Building Conservation Luke Woodison 20679464

Bournemouth Crest (Bournemouth Crest,ND)

Historical Architecture of Bournemouth BN3030 Building Conservation

Luke Woodison Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Bournemouth 2.1: Locations of Chosen Buildings 3. Vernacular building (Magdalen Cottage) 3.1: Introduction to vernacular architecture 3.2: History and use 3.3: Notable features 4. Classical Inspired Building (Town Hall) 4.1: History of Classical inspired Architecture 4.2: History and Uses 4.3: Notable Features 5. Gothic Inspired Building (St Peters Church) 5.1: History of Gothic Revival Architecture 5.2: History and Uses 5.3: Notable Features 6. Modern Building (Bournemouth International Centre) 6.1: History of Modern Architecture 6.2: History and Use 6.3: Notable Features 7. Conclusion

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1: Introduction The architectural Landscape of Great Britain has changed Drastically over the last several Hundred years and there are signs all over the place of these different Styles which came into popularity due to the Impact from History , New Construction methods , and the perceived status which comes with constructing Large Scale buildings. This report will aim to look at several of these styles and there prevalence around the area of Bournemouth. The styles in question are:  A vernacular Style Building  A Classical/Neo-Classical Building  A Gothic/Gothic Revival Building  A Modern Building

2: History of Bournemouth Bournemouth can be traced as far back as the 1500’s where its name was simply used to describe a stretch of coastline (Ashley and Ashley, 1990).The Landscape at this time was mostly made of small villages which ended up being brought together into the area of Bournemouth. The area started to be developed in the mid 1800’s where it became known an ideal destination as a retreat for families from the Midlands and the North where due to extensive hours in factories, quality of air and Health was Poor and a break to a relatively undeveloped seaside area was the perfect location. Many Hotels were built and it was marketed as an ideal holiday destination in the UK. It was Officially Listed as a town in 1870 in the county of Hampshire. It was officially moved from A Part of Hampshire to Dorset in 1974.

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Map of Bournemouth(Digimap 2019) 2.1: Locations of Chosen Buildings

A: Town Hall, Bourne Avenue, Bournemouth, BH2 6DY

B: Bournemouth International Centre, Exeter Road, Bournemouth, BH2 5BH

C: St Peter’s Church, Hinton Rd, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH1 2EE

D: Magdalen Cottage, 17 Holdenhurst Village, Bournemouth, BH8 OEE

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Location of Buildings (Digimap 2019) 1 A B C D 3: Vernacular Architecture: Magdalen Cottage 3.1: Introduction to Vernacular Architecture Vernacular architecture is linked closely to using locally sourced materials and trades in their construction. The buildings of vernacular style are based around the pure functions of the building and that it. This is why you don’t tend to see many artistic features and every element of the design is purely functional. The Vernacular buildings of Bournemouth and the surrounding Dorset are very much like the idea of traditional cottages, with thatch roofs, often timber as a main construction material with various materials being used for infill of timber frames as history went on. As early as the 1600’s Brick was being used in Dorset.

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3.2 Magdalen Cottage Magdalen cottage is a Grade 2 Listed(Historic England,ND) Vernacular Building Located roughly 5 miles outside Bournemouth town centre and is still classed under the Bournemouth Area. The Building was built in estimated the 16th Century with an extension added to the East end of the building in 1830. The building was built as A Leper Hospital once known as “The hospice of St Mary Magdalen” , the building is currently being used as a private dwelling and it is not known when it Ceased being a Hospice.

 Building Construction

Magdalen Cottage (Grant,2012)  The Original part of the building is built in a true vernacular style, this being timber box framing. This is “Where Horizontal and Vertical Timbers are joined together to form a frame which is then infilled or coated in a finishing material” (Brunskill,2000) (Seen Here in Black) and roof beams spanning the width of the structure. This frame is then In filled with a walling material, sometimes Wattle and Daub was used for this but in this particular example Brick was used in a technique sometimes called “Nogging”. This style of construction was not

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however used for the extension so it is clear which parts of the building were added later.  Side/Rear Extension with Lancet in windows circa 1830

Magdalen Cottage (Author's own,2019) This Brick extension completed in 1830 chose a different route with its construction, they chose to make the extension entirely out of brick as the techniques in the area must have developed so that they no longer needed the Box Frame as the original building did. They chose to go with Casement windows for this extension which matched some of the casement windows in the original build, leaving the lancet windows as very noticeable distinct features.  Thatch roof

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Magdalen Cottage ( Grant , 2012) Thatch was the most prevalent roofing material for the time as “It is relatively lightweight, meaning it didn’t need a large roof structure to support it and could be built easily” (Brunskill,2000). When the extension as completed in 1830, they decided to carry on the thatch roof leaving it with half hipped gable ends on the rear and east ends “This allows for a window to be fitted allowing light into the roof structure before the roof bends upwards at a hip” (Brunskill,1992) and a Chimney stack on the West Gable.

4: Classical Inspired Build 4.1: Introduction to Classical Architecture Classical Architecture is rooted in ancient Greece and Rome, the monolithic temples and palaces of the rich families of these nations were built to show power and status in a community or to show respect and honour the Gods. This Style was then later adopted and used across most areas of the world to show importance or to make a statement. These classically inspired buildings borrowed features from these traditional Roman and Greek buildings. Key features seen in Classical and Classically inspired architecture are:  Orders  Symmetry

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 Repetition 4.2: Bournemouth town hall Bournemouth Town Hall is a Grade 2 listed building(Historic England,ND), originally built between 1881 and 1885 where it was built as the Mont Dere Hotel by Alfred Bedborough. Built in a mix of Neo-Classicism and Italianate Influences “This was popular in the 1850’s and 1860’s after queen Victoria’s Osborne house had been completed in this style” (Yorke,2008)and it displays many of the typical features you would see from these Styles ,Notably the clearly Italianate inspired tower and the window Pediments. It was converted over for use as the Town hall in 1921 with the extension on the left-hand side built in 1930 to accommodate the Council Chamber, one final extension happened at the rear of the building in 1990. The construction materials used in the building are Buff coloured bricks with decorative elements finished in Bath Stone.  Pediments and Order

Council Chamber (Author's Own,2019)

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The building Features many examples of Classical orders but the most blatant example comes in the form of the council chamber extension completed in 1930. This carried on the similar style of Neo-Classical and Italianate and features this curved face with showings of Ionic columns Clearly distinguished by the Volutes at the top of them, however these columns look to be of Applied order so serve no structural Purpose. Many of the windows and doors also feature a matching order including this main entrance doorway which also shows A pediment.  Roof Dormers

Roof Dormers (Author's Own, 2019) These roof dormers tend to come more from Georgian and Italianate styles, but they did carry over some features of classical architecture in the form of their Pediments. These features almost match the similar style as the entrance doorway.  Symmetry and repetition

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Front Facade (Author's own,2019) One of the other common features in classical or classically inspired architecture is a focus around symmetry and repetition, the town hall clearly displays this with its window arrangements. This crosses between purely classical and Italianate with the equally positioned windows, but then with these Canted Bay Windows with alterations to also the roof being clearly Italianate inspired whilst still not looking out of place in the design of the facade. “Symmetry is used to cover universally all constraints of architectural composition that refer to how elements are chosen and placed in relation to one another and to the overall structure” (Tzonis and Lefaivre,1986)  Italianate Tower

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Italianate Tower (Author's Own,2019) Built only 30 years before the hotel was Osborne house, this house built for the queen of England was designed after an Italian palazzo, this soon caught on and Italian features started appearing in buildings of status all over the country. One such building was the town hall, this as previously mentioned borrowed some of the window layouts and this clearly Italian tower. This was modelled to look similar to those seen in renaissance era Italian buildings. 5: Gothic Buildings: St Peters Church 5.1: Introduction to Gothic Architecture Traditional gothic architecture started in around the 12th century. This developed upon the ideas set out in classical architecture and aimed to make buildings more intricate and through this led to some developments in construction methods. This introduced things such as Buttresses to support large towers atop of these gothic monumental churches and abbeys. Although Britain also has its own share of gothic buildings in the form of Gothic Revival Architecture. “Only one style crossed the line between Game and Earnest to become a serious alternative to Classicism and that was Gothic”(Sutton,

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1999)This came much later than the original gothic masterpieces but drew large inspiration from them. This era of construction relied heavily on the aesthetics of the building and showing off the craftsmanship of the workers involved. 5.2 St Peters Church St Peters church is a Grade 1 Listed Building (Historic England,ND)built between the years of 1851 and 1879 by Edmund Pearce and G E Street .It is directly in the town centre of Bournemouth and is the most notable church in the town. It features many gothic revival features and is one of the finest examples of Gothic revival era architecture to exist in Britain. The Chancel is “one of the richest gothic revival interiors in England”, When it was built Religion was only really on the rise after it had been somewhat neglected in recent years “Gothic Architecture not only provoked Religious enthusiasm but excited it in a particularly dangerous form” (Clark ,1974,)  Layout and Construction The layout of the church is very traditional with a standard Narthex entrance, which opens into a Nave which is flanked by two Aisles. There is a North and South Transept either side of the crossing which leads to the previously mentioned elaborate chancel. Adjacent to the south transept is the south chancel chapel and adjacent to the right transept is the Vestry. It is built mostly from Purbeck stone with embellishments of Bath Stone.  Artistic Embellishments (Tracery)

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Tracery Window (Expedia,ND) Tracery Window (Author's own,2019) One of the most Visible features typical of Gothic architecture is Window Tracery. The difference between this and classically designed churches is the shaping, classical windows are usually one large window with stained glass whereas this tracery is a combination of smaller windows broken up with intricate carved stone work. This shows off the craftsmanship of the workers of the day.

 Pointed arches

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Pointed Arches(Author's own,2019) One of the other notable design features in gothic architecture are Pointed arches. This is visually different from traditional arches but functionally they are the same. They were employed for their strength and decorative Flair, when several arches are in a row such as shown above this is called an “arcade”  Pointed Towers and Buttresses

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Buttress and tower (Author's own,2019) Buttress and tower(Parker,2014)

Types of Corner Buttresses (Wyatt,2015) The final and probably most known feature of Gothic architecture is the buttress. With earlier tall spires and towers, they tend to look extremely heavy as the large amount of support had to come from underneath them. However, the gothic style developed the Buttress, these extra supports visible around the outside provide extra support to the tower allowing for it to reach great heights without needing as heavy a base underneath it. This exact buttress is

Building Conservation Luke Woodison 20679464 called an angle buttress and featured at the top of them are decorative elements called “Pinnacles”

6: Modern Architecture: Bournemouth International Centre 6.1: Introduction to Modern Architecture Modern architecture grew into prominence towards the time of the Industrial revolution in Britain. This kind of movement inspired a use of new materials and construction methods to limit time and cost of construction. These new buildings started the use of framed buildings using materials such as Iron and then Later Steel. This led to loads being able to be bared through the inside frame of a building freeing up the walls to include large amounts of glass for extra light. This is one of the key prominent design features of Modern buildings. 6.2: Bournemouth International Centre The Bournemouth International Centre or BIC as it is known locally is an events venue completed in 1984 Over its life span it has featured several extensions of varying sizes. It is one of the largest events venues in the south and has played hosts to some of the biggest concerts to take place in this area since. It is also notable for being used as the location for various Government party conferences. Its constructed of a Steel Frame with brickwork on the exterior and large amounts of Glasswork on the front façade.  Open Plan Spaces

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BIC Ground Floor Plan(Inspired Displays,N.D) BIC First Floor Plan( Inspired Displays,N.D) One of the most common features of modernist architecture is that of designing for open floor plans. The development of steel frames meant that columns were no longer needed in the middle of rooms to hold up large structures so designing large open plan spaces which could be adapted for multiple uses became the norm. In this building the main two halls feature retractable seating so that they can be used for concert performances but also sui being used for Trade shows and large open plan events.  Basic Shapes and Forms (Less is more)

Bournemouth International Centre Exterior (Ladell,2019) Another trend of this style was a reliance on basic shapes, lots of squares and right angles. The style looked at returning to function over form, so the artistic styling was not of large importance which led to very boxy and sometimes dull buildings such as the BIC, functionally they suited their needs perfectly but architecturally there is not too much to get excited about.

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 Lack of Ornament

Bournemouth International Centre Facade (Exterior of the BIC ,2008) The Last trend you tend to see in modernist architecture is a lack of overall ornamentation. The façade is angular with no real decoration, everything in the design is functional, however some of these features do work positively towards a consumer experience. The large amount of glass in the façade allows lots of natural light to be allowed deep into the building promoting a healthy environment. Famous architect and designer Alvar Aalto said “To make architecture more human means better architecture, by the creation and combination of different technical things in such a way that they will provide for the human being in the most harmonious life.” (Frampton,2007, p.199) 7: Conclusion So, to conclude many different influences and styles of architecture have came and gone in relevancy and Bournemouth has examples of several of these. The transition from vernacular cottages right up to Grand gothic churches and modernist events venues, Bournemouth has it all, from a Quaint seaside town

Building Conservation Luke Woodison 20679464 to a bustling almost cityscape Bournemouth has had extensive development in the last 400 years. References: Ashley, Harry W. and Ashley, Hugh. (1990) Bournemouth 1890-1990 : a brief history of Bournemouth over the last one hundred years. Bournemouth Borough Council.

th BIC Floor Plans, ND, Floor Plans, Accessed on January 6 2020, Available at: https://www.inspiredisplays.co.uk/blog/bournemouth-international-centre/

rd Bournemouth Crest, ND. Image, Accessed on November 23 2019, Available at: https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Bournemouth Brunskill, R. W. (1992) Traditional buildings of Britain : an introduction to vernacular architecture. New enlarged ed. Gollancz in association with Peter Crawley. Brunskill, R. W. (Ronald William). (2000) Vernacular architecture : an illustrated handbook . 4th ed. London: Faber. Clark, Kenneth (1974) The Gothic revival : an essay in the history of taste . 3rd ed. London: J. Murray.

th Digimap, 2019, Accessed on December 12 2019 ,Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os Exterior of the BIC, 2008. Photograph , Accessed on January 7th 2020 , Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_International_Centre Frampton,Kenneth (2007) Modern Architecture: A Critical History. 4th ED. London: Thames and Hudson. Grant, B 2012, MAGDALEN COTTAGE / LEPER HOSPITAL. STURT LANE. HOLDENHURST VILLAGE. BOURNEMOUTH. DORSET. NOVEMBER 2012, nd Photograph , Accessed on January 2 2020 , Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bournemouth_grant_too/8551740993/in/pho tostream/

Historic England.(ND) CHURCH OF ST PETER. Online, Accessed on December 23rd 2019, Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list- entry/1153014

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Historic England.(ND) MAGDALEN COTTAGE. Online, Accessed on December rd 23 2019, Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list- entry/1153137

Historic England.(ND) THE TOWN HALL. Online, Accessed on December 23rd 2019, Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list- entry/1389612 Ladell,A 2013, Bournemouth International Centre (BIC), Exeter Road, th Bournemouth, Dorset, Photograph, Accessed January 6 2020 , Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/alwyn_ladell/8560216829 Parker,C 2014, St Peters Church-Bournemouth, Photograph , Accessed on th January 4 2020, Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisparker2012/16095635314 Sutton, Ian. (1999) Western architecture : a survey from ancient Greece to the present . London: Thames & Hudson. Tracery Window , N.D, Photograph, Accessed on January 4th 2020, Available at: https://www.expedia.com/St-Peters-Church-Bournemouth-City- Centre.d6092117.Vacation-Attraction Tzonis, Alexander and Lefaivre, Liane. (1986) Classical architecture : the poetics of order . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Wyatt,E 2015, BUTTRESSES AT THE CORNERS OF A TOWER , Digital Drawing , th Accessed on January 5 2020 , Available at: http://www.prestbury.net/magazine/church_architecture/page05.htm Yorke, Trevor. (2008) British architectural styles : an easy reference guide . Newbury: Countryside.