded the lacustrine and fluvial sediments sequences skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift with terrestrial and aquatic fossils. The from Hathnora Sonakia ( 1984) remained sequential change in the sediment facies only discovery of hominid fossil in last two from finely bedded lacustrine deposits to and half decade due inconsistency fluvial sediments are commonly noted in the concealed nature of fossiliferous horizon sedimentary sequences and reflect due faulting, dislocation and subsidence of environmental and tectonic changes that can Quaternary blanket of Narmada rift system be temporally determined. Moreover, as such researcher and scientist failed to add regional correlation based on the chemistry any further knowledge to hominid discovery and geochronology of interbedded tephra has in Narmada any further. made it possible to establish accurate stratigraphic relations that are useful for The present an integrated analysis of the paleo- environment reconstruction and stratigraphy of the Quaternary deposits of the evolutionary studies of fossil remains in the western Narmada valley; is based on Narmada rift valley Khan et.al. ( 2012). multiple criteria of morphostratigraphy, soil

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 927 ISSN 2229-5518 stratigraphy, tephra stratigraphy, lithological riparian rift trench remained silent and assemblage, biostratigraphy volcanic ash bed unrevealed. The quaternary blanket of and polarity. Based on critical data analysis Narmada consists of sediments of various the stratetigraphy of quaternary deposit of domains which were deposited in different Narmada Valley has been attempted for the environment in vertical chronology in faulted first time. Based on analysis of multiple trough in time and space. thematic data the stratigraphic classifications summarized in(Table NoQGT_9 Plate The Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada No_15 &_17) Rift valley incepting from glacial activity, followed by fluvio-glacial, lacustrine and Summary & Conclusion fluvial phase within the rinsing and sinking environment, block faulting and linear The SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE displacement and dislocation, uplifting and embodies the two Quaternary basins of isolated domal uplift, Neogene rifting and tectonic origin on the two margins of Sapura Quaternary sedimentation. The rift-bound Crustal Block. The Satpura block traversed Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and volcanic by enechelon system of faults and lineaments activities specifically during glacial and is characterized by thinner crust (33-38 km fluvio-glacial phase are major component of deep, basement depth >2.5 km) with series of the Quaternary period and tectonic processes ENE-WSW trending gravity high (viz. of the Rift System which form the base of Sendwa, Khandwa, Chicholi, Tikaria etc.) quaternary deposits. The Narmada rift with amplitudes of 10-35 mgal. The chain of system basin platform provided a unique gravity high indicates extensive magmatic setting for dynamic ecosystems that were and emplacement of derivatives at shallow characterized by Rift-related subsidence and crustal levels. The associated Narmada South coeval sedimentation and environment for (Satpura North) fault and Satpura South the accumulation of sediments volcanic Fault marking the two hinges of the Satpura fabrics sediments, burial, digenesis, and block are fundamental in nature and extend preservation of organic remains. to Moho level. The Narmada Quaternary basin in the north and Tapti-Purna basin in The present disposition of Narmada blanket the south are two Graben which formed of Narmada, in SONATA LINEAMENT prominent loci of sedimentation in lineament ZONE revealed that the rift occurred after zone. The areaIJSER of lineament zone studied widespread Quaternary sedimentation and tectonically encompasses two crustal accumulation of sediments in the linear provinces of Central India Shield, namely, trench by glacial activity in late the Northern Crustal Province (NCP) and the Pleistocenc.The Fluvio-glacial phase is Southern Crustal Province (SCP). The two represents by boulder conglomerate which provinces are separated by a crustal level has formed the persistent horizon in the shear zone, referred as Central Indian Suture. valley. The Narmada has in the area under The zone has been a major locus of episodic study has sculptured the alluvial tract into tectonism with evidences of reactivationand stepped sequence forming four alluvial Quaternary sedimentation. terraces along its course. These are designated as NT0 to NT3, NT0 being the The Narmada Rift valley forms an ENE- youngest terrace and NT-3 the oldest terrace WSW lineament where Quaternary deposits where the sub terraces are designated NT2- are confined in a trough like basin on A is NT2-B, NT2 B, besides NT2-C, NT3-A unstable platform which forms a prominent & NT3-B in increasing order of antiquity. lineament with profound geomorphologic These are both erosional and depositional and geological asymmetry between the terraces and confined at an elevation of, northern and southern valley walls, giving it between 280 to 380 are separated by the a tectonic significance. The alluvial deposits scarp both of curvilinear and linear in nature of the Narmada valley represent the thickest facing towards river side. These are Quaternary deposits in peninsular India. abandoned flood plains represent the level of These sediments were deposited in faulted former valley floor in the area, and were and sinking platform under structural formed by cumulative climato-tectonic

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 928 ISSN 2229-5518 changes in the watershed of Narmada in the feldspar, ferruginous nodules, in a matrix of Quaternary times Khan et.al (2016) very coarse to very fine-sand, silt and clay. These clastics are highly angular, generally The Narmada Rift valley formed a linear poorly sorted and isotropically imprecated. trench in the middle of Indian subcontinent Fine sediments comprise of reddish grayish was an ideal locus for accumulation of and greenish sand with appreciable amount sediments. The rift trench is intruded by the of mica flaks, altered feldspar, brick-red and dolerite and other mafic and siliceous dykes buff silt, greenish-brown silt and clay, and and sills along lineaments in different phases greenish, reddish and dark maroon hard and of tectonic deformation. The Quaternary plastic clay. These fine sediments contain sedimentation incepting from glacial activity, fairly good amount of ferruginous material, followed by fluvial-glacial, lacustrine and quartz, mica flakes and altered feldspar fluvial phase within the rinsing and sinking grain. Through these sediments are similar in environment, block faulting and segmental composition to the other deposits of and linear displacement. The instability of Narmada Valley, exhibit entirely different turmoil sedimentation platform, dislocation, sedimentary pattern, sediment characters and uplifting and isolated domal uplift, mineral composition. These rock clastics are Neogene rifting, sedimentation and rift- largely angular, very poorly sorted and bound Pliocene–Pleistocene rifting and demonstrate isotropic imbrications pattern in volcanic activity specifically during glacial the valley. The sediments of glacial domain and fluvial-glacial phase are major of Narmada occur between and average component of the Quaternary period and elevation of about 20-265 m above m.s.l. and tectonic processes of the Narmada Rift were deposited in glacial environments System which form the base of quaternary during Pleistocene time. These deposits are deposits. The rift system and basin platform concealed under boulder conglomerate in the provided a unique setting for dynamic valley. ecosystems that were characterized by rift- related subsidence and coeval sedimentation The Fluvio-glacial deposits are represented created an ideal ecologyand loci of by conglomerate bed that constituted the Quaternary sedimentation and environment fossiliferous horizon of Narmada is for the accumulation of sediments. The sandwiched between older Alluvium and the disposition of quaternary deposits, drainage glacio-fluvial bounder bed. This configuration IJSER basin boundary and conglomerate bed is a very persistent marked geotectonic of the area revealed that rifts horizon indicating a distance phase of was formed after widespread Quaternary sedimentation in the Narmada Valley. The sedimentation occurred and voluminous boulder conglomerate predominantly sediments in the rift basins were accumulated consists of sub-rounded to well rounded by glacial activity, it is also witnessed by boulder, cobble and pebble of quartzite, present disposition of quaternary blankets of gneiss, sandstone, basalt, agate, jasper, chert, SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE. chalcedony tightly cemented in a matrix of sand and silt. The finer sediments include The Narmada valley consists of sediments of different grade of sand and silt, brown and three domains viz glacial, fluvio-glacial and maroon in color often laminated and cross sediment of paleo-domain of Narmada. laminated. The boulder conglomerate is fossil and skull cap of early man Homo The glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits of erectus (Sonakia, 1984) Narmada unconformable overly the Vindhyan and the basaltic Deccan Trap The boulder conglomerate consists of three rocks. The sediments consist of a Hetero- sub-litho units; each sub-unit characterized heterogeneous assemblage of sub-angular to by distinct rock fragment shape, size, angular, sub-rounded, unsorted, lithological abundance and allied sediment stratifiedrock fragments ranging from characters. The sub-units are composed of boulders to small pebbles, predominantly of variable assemblage of quartzite, gneiss, quartzite, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, jasper, basalt, sandstone, agate, jasper, chalcedony, chart, gneiss, sandstone, basalt, chart, altered chart, sand and silt (Khan1992) These sub-

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 929 ISSN 2229-5518 litho units display fancies variation in the valley environment for millions of years as a valley and upper units grades into gritty result of the interplay between depositional sandstone upstream of Hathnora and erosional forces driven by tectonic processes; there are numerous gaps in the The Fluvial sediments of paleo-domain of fossil record, particularly in the important Narmada conformably overlie the boulder time period between Mio-Pliocene conglomerate and represent the flood-plain Pleistocene times. It is pertinent to the fluvial facies of the Narmada. The sediments understand the origin of Hominid during the of the fancies predominantly consist of clay late Miocene, but it is difficult to disclose silt and sand, discontinuous nodules and mysteries of human evolution in Narmada plates. The beds are horizontal, exhibit due to concealed nature of these deposits in upward fining sequence typical of fluviatile rift system, however the complementary part deposits .This domain may be divided of Tapti-Purna Quaternary blanket may be divided into three formations based on potential and possessive of human remain lithology, sediment assemblage, shape and and should be studied to trace further the size of rock clastics, relative disposition and imprints of fossil man taking in to account of diagnostic sedimentary characteristics. These SONATA LINEAMENT ZONE as single formations are, viz. (i) Shohagpur, (ii) ecosystem for evolution of man in Indian Shahganj, and (iii) Hoshangabad Formations subcontinent. However, evidence of the respectively. These formations represent the effects of tectonics on fauna and flora are sediments the complete sequence of distinct and its signatures on dislocation and Narmada deposited in channel and flood concealing of fossiliferous horizons are plain environments during Upper Pleistocene uncontrolled and ill-defined in the ecosystem times.It consists of sediments of paleo- in the valley during the Pliocene–Pleistocene domain of Narmada. It is represented by a periods. The boulder conglomerate which thick sequence of clay, silt-sand and rock yielded the skull cap of Homo eructs in gravels. The unit is divisible into three sub Narmada rift from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) litho unit. The basal sub-unit is chiefly red remained only discovery of hominid fossil in and brownish sand, silt, clay containing last two and half decade due to concealed appreciable amount of cal matrix. The and hidden nature of Mio-Pliocene average measured thickness of this sub-unit Pleistocene deposits in rift system and is about 6.25m. The middle sub-unit consists inconsistency in exposure of fosiliferous of yellow andIJSER brownish silt, clay with horizon due faulting, dislocation ad subordinate sand and occasional rock gravel subsidence of Quaternary blanket of lenses. The average measured thickness of Narmada rift system. this sub-unit is about 5.50m. The upper sub- units predominantly consist of compact The Narmada rock basin of Narmada is yellow clay, silt and calcareous concretion. occupied by the Quaternary sediments of The average measured thickness of this sub- three domains viz. glacial, fluvio- glacial and unit is about 3.25m. fluvial which were deposited in distinct environments during Quaternary time. The The Narmada valley in Jabalpur- Harda glacial deposit comprised of thick pile of Gurudeshwar- Bharuchsection possess the sediments occupied base of rock basin and complete sequence of all three domain of was deposited by glacial activities in dry and sediments in increasing antiquity from the cold climatic condition during early bottom of the rift trench, Boulder bed Pleistocene time. The study of these (glacial), Boulder conglomerate (fluvial- concealed sediments, their sedimentary glacial) sediments of paleo-domain of environments and sedimentation and Narmada (fluvial). The intense tectonic correlation both in vertical and horizontal activities within the basins of the Narmada columns indicates that the lower most units, Rift System during the Neogene and Boulder bed (20 to 260 m. below ground Quaternary periods have destroyed fossil level ) is of glacial origin, where as the record except the fossiferous horizons fossiliferous bed Boulder conglomerate (260 exposed in river sections. The erosional- to 278m. above m.s.l.) is of fluvio-glacial sedimentary cycle has persisted in the rift and top four formations in increasing

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 930 ISSN 2229-5518 antiquity Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad occurrences skull cape of Homo erectus at and Janwasa ( 278 to 350m. above m.s.l.) are the depth of 83 m in decreasing antiquity of fluvial origin and represent the complete from the top assumed that Toba eruption sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in have taken place later than existence of Central India Khan & Sonakia (1992). ). The Homo erectus which appeared and resided in boulder conglomerate is a marker horizon of the valley for long time before the fall of Quaternary sedimentation in Narmada Valley Toba ash. The association of Ash is NAB-II and as well in Central India, its disposition at the depth of 72 m with the younger deposit and relation with other deposits in the valley, revealed the second cyclic fall of Toba ash indicates a significant change in regional which certainly have had influenced on climate from cold dry to warm and humid, hominines and had collective and cumulative during which the sediment were re-worked impact on Homo erectus (Sonakia1984) from glacial front intermittently and Homo sapiens (Thobold 1860, 81 ), in deposited in the valley over a very long time. Narmada valley and Indian sub-continent. The skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Oppenheimer (2003) argues that Homo. Man) and other fauna recorded along with Sapiensoccupied India before 74 ka and calc- nodules within the boulder may have undergone “mass extinction” as a conglomerate; suggest that warm climatic result of the Toba eruption. The ∼argument of phase prevailed for very long time. Oppenheimer (2003) is in strong conformity with the present observation of authors. As The Boulder Conglomerate which is of sediment & Ash bed sequence of Quaternary fluvio-glacial origin and has yielded human column of Narmada (325 m) and occurrences skull from Sonakia (1982) Khan &Sonakia of fossil of skull cape of Homo erectus (1992) is exposed impersistently in scarp (Sonakia1984) at 83 m & human cranium section of Narmada at few places only. The Homo sapiens (Thebold 1960, 1981) type section of Boulder Bed and Boulder transported have existed prior to fall of Toba Conglomerate which are potential sediments ash and they are among the few who inspite of human remains of Pliocene Pleistocene of mass extinction caused by mega time are hidden and concealed under dislocation in ecology and environment sediments of present and paleo- domain of related with volcanic eruption survived in Narmada in the valley. Narmada Valley. It is further documented by the rarest occurrences of these fossils in The skull cap IJSERof Home erectus(Sonakia1984) subcontinent which also confirm the and other fauna recorded along with calc- intensive impact of volcanic ash fall on these nodules near village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; hominines and their consequential mass 77 ° 52” E) in fossiliferous boulder extinction. conglomerate; named as Hathnora formation Khan & Sonakia (1992). It is found to be The skull cap of Narmada Man Homo associated with volcanic Ash bed of erectus was found in Narmada Valley near Quaternary age in the area around Hathnora, village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in and upstream Khan et.at. (1991). The two fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, in levels of horizons of Ash bed identified are district Sehore, M.P., India. The skull cap is designated as NAB-I and NAB-II in completely fossilized undistorted, renal vault ascending antiquity in the valley. The Ash nearly complete except few left Supra-orbital bed NAB-1 is associated lower litho units of and statures are nicely preserved. The boulder conglomerate which is well various morphological features and robust preserved and persistent where as NAB-II is form of skull and excessive thickness of the associated with younger deposits. The NAB- bones indicate that it belongs to adult male 1 contains three micro layer (L-1 to -L3) and individual (Sonakia, 1984). The discovery of NB-II two micro layers (L-4 to L-5) in skull cap of Homo erectus in fossiliferous increasing antiquity. boulder conglomerate in association of other mammalian fossil is recorded in stratigrphic In Narmada valley the association of Ash column of Quaternary deposits at the depth bed NAB-I with Hathnora formation at the of 83 m , where estimated total thickness of depth of 78 m in Quaternary column and deposits is about ( 325 m).This blanket

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 931 ISSN 2229-5518 consist of sediments of three domain viz. Sohagpur, Shahganj, Hoshangabad and glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial, which Janwasa are designated as (NTo-NT3). were deposited in distinct environment Boulder conglomerate is assigned an during Pleistocene to Holocene time ( Khan independent formational status based on & Sonakia (1992), (Khan et.al. in press).The distinct lithology and fossil assemblage. The statistical analysis of sediments form these sequence of Quaternary events and the different domain in vertical column has been history of sedimentation of Narmada indicate conducted to ascertain the environment of that the upper 70m top 90m of the Narmada sedimentation and trace the breaks in climate alluvium was deposited in two distinct (Khan et.al. in press). An attempt has been aggradations episode with a distinct and well made for the first time Khan et.al (2013) to defined break in sedimentation in rift system. correlate the various stratigraphic columns The dissection of the quaternary blanket of associated hominid fossils of Narmada resulted two terraces (NT3-NT2), after break valley ( 325 m) India and that of in sedimentation.The sediments of this Luochuan sequence,( 90-120 m) Chenjiawoe aggradations episode constitute three (50m ) and Congwanling sequence ( 36 m ) lithostratigraphy units Sohagpur, Shahganj, of China on unified Quaternary platform Hoshangabad formation. The sediments of tied up and developed at mean sea level. The the alluvial phase are underlain by a boulder study revealed that the depth of occurrence bed of glacio-fluvial origin. Thus, the of Narmada skull cap on unified fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, the basal Quaternary platform is about (83 m) as unit of alluvium marks a disconformity compared to with that of Chenjiawo and between the lower glacial-boulder layer and Gongwangling of China which occur at very upper fluvial sediments. The fossiliferous shallow depth of 38 and 26 m respectively. basal boulder conglomerate is being of The estimated age of Narmada Man based on middle Pleistocene age (Khan 1992). these parameters is about 1.38 m.y. (+), which is greater than Homo erectus of In India Narmada basin considering the one Chenjiawo 0.65 m.y. and Gongwangling of a main loci of Quaternary sedimentation, 1.15 m.y. of China An Zhisheng and Ho and assuming the uniform accumulation rate Chuan Kun (1989). On the merits of of sediment in the basin in the line of Ma. et. correlation of startigraphic columns of al. (1978) Yobin Sun & Zhisheng, An (2005) Quaternary of Narmada, accumulation of and comparing the Narmada sequence of sediment, rateIJSER of sedimentation, palaeo- Quaternary deposit (325 m.) with those of environments, lithostratigraphy and Luochuan standard sequence of Chenjiawo biostratigraphic position of boulder and Congwangling sequence of China. The conglomerate in unified Quaternary skull cap of Homo erectus (Narmada Man) Platform, author consider it as one of the recovered from the boulder conglomerate of earliest and oldest Homo erectus in Asia. fluvio-glacial origin in middle part of Khan et.al (2013) Khan2016). Quaternary column from deep level of Narmada, at the depth of 83 m. above glacial The area around Hominid locality of deposits, in association of ash bed, as Hathnora area is occupied by thick compared to Chenjiawo Hominid from inter Quaternary sediments which represent bedded sequence of paleo sols loess and silty various domain of sedimentation. Based on loess at the depth of 38 m. and sedimentological characters, depositional Congwangling 26 m. from paleo sols which environments, and erosional processess and are younger than Narmada deposits. their correlation with depositional / erosional terraces revealed that quaternary The Narmada skull cap of Homo erectus blanket is consisting of three domains of which is recovered from the vom of basal sediments viz glacial, fluvio-glacial and unit of boulder conglomerate at the depth of fluvial. The lower most units (Boulder bed) 83 m. (278 m. above m.s.l.) is estimated to is or glacial origin, the boulder conglomerate be of upper segment of lower Pleistocene of glacio-fluvial (Khan el. al 1991) and age. It is older than the Homo erectus of fluvial terraces are of fluvial paleo- domain Chenjiawo, Congwangling of China which of Narmada. The top four formations were recovered from paleo-sole and loess

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 932 ISSN 2229-5518 deposit at the depth of 38 and 26 m. The The estimated age of Narmada Man based on Quaternary sequence of Narmada (325 m.) as these parameters is about 1.38 m.y. (+), compared to Louchuan (136 m.) sections of which is greater than Homo erectus of China on unified Quaternary platform is Chenjiawo 0.65 m.y. and Gongwangling older and represents the complete and type 1.15 m.y. of China An Zhisheng and Ho sequence of Quaternary sedimentation in Chuan Kun (1989). Narmada Rift System in Central India. The occurrence of skull cap of early man at the The time-stratigraphic data obtained from depth of 83 m. in basal unit of boulder tephra interbedded with fossiliferous conglomerate of fluvio-glacial origin in Quaternary sedimentary deposits provided an Narmada Valley is one of the earliest and important framework for the study of oldest Homo erectus in Asia. hominid origins, evolution, adaptations, and cultural changes. The paleoantoological The skull cap of Narmada Man Homo Paleoanthropological information from these erectus was found in Narmada Valley near localities is remained closely associated with village Hathnora (22 ° 52” N; 77 ° 52” E) in Quaternary sedimentary deposits boulder fossiliferous boulder conglomerate, in conglomerate and boulder bed often related district Sehore, M.P., India. The skull cap is to the trench Quaternary sedimentation , completely fossilized undistorted, renal vault formation and development of rift and linear nearly complete except few left Supra-orbital basin caused by repeated uplift, and the and statures are nicely preserved. The development of rift basins that began in the various morphological features and robust middle to late Pliocene and Pleistocene form of skull and excessive thickness of the period. The unfortunate part of theses bones indicate that it belongs to adult male deposits is that due repeated tectonic individual (Sonakia, 1984). The discovery of dislocation and faulting they are dislocated skull cap of Homo erectus in fossiliferous ad distorted ad at present are concealed boulder conglomerate in association of other under the thick pile of sediments of present mammalian fossil is recorded in stratigrphic and paleo domain of Narmada of late column of Quaternary deposits at the depth Pleistocene and Holocene time. These of 83 m , where estimated total thickness of deposits do not provide adequate opportunity deposits is about ( 325 m).This blanket to researcher to study the human remain as consist of sediments of three domain viz. postulated, except in limited section where glacial, fluvioIJSER-glacial and fluvial, which they are exposed. were deposited in distinct environment during Pleistocene to Holocene time ( Khan In Narmada valley the most of the hominid & Sonakia (1992), (Khan et.al. in press).The remains and associated artifacts in the would statistical analysis of sediments form these have been found associated with Miocene different domain in vertical column has been Pliocene– Pleistocene sediments of boulder conducted to ascertain the environment of bed and boulder conglomerate in increasing sedimentation and trace the breaks in climate antiquity, unfortunately same are not (Khan et.al. in press). An attempt has been exposed due rift system and tectonic setting. made for the first time Khan et.al (2013) to In the rift system the type development of correlate the various stratigraphic columns Quaternary blanket is confined between of associated hominid fossils of Narmada Jabalpur _Harda section, and Tilakwarda valley ( 325 m) India and that of _Bharouch which posses the complete Luochuan sequence,( 90-120 m) Chenjiawoe sequence of all three domain in increasing (50m ) and Congwanling sequence ( 36 m ) antiquity in chronology in vertical coloumn of China on unified Quaternary platform from the bottom of the rift trench viz tied up and developed at mean sea level. The Boulder bed (glacial), Boulder conglomerate study revealed that the depth of occurrence (fluvio-glacial) sediments of paleo-domain of of Narmada skull cap on unified Narmada (fluvial). The intense tectonic Quaternary platform is about (83 m) as activities within the basins of the Narmada compared to with that of Chenjiawo and Rift System during the Neogene and Gongwangling of China which occur at very Quaternary periods have destroyed fossil shallow depth of 38 and 26 m respectively. record except the fossiferous horizons

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 933 ISSN 2229-5518 exposed in river sections. The erosional- sediments sequences with terrestrial and sedimentary cycle has persisted in the rift aquatic fossils. The sequential change in the valley environment for millions of years as a sediment fancies from finely bedded result of the interplay between depositional lacustrine deposits to fluvial sediments are and erosional forces driven by tectonic commonly noted in the sedimentary processes; there are numerous gaps in the sequences and reflect environmental and fossil record, particularly in the important tectonic changes that can be temporally time period between Mio-Pliocene determined. Moreover, regional correlation Pleistocene times. It is pertinent to the based on the chemistry and geochronology of understand the origin of Hominid during the interbedded tephra has made it possible to late Miocene, but it is difficult to disclose establish accurate stratigraphic relations that mysteries of human evolution in Narmada are useful for pale- environment due to concealed nature of these deposits in reconstruction and evolutionary studies of rift system, however the complementary part fossil remains in the Narmada rift valley of Tapti-Purna Quaternary blanket may be Khan et.al. ( 2013). Regional tephra potential and possessive of human remain correlation is being used increasingly to link and should be studied to trace further the sites together, and has already established imprints of fossil man taking in to account of that similar tephra layers are known from SONATA LINEAMAN ZONE as single other parts of rift valley, as well as from ecosystem for evolution of man in Indian other basin and peninsular India Basu, subcontinent. Biswas, and Acharyya, S.K. (1987): Achariya,( 1993), Khan, (1992) Khan et.al. The Hominids skull cap of Sonakia (1984), (2013).There is a great potential for further including other fossil assemblage suggest correlation of tephra in the rift system and that the Narmada Rift System created marine sediments in the Arabian Sea. The productive ecosystems during Pliocene– Arabian Sea has a continuous record of Pleistocene time. The volcanic rocks within deposition that extends to at least 7 million the fossiliferous sediments provide temporal years. The Quaternary sediments interbedded information for calibrating and sequencing with tephra with within the age range of the hominid and other faunal evolution. The ODP Ocean Drilling Program 721/722 detailed study geological, sedimentological, stratigraphic sections of the Arabian Sea are geochemical, aspects of interbedded tephra also present within the rift floor and the IJSERwestern rift margin of the region. The quartz grain morphology of sediments of quaternary strata paleo-sole and chemical and chronological correlations of geochronological studies of different ash beds within the rift sequences of have localities for establishing accurate been made with ashes described in marine biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data, sections. Detailed correlations based on sedimentation rates pale environmental and orbitally calibrated time scales of pale tectonic histories of different sediment magnetic stratigraphy Rao (1985) within columns in area along of the rift system, Quaternary sediments of rift deposits will Interbedded volcanic rocks allow provide ties to establish global climate determination of the time of rifting, the changes based on the terrestrial and marine beginning of sedimentation, sedimentation sediments of the rift system. rates, and the oscillation of rift platform from glacial, fluvio-glacial lacustrine to The rift system and platforms of fluvial environments. The cyclic sedimentation bear the imprints of and environmental transitions recorded in the evidence of the effects of tectonics on fauna sedimentary sequences of the rift basins are and flora are distinct, however the signatures caused by tectonic activities (uplift and of subsidence dislocation and concealing of subsidence), changes in relief, and climatic fossiliferous horizons are uncontrolled and ill variations. The climatic changes in uplift, defined in the ecosystem in the valley during topographic and landscape features, coupled the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods. The with block faulting, rinsing and sinking boulder conglomerate which yielded the platform, created basins for the skull cap of Homo eructs in Narmada rift accumulations of thick lacustrine and fluvial from Hathnora Sonakia (1984) remained

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 934 ISSN 2229-5518 only discovery of hominid fossil in last two  Jain, S.C., Nair, K.K.K.and Yedekar, and half decade due to concealed and hidden D.B. (1991): Geology of Son-Narmad- nature of Mio-Pliocene Pleistocene deposits Tapti lineament zone in Central India, in rift system and inconsistency in exposure in final report “on studies in phase II of fosilifrous horizon of Narmada rift system special project CRUMANSONATA” which is the handicapp in search of further progress report (unpublished) Geol. human remains in Narmada valley after Surr. Ind. Sonakia (1984).  Jain, S.C., Yedekar, D.B.and Nair, K.K.K (1991): Central Indian shears References Zone, a major Precambrain Crustal boundary. Jour.Geol Soc. India Vol.37.  Acharyya, S.K., Kayal, J.R. and Roy, pp.521 – 531. A. 1998 “Jabalpur Earthquake of May  Jain, S.C., Yedekar, and D.B.and Nair, 22, 1997: Constraint from after Shock K.K.K (1991): Central Indian shears Study”, Journal Geological Society of Zone, a major Precambrain Crustal India, Vol. 51, pp. 295-304. Agarwai, boundary. Jour.Geol Soc. India Vol.37. B.N.P., Das, L.K., Chakraborty, K. and pp.521 – 531. Sivaji, C.H. 1995 “Analysis of the  Jain, S.C., Nair, K.K.K.and Yedekar, Bouger anomaly over central India: A D.B.(1993): Geology of Son-Narmada-  Acharyya, S.K., Kayal, J.R. and Roy, Tapti lineament zone in Central India, A. 2000, Tectono thermal history of In final report "on studies in phase II the central India tectonic zone and special project CRUMANSONATA" reactivation of major faults, progress report (unpublished) Geol. Jour.Geol.Soci. India 55,239-256. Surr. Ind.  Bhattaacharji,S; Chatterji,N; Wampler  Khan A.A. & Balchandran,V (1974- J.M. 1996 Zones of Narmada Tapti 75) Records Volume109 of Gelogical area activation and Deccan survey Of India partI,pp.59 volcanisam: geochronological and  Khan A.A. 1984 Geology of geochemical evidences. Chaube, Geomorphological studies in parts of V.D.(1970): The Narmada Son line Narmada Basin, Sehore Dist. Of M.P. thrust, the geat boundary fault along GeolSurv. Of India Progress Report the southern margin of the Vidhyan (Unpublished). basin, IJSERCentral India, West  Khan, A.A. & Banerjee, S.N. (1984) Commomoration Volume, Today and Geology and Geomorphological Tommarow printers and publishers, studies in the parts of Narmada Basin, Faridabad. Pp.420 – 438. Sehore district of M.P. Un Pub.  Chanda, S.K (1960) on certain Report. Geol. Surv. India. structures of Heavy minerals of  Khan, A.A. (1984) Geological and Assamtertiaries and their gelogical Geomorphological studies around interpretation. Quart.Jour, Min.Met, Tapti-Vagher confluence district India, vol 52, 141-444 Jalgaon, Maharashtra. Geol, Surv.  Chaube, V.D.(1970): The Narmada India Rec. V.113 pt 6 pp 99-109 Son line thrust, the geat boundary fault  Khan A.A. and Bajerjee, S.N. 1985: along the southern margin of the Geomorphological and geological Vidhyan basin, Central India, West studies of Quaternary sediments in Commomoration Volume, Today and collaboration with project Tommarow printers and publishers, Crumansonata in parts of the Narmada Faridabad. Pp.420 – 438. basin, Sehore, Dewas and  Jain, S.C., Nair, K.K.K.and Yedekar, Hoshangabad districts unpublished D.B. (1991): Geology of Son-Narmad- Geol. Surv. Ind. Progress Report. Tapti lineament zone in Central India,  Khan, A.A. (1990) Geomorphology of in final report “on studies in phase II Narmada Valley Of Jabalpur_ Handia special project CRUMANSONATA” Section Unpublished G.S.I Note. progress report (unpublished) Geol.  Khan, A.A., and Rahate, D.N (1990-91 Surr. Ind. & 1991-92) Geological and Geomor -

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phological studies in parts of Narmada Scapes International Journal Vol I, Basin) parts Hoshangabad and Issue IV October -December 2012. Narshingpur district, M.P. Geol. Surv. (ISSN: 2277-7792). Of India Unpublished Progress Report  Khan. A.A. & Aziz, Maria (2012)  Khan, A.A.( 1991).Geological studies “Homo Erectus & Homo Sapiens In of Harda – Barwaha basin in parts of Spectrum Of Volcanic Ecology, Dewas, Sehore, Hoshangabad and Narmada Valley (M.P) India”Status Khandwa districts with the Aid of Published Research Scapes Satellite imagery and Remote Sensing International Multidisciplinary Journal Techniques, Geol. Surv. Ind, Rec. VolI, Issue III July-September 2012 Vol; 126 pt-6  Khan, A.A. & Aziz; Maria (2013)  Khan, A.A, Rahate, D.N. (1991) Homo Erectus & Homo Sapien in Volcanic Ash from Quaternary Spectrum of Volcanic Ecology, deposits of Narmada Valley Central Narmada valley (M.P.) India Research India. Proceed, of 78th session of scapes vol. i issue -4 pp-161 -178 Indian Sci. Cong. Association.  Khan A.A; & Joshi O.P. ( 2014) (Abstract) pt. III pp 28-29 Geology Lithostratigraphy And  Khan, A. A, Rahate, D.N, Fahim, M & Correlation of Basaltic Lava Flows of Banerjee, S.N.( 1991 ) Evaluation of Parts of Western Madhay Pradesh Quaternary terrace of lower Narmada With Special Reference To Megacryst valley , Districts Sehore and Bearing Horizons And Geotechnical Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh Aspects For Heavy Engineerging  Khan, A.A., Rahate, D.N; Shah; Structures (1991) M.R. and Fahim; M. volcanic  Khan, A.A & Aziz, Maria (2014-15) Ash from Quaternary deposits of Tectonics Evolution, Quaternary Narmada valley central India. Indian Sedimentation, And The science Congress 1991 Paleoanthropological Record InThe  Khan, A., &Sonakia, A. (1992). Narmada Rift System (m.p.) Central Quaternary deposits of Narmada with India Khan*, A.A. Aziz, Maria special reference to the hominid fossil. International Journal for Research and Journal of the Geological Society of Technological Sciences Vol. 1, Issue 1 India, 39, 147-154. (2014) 91-93 ISSN -2349-0667.  Khan, A.A,IJSER Rahate, D.N,, FAHIM, M.  Khan A.A. & Aziz, Maria (2015) and Banarjee,S.N ( 1992) Evaluation Quaternary Tectonics & Sedimentation of Geology and Geomorphology in in Narmada Rift Valley, With Special Central Narmada Valley ( Districts Reference to Garudeshwar and Sehore and Hoshangabad, Madhya Bharuch Section Gujarat State India, Pradesh ) Scientific Publishers, ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal Jodhpur. of Advanced Research (2015), Volume  Khan, A.A; Rahate D.N, Fahim, M. 3, Issue 3, 430-457 430 Journal and Banarjee, S.N. (1992): Evaluation homepage: http://www. journalijar. of Geology and Geomorphology in com. Central Narmada Valley (Districts  Khan, A.A. & Aziz; Maria (2014- Sehore and Hoshangabad, Madhya 2015). Quaternary volcanic Eruption Pradesh) Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur Toba Ash fall its impact on  Khan A.A. 1994 Geological and Environment of late Pleistocene Geomorphological studies around Hominines in Indian subcontinent with Tapti-Vagher confluence district Special Reference to Narmada Valley. JaloaonMaharastra, Geol. Surv. Of International journal of Research in India, Rev. Vol. 113 pt. 6 pp 99 – 109. Technological sciences vol.1, Issue 2  Khan A.A. & Maria Aziz & Vol-2 issue-1 July -January 2014 (2012)“Homo erectus On Unified January-June 2015 PP1-18 (ISSN- Quaternary Platform in India and 2349-0667) China a Correlation & Sequential  Khan, A.A. Aziz; Maria (2015) A Analysis”. Status Published Research critical analysis of statistical

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parameters of quaternary deposit of  Mishra, P.S., Venkatraman, N.V., Roy, Hominid locality, Hathnora, Narmada Abhinaba and Tiwari, M.P., 1999: valley, distirctsehore (M.P), India Jour. Seismotectonics evaluation of Of Agriculture, Foresty and Quaternary sedimentary basins yoked Environment al Science Vol.IIssue.I with Satpura horst. Gondwana July –Aug 2015 .I pp 17-29 ISSN Geological magazine, Special Vol. 4, 2454-2792. pp. 81-  Khan A.A. & Aziz, Maria (2016)  Nayak, P.N.(1990) Deep crustal Heavy Minerals assemblage of configuration of central India .Geol. quaternary column of hominid locality Surv.Ind spec. pub 28, pp 67-98 Hathnora, Nnarmada valley district  Roy, A.K. 1971 Geology and Ground SehoreM.P India. ISSN 2320-5407 Water Resources of Narmada Valley International Journal of Advanced Bult of Geol Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 7,  Ravi Shankar, 1987 : History and 1748-1780 Journal homepage: status of geothermal exploration in the http://www. journalijar. com. Central Region (M.P. & Maharashtra).  Khan A.A. Maria Aziz. (2016) Rao, Geol. Surv. Ind., 115, pt. 6 , pp. Quaternary tectonics & geomoprhic 7-29. evolution of Narmada vally, its impact  Sonakia A. 1984 The Skull Cap of on tracing the remains of Homo Early man and associated mammalian erectus and other quaternary fauna & fauna from Narmada Valley alluvium flora. ISSN 2320-5407 International Hoshangabad area. Madhya Pradesh, Journal of Advanced Research (2016), India Rec. GeolSurv. India Vol. 113,  Kaila, K.L.1988: Mapping the Pt. 6 pp 159-172 thickness of Deccan Trap flows from DSS studies and inferences about a hidden Mesozoic basin in Narmada- Tapti Region. Proc. workshop on . Deccan Flood Basalts, December 1988. Geol. Surv. India. pp. 81-177

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GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE AREA AROUND JABALPUR M.P.INDIA

INDEX IJSER

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GEOLOGICAL &GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF PARTS OF THE NARMADA BASIN SEHORE,

PART OF TOPSHEETNO55F/586 INDEX IJSER

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GEOLOGICAL &GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF NARMADA VALLEY

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(i) JABALPUR _HOSHANGABAD SECTION Plate No _13 QUATERNARY GEOLOGY COMPOSITE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF PALEO DOMAIN OF NARMADA AND CONSEALLED STRATA BASED ON STUDY OF EXPOSED SECTION STRATA & BORE HOLE LOGS.

JABALPUR_HOSHANGABAD SECTION Collectively studied for Quaternary Geology Lithostratigraphy, Ash bed association, Sediment logical aspects Heavy Mineral Assemblage Cyclic sedimentation,Rock Pathology PahologyPathology Size distribution &Sedimentary Structure Quartz Grain Morphology and Palesole ----Coarse to fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine upward fining sequence Cobble Pebble with fine sand well bedded

I ------SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(00.00m to180m) Boulder Cobble pebble cemented in with Brown red coarse to fine sand silt and clay

Boulder Cobble Pebble tightly cemented in fine sand and silt well bedded layer Brown coarse to fine sand sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix

Yellow hard compact clay pebble with coarse to fine well bedded and layered

Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix with pebble at base

Yellow hard compact clay with fine sand Fine sand silt with caly laminated & cross laminated

II------SEDIMENTPLOGIAL BREAK 180 to 260m------Cobble pebble with coarse to fine sand well bedded S 430S and layered IJSER Cobble pebble with coarse to fine well bedded and layered sand & silt at the base

Pebble with coarse to fine METER III------SEDIMENTOLOGICALBREAK-- (260 to360m) Fine sand silt with caly laminated & crossINDEX laminated With clay layer at base

Hard compact clay LAMINATION Bounded by Pebble Hard compact clay Pebble with sand CROSS LAMINATION CROSS BEDDING Boulder Cobble Pebble with very CLAY/SILT coarse to fine sand FINE SAND Boulder with sand Hard compact clay Pebble with sand COARSE SAND

Cobble pebble and sand PEBBLE

Boulder Cobble

0 Pebble with very Coarse to fine sand

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 951 ISSN 2229-5518

COBBLE

Plate No_14 HOSHANGABAD -HARDA SECTION QUATERNARY GEOLOGY COMPOSITE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF PALEO DOMAIN OF NARMADA AND CONSEALLED STRATA BASED ON STUDY OF EXPOSED SECTION AND BORE HOLE LOGS

HOSHANGABAD-HARDA SECTION Collectively studied for Quaternary Geology Lithostratigraphy, Ash bed association, Sediment logical aspects Heavy Mineral Assemblage Cyclic sedimentation,Rock Pathology PahologyPathology Size distribution &Sedimentary Structure Quartz Grain Morphology and Palesole Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix

Pebble cobble with coarse to fine sand, red fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine upward finning sequence

Cobble Pebble withwell bedded fine sand Hard compact clay Yellow fine sand cross laminated Brown coarse to fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix Pebble with coarse to fine well bedded separated

by hard compact clay and sand Brown reddish fine sand cross laminated and laminated Dark brown hard compact clay with ferruginous matrix I ------SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(00.00m to180m) S 390S Pebble with fine sand Cobble with coarse to fine sand Boulder Cobble pebble cemented in with Brown IJSERred coarse to fine sand silt and clay Boulder Cobble pebble sand &silt Boulder Cobble pebble fine sand Boulder Cobble pebble coarse sand & caly METER II ------SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(180 260m) Yellow hard compact clay

Boulder Cobble Pebble tightly cemented in fine sand and silt well bedded layer Cobble pebble with coarse to fine well bedded and layered

Brown coarse to fine sand sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix with hard compact clay at base.

III --- SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(260-320m) Pebble with coarse to fine sand Cobble pebble wth coarse to fine well bedded sand & silt Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix

Boulder Cobble Pebble with very coarse to fine sand

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 952 ISSN 2229-5518

BHAROUCHE SECTION Plate No_15 QUATERNARY GEOLOGY COMPOSITE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF PALEO DOMAIN OF NARMADA AND CONSEALLED STRATA BASED ON STUDY OF EXPOSED SECTION AND BORE HOLE LOGS BARWAHA SECTION Collectively studied for Quaternary Geology Lithostratigraphy, Ash bed association, Sediment logical aspects Heavy Mineral Assemblage Cyclic sedimentation,Rock Pathology PahologyPathology Size distribution &Sedimentary Structure Quartz Grain Morphology and Palesole

Cobble pebble with brown red coarse to fine sand silt and clay laminated & cross laminated with fine upward finning sequence

Hard brown clay silt

Fine sand laminated & cross laminated

Hard brown clay silt

Pebble with fine sand well bedded

Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with fine

ferruginous matrix embedded by hard ferruginous clay at the base and top Yellow hard compact clay with fine sand

I ------SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(00.00m to180m) Pebble with very coarse to fine sand

IJSERCobble pebble with coarse to fine well bedded and layered

Boulder Cobble pebble cemented in with Brown

METERS 520 red coarse to fine sand silt and clay

Boulder Cobble pebble cemented in with Brown red coarse to fine sand silt and clay

II ------SEDIMENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(180 to260m) Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with ferruginous matrix Brown coarse to fine sand sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix Red brown clay silt

Pebble with very coarse to fine sand well bedded Fine sand laminated & cross laminated with ferruginous matrix

III ------SEDIENTOLOGICAL BREAK ------(340 to 520m)

Boulder Cobble Pebble tightly cemented in fine

METERS sand and silt well bedded layer

Cobble Pebble tightly cemented in fine sand and silt.

Brown coarse to fine sand sand laminated & cross laminated with fine ferruginous matrix

Boulder Cobble Pebble with very coarse to fine sand

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 953 ISSN 2229-5518

IJSER

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 954 ISSN 2229-5518

Plate No.16

IJSER

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 955 ISSN 2229-5518

Plate No.17

IJSER