How Far is from Complete Elimination of Labour as per Sustainable Development Goal 8.7

An Analysis Based on Projection of Population in India till 2025

How Far is India from Complete Elimination of Child Labour as per Sustainable Development Goal 8.7

AN ANALYSiS BASED ON PROJECTiON OF CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON iN INDiA TiLL 2025 Copyright © Children's Foundation, 2020 Published by: Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation 23, Friends Colony West New – 110065 Telephone: +91 11 47511111 Website: www.satyarthi.org.in EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted in 2015 at the UN General Assembly Summit. India as a member country participated in the Summit and thus has accepted these goals. Of the 17 goals set during the Summit, the 8th goal has a target to eliminate child labour in all forms by 2025. Elimination of child labour being a key mandate of Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation, it has undertaken the present study to assess the Child Labour trend in India since 1981 along with projection of the Child Labour population in India and its States till 2025.

Population Projection method has been used in this study to estimate the Child Labour population in 2025. For analysis and projection, Census of India data from 1981 to 2011 has been used. The study has used the definition of Child Labour as 'any child working in the age group of 5-14 years of age'. The analysis and projection has been done for 21 major States and NCT of Delhi which together constitutes 98% of the total Child Labour Population of the country.

Despite the fact that more than one crore children were identified as labourers in our country during 2011 Census not much efforts have since been made to withdraw them from the labour situation. As per the recently released 2018 report by the National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India only 810 child labourers were rescued through 464 FIRs registered under Child Labour [Prohibition and Regulation] Act (CLPRA) in 2018. In a state like only 14 cases were registered under CLPRA indicating that the state is not alive to the problem of child labour and is not at all serious about its elimination. With such lack of importance being given to the issue of Child Labour the goal set under SDG 8.7 i.e. complete elimination of child labour by 2025 is unlikely to be achieved.

Child Labour exists primarily because of two reasons (1) acute poverty in the source areas, and (2) ignorance of families i.e., parents of young children about the importance and value of coupled with poor infrastructure for education especially in rural areas.

In the recent past Government has taken several steps towards poverty alleviation in the rural areas including cash transfers to farmers whose land holdings are below a certain limit. Similarly CLPRA has been amended in 2016 completely prohibiting of children below the age of 14 years in all kinds of work and prohibiting the employment of children between 14 and 18 years in hazardous industries but implementation of various developmental programmes is still continues to be problematic. Complete elimination of child labour can never be achieved merely by improving the enforcement of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act. This will happen only by launching special programmes for income generation in the source areas. Further, as the agricultural land can support only a given number of persons there is a need to launch skill development programmes in rural areas, so that people acquire skills. This will make them employable in other sectors of economy viz. the agro based industrial units, food processing industries which need to be set up in rural areas leading to employment and income generation thereby alleviating poverty in source areas for child labour. Parallel efforts are required to be made to enroll all the children withdrawn from labour in schools. Further, schools must provide quality education making the children employable as they grow up.

Besides this, efforts have to be made to create awareness among people through effective Information Education and Communications strategies regarding ill effects of child labour and importance of education. Also, State Governments need to focus on ensuring quality education to all children so that future generation of children are empowered and made employable by escaping the vicious cycle of child labour bondage and slavery.

i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

i 1 2 2 3 4 7 9 11 12 13 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

iii iV HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

1. INTRODUCTION

The Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation (KSCF) advocates for complete elimination of violence against children. Internationally it has already been accepted that child labour is one of the worst forms of violence against children and also a serious violation of Child Rights as well as Human Rights. Over and above Child labour also is a violation of a wide range of rights of children and is recognised as a very serious and complex social problem (Bashir, 2014). Not only this, the children in labour situation are subjected to almost equal or higher rate of injury and death at work place as compared to the adults (Roggera et.al., 2007). Physiologically, the children are at a higher risk because of the rapid skeletal growth, development of organs & tissues leading to greater need for food & rest, higher chemical absorption rates, smaller size and lower heat tolerance level, etc. (Goel et.al, 2012; Yadav & Sengupta, 2009).

Young children are preferred for work than adults because the employers feel that their resistance power against odd situations is much higher than adults. Further, their inability to protest against discrimination and cheaper rate /remuneration makes them a preferred category of labour for the employers (Goel et.al, 2012; Srivastava, 2011). However, research studies also suggest that children are psychologically immature and have an instinctive behaviour of risk taking which makes them more vulnerable vis-à-vis the adults.

In a developing country like India which currently has the largest young population in the world with an increasing population in the working age group, the significance of educated and skilled young population becomes an important aspect of development. The policy makers, law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders must realise the importance of demographic dividend and huge potential for converting the children from burden to an asset.

The had recently amended the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 prohibits the engagement of children up to 14 years of age in all occupations. To provide education to the children who are up to 14 years of age, our country enacted a legislation named the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. This act entitles every child in the age group of 6-14 years for free and compulsory education.

Children in Labour Situation Acute levels of poverty, lack of social security and protection and ignorance about the value of education are the main causes of child labour. As per the estimates of International Labour Organisation in 2016 the children in child labour in the age group of 5-17 years globally were 152 million of which 114 million were in the age group of 5-14 years, which constitutes 75 percent of the total child labourers. Census of India data indicates that in 2011 the number of working children in the age group of 5-14 years was 1.01 Crore (10.1 million) which is a substantial number.

Among child labourers almost half are engaged in hazardous work. ILO estimates indicate that in 2016, 73 million children out of the total children in labour were engaged in hazardous work. During the period 2012 to 2016, the percentage of children (aged 5-17 years) in hazardous work has reduced merely by 15 percent (reduced from 85 million in 2012 to 73 million in 2016) and this number still remains very high. The most disturbing factor is that the reduction in the number of children in hazardous work in the age group 5-14 years during 2012 to 2016 is less than seven percent (reduced from 38 million in 2012 to 35 million in 2016).

1 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

Sustainable Development Goal 8.7 A total of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were adopted by 193 Member Countries at the UN General Assembly Summit in September 2015. These came into effect on 1 January 2016. Among these Goals, the Goal 8 is to “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.” SDG 8 has 12 targets of which the 7th target is to eliminate the child labour in all forms.

Target 8.7 - Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.

2. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE

The KSCF has the mandate to eliminate child labour and make sure that children receive quality education. Not engaging in work and seeking education is not only the Right of a child but is also essential for the socio economic growth of our country as children are the future of our country. Depriving children from having a healthy and educated childhood means obstructing country's social, cultural and economic development.

India was one of the member countries of the UN General Assembly Summit in which the SDGs were adopted. Therefore, a need was felt to assess whether India can achieve the target set under SDG 8.7.

The specific objectives of the present study are as follows:

1. To analyse and assess the child labour trend and rate of its change in India since 1981 2. To project the child labour population in India in 2025 and also assess the state level variations with regard to child labour 3. To recommend policies/strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 8.7

3. METHODOLOGY

For the present study population projection method has been used to project the child labour population in India and its States/UTs till 2025. The projection of child labour population in the country has been done for 21 major States and NCT of Delhi. Population projection is a scientific method to estimate the future population size. Population projection is an extrapolation of historical data into the future. It is an attempt to describe what is likely to happen under certain explicit assumptions about the future based on the immediate past.

Assumptions made for the Present Projection 1. The fertility rate during the projection period will follow the same pattern of decline as the current trend of decline. 2. The mortality during the projection period will continue to decline and the life expectancy will continue to increase over the projection period at the present rate. 3. The net migration throughout the projection period will remain unchanged.

2 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

Estimation of Projected Child Labour Population In the present study the exponential growth method has been used to project the child labour population. The Formula which has been used for projection is as under. rt Pt= P0 (e ) Where,

Pt = Total child labour population at the year t

P0 = Initial child labour population r = Annual rate of growth/change (Constant) e = Euler's number t = Time

Data Source: Census of India data has been used for child labour trend in India since 1981 and projection of child labour. In this study child labour is defined as 'any child working in the age group of 5-14 years of age'.

Census Denition of Work: Census of India defines 'work' as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity.

4. CHILD LABOUR CLASSIFICATIONS & ITS INTERPRETATION

Census of India makes special efforts to collect information about economic activities in which women and children are often engaged but considered as economically unproductive. For e.g. (I) Help given by women and children during ploughing, sowing, harvesting and collection of farm produce (ii) Women and children working as agricultural labourers for wages in cash or in kind (iii) Women and children self-employed or engaged as unpaid family workers in industries such as Household Industry.

In Census, a person is categorised as 'Worker' when she/he has participated in any economically productive activity at any time during the reference period i.e. one year preceding the date of enumeration. A person who did not work at all during the reference period is considered as Non-Worker. If the person is found to be a worker, the Census further classifies it under the following two broad Categories.

1) Main Workers: A person who worked for 6 months or more during the year preceding the date of enumeration. 2) Marginal Workers: A person who worked for less than 6 months during the year preceding the date of enumeration. Further, in 2011 Census the Marginal Workers were divided in to two categories I. Persons who have worked for 3 months or more but less than 6 months ii. Persons who have worked for less than 3 months.

3 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

TABLE 1 DiSTRiBUTiON OF CHiLD LABOURERS iN 2011 BY DURATiON OF WORK (iN LAKHS)

Male 26.6 29.6 56.3

Female 16.9 28.1 45.0

Combined 43.5 57.8 101.3

As discussed in previous section the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 prohibits the engagement of children up to 14 years of age in all occupations. There is no mention about the duration of engagement of a child in labour in the Act. Hence, the Census classification of workers is not applicable in case of Child Labourers and all children who have reported worked during the last year preceding the date of enumeration have to be considered as Child Labourers irrespective of duration of work.

5. TREND OF CHILD LABOUR BETWEEN 1981 TO 2011

In order to find out the trends of child , Census of India data was analysed for the last four decades. The trend indicates an inconsistency in the rate of change of number of children in labour in 5-14 years of age group over the past four decades. In terms of numbers, the reduction of child labour between 1981 to 1991 and 2001 to 2011 is almost same. However, there was an increase in the number of child labourers between 1991 to 2001. This increase possibly took place as in the year 1991 the country embarked on a path of economic liberalization leading to a sudden jump in rate of economic growth. Needless to add such rapid growth would have created enhanced demand for labour which probably is the cause for increase in the number of child labourers during this period. Number of child labourers in India has declined from 1.27 Crore in 2001 to 1.01 Crore in 2011. The State wise child labour numbers in 2001 and 2011 are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively.

FiGURE 1: TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981 TO 2011 (iN LAKHS)

16 14 12 136.4 112.9 126.7 10 101.3 8 6 4 2 0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN LAKHS)

4 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

FiGURE 2: STATE WiSE DiSTRiBUTiON OF DURiNG 2001 (iN THOUSANDS)

UTTAR PRADESH 1,928.00 1,262.57 BiHAR 1,117.50

MADHYA PRADESH 1,065.26

WEST BENGAL 857.09

KARNATAKA 822.62

MAHARASHTRA 764.08

TELENGANA 696.43

ANDHRA PRADESH 666.91

GUJARAT 485.53

TAMiL NADU 418.80

JHARKHAND 407.20

ODiSHA 377.59

CHHATTiSGARH 364.57

ASSAM 351.42

HARYANA 253.49

PUNJAB 177.27

JAMMU & KASHMiR 175.63

HiMACHAL PRADESH 107.77

UTTARAKHAND 70.18

NCT OF DELHi 41.90

KERALA 26.16

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Note: Information is presented only for the large states and NCT of Delhi which together constitute 98% of the total child labour in India as per Census 2011

5 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

FiGURE 3 STATE WiSE DiSTRiBUTiON OF CHiLD LABOUR iN INDiA DURiNG 2011 (iN THOUSANDS)

UTTAR PRADESH 2,176.71 BiHAR 1,088.51 RAJASTHAN 848.39 727.93 700.24 WEST BENGAL 550.09

GUJARAT 463.08

KARNATAKA 421.35

JHARKHAND 400.28

ANDHRA PRADESH 343.97

ODiSHA 334.42

TELENGANA 329.03 ASSAM 284.81 284.23 CHHATTiSGARH 257.77 PUNJAB 176.65

HiMACHAL PRADESH 126.62

HARYANA 123.20

JAMMU & KASHMiR 114.92

UTTARAKHAND 82.43

KERALA 45.44 NCT OF DELHi 36.32

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Note: Information is presented only for the large states and NCT of Delhi which together constitute 98% of the total child labour in India as per Census 2011

6 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

6. AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHILD POPULATION IN LABOUR

Using the child labour data from 1981 to 2011 the average annual rate of change has been estimated. The rate of change has been estimated at three points of time i.e. 1991, 2001 and 2011. The average annual rate of change of child labour population has been estimated in each decade over the previous decade. The estimates suggest that in between 1981 to 1991 and 2001 to 2011 the growth was negative i.e. the child labour population declined. However, between 1991 to 2001 the growth of child population in labour is positive and the average annual rate of change during this decade has been estimated to be 1.16%. The average annual rate of change during 2001-2011 was negative at 2.21% which is highest during the entire reference period. This indicates that during 2001-2011 the reduction in number of child labourers in India was the fastest in last four decades.

State level estimates reveal that except Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand in all large States of India the number of child labourers declined during 2001 to 2011. Madhya Pradesh, one of the most populated States of India recorded a declining (negative) average annual rate of change of 4.11%. The declining rate of change was estimated to be highest (-7.22%) in Telangana.

FiGURE 4 AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

1.5% 1.16% 1.0%

.5% 1991-2001 0.0% -.5% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -1.0% -1.5%

-2.0% -1.88% -2.5% -2.21%

7 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

FiGURE 5 STATE WiSE AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR DURiNG 2001-2011 (iN %)

KERALA

HiMACHAL PRADESH

UTTARAKHAND

UTTAR PRADESH

PUNJAB

JHARKHAND

BiHAR

GUJARAT

MAHARASHTRA

ODiSHA

NCT OF DELHi

ASSAM

CHHATTiSGARH

TAMiL NADU

RAJASTHAN

MADHYA PRADESH

JAMMU & KASHMiR

WEST BENGAL

ANDHRA PRADESH

KARNATAKA

HARYANA

TELENGANA

-8.00% -6.00% -4.00% -2.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00%

Note: Information is presented only for the large states and NCT of Delhi which together constitute 98% of the total child labour in India as per Census 2011

8 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

7. PROJECTED CHILD POPULATION IN LABOUR

This section discusses about the projection of child labour population in India till 2025. In previous section we have seen the rate of change of child population who are working as labourers in India during last four decade. Since the child labour population decline is found to be highest during 2001-2011, it is assumed that the child labour population will continue to decline in future at the same rate.

Based on that assumption it is estimated that in 2021, the time when the next Census is due, the total child labour population in India will be 81.2 lakh which is expected to decline further to 74.3 lakh by 2025. State level estimates reveal that by 2025 only four states will be having about three fifths (56%) of the country's total child labour population. The States are, Uttar Pradesh (30%), Bihar (12%), Maharashtra (8%) and Rajasthan (6%). Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Jharkhand are expected to have five percent each of the country's total child labour population in 2025.

FiGURE 6: PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YEARS AGE GROUP (iN LAKHS)

120 99.07 96.91 100 94.79 92.71 90.69 88.70 86.76 84.87 83.01 81.19 80 79.42 77.68 75.98 74.32

60

40

20

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN LAKHS)

9 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

FiGURE 7 STATE WiSE PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON iN 5-14 YEARS AGE GROUP iN 2025 (iN THOUSANDS)

UTTAR PRADESH 2582.38 BiHAR 1049.23 MAHARASHTRA 680.30 RAJASTHAN 491.60 GUJARAT 433.44 MADHYA PRADESH 393.94

JHARKHAND 390.79

WEST BENGAL 299.71

ODiSHA 282.42

ASSAM 212.87

PUNJAB 175.78

KARNATAKA 170.28 TAMiL NADU 166.92 CHHATTiSGARH 159.99 HiMACHAL PRADESH 158.94 ANDHRA PRADESH 140.28

TELENGANA 119.68

UTTARAKHAND 103.44

KERALA 100.60

JAMMU & KASHMiR 64.26

HARYANA 46.49

NCT OF DELHi 29.77

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Note: Projection has been made only for the large states and NCT of Delhi which together constitute 98% of the total child labour in India as per Census 2011

10 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

8. RANKING OF STATES

In this section States have been ranked on the basis of (a) rate of change in child labour population during 2001- 2011, (b) Absolute number of child labourers in 2011 and (c) on the basis of projected child labour population in 2021 and 2025. The Table 2 below presents these rankings.

TABLE 2 RANKiNG OF STATES BASED ON RATE OF CHANGE iN CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 2001-2011, CHiLD LABOUR AND PROJECTED NUMBER OF CHiLDREN iN LABOUR

Note: (i) Ranking based on 'Rate of Change in Child Labour' has been done from highest to lowest i.e. State/UT with highest rate of change ranked as 1. (ii) Ranking based on 'Child Labour Population' has been done from lowest to highest i.e. State/UT with lowest number of children in labour ranked as 1.

11 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

A perusal of the table above will show that the State of Telangana saw the fastest decline in the child labour population between 2001-11 and is thus ranked one on the basis of state of change in child labor population. The State of Haryana is ranked 2, the State of Karnataka is ranked 3 while the State of Andhra Pradesh is ranked 4.

On the other hand, the States having very large child labour population are all clustered together at the bottom of the ranking. The State of UP has ranked 19th, State of Bihar is ranked 16, State of Maharashtra is ranked 14, State of Gujarat is ranked 15 while Jharkhand is ranked 17. The only two states which have a large child labour population but are ranked well as far as decline of child labor population during the period is concerned are Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

Perusal of the table will also show that in the year 2025 the States which will have the largest child labor population in the age group of 5-14 years will be Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand in descending order. As stated in previous sections, the estimated child labor population in 2025 is 74.3 lakhs. Out of this total child labour population, the seven States named in the preceding lines together shall have 60.2 lakhs child labour population. Therefore, if special attention is given to these states as far as implementation of measures for elimination of child labour is concerned, the incidence of child labour in India will come down drastically if not become zero.

9. VOLUME OF EFFORTS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE SDG 8.7

From the estimation it is evident that achievement of SDG 8.7 is difficult for India. However, still there is time and efforts can be made to eliminate child labour. In the present study an attempt has been made to estimate the volume of efforts and commitment that are needed to achieve the mammoth goal of complete elimination of child labour. For complete elimination of child labour by 2025 the number of children reducing every year from the total child labour population needs to go up by 667% annually. Similarly, if our country is to completely eliminate child labour, the decline in number of child labour has to increase from 1.9 lakh per annum to 12.4 lakh per annum. To achieve this, the present efforts to reduce child labour population need to be scaled up seven times. Not only the efforts, the budgetary outlay, manpower and social & political commitments to the goal of elimination of child labour have all to increase exponentially.

TABLE 3 ESTiMATED EFFORT NEEDED TO BE MADE BETWEEN 2020-25 FOR COMPLETE ELiMiNATiON OF CHiLD LABOUR FROM INDiA BY 2025

12 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

10. RECOMMENDATIONS

It is evident from the findings that the Child Labour trend in India since 1981 is inconsistent. As per Census of India, 2011 the total number of children in labour was 1.01 Crore. The estimation of child labour population in 2025 suggests that India may not achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8.7, the sub target under SDG 8, of complete elimination of Child labour by 2025. The total Child Labour population of our country in 2025 is expected to be 74.3 lakh. The States contributing maximum Child Labour population in the country by 2025 will be (1) Uttar Pradesh, (2) Bihar and (3) Maharashtra which together would have half of the total Child Labourers of the country.

This section is devoted to policy recommendations whose adoption may hasten the march of our country towards zero child labour. The achievement of goal of zero child labour will depend upon the commitment which our Central and State Governments demonstrate towards this cause by way of acting on the suggestions made hereinafter.

There are sufficient evidences available establishing the fact that in underdeveloped and developing countries economic condition and socio-cultural pressures weigh heavily on the poorest and the least educated families. Because of these reasons, in most of these countries including India, children are forced to work. Lack of opportunities for education and ignorance on the issue of child labour and its consequences further aggravate this social problem. Following are some of the recommendations to eliminate child labour from India.

1) POVERTY ALLEVIATION (a) Seventy percent of the population in India still lives in rural areas and is solely dependent on agriculture and its allied sectors for livelihoods. In rural areas landholdings are extremely small and fragmented and a very large percentage of rural population is land less. On the other hand, this poor population is completely devoid of any social protection net. All these factors together lead to a large burden of poverty in rural India and force families in rural areas living at subsistence level to send their children to work. Thus the solution for elimination or reduction of child labour lies in creation of income generation opportunities in rural areas at a large scale so that poor households have the money and the purchasing power making it unnecessary for them to send their children to work. (b) One of the major employment income generation programmes in the rural areas is Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act (MGNREGA) which guarantees 100 days' work to every household whose adult members volunteers to do unskilled manual work. However, its half-hearted implementation and inadequate budgetary allocation have adversely impacted its efficacy as a poverty alleviation intervention. There is an urgent need to enhance budgetary allocation for MGNREGA and to ensure that employment guarantee of 100 days under the Act is realised unlike the present where the average number of days for which work is provided is less than 50. There is also a need to revitalise and enhance the budgetary allocations for similar schemes targeted at poverty alleviation in rural areas one such scheme being tribal sub-component plan, for the of Schedule Tribes. (c) Equally important for poverty alleviation is skill development among the rural people and setting up of agro based industries as also other micro and small scale industries in rural areas. The people in rural areas are hitherto completely dependent on agriculture and are living a life of subsistence. There is a need to launch skills development programmes in rural areas by establishment of vocational training institutions on a large scale such as Industrial Training Institutes, Polytechnic Institutes etc. These skills development programmes will make the village people employable in the industries which need to be set up in rural areas. This will be helpful in some of them finding employment in cities, thus reducing the pressure on land, thereby resulting in poverty reduction.

13 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

2) STRENGTHENING THE SOCIAL PROTECTION NET (a) To abolish child labour in a time bound manner by 2025, there is also a need for strengthening of the existing social protection net. The existing social protection net consists of crop insurance schemes which protect the farmers against crop failures due to floods, droughts etc., and various pension schemes viz., old age pension, widow pension which presently are in operation. Presently, even though these schemes exist but their implementation is faulty, adversely impacting their effectiveness. Further the amount being given per month under the pension schemes is so small that it reduces them to tokenism. These social protection schemes need to be revitalised and strengthened to make an impact. The amount paid as monthly pension under various schemes deserves to be enhanced. Budgetary allocations for these schemes also need to be enhanced so that funds allocated are sufficient to cover all the eligible persons. (b) Another cause of rural distress and families being forced to send their children to work is medical emergencies which families may face. Research shows that in our country 63 million people are pushed below the poverty line annually due to medical emergencies. This happens as the public health care infrastructure in rural areas is extremely poor and is not a priority of governments both at the Centre and the State level. Further due to non-availability of medicines, diagnostic tests etc. in public hospitals, the out of pocket expenditure for medical care is as high as 65%-70%. Families faced with impoverishment due to illness of the bread winner are forced to send their children to work or are forced to be a party to the trafficking of their children or put them into a situation of debt bondage. Thus, another important plank of the strategy to abolish child labour expeditiously is immediate implementation of free universal health care for all especially the poor. The existing health care scheme Ayushman Bharat fails to address these issues as it is a scheme which takes care of only the expenditure related to tertiary health care services whereas families get impoverished and indebted due to illnesses which occur on a day to day basis and are not covered by Ayushman Bharat scheme. (c) The idea of Universal Basic Income Scheme (UBIS) has been under discussion and debate in our country for some time now. In various countries of the world a UBIS is already in operation. A UBIS for all households below a certain income threshold is likely to go a long way in alleviation of rural poverty/distress and is likely to disincentivise families from sending their children/ young ones to work. Thus, immediate implementation of UBIS holds promise for elimination of child labour by 2025. (d) Besides introducing a UBIS, establishment of micro finance institutions in rural areas to help the poor people tide over minor financial crises which tend to occur in their lives from time to time for various reasons is also necessary. Equally useful is creation of self-help groups of women. These SHGs will help each family in generating some additional income, once again leading to poverty alleviation and thus relieving the families from pressures to send their children to work.

3) AWARENESS GENERATION AND EDUCATION (a) Economic factors for perpetuation of child labour are further compounded by total ignorance in the rural areas about the ill effects of child labour and non-availability of opportunities for education for children especially quality education in proximity. A child of a poor family due to denial of education fails to free himself/herself from the clutches of poverty and ignorance leading to a perpetuation of child labour, child slavery and child trafficking from generation to generation. Ensuring schooling for all children is only possible when the rural households especially women become aware of the importance of education. They become aware, that if children go to school, pursue higher education/ vocational education thereafter as per aptitude they will become employable thereby breaking the vicious cycle of inter-generational slavery. Measures therefore need to be taken to enhance the awareness level among village community

14 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

members and parents on the issue of child rights, child protection and the importance/value of imparting education to children. Launching of awareness generation programmes on a large scale in rural areas, especially in the source states for child labour making people aware of value of education and how education can help their children escape the clutches of poverty in due course and how education can be a passport for a bright future for their children is thus an absolute necessity. (b) Another important measure which deserves immediate implementation for abolition of child labour is extension of the entitlement of free education up to Class XII or higher secondary level. Making education compulsory till Class XII / higher secondary level will enhance their enrolment rate up to Class XII and thus keep them away from labour or work. It will also enable children to acquire adequate knowledge and skills which will lead to their personal and professional growth. It will not only better equip children to earn their livelihood and lead a dignified life in the society, but will also contribute to the overall development of the country. This will also reduce the educational inequality in the society to a large extent and economic inequality to some extent. Educating children up to the Class XII will also lead to reduction in child marriages and will also prevent trafficking and exploitation of children. (c) To generate awareness at the village level about child rights and value of education powerful targeted intervention models like Bal Mitra Gram (BMG) need to be adopted in villages across the country. The BMG programme is a flagship intervention model being implemented by the Kailash Satyarthi Children’s Foundation to address the issue of child labour and child education. It is a community empowerment intervention model involving all stakeholders including the community to eradicate child labour, protect child rights and ensure education to all children in the programme area. All State Governments, especially the States which are economically poor and are the source for child labour and trafficking need to take up community intervention models based on Bal Mitra Gram (BMG) and implement the same in their respective states for awareness generation and education of children. (d) Multiple studies have also brought out the importance of education and awareness among the mothers in shaping the destiny of their children. It is therefore absolutely necessary that the IEC programmes which are designed to create awareness in rural areas, pay special attention to the women folk. In fact the programmes should have a built in component of female adult literacy as it is well established that learning outcomes of children are significantly better if the mothers are literate. (e) Children can be taken out of child labour on a sustainable basis if and only if they are provided with opportunities for education in proximity to their dwelling places. The existing school infrastructure both physical as well as manpower in the rural areas does not meet this requirement and leaves a lot to be desired. Thus another very important plank of the strategy to abolish child labour is strengthening of primary and secondary education infrastructure in rural areas, both physical as also manpower. (f) It has been observed that many girls drop out of school after the primary level i.e. the dropout rate of girls after the primary level is higher than that of boys. Girls constitute almost fifty percent of our child population. Therefore the strategy for strengthening of our school infrastructure has to be so designed that it takes into account this factor. Continuance of girls in schools will not only prevent their trafficking for various forms of exploitation but will also lead to elimination of the social evil of child marriage. Educated girls will also be the enlightened mothers of future. (g) The quality of education being imparted in Government schools especially in the rural areas is also a huge cause of concern. Thus, there is an immediate need to pay attention to the learning outcomes in schools so that the children receiving education are employable. The vocational education infrastructure at the District, Sub-division and Block level also needs to be strengthened so that children on completion of the secondary education have the option of going either for higher education or vocational education as per their aptitude.

15 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

(h) These improvements in educational infrastructure require a substantial enhancement in budgetary outlays for education both by the Central and the State Governments. To abolish child labour by 2025, school infrastructure in the rural areas of our country needs immediate strengthening.

4) RESCUE AND REHABILITATION OF EXISTING CHILD LABOURERS (a) Rescue and rehabilitation of existing child labourers is the most important aspect which needs to be dealt with in order to achieve the goal of complete elimination of child labour. A conjoint look at the incidence of child labour across the country and the number of children rescued annually brings out very clearly that rescue or release of children in labour is not at all a priority for the law enforcement agencies. If the goal of eradication of child labour by 2025 is to be achieved, rescue of children in labour has to become a priority for the law enforcement agencies. Besides this, it is also true that children rescued from labour need a lot of support. However, it has been found that there is lack of coordination among the law enforcement agencies dealing with issues relating to rehabilitation of children rescued from labour. As a result their rehabilitation continues to suffer. Therefore, the issue of rehabilitation also needs to be paid utmost attention and it has to be ensured that rescued child labour and their families get their entitlements as per the extant rehabilitation policy soon after their rescue. Unless this happens there is every likelihood of the child going back to work making the rescue meaningless. Thus unless and until rehabilitation is quick and effective eradication of child labour is not going to happen. (b) Our rehabilitation process primarily focuses on socio-economic rehabilitation of the rescued child, however many children rescued from such situations need psychological support as well. Hence, it is necessary to modify the rehabilitation model from 'socio-economic rehabilitation' to 'psycho-social and economic rehabilitation' model. (c) To ensure that rescue and rehabilitation of child labour receive due attention and importance, there is a need to establish an effective monitoring mechanism at the District, State and National level for effective monitoring of efforts made towards rescue and rehabilitation of child labour. There is also a need to strengthen the rehabilitation machinery at the District level across the Country as also adequate allocation of funds for rehabilitation of rescued child labour.

5) KNOWLEDGE AND EVIDENCE GENERATION (a) Knowledge generation and its conversion into action/interventions is gaining importance in public policy now a days. Knowledge translation refers to generating evidence through research, transfer of evidence, its uptake and use. In order to eliminate child labour completely and ensure effective rehabilitation of children withdrawn from labour, Governments both Central and State need to focus on generating knowledge and its translation into action. A successful integrated evidence based approach is needed in this regard and is likely to help in eliminating child labour within the stipulated time frame. Efficient and representative research studies and evidence generation shall provide strategic guidance to the policy makers and programme implementers. Further, the mind set of policy makers and public authorities also needs to be changed so that this does not become a tick-box exercise.

6) EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS AND PROGRAMMES (a) Last but not the least one of the important measures for elimination of child labour by 2025 is effective enforcement of child labour related laws and the related issue of sensitisation and capacity building of members of law enforcement agencies dealing with child rights protection and promotion. Coordination between the law enforcement agencies, civil society organisations, academicians and researchers

16 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

working in the field of child protection and child rights has to be strengthened through gap identification, formulation of effective mitigation plans and their implementation. Another cause of poor implementation of laws and policies is very low level of commitment of State functionaries to the cause of elimination of child labour. To enhance knowledge of State functionaries about laws and policies relating to child labour and to increase commitment among them for the cause of abolition of child labour, there is a need to launch capacity building programmes in a big way for the concerned State functionaries. Continuous review and strengthening of criminal law regime as per the felt need is another vital component of the national response to child labour.

CONCLUSION Elimination of child labour by 2025 presents a humongous challenge to the Indian State, bureaucracy and the Indian society. If the goal is to be achieved then the time to start action in a mission mode is now.

17 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR AS PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

18 STATE WISE FIGURES

For each State following three figures have been provided

Figure 1: Trend of Child Labour During 1981 to 2011 (in thousand)

Figure 2: Average Annual Rate of Change of Child Population in Labour (in %)

Figure 3: Projected Child Labour in 5-14 years Age Group (in thousands)

19 20 ANDHRA PRADESH

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1200

1000 953.52 800 812.80 600 666.91 400 343.97 200

0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -2.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -4.0% -6.0% -1.6% -8.0% -2% -6.4%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 350 322.63 302.61 283.83 300 266.22 249.70 234.20 250 219.67 206.04 193.25 181.26 200 170.01 159.56 149.56 150 140.28

100

50

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

NOTE: VALUES HAVE BEEN ADJUSTED FOR 1981 & 1991

21 ASSAM

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

400 350 351.42 300 327.60 250 284.81 200 150 100 50 0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 0.7% 1.0%

.5% 1991-2001 0.0% -.5% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -1.0% -1.5% -2.0% -2.1% -2.5%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 300 278.95 273.21 267.59 262.08 256.69 251.40 246.23 241.16 236.20 231.34 250 226.58 221.91 217.35 212.87 200

150

100

50

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

NOTE: CENSUS COULD NOT BE CONDUCTED iN 1981 iN ASSAM

22 BIHAR

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1200

1000 1117.50 1088.51 800 820.53 600 702.02

400

200

0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 6.0% 5.0% 4.8% 4.0% 3.2% 2.4%

1.6% 1991-2001 0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -0.3% -2.0% -1.5%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON

1090.00 1085.66 1082.81 1079.97 1080.00 1077.14 1074.32 1071.50 1068.69 1070.00 1065.89 1063.09 1060.31 1057.53 1060.00 1054.75 1051.99 1049.23 1050.00

1040.00

1030.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

23 CHHATTISGARH

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

400

300 332.51 364.57 200 264.77 257.77

100

0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 4.0% 3.3% 3.2% 2.4%

1.6% 1991-2001 0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -2.0% -3.0% -2.3% -4.0% -3.4%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 300 249.14 240.79 250 232.73 224.93 217.40 210.12 203.08 196.27 189.70 183.35 200 177.20 171.27 165.53 159.99 150

100

50

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

NOTE: VALUES HAVE BEEN ADJUSTED FOR 1981 & 1991

24 GUJARAT

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

800

600 616.91 523.59 400 485.53 463.08 200

0 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -0.2% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -0.4% -0.6% -0.8% -0.5% -0.8 -1.0% -1.2% -1.4% -1.6% -1.6% -1.8%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 465.00 460.89 458.72 460.00 456.56 454.41 455.00 425.27 450.14 448.02 450.00 445.90 443.80 445.00 441.71 439.63 440.00 437.56 435.50 435.00 433.44 430.00 425.00 420.00 415.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

25 HARYANA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

300.00 253.49 250.00

200.00

150.00 194.19 123.20 100.00 109.69 50.00

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 10.0% 8.7% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0%

2.0% 1991-2001 0.0% -2.0% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -4.0% -6.0% -5.6% -8.0% -7.0%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 140.00

120.00 114.92 107.92 99.98 93.26 100.00 86.99 81.14 75.68 70.59 80.00 65.85 61.42 57.29 53.44 60.00 49.84 46.49 40.00 20.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

26 HIMACHAL PRADESH

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

140.00 120.00 126.62 100.00 107.77 80.00 99.62 60.00 40.00 56.44 20.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

8.0% 6.7% 6.0% 4.0%

2.0% 1991-2001 0.0% 2001-2011 -2.0% 1981-1991 -1.6% -4.0% -6.0% -5.5% -8.0%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 180.00 158.94 160.00 151.39 153.86 156.38 144.19 146.55 148.95 135.12 137.33 139.58 141.86 140.00 128.69 130.80 132.94 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

27 JAMMU & KASHMIR (Undivided)

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

300.00

250.00 258.44 200.00

150.00 175.63 100.00 114.92 50.00

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -2.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -4.0% -6.0% -4.2% -8.0%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 120.00 110.25 105.76 101.46 97.34 93.38 89.58 100.00 85.93 82.44 79.09 75.87 72.78 69.82 80.00 66.98 64.26 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) NOTE: CENSUS COULD NOT BE CONDUCTED iN 1991 iN J&K

28 JHARKHAND

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

450.00 407.20 400.00 400.28 350.00 300.00 250.00 280.78 200.00 240.23 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

6.0% 5.4% 4.0%

2.0% 1991-2001 0.0% 1981-1991 -2.0% 2001-2011 -1.5% -0.2%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 402.00 399.59 400.00 398.91 398.22 397.54 398.00 396.86 396.18 395.50 394.83 396.00 394.15 393.48 392.80 394.00 392.13 391.46 392.00 390.79 390.00 388.00 386.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) NOTE: VALUES HAVE BEEN ADJUSTED FOR 1981 & 1991

29 KARNATAKA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1200.00

1000.00 1131.52 822.62 800.00 976.25

600.00 400.00 421.35 200.00

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% 2001-2011 -2.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 -4.0% -1.5% -1.7% -6.0% -8.0% -6.5%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 450.00 394.94 400.00 370.19 346.99 325.25 350.00 304.87 285.76 267.86 300.00 251.07 235.34 220.59 206.77 250.00 193.81 181.66 200.00 170.28 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

30 KERALA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

100.00 92.86 80.00

60.00

40.00 45.44 34.80 20.00 26.16

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

10.0% 5.7% 5.0% 2001-2011 0.0% 1981-1991 -5.0% 1991-2001 -2.8% -10.0% -9.3% -15.0%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON

120.00 100.60 89.80 95.05 100.00 80.16 84.85 71.56 75.74 80.00 63.88 67.61 57.02 60.35 53.87 60.00 48.09 50.90 40.00 20.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

31 MADHYA PRADESH

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1600.00 1400.00 1200.00 1366.09 1000.00 1087.79 1065.26 800.00 600.00 700.24 400.00 200.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -2.0% -0.2% -3.0% -2.3% -4.0% -5.0% -4.1%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 800.00

672.05 700.00 645.00 619.03 594.11 570.20 600.00 547.25 525.22 504.07 483.78 464.31 500.00 445.62 427.68 410.46 400.00 393.94 300.00 200.00 100.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

32 MAHARASHTRA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1800.00 1600.00 1400.00 1200.00 1557.64 1000.00 1068.42 800.00 600.00 764.08 727.93 400.00 200.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -0.5% -2.0% -3.0% -4.0% -3.7% -3.3%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 730.00 724.42 720.93 717.45 720.00 713.99 710.55 707.12 710.00 703.71 700.32 696.94 693.58 700.00 690.24 686.91 683.59 690.00 680.30 680.00 670.00 660.00 650.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

33 NCT OF DELHI

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

45.00 40.00 41.90 35.00 36.32 30.00 25.00 25.82 27.35 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 5.0% 4.4% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% -0.6% 1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 0.0% -1.0% 2001-2011 -2.0% -1.4%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 40.00 35.81 35.30 34.80 34.31 33.83 33.35 35.00 33.88 32.42 31.96 31.51 31.07 30.63 30.00 30.20 29.77 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

34 ODISHA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

800.00 700.00 600.00 702.29 500.00 400.00 452.39 300.00 377.59 334.42 200.00 100.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -1.2% -2.0% -1.8% -3.0% -4.0% -5.0% -4.3%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 340.00 330.40 326.44 322.44 330.00 318.65 314.83 320.00 311.05 307.32 303.63 310.00 299.99 296.39 292.84 300.00 289.32 285.85 290.00 282.42 280.00 270.00 260.00 250.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

35 PUNJAB

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

250.00

200.00 177.27 176.65 216.94 150.00 142.87 100.00

50.00

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

3.0% 2.2% 2.0%

1.0% 1991-2001 0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -2.0% -0.0% -3.0% -4.0% -5.0% -4.1%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 176.80

176.58 176.60 176.52 176.46 176.40 176.40 176.33 176.27 176.21 176.15 176.20 176.09 176.02 175.96 176.00 175.90 175.84 175.78 175.80 175.60 175.40 175.20 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

36 RAJASTHAN

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1400.00 1262.57 1200.00 1000.00 800.00 819.61 848.39 600.00 774.20 400.00 200.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

6.0% 5.0% 4.0%

2.0% 1991-2001 0.0% -2.0% 1981-1991 2001-2011 -0.6% -4.0% -3.9% -6.0%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 900.00 815.95 784.76 754.76 725.91 800.00 698.16 671.47 645.80 700.00 621.12 597.37 574.54 552.58 600.00 531.45 511.14 491.60 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

37 TAMIL NADU

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1200.00

1000.00

800.00 974.91 600.00 578.89 400.00 418.80 200.00 284.23

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -2.0% -3.0% -4.0% -3.2% -3.8% -5.0% -6.0% -5.1%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 300.00 273.63 263.42 253.59 244.13 235.03 250.00 226.26 217.82 209.69 201.87 194.34 187.09 200.00 180.11 173.39 166.92 150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

38 TELANGANA

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

1200.00

1000.00

800.00 997.59 849.15 600.00 696.43

400.00

200.00 329.03

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

0.0% -1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 -2.0% -1.6% -2.0% -3.0% -4.0% -5.0% -6.0% -7.0% -8.0% -7.2%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 350.00 306.10 284.77 300.00 264.92 246.46 229.28 213.30 250.00 198.44 184.61 171.74 159.77 200.00 148.64 138.28 128.64 150.00 119.68

100.00

50.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

39 UTTAR PRADESH

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

2500.00

2000.00 2176.71

1500.00 1928.00 1381.71 1000.00 1360.56

500.00

0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %) 4.0% 3.5% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.2% 1.0% 0.5% 1991-2001 2001-2011 0.0% -0.5% 1981-1991 ` -0.2%

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 2700.00

2582.38 2600.00 2551.05 2520.10 2489.52 2459.32 2500.00 2429.48 2400.00 2370.88 2342.12 2400.00 2313.70 2285.63 2257.90 2300.00 2230.50 2203.44 2200.00

2100.00

2000.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

40 UTTARAKHAND

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

90.00 80.00 82.43 70.00 70.18 60.00 50.00 50.30 40.00 49.53 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

4.0% 3.5% 3.0%

2.0% 1.6% 1.0%

0.5% 1991-2001 2001-2011 0.0% 1981-1991 -0.1% -0.2% `

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON

120.00 101.78 103.44 98.53 100.14 93.85 95.38 96.94 90.85 92.34 100.00 86.54 87.95 89.39 83.78 85.15 80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

41 WEST BENGAL

TREND OF CHiLD LABOUR DURiNG 1981-2011

900.00 857.09 800.00 700.00 600.00 711.69 605.24 500.00 550.09 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 1981 1991 2001 2011

TOTAL CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS) AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE OF CHiLD POPULATiON iN LABOUR (iN %)

3.0% 2.0% 1.6% 1.9% 1.0% 1981-1991 1991-2001 0.0% -1.0% 2001-2011 -2.0% -3.0% -4.0% -5.0% -4.3% ` PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR POPULATiON 600.00 526.74 504.38 482.97 462.47 500.00 442.84 424.04 406.04 388.80 372.30 356.50 400.00 341.36 326.87 313.00 299.71 300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

PROJECTED CHiLD LABOUR iN 5-14 YRS AGE GROUP (iN THOUSANDS)

42 HOW FAR IS INDIA FROM COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR UNDER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 8.7

REFERENCES

Bashir Z. (2014). Child Labour in India: Programmes and Strategies. International Journal of Scientific Research and Education. Vol 2, Issue 10, PP. 2165-2171.

Goel K. Ahmad S. Bansal R, Parashar P. Pant B. and Goel P. (2012). The Social and Occupational Health Problems of Child Labour: A Challenge the World is Facing. Indian Journal of Community Health. Vol 24, No. 1, PP. 53-57.

International Labour Organisation (2017). Global Estimates of Child labour: Results and Trends, 2012- 2016. International Labour Organisation, Geneva.

NCRB (2017). Crime in India 2017 report by the National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India

Registrar General of India (1981). Census of India 1981. Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India.

Registrar General of India (1991). Census of India 1991. Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India.

Registrar General of India (2001). Census of India 2001. Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India.

Registrar General of India (2011). Census of India 2011. Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India.

Roggero P, Mangiaterra, Bustreo F and Rosati F (2007). The Health Impact of Child Labour in Developing Countries: Evidence from Cross-Country Data. American Journal of Public Health. Vol 97, No. 2, PP.271-275.

Srivastava K. (2011). Child Labour Issues and Challenges. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. Vol 20, Issue 1, PP. 1-3.

Yadav S.K and Sengupta G (2009). Environmental and Occupational Health Problems of Child Labour: Some Issues and Challenges for Future. Journal of Human Ecology. 28 (2), PP. 143-148.

43