Political Agreements of Impunity

First Edition

This report was possible thanks to the support of Siemenpuu Foundation and Finland Embassy in Mexico.

The ideas presented in this report are exclusively responsibility of Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Social A.C and do not necessary correspond with the grant foundation neither the persons mentionated.

Coordination: Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez and David Peña Rodríguez

Elaboration: María del Rocío Parra Toledo

Traduction: Andrés Martínez

Editorial Design : Takiro

Mexico City, May 2017. POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY:

REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA To Bety and Jyri for their work in favor of social justice for the peoples

To Raimo Jaakkola for being a light in the dark Acknowledgements

To Omar Esparza for his tireless work and permanent fight to transform the inequality conditions of the Mexican peoples. For being an example for Yago, Itandehui and Omar.

To Eeve Jaakkola for her courage and strength, for not faltering in the search for justice.

To Finland Embassy in Mexico, to Heidi Hautala, Satu Hassi and Franziska Keller, for their commitment in the fight against impunity in Mexico.

To the prosecutor, Samuel Castellanos Piñón, for being the only public officer in Mexico that has defended the right to truth and hard worked to take the perpetrators before justice.

To Mariana Flores López for her commitment with the case.

To all the partners that for the last seven years have joined in solidarity with this cause.

INDEX

INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2.2. Día 27 de abril de 2010 INTRODUCTION3 21 9 IN THE MEMORY OF ALBERTA CARIÑO TRUJILLO 11 IN THE MEMORY OF JYRI ANTERO JAAKKOLA 2.3. EL ATAQUE 12 A LA MEMORARIA DE ALBERTA CARIÑO 23

1. HISTORICALTRUJILLO VIOLENCE IN THE TRIQUI INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY 13 5 1.1 EL CLUB 2.3.1. El asesinato de Bety y J yry 16 1.2. TRIQUI UNIFICATION AND STRUGGLE MOVEMENT (MULT)25 17 1.2.1. POPULAR UNITY PARTY (PUP) 18 A LA 1.3.MEMORIA TRIQUI REGION DE JYRISOCIAL ANTERO WELFARE JAAKKOUNIT (UBISORT)- 2.3.2. El escap e y los heridos 20 LA 1.4. TRIQUI UNIFICATION AND STRUGGLE INDEPENDENT27 MOVEMENT “MULTI” 21 1.4.1. AUTONOMOUS MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JUAN COPALA 22 6 1.4.2. LA VOZ QUE ROMPE EL SILENCIO” COMUNITARIAN RADIO BROADCASTER 23 2.3.3. Las amenazas y el secuestro 1.5. MEDIATION AND PACIFICATION INITIATIVES 23 2. THE ATTACK AGAINST THE HUMANITARIAN CARAVAN 29 25 1. VIOLENCIA2.1 SIEGE TO HISTÓRICA THE AUTONOMOUS EN LA MUNICIPALITY COMUNI- 25 DAD 2.2.INDÍGENA PREPARATION TRIQUI OF THE ATTACK AGAINST THE HUMANITARIAN2.4. ¿QUÉ PASOCARAVAN DESPUÉS DEL ATAQUE?26 2.2.1. APRIL 26TH, 2010 26 7 31 2.2.2. APRIL 27TH, 2010 27 1.1 “EL2.3. CLUB”THE ATTACK 2.5. REACCION DEL GOBIERNO FRENTE28 AL 2.3.1. BETY AND JYRI´S MURDERS 29 8 ATAQUE A LA CARAVANA 2.3.2. SURVIVORS 30 2.3.3. THREATS AND KIDNAPPING 35 31 2.4. WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE ATTACK? 33 1.2. MOVIMIENTO2.5. GOVERNMENT’S DE REACTION UNIFICACIÓN TO THE ATTACK Y LU- AGAINST2.5.1. THE D íaCARAVANs 27 al 30 de abril de 2010 35 CHA TRIQUI2.5.1. DAYS FROM 27TH TO 30TH OF APRIL 201035 35 9 2.5.2. JYRI AND BETY’S CORPSES RECOVERY 38 2.6. CIDH PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND CNDH RECOMENDATION2.5.2. Recuperación de los cuer pos de 39Jyri y Bety, 3. CARAVAN’S1.2.1. Partido ATTACK Unidad INVESTIGATION Popular (PUP) primeras investigaciones en el lugar del41 ataque a 11 3.1. FIRST INVESTIGATION la caravana 41 3.1.1. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MEXICO) 41 41 1.3. UNIDAD 3.1.2. DE OAXACABIENESTAR ATTORNEY SOCIAL GENERAL’S DE LA 44 3.2. SECOND INVESTIGATION 46 REGIÓN TRIQUI3.2.1. INVESTIGATION (UBISORT) CLOSURE IN PGR: NO CRIMES, NO GUILTIES, NO PUNISHMENT 46 4. JUDICIAL13 PROCESS DIFICULT PATH 3. INVESTIGACION DEL ATAQUE51 A LA CA- 4.1. ARRESTED AND PROCESSED PERSONS RAVANA 52 1.4. MOVIMIENTO DE UNIFICACIÓN Y LU- 4.1.1. RUFINO JUÁREZ HERNÁNDEZ (RJH) 44 52 CHA TRIQUI4.1.2. INDEPENDIENTE ELÍAS CRUZ MERINO MULTI (ECM) 56 15 4.1.3. FAUSTINO VÁSQUEZ MARTÍNEZ (FVM) 3.1. PRIMERA INVESTIGACIÓN 56 4.1.4. MAURO VÁSQUEZ RAMÍREZ (MVR) 45 57 1.4.1. Municip4.1.5.io A uJUANtóno MACARIOmo de San BAUTISTA Juan Cop MARTÍNEZala (JMBM) 58 4.2. LEGAL OBSTACLES IN ALL THE PROCEDURES 59 15 4.2.1. TRIAL DELAYS AND PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT3.1.1. P rocFORu radPRISONERSuría General de la Re59pública 4.2.2. VICTIM’S RIGHTS LIMITATIONS 45 61 1.4.2. La Radio4.2.3. Co LACKmunitaria OF SECURITY “La voz ANDque roPROTECTIONmpe el FOR VICTIMS AND WITNESS 63

silencio ” 4.2.3.1. THREATS TO KEY WITNESSES 3.1.2. Procurad uría G eneral de Justicia63 de Oaxaca

4.2.3.2. THREATS TO OMAR ALFREDO ESPARZA ZÁRATE 65 16 50 4.2.4 RECHAZO DE LAS TESTIGOS CLAVE 65 5. JAAKKOLA-ESPARZA1.5. INICIATIVAS DECARIÑO MEDIACIÓN FAMILIES’ ACTIONS Y PACIFI TO -DEMAND3.2. JUSTICE SEGUNDA INVESTIGACIÓN 68 CACIÓN5.1. JAAKKOLA FAMILY VISITS TO MEXICO 52 68 5.2. ACTION TO REMEMBER BETY AND JYRI 70

17 5.3. INTERNATIONAL ACCOMPANIMENT AND PRESSURE 72 l cierre de la investigación en sin 5.4. UNITED NATIONS’ COMMUNICATIONS 3.2.1. E 73 PGR: 5.5. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARIANS’ ACCOMPANIMENTdelito ANDs SUPPORT, sin culp able s, sin sancione s 70 6. CONCLUSIONS2. EL ATAQUE A LA CARAVANA HUMANITA- 57 77 7.ATTACHMENTSRIA 82 19 2.1 CERCO AL MUNICIPIO AUTÓNOMO 19 2.2. PREPARACIÓN DEL ATAQUE A LA CA- RAVANA HUMANITARIA 21

2.2.1. Día 26 de abril de 2010 7

INTRODUCTION

fter seven years of the murders against Alberta “Bety” Cariño and Jyri Antero AJaakkola, human rights defenders, with this report we want to share the search for justice and truth that their families, friends, and lawyers have done to avoid this murders to end in impunity.

Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Huma- nos y la Justicia Social A.C. has systematize the context of the facts, the judicial procedure and human rights accompaniment that has been done for the last seven years to reflect an impunity problem that exists in our country, as a result of an structural problem in the Mexican judicial system that prevents the judgment and sentence of Bety and Jyri’s murders and in part by political interests involved in this case.

The omissions, negligence and complicity of the Mexican government is evident by analyz- ing the criminal investigation and the procedure. The Government permits this case to remain in impunity and therefore ease the climate of violence and human rights violations in the Triqui region of Oaxaca. Seven years after, the paramilitary group that on April 27th, 2010 attacked a humanitarian caravan conformed by 25 persons, including human rights defenders, international observers and journalists, continues to operate with the Mexican state´s permission and tolerance. 9 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

Even though Bety and Jyri’s families and tions of Bety and Jyri. For them to see, wherever lawyers have not rested in this search for justice, they are, that their case has been a priority in this and that all the national juridical resources avail- seven years and their death will not be forgotten. able have being depleted.

This has not been enough for the Mexican judicial system to guarantee the right to access to justice to Bety and Jyri’s families, punish the perpetrators and repair the damage.

This report looks forward to highlight the obstacles, the complexity of the case and the little advances that Mexican authorities had made to process and punish the perpetrators, but above all, we look forward to make known to the national and international community of the problem of Impunity in Mexico where many factors take action, from a poor law system to clear complicities between criminal groups and governments of all the political parties.

A legal and judicial system that does not guarantee the access to justice, that doesn’t protect the victims, that puts the crime witnesses in risk, that denies knowing the truth that blocks an appropriate sanction for the criminals and keeps impunity agreements. It is a legal and judicial system that must be modified and that must be exposed at international level.

This report also intends to recognize the support and international accompaniment of several people and institutes, particularly European, alongside the struggle of Bety and Jyri’s families. And certainly, it is a way of honoring the memory, the social compromise and the convic-

10 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

TO MEMORY OF ALBERTA CARIÑO Bety Cariño, together with her partner TRUJILLO Omar Esparza, founded the Community Support Center Working Together, known in Spanish as CACTUS, a civil association dedicated to deve- loping alternative popular education projects, indigenous rights and women rights.

In 2008, CACTUS began operating the independent radio broadcaster “La Rabiosa” (The Rabid) and inside the Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala the Triqui radio broadcaster “La voz que rompe el silencio” (The Voice that Breaks the Silence), these two radio stations took part in the formation of the Mexican Southeast Communitarian Indigenous Radio Net.

Bety started a public campaign in favor of truth and justice for the clarification of the murders of 2 triqui radio announcers, Felícitas Martínez Age: 37. ande Teresa Bautista, whom lost their life as a consequence of an armed attack in the Triqui “Let´s plant dreams and harvest hope, indigenous zone in 2008. down to the left and next to the heart“

Known as Bety Cariño, social activist in defense of the autonomy of the indigenous people, Director of “Centro de Apoyo Comunitario Trabajando Unidos (Cactus)” (Community Support Center Working Together) in Huajuapan de Leon city, in the state of Oaxaca, she worked against the mining mega-projects, in defense of the territory and the indigenous people self-determination, for Women´s Rights, the promotion of communitarian radio stations, and supported the Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala.

11 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

TO MEMORY OF JYRI ANTERO He traded with Mexican coffee, hence his JAAKKOLA interest for the indigenous communities, he also pretended to do sustainable agriculture research and indigenous affairs in the state of Oaxaca.

The purpose of his trip to Mexico was learning different forms of social organization to adapt them to his country.

In preparation for his visit to Mexico, Jyri learned Spanish in two months, and gave Fair Commerce lessons in Oaxaca. In addition, he created a blog, in which he wrote for the las time on April 10th, 2010 about the talks of the Peoples Climate Dialog, that took part in the Encounter for an Autonomous Life, held in Oaxaca City, in which he also participated.

Age: 33.

“We must develop new forms of freedom and autonomy”

Jyri Antero Jaakkola belong to Uusi Tuuli (New Wind), a Finnish organization that promoted the international solidarity, fair commerce, peace and respect between peoples.

Jyri was participating in a Humanita- rian Journey project that travelled aboard a sailboat called “Estelle”, which has sailed in an assistance mission to Angola and Ban- gladesh.

12 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

During the XVIII and XIX centuries, the 1. HISTORICAL Triquis suffered repression, land expropriations and VIOLENCE IN agricultural conflicts, by example, the Municipali- zation Law in 1822, that restructured the adminis- THE TRIQUI tration of this municipality, which enable the appro- INDIGENOUS priation of the Triqui territory by “Mestizos”.

COMMUNITY Since 1826, San Juan Copala obtained the Free Municipality status, however, the LX State Legislature attached the territory of the San Juan Copala Municipality to the Santiago Juxtlahuaca Municipality, converting it in a municipal agency, o have a better understanding of the po- taking it’s autonomy away as an indigenous com- litical context that Oaxaca lives, specifi- munity, limiting their territory, resulting in violen- Tcally the Triqui indigenous region, whe- ce and armed conflicts for the lands of this zone. re Bety and Jyri were murdered, it is important to know the history of social conflicts, political and armed groups that have operated in this re- The Triqui Territory was used by the lan- gion for the last 40 years. downers or “terratenientes” (expression used to name the owners of huge land extensions) for coffee, sugar cane and banana plantations, which re- This chapter about the historical violen- sulted in the exploitation of Triqui labour and the ce in the Triqui indigenous community pretends excessive utilization of their natural resources, The to recognize the serious human rights violations exploitation generated violent conflicts caused by that this indigenous people have suffered, and the landowners that wanted to keep the political that once originated violent actions and self-de- and economic control of the Triqui communities. fense, that over the years have become in paramilitary actions, of territorial control and institutional violence. Several social associations were created with the purpose of being better organized and de- fending from the landowners abuses and the lack of The Triqui people are located in the Oa- protection from the state. xaca Mixtec region, and have been historically victims of the political and territorial control con- 1.1 “EL CLUB” flict in the community of San Juan Copala, even by paramilitary groups and hundreds of murders, 1 confrontations that take place in a social context In 1975, Luis Flores García founding “El Club”, of misery and lack of minimal resources needed for survival. 1. One of the first victims of violence, who was killed on 11 August 1976. 13 14 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

15 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

an organization with the purpose of democrati- and the ones that were close to the PRI govern- zing the election of local authorities, as the au- ment that was in control of the region. At the end thoritarian government of the PRI party contro- of the 70’s the PRI governor installed a military lled all the popular election positions, to resolve quarter in San Juan Copala, with the purpose of historical agricultural conflicts, recover stolen keeping a permanent military presence in the in- lands and promote the formation of cooperative digenous communities that were organizing their societies for direct trading of the products made defense. The installation of the military quarter by the indigenous people. aggravated the violence in the zone, and human right violations to the Triqui region habitants. Given the need of having the support of civil organizations and getting closer to other Harassment against the communities social movements, in 1981, the leaders of “El members of “The Club” by the militaries and by Club” assisted to the “Coordinadora Nacional the landowner´s “white guards” were expressed Plan de Ayala CNPA” 5th Encounter, held in Ju- in ambushes against Triqui districts that didn´t chitan, Oaxaca, they got close to FNCR “Fren- sympathize with the PRI, torture, kidnapping, te Nacional contra la Represión” and to COCEI murders and forced disappearance of their lea- “Coalición Obrero Campesino Estudiantil del ders, seeking that other communities desist from Istmo” that was working against the PRI local organizing this way. landowner´s chiefdom in Juchitan, Oaxaca.

“El Club” affected political and economic interests of the region, after its participation in the 5th encounter in Juchitan, the government feared that “The Club” could get involved with guerilla movements of state of Guerrero, based on this fear, the regional government repressed the “Club”, it’s founders were murdered by the “white guards2 groups (armed civil persons that illegally protected the landowners) or were arrested for inexistent crimes, for their political activity and were jailed for several years.

After that, the territory was divided according to the political position of it´s leaders, between the ones that sympathize with “El Club”

2. Term to name groups of civilians illegally armed protecting landowners. 16 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

1.2. TRIQUI UNIFICATION AND repression of the government and the military STRUGGLE MOVEMENT (MULT) groups against MULT, was organizing in 1982, the National Encounter against Repression, and calling to a caravan headed by Rosario Ibarra Piedra3, journalists, popular organizations and activists participated pretending to show the serious human rights violations perpetrated in the

Soruce: www.mult.mx region, however the caravan was attacked with gunshots, nobody was killed. On November 10th, 1981, members of the “El Club” and “COCEI” founded the Triqui The human right violations committed Unification and Struggle Movement (MULT) against the habitants of the Triqui region was so “Movimiento de Unificación y Lucha Triqui” serious, that in 1984, an Amnesty International with the purpose of stopping the repression to the delegation, visited the region and emitted a Triqui communities, fighting for the political pri- document for the Mexican government to soners freedom, recovery of their lands and the express concern over the conditions under which military withdrawal of San Juan Copala. the indigenous people survived.4

The MULT, as a political movement, de- In pursuit of a negotiation between MULT cided to participate in the elections of December and the PRI representatives in the region, in 26th, 1981, for the change of authorities in San 1987, the San Juan Copala Municipality Council Juan Copala, however the landowners of PRI was formed, dividing the political control and the abolished their participation through violence. economic resources between the two main groups This scenario of political confrontation leaded to with presence in the zone. For that moment an armed conflict between the PRI landowners MULT had already more than 600 deaths in the and the MULT members, to dismantle MULT, the organization as a result of their confrontations government asked for 300 arrest warrants against with PRI groups. the activists and avoid the public resources of aid for the indigenous communities to be distributed During the 90’s, the MULT group and the by the MULT leaders, they even cancelled all the PRI militants of the region were confronted for resources for the communities. the possession of the lands located in “La Luz”

Against this reaction by the government, 3. In 1977 he founded a committee in defense of Jailed, and to avoid their leaders being arrested unfair- pursued, disappeared and political exiled, Eureka Commi- ly the MULT decided to get organized and cope ttee. 4. México: los derechos humanos en zonas rurales. In- with the PRI groups of San Juan Copala by ar- tercambio de documentos con el gobierno mexicano sobre med means. One of the actions taken to show the violaciones a los derechos humanos en Oaxaca y Chiapas, España, Publicaciones Amnistía Internacional, 1986. 17 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

ranch, resulting again in several violent actions sources protection, and legitim self-defense ac- against MULT members, whom were killed tions have converted in different principles, now and persecuted; however, after overcoming the priorities are the application and reception of the violence climate, a campaign to repopulate government resources from the 28 and 33 sectors6 the recovered lands through a project of land and political control with electoral purposes. distribution and migrant comebacks and with the state support, credits and governments’ According to journalistic investigations, aid was provided to build housing for the in 2003 MULT received from the “Programa MULT members, however, in 1997, an internal Oportunidades” (A social aid program of people division surged because of the government’s in extreme poverty) more than 18 million pesos, aid distribution, and the internal mistrust of the that were handed to the municipality agencies of members against the leaders that impose their the Triqui region and their leaders, This money decisions, so the housing project was cancelled. didn´t arrived directly to the poorest and more deprived families7. Although in 1999 MULT received in the Rastrojo community the Ejército Zapatista de Li- 1.2.1. Partido Unidad Popular (PUP) beración Nacional (EZLN)5, delegates and participated in the query they organized, and is actually an adherent member of “La otra campaña” since the mid-nineties this organization has been converting little by little into a PRI similar political structure, just like the ones that they fought against for so many years.

At the end of the 90’s and beginning of the new century, inside MULT, divisions were SOURCE: IEEPCO (Instituto Estatal Electoral y de Partici- still happening because of corruption accusa- pación Ciudadana de Oaxaca) www.ieepco.org.mx/parti- dos-politicos/pup tions, repression and anti-democracy from the leadership towards the social basis, even though, In 2003, MULT created the Popular Unity the presence that MULT has with some Left or- Party “PUP” (Partido Unidad Popular), to parti- ganizations has minimized this accusations. cipate in the Oaxaca state elections. Since 2004, through this party it has obtained several popular The MULT fundamental principles from the 80’s, in pursuit of their lands, the natural re- 6. 28 Sector are resources provided to the states and municipalities, and 33 Sector refers to the financial mechanism designed to transfer money to the states and municipalities 5. Social movement born in Chiapas that in 1994 appeared for education, health social assistance. in public with the Lacandona Jungle Declaration, they took 7. Look “Las raíces”, available in http://www.proceso.com. over 7 municipalities. mx/82665/las-raices, consulted in 6th april 2017. 18 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

election positions, receiving public financing for The definitive break-down inside MULT their activities. happend on 2005, with the murder of Misael Alejandro Merino, son of Timoteo Alejandro Ra- This situation was consider by some mírez, MULT leader of the Yosoyuxi community, MULT members as a betray to their historical whom with other MULT members have reported principles, as they consider themselves as dis- the lack of democracy in the communities, the sidents of the political system, the members of verticality of the organization, the government’s PUP have been related with traditional political wrong management of the economic resources as parties and with local officials linked to state co- well as violent actions and internal repression de- rruption. veloped against the dissents.

Even though their leadership consider This critical group from the MULT asked PUP as the first indigenous political party in the for the clearance of Misael’s murder, and Rufino country, its’ critics have pointed it as a PRI poli- Merino Zaragoza waive from the Municipality of tical party for its’ manipulation practices, oppo- San Juan Copala Council, He was also an officer sition’s vote division and social movements con- and local deputy of the MULT-PUP, he handled trol with electoral purposes. most of the economic resources intended to fight against poverty that never made it to the benefi- ted families. The PRI ex-governor of Oaxaca state, Jose Murat (1998-2004) has been pointed as the main promoter of this party, he favored MULT as Against the officer of MULT-PUP, Heri- an intermediary for the Triquis and his govern- berto Pazos rejection to answer the demands of ment, and gave them many economic resources, the group of dissents, and after an assessment situation that exacerbated the regional violence that throws out that “the original political line for the economic resources and political divi- of MULT” was lost this group of dissent indige- sions distribution. nous abandoned the organization to subsequently form a new one.

With this political position the leaders of PUP marginalized the historical leaders of MULT from the leadership of the political party, and from the indigenous movement itself, there were even attacks between them, with involve- ment of armed people that wanted to kill the natural leaders (indigenous) of the zone and some of their children, to avoid this way that communities organize themselves freely.

19 INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LOS ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

1.3. UNIDAD DE BIENESTAR At the same time, in 1994, the members SOCIAL DE LA REGIÓN TRIQUI of several PRI groups of the Triqui zone founded (UBISORT) UBISORT, among others Antonio Cruz Garcia (also known as Toño Pájaro) as a member of the San Juan Copala Municipality Council and representing PRI political party, this same person is accused by the Attourney General Office of the State of Oaxaca as one of the perpetrators of Bety and Jyri’s murders, actually he is part of MULT in the region and is an important leader that even has communication and meetings with municipal and state authorities even though he has an arrest warrant for this case. The Supreme Triqui Council created during the Oaxaca PRI government of Heladio Ramírez The UBISORT group was first founded López (1986-1992) had it’s office in San Juan Copa- as a civil group with the intention of taking the la next to the military quarter that was controlled by full control of economic resources away from militars linked to PRI in the state, Antonio Ramírez Flores, PRI leader in Oaxaca and president of the MULT, pretending to take political control Supreme Triqui Council founded the Triqui Region away in some Triqui communities, to reach Social Welfare Unit (UBISORT).8 this goal 3 Government administrations that came out from PRI favored UBISORT, The ex-governors Diodoro Carrasco (1992-1998), To keep the presence and political con- José Murat (1998-2004) whose son, Alejandro trol of an important part of the Triqui region, the PRI groups kept working in parallel to the MULT Murat, is the actual governor and Ulises Ruiz organization, however with the Ejército Zapatis- (2004-2010) whom gave millions of pesos to ta de Liberación Nacional arising in the state of keep the organization active and with presence Chiapas in 1994, the PRI leaders began to fear in the zone. that this insurrection outbreak could be replica- ted in this zone of Oaxaca, for this reason, for However, the economic resources several months the PRI leaders held meetings to weren’t enough, MULT beside having the organize an effective way to stop this possible territory, economic and political control had an armed reaction. important army, formed over the course of many years as a self-defense from the attacks and aggressions coming from the PRI government. 8. López Bárcenas, Francisco, San Juan Copala, domina- For this reason, UBISORT quickly became a ción política y resistencia popular, de las rebeliones de Hi- larión a la formación del Municipio Autónomo, UAM-Xo- paramilitary organization. chimilco, México, 2009, pp. 211-212. 20 INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LOS ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

This group has been recognized as a government, meanwhile another group decided paramilitary force, even by the federal authorities to incorporate to MULT, in order to ensure that have defined and recognized UBISORT as impunity and protection, an example from this a paramilitary group by the Attorney General group is Antonio Cruz Garcia “Toño Pajaro” who of Mexico (Spanish: Procurador General de la now forms part of the MULT heads. República).9 Since 1994, violence has grown in the region, the confrontation for territory 1.4. MOVIMIENTO DE and politics between UBISORT and MULT has UNIFICACIÓN Y LUCHA TRIQUI caused dozens of murders in both groups, most INDEPENDIENTE (MULTI) of this crimes, remain in impunity.

Derived from the splits between MULT and Since 1994, violence has grown in the UBISORT several members formed an alliance region, the confrontation for territory and to found MULTI (Triqui unification and struggle politics between UBISORT and MULT has independent movement). In April, 2006 MULTI caused dozens of murders in both groups, most joined the social teaching movement of the Oaxa- 10 of this crimes, remain in impunity. . Ptotection ca People’s Popular Assembly, known in Spanish to this group it stayed even in the goverment of as (APPO)11, Timoteo Alejandro, an old MULT Gabino Cué (2010-2016), who came to power leader, became the new leader of this division through the alliance of political parties opposed and claimed for new social requirements, more to the PRI. related with the poverty conditions improvement than with electoral actions. In 2012, after the detention of Rufino Juárez, leader of UBISORT, some sectors formed MULTI intended to vindicate the tradi- alliances with MULT, in search of political tional costumes to create a Triqui government in protection fearing more people could be arrested which the communities where the ones that elect because of the international pressure generated their authorities through a process of deliberati- by Bety and Jyri’s case, some UBISORT leaders ve assemblies, excluding political parties from decided to break relations with Rufino Juárez this process, MULTI also proposed a lasting pea- management, but keeping relations with the ce-building in the Triqui region, but failed in all its projects. 9. Preliminary Inquiry by Procuraduría General de la Re- pública AP/PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 10. Look next links: http://aristeguinoticias.com/1205/ mexico/permitio-gobierno-de-oaxaca-ataque-a-caravana-humanitaria-en-2010/, http://www.contralinea.com.mx/ archivo-revista/index.php/2010/05/09/el-castigo-a-san- 11. Assembly born on June 17, 2006, considered as a popular juan-copala/; http://www.contralinea.com.mx/archivo-re- uprising against Ulises Ruiz, governor of Oaxaca. Thirty-six vista/index.php/2010/05/23/copala-organizaciones-dispu- social organizations, popular councils and trade unions parti- tan-los-ramos-28-y-33/, http://www.contralinea.com.mx/ cipated in its formation, initially with demands for the rights archivo-revista/index.php/2010/05/09/capturado-por-para- of teachers, which became the demand for the resignation of militares/, consulted in April 6th, 2017. Ulises Ruiz.. 21 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

1.4.1. Autonomous municipality of San Juan Copala Their goals are: region pacification. Defense of their culture and language and a new educational model establishment.

This political project was conformed of 5 communities of the region, among them: Yosoyuxi, Copala, Agua Fria y Santa Cruz. This organization form got structured during the MULTI participation in APPO’s social and educational movement in 2006,as part of a process of building an indigenous government. “-¿Could it be true that we, the Triquis, are like this, violent as they say? One of them asked to his partner and without However, against the threat of this new giving him the time to answer, as if he was thinking way of govern, the Autonomous Municipality of out loud, he answered. San Juan Copala was attacked, almost immediately, No, it is not like this. This violence comes from by paramilitary groups that operate in the zone, elsewhere. Is the government’s best interest, if whom supported by local authorities prevent The there are fatalities every now and then, people Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala will stop organizing, forget about the projects, to move forward with the poverty and violence get scared and divide. And with the lack of conditions improvement in the Triqui region. organization, the resources won´t arrive, they will keep them”. His partner supported him, also as a personal reflextion- If the government wants to stop violence, It can make it happened. But it doesn´t because it is part of its politics. They say they make justice, but they always press to hard on one side, our side.”12

On January 1st, 2007, Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala (MASJC, as known in spanish) was born, with the purpose of creating an indigenous self-government, elected by uses and practices through a Senior Citizens Council, without any political party or organization taking action.

12. López Bárcenas, Francisco, San Juan Copala, domina- ción política y resistencia popular, de las rebeliones de Hi- larión a la formación del Municipio Autónomo, UAM-Xo- chimilco, México, 2009, pp. 325-326. 22 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

1.4.2. The Communitary Radio Broadcaster On April 7th, 2008 the Triqui radio announ- “La Voz que Rompe el Silencio” cers, Teresa Bautista and Felicitas Martínez of 22 and 20 years old each, were killed during an ambush in the “Llano Juárez” area, they all traveled with Faustino Vásquez Martínez, administrative official of the Juaxtlahuaca Civil Registration, member of UBISORT, who ended up wounded during the same aggression.

After the attack, “La voz que rompe el silencio” ended transmissions Attorney General of Mexico attracted the case to conduct further investigations after the Triqui announcers received the National Journalism Price 2007 SOURCE: Premio Nacional de Periodismo available in post mortem, in the category of Orientation and www.periodismo.org.mx/g2007.html Social Service.14

“Some people think we are too young to know… Centro de Apoyo Comunitario Trabajando They should know that we Unidos (CACTUS, as known in Spanish) started are too young to die…”13 a campaign exposing the violent conditions and One of the MASJC projects was crea- difficulties searching for justice, however, after ting a communitarian radio broadcaster several years, this case was declared closed by to celebrate the first MASJC anniversary, Attorney General of Mexico and filed as an on January 20, 2008 they started trans- example of impunity in Mexico. missions in the F.M. frecuency 94.9 “La Voz que Rompe el Silencio” (The Voice 1.5. MEDIATION AND that breaks Silence) was aimed to inform PACIFICATION INITIATIVES about the reality of the Triqui region, to The systematic context of violence inside spread the MASJSC work and break the the Triqui region of Oaxaca, brought interest of cordon that kept other indigenous com- academics and civil organizations that are trying munities in Oaxaca an Mexico incommu- to understand violence causes and mediate dis- nicado. putes between communities, to start a dialogue that works solving political and social conflicts. 13. Radio spot made by Felicitas to promote the radio broadcaster. Available in http://www.m-x.com.mx/xml/ pdf/117/10.pdf and http://www.nuestraaparenterendicion. com/tuyyocoincidimosenlanocheterrible/index.php/com- 14. Look Ganadores del Premio Nacional de Periodismo, ca- ponent/k2/item/126-teresa-bautista-merino#.WOarBYi- tegoria “Orientación a la sociedad”, available in http://www. GOUk, consulted on april 4, 2017. periodismo.org.mx/g2007.html, consulted 31th March 2017. 23 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

This way several dialogue procedures have exist called diverse social organizations, such as amongst Triqui organizations in order to achieve CACTUS, Movimiento Agrario Indígena violence cease and a unity and peace agreement. Zapatista (MAIZ, as known in spanish), Asociación Nacional de Abogados Throughout history, the political and te- Democráticos (ANAD, as known in rritorial conflict between MULT, UBISORT and spanish) and Servicios y Asesoría para la more recently MULTI, forced the installation of Paz (as known in spanish). several discussion tables to achieve the Triqui zone pacification and the armed conflicts resolution, among the most important pacification processes we can highlight:

I. I. In 1992 a Citizen Commission was created for Triqui Baja pacification, diverse researchers from national and regional institutes and organizations, such as Insti- tuto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Instituto de Investigaciones So- ciales de la Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (IISUABJO) and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores IV. During the dialogue process that took place during en Antropología Social (CIESAS). 2008 and 2009, the participation of indigenous communities of the region was prioritized, II. In 1995 a Pact for the Triqui Region Deve- the leaders of Triqui communities and social lopement and Justice was made between organizations that were called visited through a Oaxaca Government and MULT. UBI- mediating commission the MULT and MULTI SORT later joined this proposal. The pro- belonging communities looking for a consensus ject meant to end violence, insecurity and in the approval of distension for the Triqui region. political instability in the Triqui region, It remained active until april 27, 2010. but it never specified and excluded some important communities and region actors. V. EIn 2009 the priest Wilfrido Mayrén Peláez, from the Peace and Justice Commission of III. In 2008, after the murders of the Triqui the Oaxaca Archdioceses, together with the radio announcers of “La Voz que emeritus bishop, Arturo Lona Reyes, also Rompe el Silencio” have nationally and pushed with other organizations a discussion internationally shown the violence and table for San Juan Copala, they didn’t call systematic human rights violations that UBISORT, because of their paramilitary are suffered in the Triqui region. MASCJ practices.

24 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

tions, situation that places them in a constant 2. THE ATTACK risk position. AGAINST THE CARAVANA In November 28th, 2009 this risk position excacerbated with a paramilitary siege installed HUMANITARIA by an UBISORT group, whose members hold the transit back of farmers from San Salvador Atenco, to the Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala, the visit from the people of Atenco was part of a set of visits to several communities in the country that were living through resistan- he presence of 3 politically antagonist ce processes. This same day, shotguns were fired organizations, the State permissibility to towards the Autonomous Municipality center, a Tthe systematic human rights violations child’s death was reported, and schools decided and the convenient distribution of the economic to interrupt classes15. resources from the State to the Triqui communities, have ease an aggressions spiral, murders Since that moment the entrance and exit and conflicts that have standardize violence in of San Juan Copala was controlled by UBISORT the area and even justify the state and federal go- paramilitaries, from “La Sabana” community verns to forget all this indigenous zone. located at the north entrance to the Autonomous Municipality, meanwhile, at the south entrance a blockade was sustained -no guns- by MULT, this road connects to “Rastrojo” a community controlled by this organization.

Some of the people that survived to the caravan’s attack on April 27th, 2010 stated that minutes before they were attacked, as they pass by “La Sabana” community, they could watch a 2.1 SIEGE TO THE AUTONOMOUS poster which said “Cuna de UBISORT” (“UBI- MUNICIPALITY SORT home”)16. The Autonomous Municipality was confined, with lack of food, electricity, wa- The communities of San Juan Copala ter or free transit, 39 persons were killed before, and Yosoyuxi are the main drivers behind the 15. “Impiden llegada de brigadistas de Atenco” http:// Autonomous Municipality (MASJC), they are www.xeouradio.com/2009/11/30/impiden-llegada-de-bri- geographically in-between other communities gadistas-de-atenco/, consulted in 10th april 2017. 16. Declaration of NBJ, DVR, ECO, exist in Carpeta de belonging to UBISORT and MULT organiza- Investigación 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 25 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

during and after the paramilitary siege, until De- would travel in the caravan to observe the school cember 31, 2010 says the Human Rights Nation- conditions of the Autonomous Municipality, al Commission17. hence since the paramilitary siege started, the classes were interrupted. In February of 2010, the violence kept growing, especially in San Miguel Copala Com- The population of San Juan Copala, munity, were an armed conflict surged between was mainly conformed by women and children, MULT and MULTI members, resulting in 5 kills whom against the violence of armed groups and more than a dozen wounded.18 that surrounded the Autonomous Municipality were slowly and enforced displaced from their homes19.

2.2. PREPARATION OF THE ATTACK AGAINST THE HUMANITARIAN CARAVAN

2.2.1. April 26th, 2010

Due to independent investigations, it was possible to document that during the night of april 26, 2010, Against the violence and lack of food, in “La Sabana” community, UBISORT territory, electricity, water and school classes; social or- Antonio Cruz García, also known as “Toño Pájaro” ganizations -mainly CACTUS- and human right political leader by then of the Rufino Juárez defenders called on April 27th, 2010 to a Human- Hernández organization, together with Anastasio itarian Caravan willing to access into MASJC, Juárez Hernández, brother of Rufino, the delivered it would take food, water and blankets and will AK-47 rifles to UBISORT gunmen, among them: record the human rights violations that the habi- Cirino López Ramírez, Julio César Martínez tants were suffering. Morales, Mauro Vásquez and Daniel Martínez López. In addition, teachers from Oaxaca City During the night of the same date, they 17. Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, Re- comendación 26/2011 “Sobre el caso de la comunidad in- placed rocks in the road that goes from “La Saba- dígena Triqui de San Juan Copala, Santiago Juxtlahuaca, na” to MASJC, to block the Caravan transit and Oaxaca”. Available in http://www.cndh.org.mx/Recomen- daciones, consulted April 10th, 2017. to keep the control of that road entrance. 18. http: //www.xeouradio.com/2010/02/05/sin-salida-habitantes-de-san-miguel-copla/, http://ciudadania-express.com/2010/02/06/nueva-emboscada-triqui-deja-cin- 19. Inter American Commission on Human Rights. Pre- co-muertos-y-tres-desaparecidos/ and http://www.cronica. cautionary measures, available in http://www.oas.org/es/ com.mx/notas/2010/487174.html#, consulted on April 10, cidh/indigenas/proteccion/cautelares.asp, consulted on 2017. April 6, 2017. 26 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

Earlier that day during a radio interview, Rufino and Anastasio Juárez Hernández announ- ced that “they were not going permit the access to the caravan and that they will not be liable of whatever could happened to them”, even the in- terviewer asked if they will act with violence to which they replied “If there is a Violent encounter it is not our fault, it is because of MULTI that is bringing foreign people to the region, and we won´t permit that”20.

2.2.2. April 27th, 2010

Since 9:00 o’clock in the morning the paramilitary group UBISORT is hidden in the Summit of a hill in “La Sabana” dressed with military clothes, caps, bandanas and approximately 7 assault rifles AK-47, 2 AR-15 and 6 .22 rifles, waiting for the Humanitarian Caravan to block it´s way. Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/PGR/DG- CAP/DF/060/2010.

At 10:00 a.m. the members of the Hu- When the Caravan arrived to “Agua manitarian Caravan met in Huajuapan city and Fría” Community they decided that Omar Espar- depart heading MASJC, the caravan was confor- za would not continue the trip, due to the death med by a white “Econoline” in which national threats he had received in previous days by UBI- and international human rights activists trave- SORT because of his participation in the media- lled. A blue “Dodge Attitude” sedan car in which tion process between MULT and MULTI, it was two journalists of the Contralínea magazine tra- assessed that his only presence puts the caravan velled, a black “Ford Explorer” truck driven by under risk. For this reason the caravan that tried Omar Esparza, Bety Cariño’s partner and MAIZ to enter into San Juan Copala on April 27th, 2010 and CACTUS member, and a white truck trans- was conformed the following way: porting teachers from the 22 section of the SNTE (Education Workers National Syndicate). • Heading was a white van with 15 passan- gers: NVR was driving the van, by his

20. In the Preliminary Inquiry 060/2010 of the Attorney side was RVN “VOCAL” activist, behind General’s Office and in the Research Folder 114 / SJ / 2010 the driver, RV, a “Noticias” journalist, by is the recording of the radio station “La Primera La Mera Mera De las Noticias” containing the statements Rufino his side DAC, VOCAL and GLJR acti- Juárez Hernández. 27 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

vist, APPO’s council, behind them, from left to right, LH, german Human rights observer, MCSO, VOCAL member, by her side Bety Cariño, CACTUS director, behind her was DC, italian human rights observer, MSB, a Belgian human rights observer and behind Bety, Jyri Jaakkola, Finnish human rights observer, finally in the las seats row travelled from left to right FESM, from APPO, MMM, Finnish human rights observer and her partner ALMC.21

• The second position was for the “Dodge Attitude” car in which David Cajeme Ci- lia García and Érika Soemi Ramírez Pra- Source: Preliminary Investigation integrated by the Attor- do, “Contralínea” journalists travelled, ney General’s Office AP/PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010.. they pretended to have an interview with 2.3. THE ATTACK the families of the radio announcers Tere- sa and Felicitas, killed in 2008. After passing by “Agua Fria” Community, approximately at 14:30 and when the caravan • The last car that conformed the caravan arrived to an area known as “Los Pinos” in “La was a black truck, kind of a Ford Explo- Sabana” community, the members of the caravan rer, owned by Omar Esparza, and driven observed a group of rocks bigger than 50 centi- by NBJ, as a co-driver DVR was trave- meters that were blocking the road, they decided lling and in the rear seats, ECO, both VO- to come back the same way, but in that moment a CAL members, PAGG from CACTUS group of armed and hooded people comes down and TSPC from APPO. the hill at the left a head of them, they start shooting against them. A total of 22 persons were attacked in the area called “Los Pinos” in “La Sabana” commu- The “Econoline” driver that was leading nity, under the control of UBISORT. the caravan tried to turn back driving in reverse, but the gunshots don´t let him maneuver and he crashes against the blue “Attitude” that was behind him, where the “Contralínea” journalists 21. The full names of the persons are kept to safeguard their identity and security, only the names of those persons travelled. The burst of bullets hit the Van´s en- that have given their testimonies in public are shown. 28 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

gine preventing any movements, suddenly the bullets crossed the windshield and hit the people Bety said we should return, my partner travelling on the vehicles. on my left, Daniel Arellano whom had a photographic camera began to take pictures of the rocks and someone that was Hereunder we submit some of the survi- with us, but I don´t know whom he was, vor’s testimonies that were stated in their decla- said “ there they are, over that hill” I say in front of me on my left side at rations before the judicial authorities and are part least 3 persons, one came out behind a 22 of a criminal record : tree, another one jumped from another tree, and the other one was uncovered RVN TESTIMONY pointing us with a long weapon, they were all armed, without being available to tell the distance I saw them from, then I heard a detonation and someone “… for one second I thought they were from the van shouted “throw yourselves shots into the air to threaten us, but to the ground” I stayed on the corridor when bursts of long weapons hit the over my right side but I could still listen truck’s hood, the first impacts I saw were the detonations and the sound of the im- the ones that hit the windshield, I could pacts on the vehicle, a burning smell like see some people coming down the hill firework’s gunpowder, I heard Bety Ca- ahead of us, to the left of where I was. I riño’s voice telling the driver “drive in saw a bullet crashing the windshield and reverse”, the driver answered “ I can´t hitting the driver in the leg, at this mo- they are shooting me, I listen to Ruben ment I yield the others to throw themsel- opening the co-driver’s door and Bety ves to the ground and tell the driver to orders again the driver to move, I listen drive in reverse, he bent over holding the the sound o the forced engine and feel driving wheel and started to accelerate the van moving backwards, but it crashes without seeing the road, then the van against something and the drivers said turned off and we couldn’t move becau- “It is not possible”…” se the blue car with the “Contralínea” journalists was there, hitting it slightly in the front, then Monica yield “ they hit us”, I stayed squatted, I heard someone 2.3.1. Bety and Jyri´s murders saying they were recharging because there was a pause between gunshots, I took advantage of that moment and open the Even though the passengers of the Eco- door, put my feet out of the van, then when we got out of the car…” noline van tried to bend down, the bullets reached them. Two high power weapon’s bullets GLJR TESTIMONY hit first Bety and then Jyri, while he tried to hold her and hug her. “… aproximatley at 14:40, fourteen hours with fourty minutes, we turned around in a curve and saw at approximately 60 meters two rows of rocks, it is when

22. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo I y II. 29 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

2.3.2. Survivors

MCSO Testimony23 RV JOURNALIST TESTIMONY24

“… ehen the suburban starts heading Approximately 15 persons strongly armed to turn around when the first shot gun came toward us while a rain of bullets was heard, it was for Bety’s codriver, he falls against the van. I can see when Jyri screams “down” and then the next shot- Jaakkola falls dead by a shotgun in the guns started and I saw how they came on head. I can perceive as well the hate in the left side and they started to bounce the people that tries to kill us with cold in the car body and some others will crash blood. the window, I was sitting in fetal position, We looked for shelter. Someone shou- but I never closed my eyes and I started ted: “This way” “They are coming, let’s to rise my face to see how the bullets go”. The bullets won´t stop. We took entered towards Liza, I listen someone different roads only the AK-47 detona- screaming “drive in reverse” then I feel tions are heard the bullets buzz breaking how the car crashes against the Contra- the air. Some are caught and taken as pri- linea vehicle, then I turn around an lis- soners; others try to save their life. It then Bety saying “When will this end?”in looks like a war zone: The Human Rights that moment I see how a bullet enters defenders and the Media enemy has a lot into her head and automatically I feel of advantage. pain and heat in my back I look around to Liza again I hold both hands towards my back and when I see them again they are The shrapnel from the bullet that killed red in blood, Liza asks me what happened Bety, injured MCSO, she was sitting next to her, to Bety and I saw her again, with her eyes open and laying on the corridor, looking while the perpetrators recharge their weapons, upwards. I answered: She’s dead and I am the other passengers tried to escape from the van, injured. I’m still looking at Bety who has they broke a window that had a bullet impact and her face full of blood and I see Jyri, he 25 is holding Bety’s head at the car’s floor got out through the left door . level, and I could clearly see how it entered on the lef side at the level of the RVN TESTIMONY26 temple and I can see how the brains come out and he starts to convulse, he drops “… We decided to go up, but at a dis- dead by Bety, in a row, It is when they tance of 10 meters they told us “Stop start screaming “We have to get out”…” there” and pointed with their rifles, we lied down on the mount, and XXX, the Journalist said: “we are from the press”, Bety and Jyri’s corpses remained in the they lowered their guns and tell other van until the next day, without the survivors that travelled with them being able to stay and take care of them, the attack continued and the had to scape to save their lifes. 24. Look Disponible en http://www.contralinea.com.mx/ archivo-revista/index.php/2010/05/09/capturado-por-para- militares/, consulted in April 1st, 2017. 25. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 23. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 26. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 30 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

FESM and MCSO walked looking for help,

people: “They are the press”, sudden- on their way they found MSB and were aided later ly I heard someone telling them “bring by an ambulance that minutes after the attack tried them”, they walked us and we saw 4 persons, we didn´t watch them much, because to rescue Bety and Jyri’s corpses, but as the doctor they told us not too look at them to the and paramedic sentenced, “ They couldn´t get clo- face, I only could look a guy known as 28 “sargento” whom I remember with a heavy ser to the zone because the shots continued” . build, 1.75 meters height approximately, brown skinned and didn´t have long hair. 2.3.3. Threats and kidnapping He had a bandana tighten and a cap in his head. I saw a scar by his right eye, between his eyebrow and his cheek. We spoke as a militar in Spanish. They questioned us for Another group of survivors that travelled about an hour, asking for Omar Esparza in the van where Bety and Jyri were killed tried to and Jorge Albino, what where we doing there? [...] they call some threats agains spread into the Woods to avoid being attacked, but Jorge Albino and to MULTI [...] the next they were reached and kidnapped bye the attack pro- one will be for them, they also threatened Omar and questioned who we were? secutors, the survivors, GLJR, RV, DA, MMM, LH Were did we came from and ask us to take and ALMC were questioned, threatened and robbed all our belongings out, cameras, wallets, phones… They said they will kill us, that from their belongings, they were left free after death we wouldn´t make it alive from there, for a while they remain in silence, there threatening the if they report what happened. were 2 persons in front of us and 2 other behind, in that moment I thought they were going to fire on us, at the end they GLJR testimony29 said we were lucky, they will let us go, but they death threated the three of us and our families integrity if we declare “…Inmediatly they aksked us for Omar, anything about what happened. They told “Where is Omar? Where is him?” I answer “I me in particular that they knew where do don´t know” and the boss tells me again “Go I live and if I declare something I will and tell Omar that we are going to screw have to pay for the consequences…”. him” he continues threatening us, he warns us “do not return to Copala, what were we The passengers of the white van where doing there if it is well known by the news that it is a dangerous place, where did we Bety and Jyri were killed came out of the van wanted to walk if they have eyes everywhere, and spread in the forest while they were running they know the terrain of their territory”; from the gunshots that didn´t stop; FESM ran then he orders one of his men: “Take one of them and kill him”, one of them answers: and made it to a house, where the inhabitants “Yes, we will now kill him up here.”, but he brought help, MCSO arrived to this place as well doesn’t take any action, it is only a threat, she was injured, the house inhabitants ask them they order us to write our name and address to leave in fear of being attacked by UBISORT in a hit he gave us and tell us; “anyway, we are corroborating your address, we do not have 27 as well . presence only here, but we do at the valley as well, We will let you go, but do not come

28. Declarations of FAVZ y OAL existing in Preliminary 27. Declarations of FESM y MCOS existing in Prelimi- Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. nary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 29. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 31 INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LOS ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

NBJ was injured and together with RVR they came out of the “explorer”, by the right side, back and be careful with your declarations in the media after, walk that way, pointing the they couldn´t open the rear door so they came road towards us, I told him “if we find more out through the windows and ran to the woods, people with guns, more of your partners, what meanwhile ECO, TSP and PAGG kept down and can we do, they will shoot us”, he answered at the same time he rises a radio: “no, I have hidden until the shots ended and their aggressors already told them” and they let us go, we came close to them, the armed people make them walked towards were he told us…”. get out of the truck and start questioning and threating them right there32. Finnish citizen MMM Testimony, as a foreigner she accompanied the caravan making Human Rights observations: The aggressors from the UBISORT group conduct them with the first group of survivors “… I shouted: “We are pacific, we do not kept in caption, once reunited they are questioned have weapons, we are two women and a man”, a and threatened again, at this moment they could man between 17 and 20 years old, skinny, dark look into their aggressors face without hoods, brown, 1.70 meters height approximately, armed with a long weapon and pointing us, I must say they had taken them off, a few minutes after they that he was showing his face in that moment…”. were released. The survivors group walked along the road until a cargo truck aids them ant trans- The “Contralinea” journalists that travel port them to Juxtlahuaca33. in the “Attitude” car behind the van where Bety and Jyri were killed, even they bent down, Da- After their escape, NBJ and DVR met vid Cilia was injured in the left leg, and together with Érika Ramírez and David Cilia, who needed with Érika Ramírez, they abandoned the car and to be carried because the bullet wound in his leg looked for shelter in the woods, fearing being impeded him from walking, they escape together murdered by their aggressors, they kept hearing to the woods, looking for a place to hide34. shotguns all the time30.

The third group of survivors travelling in the “Explorer” reported that before they got to the attack scene they met with a man dressed as a military that asked them “Where to? Where to?”, in that moment they watched several rows of big rocks blocking the road and while they tried to communi- 32. Declarations of ECO, TSP y PAGG existing in Preli- cate with the Econoline van, the shotguns started31. minary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 33. Declarations of MMM, ALM, ECO, TSP, PAGG, RVN, GLJR, y NV existing in Preliminary Inquiry 114/ 30. Declarations existing in Preliminary Inquiry 114/ SJ/2010, Tomo II. SJ/2010, Tomo II. 34. Declarations of David Cilia, Érika Ramírez, NBJ y 31. Declarations of NBJ, CVR, ECO existing in Prelimi- RVR, existing in Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo nary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. II. 32 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

2.4. WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE the forest and arrived to Santiago Juxtlahuaca, ATTACK? where they inform their Friends and relatives about the situation of Érika Ramírez and David Cilia, they explained the zone and the hiding place, with the purpose of making it easier to find thee journalists.36

2.5. DISAPPEARED JOURNALISTS: ERIKA RAMIREZ AND DAVID CILIA37

“The shots, even though, more spaced could still be heard constantly. We tried to re- count. The list of people conforming the caravan, the ones that we saw wounded, the ones that ran away, the forecast wasn´t very optimistic. We Source: Newspaper Reforma, May 20, 2010. thank being alive. The shotguns didn´t stop, we imagined they were executing the survivors. We The journalists and activists feared being exe- decided not to go out until the authorities arrive cuted by their aggressors and remain hidden. They and pick up the corpses. We supposed this won´t made a video as a life proof and to ask the civil orga- take long, the same afternoon or during the night. nizations and state and federal governments to coordi- We could never imagine we were about to live nate their rescue35. 60 hours hidden in no-man´s land, the worst 60 hours of our lives. David Cilia’s testimony. They remained hidden, drinking water from a river and getting fed with vitamins that Thanks to the national and international one of them had, when they realized the autho- mediatic pressure, to the “Contralinea” magazine rities didn´t start the search, on April 29th, two staff and to David Cilia’s father, it was possible to days after the attack, the activists, NBJ and RVR, rescue the journalists alive, after forcing the autho- who was also wounded, came out of their hiding rities to mount an operation in San Juan Copala’s place to look for aid, promising David Cilia - zone. whom wasn´t able to walk- and Érika Ramírez that they will come back and rescue them.

36. Declarations of David Cilia, Érika Ramírez, NBJ y RVR, existing in Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo The two activists made their way through II. 37. Look video available in “Sobrevivir a la emboscada”, in http://www.contralinea.com.mx/archivo-revista/index. 35. Look video available in https://www.youtube.com/wat- php/2010/05/09/sobrevivir-a-la-emboscada/, consulted ch?v=MT-Lrx3jZ2I, consulted March 23th, 2017. April 10th, 2017. 33 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

couple of hours after the attack. …

The strategy of entering the conflict area on Friday morning had change. The notification of our partners being alive, although injured and hungry, encoura- Source: Magazine “Contralínea”, 2010. ged the “Contralinea” staff to begin the search on Thursday afternoon. The police officer Jorge Alberto Quezada was Together Miguel Badillo, “Contralinea” notified, but alarmed, asked for time so magazine director, and David Cilia (father) de- the journalists could be accompanied by cided to enter into the attack zone to search policemen and a helicopter could arrive for the two journalist that disappeared in “La to transport them into the conflict area. Sabana” in person. The state and municipality The helicopter arrived tu Juxtlahuaca police denied to search for them, arguing the at 16:30 and was boarded by “Contrali- nea” director and David Cilia’s father. security conditions weren’t favorable to search Three heavily armed officers from the 38 the zone . State Special Forces Group where with them. By land 10 police trucks could be seen , with 50 armed police officers, 6 Later, Miguel Badillo described in “A commanders and 4 State Police deputies. Rescue Chronicle” the pressure they had to per- In Total 60 police officers would enter form to Oaxaca State authorities to find Érika into the zone to cover the search. and David: From Juxtlahuaca, The UBISORT president, Rufino Juárez, “coordinated” “… Thursday 29: 48 hours after the at- together with State Bureau of investiga- tack, nothing is known certainly about tion commander, Lazaro Hernández, the the journalists. entrance of the rescue operation. Later, the police commander would recognize … that the admission of Miguel Badillo, David Cilia Olmos and the policemen Venegas and Bautista, both activists mem- to “La Sabana” territory was made un- bers of “Voces Oaxaqueñas Construyen- der the authorization of the paramilitary do Autonomía y Libertad” have broken group leader, the same one that attribu- the paramilitary siege, They arrived to tes the aggression. the municipal capital of Santiago Juxt- lahuaca at noon, after 4 hours walking … through the country. The police convoy and the two citizens trave- The survivors arrived with proofs of the lled to the spot where the ambush took place journalists being alive and waiting to be res- and two people lost their life, other 5 were cued: a video recorded with a smartphone, a injured. From there, David Cilia Olmos and Miguel Badillo walked by themselves into 38. Look video available in http: //www.contralinea.com. the woods in search of the disappeared. mx/archivo-revista/index.php/2010/05/09/el-rescate/, consulted April 1st, 2017. 34 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

… the demands of our “Contralinea” partners and the Cilia family, with out this pressure from the After 3 hours of the first rescue incursion the search had been unsuccessful. media, the rescue would have not been possible. The night came and the policemen ordered suspending the operation and reti- 2.5. GOVERNMENT’S REACTION ring from the place. Trying to convince TO THE ATTACK AGAINST THE us to suspend the search, the commander CARAVAN in charge promised coming back the next day, on Friday and continue. But Cilia and Badillo let him know the have de- 2.5.1. Days from 27th to 30th of April, 2010 cided not to move until they found the journalists. They were arguing with the commanders when an indigenous person got close to the police convoy and aler- ted that the journalist David Cilia has communicated via radio asking for help and not to abandon the search.

The commanders didn´t believe in the Triqui person story and ordered leaving the zone. Cilia and Badillo argue among them and denied to leave the zone. The Source: Magazine “Contralínea”, 2010. policemen accepted and came back to the search starting point. Where te attack was held. It was 20:00 o’clock. During the first hours after the attack, and knowing about it, Oaxaca Government omitted This is how the second incursion into the mountains started, but this time, a Triqui providing security actions for the Caravan com- person, from San Juan Copala community pletion, even though they knew about it and the was leading the search, followed by the violence and constant disputes context in the journalist, the journalist’s father and 39 six police officers. zone .

Almost three hours later, until 22:40, Once the caravan had been attacked The the aid caravan found the two journalists, exhausted and hungry. David was Oaxaca State Government omitted entering the injured with three shotguns, he had to attack area to arrest the perpetrator, provide me- be carried by the journalist and the po- dical aid to the injured and rescue the survivors, lice officers to the road. Érika Ramírez decided to walk to make it out faster.” recover Bety and Jyiri’s corpses, preserve the crime scene and gather evidence of the aggression.. Érika Ramírez and David Cilia were rescued on April 29 at 23:00 hours, The operation Taking advantage of this omission, the was conformed by officers from the Oaxaca State paramilitary group manipulated the crime scene, Burou of Investigations, whom forced by many national and international media that demanded 39. Declaraciones de Omar Esparza, Jorge Albino, que the Govern, leaded by Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, to attend constan en laCarpeta de Investigación 114/SJ/2010, Tomo II. 35 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

robbed the caravan member’s belongings, they In the statement made by the witness kept some of the survivors detained for several Guillermo Luna Galvez director of the State hours and forced 2 “Contralínea” journalists Police Forces, a department of the Oaxaca and 2 social activists to remain hidden, injured State Public Security Secretary, on 17th of July and without food for more than 60 hours. 2012, in the Bureau of Investigations of Social Significance Crimes of the Oaxaca Prosecutor’s This lack of immediate reaction and Office, he pointed that it was until April 29, 2010 urgent intervention by the State Goevernment, during the afternoon that journalist’s rescue has been registered in the Oaxaca Attorney operation was organized: General’s (Procuraduría General de Justicia “… On the 29th of April 2010, between del Estado de Oaxaca, as known in spanish) 1:00 and 2:00 pm, the State Police Com- investigation file 114/SJ/2010, where the misioner, Jorge Alberto Quezadas Jime- nes call me to his office and asked me to declarations were taken to Ranulfo Sanchez , organize an operation and leave for San Mendez, the Municipal Police director of San Juan Copala, to search and find 2 mis- Juan Bautista, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca40: sing journalists; I knew about the missing people through the mass media, I knew “… was not in the position to take my own they were journalists and part of a Hu- determinations to provide security to the manitarian Caravan that was attacked on Caravan, first of all because I had ins- their way to San Juan Copala…”. tructions to keep the State Police out of San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, for any re- In addition, the same police officer, asons, Because before I became commis- Guillermo Luna Galvez, acknowledges, sioner in Juxtlahuaca, people from San Juan Copala town, caught some State the violence climate of the región and says Police officers and burned their things, UBISORT’S leader, Rufino Juárez Hernandes disarmed and jailed them, the Triquis gave them the “permission” to enter the zone and didn´t allow any kind of police entering to the community… under that slogan I search for the journalist: couldn’t carry out any operations in San Juan Copala, unless my superior gave me “La Sabana, San Juan Copala, home of the order enter…”. the UBISORT, that is to say the Commu- nity of “La Sabana” is affiliated to UBI- SORT organization, that is to say this According to some State Police officers Community “La Sabana” is affiliated to declarations, it was until day 29th that they were UBISORT organization, in charge of Ru- ordered to participate in the rescue operation to fino Juárez Hernández, who lives there, find the disappeared journalists, in other words, that’s the reason why I clearly told Ru- fino that we wouldn’t fight them, but if On days 27,28 and the morning of 29 there we suffered an aggression with weapons, weren´t any instructions to start the search, More we will respond too, he answered there than 50 hours passed without a Government’s was no problem, there wouldn’t be any aggressions, we could pass and the local reaction. women wanted to help in the search of the missing young people, I told him 40. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo I. 36 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

intersection of “La Sabana”, patrols that didn´t act while the attack occurred, they neither help it was too risky for them, but he insisted that women wanted to help and they would the injured people: search behind the graveyard, He would come with us in the search, Then once he “… We followed the caravan on the let us pass, we continued to move and Rufi- federal road, until it turned towards no Juárez Hernández came with us…” “La Sabana, Copala”, and we followed towards Yosoyuxi; when we arrived to a Jorge Albino, MASJC representative high visible point called “Cruz Chiqui- ta”, we stop to observe the Caravan pass, when the Caravan was attacked, was with Omar we couldn´t see it, but we heard several Espara on April 27, 2010, in his statement he firegun shots, we listen how they crash supports that Oaxaca’s Government lead by into a metal leaf, one after another, in that moment I saw two state police cars Ulises Ruiz, knew about the entrance of the patrolling the federal road, near “La Caravan to MASJC, some days before, during Sabana” entrance, they were Pick-up a meeting with teachers of the 22 sector, they trucks, white with deep blue or black, with the State police emblem …” spoke by phone with the Government Secretary, whom they asked for protection and security for Some mass media, even published about the Caravan: the caravan trip to MASJC some days before,

“… I left San Juan Copala and never on April 26, an interview with the “IGAVEC went back and started to organize the NOTICIAS” reporter, RMC, was published, as entrance of another Solidarity Caravan he declared about this case before the authorities, to take food and medicines to San Juan Copala, I had several meetings with the he pointed: 22 sector of SNTE for this reason, the last one was in mid-April 2010 in Oaxa- “I decided to interview Rufino Juárez ca City, it was a preparation meeting with Hernández… he accepted, I asked him professor Gabriel Chiñas, Organization about the conditions for the Caravan en- Secretary of the 22 sector of SNTE, I tering, and about the actions to take by was present when I heard him making a UBISORT; Mr. Rufino answered me the- direct phone call…to the Government’s re wouldn’t be conditions for them to General Secretary at that time, Evencio enter… and said he would not be liable Nicolás Martinez Ramírez, he told him of whatever could happen to the Cara- 41 that the next Tuesday, meaning April 17, van members, even if they Died” 2010 a Caravan will drive to San Juan Copala, wit teachers of the 22 sector The witnesses of the Caravan, -As Jorge and other Human Rights defenders, to aid the community and start classes with Albino stated – watched 2 State Police cars that children, he askes for protection…”. didn´t act and move towards Santiago Juxtlahuaca after hearing the gunshots: The Government knew about the Caravan- supports Jorge Albino in his statement- they even sent two state police cars to a nearby 41. Declaration of RMC, journalist of IGAVEC Noticias, existing in Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo I. 37 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

In the investigation file of the Oa- xaca Attorney’s General Office, whom ga- “The Human Rights theme publicly talked, The State Government was warned ther the file of the “first investigation” of and should keep order, There was State the Attorney General of Mexico , there is an Public Security at 800 meters approxima- official document signed by the Oaxaca Sta- tely, on two police cars and they didn´t help the people of the Caravan, it is pos- te Police commissioner, where he refers to sible they knew what was going on, they the risk and insecurity factors of the Triqui heard the shotguns and didn´t react, no region: “… We talked with the Ubisort lea- public security elements of any kind can enter to the communities controlled by der, Rufino Juárez Hernández, who commu- the paramilitary group, UBISORT, they nicated with the members of his group and 42 can only drive in the road . permitted free transit to the area, as well as the investigation into the facts”, as we can appreciate in the report:

In the investigation file, the moment The territorial control of UBISORT of Bety and Jyiri’s corpses removal, as over some Triqui communities is given well as the bullets, cartidges and all kind through public resources that the same Sta- of evidence removal was registred 20 te Government provides in order to keep hours after the attack, the victims remains power and presence in the zone, when the and the evidence stayed with no safeguard economic control is not enough, UBISORT for almost a day, the crime scene and the uses the force and weapons to sustain their evidence was disturbed by Ubisort. presence and their agreements with PRI governments, according to a journalistic re- 2.5.2. Jyri and Bety’s corpses port, between 2009 and 2013, the Mexican recovery43 army confiscated 28 fire guns in Santiago Juxtlahuaca, with each other they found As it happend when the rescue operation Official Army use restricted weapons, they of Érika Ramírez and David Cilia “Con- belong to Triqui people of the zone.44 tralinea” journalists was organized, the Oaxaca State Government had to negotia- te with the UBISORT paramilitary leader, Rufino Juárez Hernández, in order to enter to the crime scene and remove Bety and Jyri’s corpses, recover the vehicles and the attack evidences. 44. Look “Permitió gobierno de Oaxaca ataque a caravana humanitaria en 2010”. Available in http://aristeguino- 42. Declaration of DVG existing in Preliminary Inquiry ticias.com/1205/mexico/permitio-gobierno-de-oaxaca-ata- 114/SJ/2010, Tomo I. que-a-caravana-humanitaria-en-2010/, consulted in March 43. Preliminary Inquiry 114/SJ/2010, Tomo I. 31th, 2017. 38 INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LOS ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

The dialogue progress and the violence distencion agreement of the Triqui region, that both leaders had reach through the mediation tables, ended up with their death, without the integrity and security of the Triqui region inhabitants could be granted, and without any organizations signing a lasting peace agreement.

After the Caravan’s attack, the violence climate grew up in the zone, on June 10th, 2010, Source: Investigation file 114/SJ/2010. the transit of a second caravan called “Bety Cariño y Jyri Jaakkola” was blocked, they intended to 2.6. CIDH (INTER-AMERICAN enter to San Juan Copala, due to the isolation COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS) conditions that continued and the discussion PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES table installed for the zone pacification had been AND CNDH (NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION) interrupted after the April 27th attack, and then RECOMENDATION cancelled permanently after may 20, 2010, when Timoteo Alejandro an his wife Cleriberta Castro The caravan’s attack caused that the San were killed, Timoteo was the MULTI leader and Juan Copala Community members suffered a founder of MASJC. He was the main speaker for forced displacement, due to the paramilitary MULTI with the organizations trying to mediate.. siege and the lack of medicines and food was unbearable, for this reason on October 7, 2010, Heriberto Pazos Ortiz was the other the Inter-american Comission on Human Rights actor that represented MULT in the pacification (IACHR) dictated precautionary measures to discussions, he was the historical leader. He was 135 San Juan Copala inhabitants, too guarantee killed on October 22, 2010 in Oaxaca City45. their lives and integrity.

45. Look “Ejecutan a Heriberto Pazos, líder del MULT”. The IACHR intervention occurred Available in http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/24/po- litica/009n1pol, consulted in March 14th, 2017. after the Caravan’s attack and the killing of 39 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

Bety and Jyri. It revealed at the international level the violence suffered in the region and the UBISORT and MULT, paramilitary groups harassment against the Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala community, just like the Federal Government abandonment, and Oaxaca’s Government complicity with this groups.

On May 24, 2011, The Mexican National Human Rights Commission, issued the 27/2011 recomendation to the case of the Triqui community in San Juan Copala, they analyzed the facts of April 27, as well as other agressions reported in San Juan Copala, This recommendation concluded that serious Human Rights violations had been performed , specifically against the life of Alberta Cariño and Jyri Jaakkola, they asked the authorities to carry out the investigation of the facts, to persecute and arrest the aggressors, Source: National Human Rights Commission of Mexico, giving them an appropriate sanction. Recommendation 26/2011.

In the recommendation, the National Human Rights Commission acknowledged that the attack to the humanitarian Caravan perpetrated on April 27th, was made by a paramilitary armed group, that controls some communities’ territory and constantly assaults.

40 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

3. CARAVAN’S 3.1 FIRST INVESTIGATION ATTACK 3.1.1. Attorney General of Mexico

INVESTIGATION Procurador General de la República)

exican constitution establishes in the 21st section, that crime investigation Mconcerns to the Public Ministry, who At first instance, on April 27th, 2010 the is aided by the Police and the specialized servi- Oaxaca Attorney General’s started the investigation ces of scientific investigation. file 114/SJ/2010 to investigate the crimes of their competence. Mexican federation is conformed by 32 sates. In therefore two levels of competence On May 1st, 2010, the prosecutor of San- exist for crime investigation, Attorney General tiago Juxtlahuaca, declined competence for the of Mexico is in charge of the federal order, and investigation file, because there were offences different prosecutors of each of the 32 states are against journalists during the practice of their pro- in charge of the local order. The competence of fession, qualified homicide, qualified homicide what should PGR has to investigate, and what attempt and military use exclusive weapons carry. should each state has to is defined by the penal legislation. The Attorney General of Mexico investigation, at federal level, was developed in the pre- The way the attack to the Caravan was per- vious inquiry AP/PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010, petrated, the use of high-potency weapons, the in- started on may 4, 2010 for the offence of the juries suffered by the survivors and Bety and Jyri’s Federal Firearm and Explosives Law violation, murders, could be investigated in both, federal and because of the kind of weapons used to attack local level, some of the offences like the injuries the Caravan and kill Bety and Jyri. During this and murders are of State competence, while the use investigation the PGR: of high-potency weapons by an organized group to commit a crime concerns to the federation. 1. Took the statements of the attack survivors,

41 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

witnesses and zone neighbors. I. Report of forensic ballistics, which de- termines that 22 bullet shells, of which 13 were 7.62X39 MM caliber, 3 were 2. It made portrait sketches of the perpetrators, 30 caliber carabine, 2 were 30-06 or with information given by the people 7.62X39MM caliber, 3 were 30-30 ca- that could look at them with their faces liber, 1 brass 30-30 caliber, 2 deformed uncovered. warheads and 14 fragments of fire weapons belonging to rifles or carabines 3. It asked for the criminal background of military exclusive use (high-potency of Rufino Juárez, Anastasio Juárez and weapons). Antonio Cruz García, as well as the MULT, MULI and UBISORT records. II. Caravan vehicles damage valuation verdict: White “Econoline” van, with 15 bullet holes, black “Explorer truck” 4. Incorporated the radio broadcaster audio “la with 24 bullet holes and the “Attitude” Primera La Mera Mera De Las Noticias” blue car with 12 bullet holes. that contains Rufino Juárez Hernández declarations, threatening the Caravan III. Field criminalistics report of the me- members.. chanics of the events, it concluded: The shooting distance to the caravan was in- between 50 and 100 meters. 5. Survivors made a photographic identification of the arms used during the IV. Field criminalistics report: the shots attack. were made from left to right and from top to bottom.

6. Omar Esparza declared several times V. Graphic representation report: photo- stating the violence context of the graphic plates of the group of filamen- Community, the threats received by Bety tous elements found inside the vehicles. and him for participating in the process of search for justice in the cases of the VI. Forency chemistry report of the blood murders of the Triqui radio announcers tracking. that occurred in 2008. VII. Alcohol, drugs, lead and barium reports.

7. It asked and formed a report to the PGR’s VIII. Walker test chemical report, to discard if Intelligence Center about the way of Bety and Jyri had shot any weapon. operating, the territory under control, the weapons used and main leaders of IX. Ballistic report, determinating the tra- UBISORT paramilitary group. jectories and crashes of the gunshots.

X. Phoniatric report of the radio interview 8. It made the next expert’s that Rufino Juárez gave. reports:ealizados por la PGR XI. Injuries mechanics report of the injured people.

XII. Digital media report: pictures, audio and videos of the attack zone.

42 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

With the testimonies and evidence Hereunder, an abstract of the accusation made by collected by PGR, on August 19th, 2010, 4 PGR before the penal judge in August, 2010: months after the attack, the Ministry requested arrest warrants against the Caravan aggressors, “…Since they form a paramilitary group they were accused of organized crime, qualified that operates the Mixteca mountains, murder, qualified murder attempt, illegal where San Juan Copala belongs, a group led by Rufino Juárez Hernández that knows deprivation of liberty in the kidnapping modality the place surroundings, assuming they and military exclusive use weapons carry. The are neighbors or community inhabitants identified alleged perpetrators are: Rufino that avoid being recognized using hoods Juárez Hernández, Antonio Solano Vásquez, and military uniforms to prevent being captured and be successful in their Juan Macario Bautista Martínez, Antonio Cruz criminal enterprise. It should be noted García a.k.a. “el pájaro”, Julio Cesar Martínez that UBISORT is conformed by several Morales, Mauro Vásquez, Daniel García, Elías persons… whom had been seen carrying Cruz Merino, Antonio Cruz Merino, Bernabé arms in the locality of San Juan Copala, without being sanctioned, provoking Santiago Cruz, Ramiro Domínguez García, terror in the residents if they don´t comply Faustino Vásquez Martínez, Arturo García, or submit to Rufino Juárez Hernández’s Andrés Ramírez Flores, Fernando de Jesús, orders…”. Francisco Martínez Ramírez y Pablo Ramírez, all members of Ubisort armed group.

However, the Fourth District Court of Oaxaca State, denied the arrest warrants requested by PGR, because it considered the evidence was not enough to prove those crimes and blame the Ubisort members.

It is important to mention, that PGR accepted since August 2010 that UBISORT was more than an organized and armed criminal group, it was also a paramilitary group, as the National Human Rights Commission also recognized in the recommendation 26/2011, consequently the Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/PGR/DG- federal judge that knew the case should have CAP/DF/060/2010. analyzed the accusation having in mind that UBISORT was supported and financed by the In the same investigation PGR tried Oaxaca State’s Government. to demonstrate before the federal judge that UBISORT was an organized criminal group 43 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

whose members carry high-power guns and had accusation or to strengthen the investigation, they the territory control of San Juan Copala and “La didn’t take any relevant actions to know more Sabana” community, and that they had acted about the operations of UBISORT nor to fix the against the Caravan on April 27th, 2010. mistakes that made the arrest warrants invalid.

Then, another extract from the indictment made On June 2nd, 2011, PGR resolved that it by the PGR: was incompetent to keep with the investigation, and decided that the competent authority to “… The probable responsible for merit are continue with this case was Oaxaca Attorney part of an organized crime group headed General’s, since the crimes where also from the by Rufino Juárez Hernández (...) it should state order. be noted that the organized crime group of which are now part of the probable perpetrators during the year 1996 nineteen Two years after this decision and ninety-six and during 2009 entered in following the pressure putted by Bety and Jyri’s conflict with members of diverse groups being the case that Ubisort. Who deals with families and legal representatives, PGR accepted his illicit operations in the community of to open a new file for the actions of April 27, San Juan Copala, State of Oaxaca, in such 2010. With this begins what we have called the a way that there were several provocations “Second Investigation”. in which there were injured, even dead, as was the event of April 27th of the year…”. 3.1.2. Oaxaca Attorney General’s

Even the Caravan’s attack investigation was sent to the Oaxaca Attorney General’s by the PGR in 2011, for almost a year the Oaxaca Attorney General’s kept the investigation frozen, This because until then the liable authorities of justice procuration were part of the PRI governor Ulises Ruiz’s work team.

In 2012, a Specialized Prosecutor’s Offi- ce for crimes with Social Transcendence, de- pending of the Oaxaca Attorney General’s, re- Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/PGR/DG- activated the investigation file 114/SJ/2010 that CAP/DF/060/2010. originally started in 2010, and kept going with the investigations. After this refusal, PGR didn´t make any other important actions to improve the penal 44 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

To reactivate the investigations, brought back 90% of PGR’s previous investigation AP/ 6. Field criminalistics expert’s report. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010, but asked for more 7. Death certificates. precise declarations of some survivors and wit- 8. Photographic verdict request. nesses, some new expert’s reports and performed 9. Planimeter sketches. a deeper investigation about UBISORT’S modus operandi. The file is integrated by: 10. Walker chemical test verdict A. P. PGR/ DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 11. Alcohol, drugs, lead and barium re- • 13 volumes containing all the work ports. A. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. done by PGR from May 4, 2010 to 12. Blood tracking forensic chemistry re- July 21, 2011. port A. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 13. Chemical report A. P. PGR/DGCAP/ DF/060/2010. • Two additional volumes in which the 14. Ballistic report A. P. PGR/DGCAP/ Specialized Prosecutor’s Office for DF/060/2010. crimes with Social Transcendence, 15. Forensic ballistic report A.P PGR/ consolidated all the evidence, testimo- OAX/HL/I/102/2010. nies, signs, opinions and new actions 16. Ballistic report, determinating the tra- taken by Oaxaca Attorney General’s in jectories and crashes of the gunshots A. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 2012 to be used, consequently to ac- cuse before a penal Judge 14 members 17. Ballistic report A. P. PGR/DGCAP/ DF/060/2010. of the paramilitary group UBISORT, 18. Rufino Juárez, Anastacio Juárez- Her as liable of the attack to the Humanita- nández and Antonio Cruz García récords A. rian Caravan. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 19. Criminalistic report (facts mechanics) A. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. The summary of those 2 additional volumes is the following: 20. Phoniatric report CD A. P. PGR/DG- CAP/DF/060/2010. 21. Injuries mechanics report A. P. PGR/ DGCAP/DF/060/2010. VOLUME I 22. MULT records A. P. PGR/DGCAP/ DF/060/2010. 1. Transfer Diligence, inspection, crime scene description and corpses recovery. 23. Digital media report: pictures, audio and videos A. P. PGR/DGCAP/DF/060/2010. 2. Corpses identification (Bety and Jyiri.) diligence. 24. Informatic Report A. P. PGR/DGCAP/ DF/060/2010. 3. Medical external and necropsy. 25. Appendix with the pictures of the digi- 4. Injuries medical Certificate. tal camera with serial number 7036325235. 5. Injuries mechanics expert’s report.

45 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

VOLUME II Tomo 2

1. NVR statement. 24. Witness NCB’s statement.

2. RVN appearance. 25. Witness EAG’s statement.

3. DAC appearance. 26. Witness RSM’s statement.

4. GLJR appearance. 27. Witness RMC’s statement.

5. MCSO appearance. 28. Witness JAO’s statement (MASJC’s ex-spokesman 2007-2010). 6. DC appearance. 29. Witness GLG’s statement (State Aid 7. MSB appearance. Forces director).

8. FESM appearance. 30. Witness FAVZ’s statement (nurse).

9. MMM appearance. 31. Witness OAL’s statement (Doctor).

10. ALMC appearance. 32. Witness ACS’s statement (Police offi- 11. David Cajeme Cilia García’s denounce. cer)

12. Érika Soemi Ramírez Pardo denounce. 33. Witness SCN’s statement (police officer). 13. David Cajeme Cilia García appearance. With all this actions the Oaxaca Attorney 14. Érika Soemi Ramírez Pardo appearan- General’s asked the Huajuapan de León’s control ce. judge to issue 14 arrest warrants against the 15. NBJ’S Transfer diligence to the IMSS same number of persons, all of them part of hospital in Oaxaca City. UBISORT group, considering them liable of the Humanitarian Caravan’s attack, the judge 16. NBJ appearance. evaluated the evidences and the Oaxaca’s 17. NBJ statement. accusation, and decided to issue the arrest warrants and add them to the Criminal Case 18. DVR appearance. 257/2012. With this decision begins what we 19. TSC appearance. have called as “The Judicial Procedure Difficult 20. ECO appearance. Path”

21. PAGG appearance. 3.2. SECOND INVESTIGATION 22. OAEZ appearance. The second Preliminary Inquiry AP/OAX/HL/ 23. Witness RBG’s statement. I021/2013 organized by PGR for the attack of

46 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

April 27th, 2010 in San Juan Copala, Started ting point, and adding the elements brought by in January 2013 as a result of the pressure put- the lawyers of Bety and Jyiri, PGR decided on an ted on the federal authorities by the Cariño and irregular way, not to investigate any further and Jaakkola’s families lawyers. imitated to accept whatever the victim’s lawyers were presenting. PGR made a legal analysis to prove the offences of Terrorism, Federal Firearm and Ex- For the second investigation, PGR only plosives Law violation and organized crime. added a Federal Police report from 2013, in But instead of making a new detailed and se- which the federal police of investigation repea- rious investigation, the Oaxaca Attorney Gene- ted the information about UBISORT, MULT, ral’s decided to base this second investigation in MASJC, MULTI and the 14 persons pointed as much of the data and proofs that they had alre- UBISORT members reported in 2010 “first -in ady analyzed in 2010. PGR collected 19 volumes vestigation”. with approximately 9,500 pages. With this information available, on For the second investigation the lawyers of February 25, 2015, the Public Ministry agent Bety and Jyri’s families contributed with new ele- asked again before the Federal Penal Court, the ments and testimonies with the purpose of proving arrest warrants against the Caravan aggressors for the crimes, that in 2010 the Judiciary of the Fede- the crime of terrorism; but on February 26, 2015, ration considered weren´t correctly proved by the the Fourth District Judge in the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca Attorney General’s, this new testimonies denied the warrants again because “The elements and elements represented a new opportunity to ac- of the terrorism, organized crime and weapons cess for justice, and some years later, also repre- carry corpus delicti were not accredited”. sented a new failure in Mexican Justice. This request was received under the file of It is important to remember that the obli- the Criminal Case 10/2015, in which the judge’s gation and duty of investigation belongs to the denial to issue the arrest warrants was stated, Attorney General’s Office, that has to use all the they used some arguments like the following: available resources to develop and carry the investigations, in this case, like in many others, this “… n the aforesaid community of San Juan Copala, duty was placed in the lawyers representing the Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca, exists the mentioned group victims, whom had to practically substitute the called UBISORT, whose members behavior, Public Ministry and bring all the probative mate- among some active inhabitants creates fear rial together. and downfall in the community, they assault, humiliate and rob from their belongings, but as it has been said with this testimonies, the existence Taking the work done in 2010 as a star- of fire weapons is not demonstrated, there aren´t

47 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

any signs that tell what kind of weapons have In another part of the resolution text, been use to cause fear or terror in society, this is where the judge denies the arrest warrants of the to infringe upon someone’s physical or emotional second investigation, it is said: integrity or people’s life; according with the Federation Public Ministry investigator that didn´t gather any evidence to prove this, so this “… For this reason, by the moment, we don´t testimonies are ineffective…”. have successful evidence means to accredit the first of the constituent elements of the corpus delicti, consisting in someone using fire weapons intentionally to make acts against the physical or emotional integrity or people’s life…The above, combined with the estimation of the lack of accreditation of the second and third elements of the crime in study, that consists in impinging against national security, pressing an authority or an individual to take a determination by realizing

Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/OAX/ alarm, fear or terror in the community…”. HL/I/021/2013.

In his argumentation the judge recognizes the existence of UBISORT, and the fear they create in the community, they assault and rob, they even acknowledge some witnesses testimonies that point the use of weapons by this group, but concludes arguing “the existence of fire weapons is not demonstrated, there aren´t any signs that tell what kind of weapons have been use to cause fear or terror in society…”. Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/OAX/ HL/I/021/2013. This happend despite the PGR presented the ballistic, injuries and criminalistics reports “… reason why no evidence means were provided of the Caravan’s attack, where the used weapons during the inquest to prove such a thing; the are described, and despite several witnesses conventional criminal actions, even if they are violent and generate concern in the community, and survivors identified the used weapons in it is not demonstrated, by the moment, that they pictures. There are several document that register pursuit this purpose, nor take the community the weapons than UBISORT uses commonly to attack the community.

48 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

members to alarm, fear or terror that the crime 3.2.1. Investigation closure in PGR: no figure requires…”. crimes, no guilties, no punishment

Source: Image extrac of Preliminary Inquiry AP/OA HL/I/021/2013.

In his resolution, the judge recognizes the existence of “violent conventional criminal actions” by UBISORT in the Triqui region, On February 23, 2016 after 5 years and 10 mon- but notes that it was not possible to prove that ths of having the investigations for the Humani- “someone using fire weapons intentionally to tarian Caravan’s attack initiated, PGR authorized make acts against the physical or emotional the investigation being “temporarily closed”. integrity or people’s life”, that is to say, the judge in this part even questions the Caravan attack The “temporarily closed” is an internal being considered as an attack against peoples agreement that PGR uses to determinate that “by life or integrity, under their approach, attacking the moment” (almost 6 years after the facts) It 3 vehicles with disarmed people is not enough hasn´t been possible to gather the evidence and to demonstrate “the intentionality” of willing to enough signs to prove any of the crimes reason make harm or to kill them.. why this federal authority was investigating the events of April 27, 2010, According to PGR it Finally the Judge points that all the was not possible to demonstrate the weapon use actions – including the Caravan´s attack, the and carry, nor terrorism, nor organized crime. road siege, community control and the use of high-potency weapons—are not enough to prove The concerning issue about this resolu- UBISORT “causes fear, terror or anxiety in the tion is that PGR recognizes that the crimes su- community” before this Judge’s denial, PGR pposedly perpetrated by the paramilitary group UBISORT couldn´t be proven, but they forgot “froze” the investigation again for 10 months, to recognize that the same PGR is in charge to until January 26, 2016, when a file “temporarily prove this crimes, and they had the investiga- closed” proposal was made.. tion in their office and never could or just didn’t wanted to properly investigate and sanction the perpetrator.

49 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

Even though, Bety and Jyri’s families and their lawyers provided information to PGR since 2010, taking witnesses to appearance, accompan- ying the survivors, providing videos and records of UBISORT operation and delivering information about weapons, how are they bought and used. Despite a 6 years work to avoid this case to remain in impunity, on federal level, the effort was not enough.

With the “temporarily closed”, PGR decided to formally close the investigation, but not legally, if new data, information or evidence appears, the file could be open again and continue the investigation. Could it be possible that seven years after, new evidence appears to conclude the case and sanction the perpetrators? Could it be possible that at federal level this case doesn’t remain in impunity, when they haven´t being capable in Source: Preliminary Investigation integrated by the Attor- seven years to prove any crime or sanction any of ney General’s Office AP/OAX/HL/I021/2013. Bety and Jyri’s murders?

Victim’s families, their lawyers, as well as the survivors have substitute the Mexican government in their duty of investigating the events that ended with Bety and Jyri’s life.

The evidences were provided by the victim’s lawyers, because neither al local level, nor at federal level existed the institutional will to move forward with the investigations in seven years.

Source: Image extract of Preliminary Inquiry AP/OAX/ HL/I/021/2013. 50 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

The PGR knew about the Bety and Jyri’s families and their lawyers interest and pressure 4. JUDICIAL putted during all this time, and thus, when they PROCESS decided to “temporarily closed” the investigation, they didn’t even notified them, knowing they will DIFICULT PATH be discontent and start public pressure to open the case again. It was until a meeting celebrated in March 2016 in Oaxaca City when the Attorney General›s Office reported the families about the investigation closure.

In 6 years PGR was not capable to gather, n September 2012, the prosecutors demonstrate and prove the crimes that under any asked the Huajuapan de Leon’s penal logic and the events perspective would be easy court the arrest warrants for the crimes to prove. They couldn’t evidence either that O of qualified homicide with malice aforethought, UBISORT members were the Caravan aggressors advantage and premeditation against Alberta and the murders of Bety and Jyri, even they had Cariño Trujillo and Jyri Jaakkola, and homicide a complete file with important information, attempt against NVR, RVN, RV, DAC, GLJR, evidence and legal indications that allow to LH, MCSO, DC, MSB, FESM, MMM, ALMC, easily arrest and prosecute the perpetrators. David Cajeme Cilia García, Érika Soemi Ramírez Pardo, NBJ, DVR, TSPC, ECO and PGR renounced to their duty of investigate PAGG, attack survivors. of this case in February 2016, ensuring that impunity for aggressors is guaranteed. If all this The arrest warrants were ordered against wasn’t enough, it is important to notice that in 14 persons, all of them members of UBISORT seven years neither the victim’s families nor and didn´t include the offences of injuries, the lawyers have being able to obtained PGR’s homicide attempt, robbery and illegal privation investigation files copies, the authorities argue of liberty (kidnapping) that were perpetrated that “there is not a right for the victims that against the other members of the Humanitarian ensures having their file copies”. In order to Caravan that weren’t killed, but suffered study the case and making this report we had injuries, their belongings robbery, kidnapping to materially review 19 volumes of the file for several hours and they tried to kill them on (approximately 9,500 pages). April 27, 2010.

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4.1. ARRESTED AND PROCESSED PERSONS

4.1.1. Rufino Juárez Hernández (RJH)

The Oaxaca Attorney General’s didn´t like the judge’s decision, but in December 2012, the Fourth Penal Court of the Oaxaca State Superior Justice Tribunal confirmed the denial of Huajuapan’s Judge, recognizing the murders of Alberta Cariño Trujillo and Jyri Antero Jaakkola as the only crimes correctly proven.

Even the arrest warrants were issued against 14 persons, until the date of this report, only 5 persons have been arrested, the first one, Rufino Arrested since 2013, he delayed Juárez Hernández, was arrested in 2013, and the last the penal process, because during 2014 one in October 2016. In neither case a condemnatory and 2015 he brought judicial actions sentence exists and nor of the prosecuted has before the federal judges against the appeared before an Oral Trial Tribunal, all of the process and allegations, He changed his have used legal resources and diverse strategies to lawyers 10 times and asked for file co- delay the beginning of their trial. pies 5 times in order to delay the trial against him.

A further valuation from the legal team that works with Bety and Jyri’s families is that the One of the main hearings in the arrested men have delayed the trials against them for oral justice system is the evidentially political reasons more than legal. They were waiting hearing, In which the judge selects the for the 2016 Oaxaca governor’s elections to look evidence that will be formally presen- for political protection agreement with the local PRI ted by the accuser and the accused, this groups, since PRI won the elections, the arrested are hearing has being suspended and res- letting the penal process to continue, because they cheduled 11 times. know that possibilities of being released are very high.

52 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

During the proceeding against Rufino families and representatives, officially asked Juárez Hernández, the Huajuapan Guarantees the Judicial authorities if the procedures could Court denied the right of the victims to partici- be somewhere else and not in Huajuapan City, pate in the trial as “contributing accusers” legal because it is in the Mixtec zone and the risk figure that permits having a full intervention in factors and insecurity grew for all the people the trial, it even permits questioning Oaxaca’s participating in the procedure, since UBISORT Prosecutors in their accusations, before this de- and their ally MULT have presence and operate nial, the families’ lawyers presented two legal in this city. resources before the federal courts, for this right to be recognized. For security reasons this petition was never accepted, and now the Judge decided to Through petition for legal resource am- move the procedure to Tlaxiaco, knowing this paro No. 878/2015 y and the Complain No. city has more presence of MULT members, an 144/2015; finally they achieved the right of being organization that protects Antonio Cruz García represented of the victims to be recognized. Even a.k.a. “Toño Pájaro” pointed as one of the main the active participation of the victims in this kind Caravan aggressors. of processes is a constitutional and legal right and is a guarantee of transparency in the new le- The legal procedure against Rufino gal justice system, The Oaxaca authorities have Juárez Hernández has been the longest, most denied repeatedly the exercise of this right on the complicated and with more political difficulties, actual case. during several years Rufino Juárez Hernández was UBISORT’s leader and kept political In RJH’s case, an intermediate hearing agreements with PRI political party, to ensure his is on standby, due to lack of security guarantees group’s operation and impunity whenever he was and protection for the witnesses, survivors, investigated for the crimes perpetrate. victims and legal representatives on the hearing scheduled for March 28, 2017, It was suspended. Unfortunately, today we can say that the impunity agreement is still valid in Bety and The third week of May, 2017, the families Jyri’s murders. of Bety and Jyri were informed that RJH’s intermediate hearing will be in Tlaxiaco City, Oaxaca, instead of Huajuapan City, where all the legal process of this case had developed.

Since 2013 when Rufino Juárez Hernández was arrested, Bety and Jyri’s

POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

4.1.2. Elías Cruz Merino (ECM) Two years after presenting the amparo, on January 27th, 2017 the Oaxaca State District Fourth Judge recognize not having “competence” to continue knowing about the amparo presented by ECM and declined the legal competence towards the District First Court, that knew already about the amparo No. 1253/2013, presented by Rufino Juárez Hernández some years earlier, the origin of both amparo´s was the same penal cause 257/2012.

Until this report elaboration, the Jud- ge continues without accepting the amparo No. 445/2015 submitted by ECM, as a result of this, the judicial procedure against him is still suspended.

He was arrested on January 2015, and accused 4.1.3. Faustino Vásquez Martínez before the court of participating in the Humanita- (FVM) rian Caravan Attack on 2010, the Judge decided there was enough evidence to start a trial against him, and he should remain jailed as long as the procedure lasted.

On April 2015, he present a petition for amparo No. 445/2015 against the Judge’s decision of keeping him in prison and starting a trial against him, since that date, the amparo ordered to stop the procedure and trial against him until ECM’s complain wasn´t analyzed and solved. All the procedure had to be suspended.

The victim’s legal representatives, have followed the amparo and provided documents He was arrested on January 2015, on the same month and information to strength Oaxaca Attorney Ge- he was informed before a Judge about the accusation neral’s accusation. against him for participating in the paramilitary com- mando that attacked the Humanitarian Caravan in 2010. 56 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

The following stages of the procedure As the revision appeal submitted by the were executed without any major complications victim’s representatives claims respect for Bety and or FVM arguing any legal violations against him. Jyiri’s families rights, and demands the rejected testimonies to be admitted before the RVM’s oral The procedure against Faustino Vásquez trial starts, all the procedure against this UBISORT Martínez seemed easier he wasn’t delaying the pro- member has been suspended. cedure or submitting legal resources to defend him- 4.1.4. Mauro Vásquez Ramírez (MVR) self from the accusations against him. However, on August 4th, 2016 when the evidentiary hearing was hold, the Judge Guadalupe Chávez Cabrera, from the Huajuapan’s Guarantees Court decided to “exclude” from the evidence to be presented on the hearing, the testimonies of 2 key witnesses in the accusation against UBISORT members.

This testimonies have been acknowledged by Bety and Jyri’s families and their lawyers as “essential to help with the Caravan aggressors identification, and essential to avoid this case remain in impunity”

Because of the importance of this evidence in the procedure of acces to justice, the victim’s representatives promoted another petition amparo No. 1705/2016 and later we submitted the revision appeal 345/2017, asking the Huajuapan’s Guarantees Court to reconsider the decision of excluding the testimonies of He was arrested on April 23, 2016 in Si- the key witnesses and to accept the evidence naloa State, in collaboration with PGR and Sina- provided bye the victim’s representatives. loa State Police.

The revision appeal resource was On April 28th, 2016 he was informed accepted on May 17th, 2017 for its examination about the accusations against him and Huajua- by the Oaxaca’s Collegiate Court in Penal and pan’s Guarantees Judge Resolved that MVR had Administrative Matter, it was still unresolved remain jailed for the time that the trial against when we elaborated this report. him lasts.

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From August 15th to November 23th, juapan’s Guarantees Court, the Judge resolved he 2016, he didn’t have a defense lawyer, for this should remain in preventive prison and a judicial reason the Guarantees Judge determined the pro- procedure would start against him to hold him ceeding to be done again and ordered the desig- responsible for his participation in the Humanita- nation of a new defense lawyer. rian Caravan’s attack on April 27th, 2010.

On May 16th, 2017 Huajuapan’s Guaran- When the Caravan’s attack occurred, tees Judge resolved that the complementary in- JMBM was 17 years old, for this reason, on Oc- vestigation period was over and decided to con- tober 27th, 2016, a Specialized Court in Teenager tinue with the next procedure stages against him. Justice, resolved that the procedure and the trial should perform in a specialized system to judge 4.1.5. Juan Macario Bautista teenagers, the Penal Cause 68/2016 was started. Martínez (JMBM)

On January 2017, the victim’s lawyers submitted before the Specialized Court in Tee- nager Justice a letter to ask for their recognition as contributing accusers, recognition that allows them to increase their participation in the trial and submit additional evidence from the one submitted by the Public Ministry.

On May 4th, the hearing was held, but the right of the victims to be recognized as contributing accusers was denied, for this reason on May 25th they submitted another petition for amparo before a Federal Court claiming that the denial represented a violation to their rights and the co- rrect legal procedure.

He was arrested on October 5, 2016 in New York, The trial against JMBM has to be sus- United States of America, for an INTERPOL Mexico pended now, until the amparo resolves the com- request and PGR. He was deported and handled to the plains of the families’ lawyers, and until they Mexican authorities, who executed the warrant arrest. are recognized as contributing accusers.

On October 12, 2016 he was informed about the accusation against him before the Hua-

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4.2. LEGAL OBSTACLES IN ALL se the arrested have submitted complains, petition THE PROCEDURES for amparo and other legal resources in order to delay the procedures. Actually there are 5 legal procedures against the same number of persons, 4 of them are elaborated On the other hand, because the Huajua- in the Huajuapan’s Guarantees Court (Penal pan’s Guarantees Judges have soften their judg- Cause 257/2012) and one more in the Specialized ment and favored the processed, allowing them to Court in Teenager Justice of Oaxaca City (Penal abuse of some rights recognized in the legal sys- Cause 68/2016). tem, by example, the first arrested, Rufino Juárez Hernández, has changed defense lawyers 10 times, In all the procedures, the victims’ legal with the only purpose of delaying the hearings and representatives and Bety and Jyiri’s families had avoiding the tail stage. faced legal obstacles, arbitrary decisions preferential treatment to the prisoners, threats, intimidation acts The Oaxaca´s Judiciary, has treated the and rejection of essential evidence in the accusations. processed with preferences and distinction and Hereunder a summary of the main obstacles that brought a situation of unequal position for the we had to face during seven years of claiming for victims and their representatives, To similar re- justice and struggling to avoid this case remaining quests or common demands for both parts, it in impunity: resolves in favor of the arrested and against the victim’s representation. • Trial delays and preferential treatment for prisoners. An example of this unequal acting, can be observed in the way the Guarantees Court re- • Victim’s rights limitations. solved the petition of procedures accumulation, made by the Oaxaca Prosecutor’s Office and the • Lack of security and protection for victims representation, and the way it resolved victims and witnesses. the petition of a common defense that the prisoners submitted.

• Key Witnesses rejection. On July 2015, the Public Ministry 4.2.1. Trial delays and preferential and the victims legal representation asked the treatment for prisoners Huajuapan’s Guarantees Judge, to unify the accusations in one and only procedure, thereby Seven years after the Caravan’s attack, and 4 an only trial could be hold against the 3 arrested years after arresting the first perpetrator, The trial until then, This petition would allow the victims, against any of them hasn’t started, in part becau- witnesses and specialists to attend only to one

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appointment during the oral trial, and argue On February 2nd, 2017, the same about the 3 implicated, preventing the constant Guarantees Court resolved to accept and name re-victimization of the survivors and the risk Edgar Esteeven Nicolás Pérez as Mauro Vásquez exposure of the witnesses. Martínez public defender, the same public defender lawyer would represent three of the This common request, between the accused. Public Ministry and the victims representation is legally possible, and could ease the witnesses The Guarantees decision of naming and survivors participation in the trials, however the same lawyer for 3 defendants contradicts the judge resolved the request didn´t “proceed” their own decision in 2015, when they deny the and each case would be taken individually. Whit procedures accumulation that the victims and this all the witnesses and survivors would have to Public Ministry requested, then they argued that assist to the trial hearings of each of the acussed. the defendants had the Right to have an individual defense and each of them could present their own One of the reasons given by the Judge “case theories” in the trial, without being forced to deny the case accumulation request, was that to show an only defense strategy or to have the each of the accused was going to explain their same lawyer. “own case theory”, and should have a different defender to preserve their Right to Counsel. In this decisions we can observe hoy the Guarantees Court resolves in a negative way when On May 7th, 2015 Rufino Juárez a request is made by the victim, and in a positive Hernández changed his private lawyer and asked way when it is made by the accused persons. Edgar Esteeven Nicolás Peréz, public lawyer to be named. He was Faustino Vásquez Martinez’s Another objectionable decision made defender, The Indigenous Defense Procuracy, by the Oaxaca Judicial Power was designating office in charge of public defenders for Faustino Vásquez Martínez on October 28th as indigenous people, opposed to Rufino’s request a translator for Faustino Vásquez Martínez’s trial arguing “incompatibility” with the defense and and for Epifanio Díaz Sarabia witnesses, who is the “case theory” of each of the accused, so it the legal adviser of MULT, political group allied named another lawyer to defend Juárez. to UBISORT.

On December 2016, Rufino Juárez asked Díaz Sarabia had a close relationship with once more time Edgar Esteeven Nicolás Pérez to be Antonio Cruz Merino, who has an arrest warrant his defender lawyer, the Guarantees Court decided since September 2012 and was municipal authority to name this lawyer as Juárez’s representative until 2016, and with Elías Cruz Merino, both sons before the procedure against him. of Antonio Cruz, UBISORT’s actual leader.

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that in three of five legal procedures, Bety and Jyiri’s families legal representatives had to promote petition amparo before federal courts to enforce their rights and force Oaxaca Judges to respect and guarantee their full participation in all the trial stages.

From left to right: Elías Cruz Merino -arrested for murder of Bety Cariño and Jyri Jaakkola-. At the end of the right appears Epifanio Díaz Sarabia, legal adviser of MULT y official translator by Poder Judicial for the trial of Faustino Vásquez. Both appears in the Municipal Presidency of San Juan Copala in Juny, 2014. Source: Epifanio Díaz`s Face- book web page.

Source: Centro Nacional de Comunicación Social

In 3 cases the court has refused to accept the victims representation as part of the penal procedure, limiting their rights and demands of justice.

From left to right: Antonio Cruz Merino -fugitive, accused of murdering Jyri and Bety. Next to, Epifanio Díaz Sarabia, In the case of Elías Cruz Merino, the legal adviser of MULT y translator named of Poder Judi- procedure has been suspended for more than 2 cial de Oaxaca for the trial of Faustino Vásquez Martínez. All appears in Oaxaca City in Juny, 2014. Source: Epifanio years, new information has been provided to the Díaz`s Facebook web page. Federal Judge to strength the Oaxaca Prosecutor’s Office accusation and avoid him been released The presence of Díaz Sarabia as a because of lack of evidence, violating the victims’ translator in the trial is a partiality act on the part of Right to Justice. the Oaxaca´s Judicature that permits testimonies manipulation and could be an intimidation act In the case of Mauro Vásquez Ramírez, 13 for witnesses. It is another sample of the political months after his arrest, the investigation process agreements for impunity. has just finished, considering that he has the same public defender as Faustino Vásquez and Rufino 4.2.2. Victim’s rights limitations Juárez, it is possible that they are using the same strategy to delay the procedure. In accused procedure’s abstract, it was pointed

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All this time the Guarantee Judges have Even this request has a legal base and logic, been uncomfortable and annoyed with the families’ the Guarantee Court has resisted to accept this request. lawyers participation in all the trial stages, and However, on May 18 it was notified to the victims they bother with the demands exposed during legal representatives that the evidentiary hearing for the hearings, however making a deeper analysis Rufino Juárez Hernández and the future hearings of the Judicial Power performance and how they would be transferred to Tlaxiaco City, located even treated the defendants with preference over the closer to the Triqui zone. This is a zone of presence of victims, we conclude there is an order to favor the the UBISORT group and their ally MULT. defendants and limit the victim’s rights in each of the procedures of this case. In the following map we can observe the military groups influence zone, Huajuapan and Another example of the Guarantees Court Tlaxiaco cities: preferential treatment of the defendant’s petitions over the victim’s is the request of changing the location of the hearings and trials, in Rufino Juárez and Faustino Vásquez cases. As well as the Public Ministry as the victims representatives have requested the change of location from Huajuapan (UBISORT and MULT controlled territory) to Oaxaca City, in purpose of reducing the risk for victims and witnesses, avoiding placing them in an unsafe situation in the city where the paramilitary groups are present..

It is important to remember that 8 of the liable perpetrators of the Caravan’s attack are still free, and some of them live in communities of the Mixtec and Triqui zone, a couple of hours of distance from Huajuapan City. Source: Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Social.

The change of location request is based in The Judge’s decision to change the the Mexican State duty to provide the appropriate location for the hearings and trials to Tlaxiaco, add measures to protect the victims and any person more risk and danger to the survivors, witnesses participating in the legal procedure, especially when and victim’s representatives in particular for this procedure involves the responsibility of an armed Omar Esparza (Bety Cariño’s widow) who has group members with high economic power and received several threats of death for demanding territory control. justice.

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4.2.3. Lack of security and to make them come true, on the other side protection for victims and witness unofficially the federal and state authorities explain that although they have the legal In Mexico, there is a federal law to protect per- obligation to order security measures, they don´t sons taking part on a legal procedure, published have enough economic or personal resources to in 2012, In Oaxaca at state level it also exists sin- take this measures. ce 2013.

This to say that all the authorities In both laws victims and witnesses of recognize the legal obligation to protect the crimes are recognized as protection subjects, victims and witnesses, and to order security also both laws recognize that security measures measures to ensure their integrity, life and trial should be offered “They will have as a main pur- participation, but in fact, they haven´t take any pose to provide the necessary security conditions measures in more than 5 years. to preserve life, freedom and physical integrity of the protected subjects.” Understandably, the surviving victims and witnesses fear for their security, 8 of Bety and Jyiri’s murders are still free, using high-potency weapons and enjoying of complete impunity. Particularly the key witnesses and Bety Cariño’s widow have been the target of threats, coming from the prisoners’ families and the paramilitary group Ubisort.

Source: Centro Nacional de Comunicación Social. 4.2.3.1. Threats to key witnesses For five years Security measures for all the victims has been requested, for their families On April 27th, 2010 two women of San and witnesses participating in the case. This Juan Copala that we will tag as RBG and NCB petitions have been requested officially before were walking through the mount because they the Oaxaca Prosecutor’s Office and Oaxaca´s knew there was a Caravan with food for them, Judicature accepted, and informally several close to the community of “La Sabana” they times in politic and diplomatic meetings, hold observed a group of men dressed with mili- with state and federal authorities. tary-style clothes on the top of a hill watching a row of rocks in the road, they had high-potency While in the official side, Oaxaca weapons and hunting rifles, after watching them, Prosecutor’s Office and Oaxaca´s Judicature they heard vehicles coming, voices and a lot of accepted their obligation to provide the security shooting, sine this group of men was attacking measures, but denied to order concrete actions the Humanitarian Caravan, Both women could

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observe the group of armed men with their face asures for the victim’s representatives, the victim uncovered and could easily recognize them. and the threatened witnesses.

The legal representation of Bety and Jyi- On January 28, 2015, NCB and RBG, ri’s famlies accompanied RBG and NCB to de- witnesses of the attack to the Caravan, that had clare before PGR and the Prosecutor’s Office for declared before the PGR and the Oaxaca Prose- Crimes with Social Transcendence of Oaxaca, cutor’s Office, submited before the Prosecutor’s their testimonies were essential to identify with Office for crimes with Social Transcendence a name and last name each of the aggressors. denunciation for acts of intimidation and threats for their participation during the investigation.

The witnesses identity was discovered during the first hearings of the procedures against The victim’s representation hired an ex- the five arrested persons. Since that moment the pert from Guatemala, María Eugenia Solís Gar- witnesses started to receive several threats and in- cía, to assess the risk the witnesses NCB and timidation acts, demanding them to go before the RBG were running and to determinate the kind Judge and recall their testimonies and tell the au- of specific measures to be taken to safeguard thorities they had cheated to ease the release of the their integrity and testimony. The expert as a first arrested persons and avoid taking them to trial. measure recommended requesting the testimonies to be preserved and to submit them as an “anticipated proof”46. When Bety and Jyiri’s families representation knew about the threats, they moved the witnesses to Oaxaca City, and with their own means Departing from the expert recommenda- they kept them in a safe house for 25 days, to re- tions, on January 28, 2015 a hearing was reques- duce the risk conditions and to avoid them getting ted before the Huajuapan’s Guarantees Judge, harmed or murdered. It is important to mention for the witnesses to give their testimonies out in that neither the federal government nor the state advance. On January 31st, 2015, the Huajuapan’s government assumed their immediate responsibi- Guarantees Court, resolved that the request made lity to guarantee the witnesses’ security, the only by the victims and the On January 28, 2015, aid received by Oaxaca’s government was social NCB and RBG, witnesses of the attack to the Ca- nature, but not in security or risk reduction. ravan, that had declared before the PGR and the Oaxaca Prosecutor’s Office, submited before the Prosecutor’s Office for crimes with Social Trans- On January 26, 2015 the victim’s repre- cendence a denunciation for acts of intimidation sentative went to the Human Rights Ombuds- man in Oaxaca, fearing intimidation acts against them and the witnesses, they started the file DD- 46. This expression refers to a judge’s taking of evidence in advance of trial, which can be done for several reasons set forth in HPO/104(1)/OAX/2015 and issue precatory me- procedural law, one of which is the possibility that the witness will not be available when the proceedings commence.. 64 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

and threats for their participation during the in- 2 years after the measures were issued by vestigation, since the threats pointed an attack Oaxaca’s Judicature, neither the Oaxaca towards their lifes. People’s Ombudsman, the CNDH, nor the Oaxaca Government or the Federal On February 9, 2015 the anticipated Government have accepted to make a real proof hearing took part, where only the witness and effective protection plan, that ensures RBG gave her testimony, NCB refused due the the integrity and security of the witnesses fear of being in the same room with the accused and survivors, for them to appear in the trials. Rufino Juárez and Elías Cruz Merino, the only Without this protection and security plan we ones arrested until then. On that hearing RBG have been requesting for 5 years, it is more narrated what she lived on April 27, 2010, she than possible that the murders of Bety and provided the names of the military dressed and Jyri that are jailed could obtain their freedom armed men and pointed Rufino Juárez Hernández in the next months. and Elías Cruz Merino as two of the perpetrators. 4.2.3.2. Threats to omar Alfredo Esparza Zárate

Due to the lack of specific measures to provide protection and security to the witnesses, the victim’s lawyers submitted a complain on February 6, 2015 before the CNDH (National Human Rights Commission), in this texts, they requested the federal authorities to participate in the security measures to guarantee the security and life of the witnesses and victims.

On February 17, 2015, The CNDH reported that he precatory measures sent to Oaxaca’s government were accepted, they indicated to take appropriate security measures to ensure the physical integrity and life of the Source: Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la witnesses, Omar Alfredo Esparza Zárate, the Justicia Social Human Rights activists Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez and David Peña Rodríguez and the Omar Esparza was Bety Cariño’s partner translator Mariana Flores López, who being and father of her son and daughter, he is also a born in San Juan Copala helps with the legal Human Rights activist that has helped the indi- representation of the families. genous communities with productive projects through the social organization MAIZ (INDI- GENOUS ZAPATISTA AGRARIAN MOVE- 65 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

MENT) and as he is still working with the com- leader’s son, Elías Cruz Merino. munities he hasn´t stop his struggle to demand justice for Bety and Jyri. On June 16, 2015, before the death threats against him, Omar Esparza’s lawyers request his On June 2011, Omar Esparza found a incorporation to a mechanism of protection for cloth with blood stains on his truck’s hood, In Human Rights Defenders and journalists, of the 2012, the office of Omar Esparza was raided and Federal Government. him and other members of CACTUS organization received written threats. This facts where On July 31st, 2015 the victim´s stated before the ’s Oaxaca Attorney General’s, representatives, manifested the Judge that the on April 2013, the Prosecutor’s Office for -cri victim Omar Esparza, had suffered threats and mes with Social Transcendence issued precatory had being admitted in the Protection Mechanism measures for him. The claim for justice has re- for Homan Right Defenders and Journalists, and presented death treats and harassment for Omar for this reason they requested the evidentiary from the group that attacked the Caravan and the hearing of Faustino Vásquez Martínez case to Mexican government doesn´t want to arrest and be moved to Oaxaca City. In Huajuapan City prosecute. there were more risks factors for him and his legal representatives, UBISORT members or the On May 17, 2015, Omar was warned by armed group hired for killing him could attend telephone that an armed group of killers have re- to the audience. However the Judge denied ceived the order to kill him, they had already paid changing the hearing location. them to search him and assassinate him. On May 22, 2015, Amnisty International issued an urgent Before the judge’s refusal to change the action to urge all the levels of the Mexican gover- audience location and the serious risk they faced, nment to bring protection and security guarantees Omar and his family left the country for more to Omar and his family, and to resolve Bety and than 3 months, with the purpose of reducing the Jyri’s crime, investigating the threats authors. risk and avoid being located by the group hired to kill him, and to give time to the authorities The life threats came after several to investigate who was threating him. Finally intimidation actions against him and other people Omar had to return to Mexico to continue with that demand the investigation of Bety Cariño’s his work, without the threats being investigated murder, by example on june 1st, 2015, several nor identified the group hired to kill him. non-identified persons tried to enter his house at night, but couldn´t achieve it. This death threats Until the moment of elaboration of are given in the context of advance in the criminal this report, the Protection Mechanism of the investigation, thow arrest warrants were issued Governments Secretary keeps the security that year, one of them for the UBISORT-MULT

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and protection measures current for Omar fully identify Bety and Jyiri aggressors and point Esparza Zárate and keeps the assessment in them by their names, they saw them before at- “extraordinary risk”. tacking the Caravan when they hadn´t covered their faces yet. 4.2.4. Key witnesses rejection This Judge’s decision was impugned as well by the victim’s representation, whom submited an amparo proceeding number 1705/2016 together with the revision appeal 345/2017 before the Penal and Administrative Matter Collegia- te Court, to request the federal judges to assess if the anticipated proof that Huajuapan’s Judge

Source: CNN Mexico rejected should be part of the evidence to be presented at the trial, or if they really should be dis- Although all the obstacles summarized in this carded. These resources are still pending to be chapter have represented concrete problems in resolved. the demand of justice, and have been a challenge for the families and their legal representatives, it The severe and worrying part about this is important to highlight that the most severe de- decision, is that if the Huajuapan’s Guarantees cision taken by the Power of Attorney, that opens Judge keeps his criteria for rejecting these proo- the door to impunity and the murders release is fs, in the procedures against the rest of the de- the key witnesses testimonies rejection. fendants, there is a risk of running out of key witnesses or security and protection measures On August 4, 2016 the Huajuapan’s Gua- for the rest of the survivors, victim´s families rantees Court during an audience of the defen- and legal representatives to attend the trials. dant, Faustino Vásquez Martínez resolved to dis- This is the beginning of a Legal path that allows card the anticipated proof obtained on February the defendants release. 2015, beside rejecting the possibility of the witnesses to make a physical appearance during the hearing to give their testimonies. According to Huajuapan’s Judge, these testimonies “weren’t ideal to demonstrate the liability of the defendant Faustino Vásquez Martínez”, so they decided to discard the testimonies.

We can´t forget that these testimonies have been considered as essential and key in this procedure, this women are the only ones that can

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5.1. JAAKKOLA FAMILY VISITS TO 5. JAAKKOLA- MEXICO ESPARZA CARIÑO FAMILIES’ ACTIONS TO DEMAND JUSTICE

““The trials don’t progress, they always pospone the hearings and for us this is very hard”. Eeva Jaakkola

Eeva-Leena Jaakkola and Raimo Jaakko- la, parents of Jyri Antero Jaakkola visited Mexi- co in August 2010 for the first time to know ety and Jyri’s families in the exercise of the progress in the PGR’s investigation and to their right of access to justice has met in demand justice. In that time Evve and Raimo several times with Mexican authorities B Jaakola visited Oaxaca an participated in “La to demand the murders perpetrators to be sanc- Marcha del Silencio” (the silence march) that tioned; to know the Investigation progress and Triqui women made in the center of that city to to promote protection measures for the witnes- demand the authorities to solve Bety and Jyri’s ses and survivors and to demand all pending the murders, and to demand violence cessation in arrest warrants to be fulfilled. In all the meetings the Triqui region. held during seven years high level authorities from the Federation as well as the Oaxaca State, have assumed compromises, they all have been During that visit Eeve and Raimo Jaakko- infringed. la, together with Finland Embassy in Mexico representative met with PGR federal officers, the Although the Mexican authorities have Foreign Affairs Secretary, and Government Se- committed to the Finland Embassy in Mexico re- cretary, as well as with Gabino Cué, Oaxaca’s presentatives, the European Parliament deputies governor by then. international organizations of Human Rights de- On February 2011, Jyri Jaakkola’s pa- fenders and to Jaakkola -Esparza Cariño families rents met again with PGR, Foreign Affairs Se- to resolve this case, in the facts everything seems cretary and Government Secretary’s officers to to mean the opposite. demand protection for the murders witnesses and

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the Caravan’s attack survivor. The purpose of the Court to participate in one of the procedure visit was knowing the investigation progress and hearings against Rufino Juárez, unfortunately proposing a following visit by the European Par- in that time, just as in many others, the hearing liament. was suspended.

Raimo was a man with a very peculiar sense of humor, speaking out with a low voice and saying phrases in English in each trip while leaving he said “we will return, we don´t know when, but we’ll be back until something changes”, when Eeva was asked about her husband’s death she only said “After all, his heart couldn´t handle any more”.

In 2016, Jaakkola Family visited Mexico for the last time, Eeva Jaakkola and Jyiri’s bro- Image in https://tinyurl.com/y73vomsc ther, Turo Jaakkola, both participated in the com- In 2012 and 2013, the Jaakkola fami- memorative event for the sixth anniversary in ly travelled twice to Mexico to meet with their Oaxaca City. There was a press conference whe- lawyers, Omar Esparza and some survivors, to re they presented “The Case Balance” and spread keep themselves informed about the investiga- out the authorities pending actions and obstacles tion situation and to meet again with PGR, Fo- for accessing to justice, Turo Jaakkola said: “ It is reign Affairs Secretary and Government Secre- very difficult to understand the Mexican system. tary’s officers. This time they met as well with In Finland Crimes are sanctioned, but in Mexico Oaxaca State authorities and even the governor, I don´t know. Gabino Cué received them to inform them about the investigation actions and the pending arrest During this visit the Jaakkola family could attend warrants. to the hearing on charges against Mauro Vásquez Ramírez, hold on april 28, and could listen the Jaakkola family demands kept being the Caravan’s attack narrations, who the paramilitary same the following years: witnesses, victims and group, UBISORT, was organized to kill Bety survivors protection, good coordination to exe- and Jyri. On that time an international media cute the arrest warrants, arresting the perpetra- interviewd Eeva Jaakkola and asked her about her tors and this case not remaining in impunity. trips to Mexico and the difficult judicial process, she said: “We will try to do everything possible In 2014 Jyiri’s parents visited Mexico to obtain something, but I know we can’t solve for the fifth time to meet with Mexican autho- impunity in Mexico. rities and to attend to Huajuapan’s Guarantees 69 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

5.2. ACTION TO REMEMBER BETY Jyri Jaakkola and demanded the president Felipe AND JYRI Calderon and Oaxaca’s governor Gabino Cué to solve the case. Each year during the fourth week of April some acts are celebrated to remember Bety and Jyri, 2012 commemorate their struggle and life, and to demand justice to the Mexican government, taking A march was held in Huajuapan, Oaxaca to remem- this actions represents a way to tribute their life, ber the second anniversary of the Caravan’s attack, struggle and compromise, that led them to loose several social organizations participated together their lives. with Bety Cariño’s relatives, Omar Esparza participated in this march with his daughter and son. 2010 On April 25, 2012 the Finnish MEP Satu Hassi and Thanks to the support of the finnish eurodeputies the Jaakkola and Bety Cariño’s families lawyers in of the Green party, Heidi Hautala and Satu Hassi, Mexico, David Peña and Karla Micheel Salas, ex- between May and June of 2010, Omar Esparza plained in Brussels that the case could be taken by visited Finland to meet with Eeva and Raimo the Finnish authorities, before the limited progress Jaakkola with the purpose of coordinating the le- achieved in Mexico. gal accompaniment strategy together against the Mexican justice institutions. The indigenous peo- 2013 ple Rights defender visited Germay and Belgium in this occasion, to participate in diverse political protest action together with Jaakkola family.

2011

In April 26, 2011, Omar Esparza was stopped by federal police officers in Tehuacán, Puebla, while he was driving to Caravan’s attack first anniversary march, he was accused of driving a truck Source: Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal. reported as stolen, the accusation was false, but Third Anniversary, International Amnesty made a Esparza Zarate was arrested for several hours. campaign to remember the Mexican State responsibility ensuring this events, not to remain in Impunity. On September 2011, Omar Esparza received the “Caravana por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad”, a Social organizations activists marched in Hua- national march headed by the poet Javier Sicilia juapan and denounced some Oaxaca State au- demanding peace, justice and Dignity in Mexico, thorities to be allied with UBISORT and MULT. during the act they tributed “Bety Cariño and

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2014 2015

Source: Movimiento Agrario Indígena Zapatista Source: Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Social On April 28th, 2014, a homage was paid to the Human Rights Commission of the Federal Fifth anniversary, on April 27, 2015 Omar Espar- District: “Four years of impunity: In memory of za leaded with some Friends and MAIZ mem- their commitment and struggle”, social activists, bers a protest action in the Mexico-Oaxaca hi- human rights defenders , Guests of international ghway against the lack of concrete results by the embassies in Mexico as well as family and friends. Mexican authorities and for keeping this case impunity. Then a march was held in Oaxaca City On April 29, 2014 Omar Esparza together downtown, with “monos de calendas” 1 and mu- with members of AMAP, MAIZ and other social sic bands, In this occasion they decided to have a collectives started a 16 days hunger strike1, infront party meaning protest to remember and celebrate of the PGR’s offices in Mexico City, demanding the the joy and life of Bety and Jyri. executing of the arrest warrants issued in 2012.

2016 The authorities committed themselves to execute the arrest warrants and signed an agreement between Juan David Garay Maldona- do, from the Goverments Secretary, Joaquín Carrillo Ruíz, Oaxaca’s Justice Procurator, Anu Vouri-Kiikeri, Finnish embassy ministry council, Omar Esparza, Karla Micheel Salas, victim’s legal representative and Vidal Díaz Leal, PGR’s Specialized Investigation Agency commissary, the signed agreements were ne- Source: Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Social ver accomplished.

During the sixth anniversary the report “Balan- ce of Bety Cariño and Jyri Jaakkola’s case” was

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presented in Oaxaca City, it was made by the case has gain international relevance and impor- Grupo de Acción por los Derechos Humanos y la tant pressure has been generated. This helped Justicia Social, A.C. Turo Jaakola, Jyri’s brother executing 5 arrest warrants. Particularly the Fin- expressed in that occasion “the procedure has land Embassy has established direct communica- been slow and complicated, the authorities open tion with Mexican government and accompanied and close the case, and it became complicated the families to reach a permanent information and tired for my family”47. process about progress in the investigations several diplomatic communications have been set: On November 3, 2016, a protest was held against Huajuapan’s Oral Trials Court, to demand the  On April 30, 2010, Ulla Väistö, Finland evidentiary hearing cancelation in the trial of Ru- ambassador in Mexico handled in the fino Juárez Hernández, the victims’ rights were name of Finland Government a diplomatic violated by rejecting their participation. note to the SRE (Foraign Affair Secretary) demanding clarification of this condem- 2017 nable events, the prosecutors taken before the authority and sanctionated according to Mexican laws. The European Union in On March 28, 2017, Omar Esparza and MAIZ Mexico made a similar statement.48 group members, protested in front of the Huajua- pan’s Oral Trials Court and in front of the Mu-  nicipal Offices of this city, demanding security The ambassador Ulla Väistö organized a conditions for witnesses and survivors to attend tribute in memorial of Jyri Jaakkola. a hearing scheduled for that day. The Demand of the Jaakkola-Esparza Cariño families was that  A Letter from the Finland Embassy in the trials should be in Oaxaca city to ensure be- Mexico, dated on August 23, 2010, re- tter security conditions for participants. The de- questing Arturo Chávez Chávez, Repu- mand was declined by, the Oaxaca´s Judicature. blic’s General Procurator by the AP PGR/ OAX/HL/102/2010 to provide protection 5.3. INTERNATIONAL for the witnesses involved in the case. ACCOMPANIMENT AND PRESSURE

 Tarja Halonen, president of Finland, Thanks to the pressure of Bety and Jyri’s families wrote a letter to Felipe Calderon, presi- but above all The Finland Embassy in Mexico dent of Mexico requesting a serious in- and some MEP of the European Parliament, the

47. See “PGR archiva caso de Bety y Jyri, decepcio- 48. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. “Finland de- na incapacidad institucional: abogados.” Available in mands investigation in the case of the human rights acti- http://educaoaxaca.org/la-minuta/1933-pgr-archiva-ca- vist”. Press Releases, 4/30/2010. Available in http://www. so-de-bety-y-jyri,-decepciona-incapacidad-institucio- finlandia.org.mx/public/default.aspx?contentid=191443&- nal-abogados.html consulted April 12, 2017. contentlan=2&culture=en-US consulted April 10, 2017. 72 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

vestigation of this case and avoid it to re- this case”, referring to the 6 years of the Trial main in impunity. The actual president of for the Humanitarian Caravan’s attack being Finland, Sauli Niinistö asked the same to postponed. He pointed that even both countries the actual president of Mexico, Enrique have “very good bilateral relationships, [but] Peña Nieto, even in person during a visit six years is a long time… it is possible that our to Mexico on May 2015. detectives have technology that other countries don’t have […], Finnish police can help in a 50 Finland Government has provided su- case outside” . pport and aid to clarify the events, in 2015, Jaakkola and Esparza families’ lawyers met It is important to highlight that the Fin- with the president of Finland, Sauli Niinistö, land Embassy in Mexico has committed with when he visited Mexico on May 2015, and ex- the families accompaniment, and participated in pressed their worry about the case conditions every work meeting with Mexican authorities, and the risk of the double murder remaining It has requested information to all the different unpunished. government levels to know the progress of the investigations and legal procedure, always be- On February 2016, the general Finnish ing sensitive to the victim’s suffering in their prosecutor, Matti Nissinen sent a letter to his struggle for justice. colleague in Mexico, Arely Gómez, requesting information and offering his help: 5.4. UNITED NATIONS’ COMMUNICATIONS

“It is of my knowledge”, says the document, “In this magnitude cases Mexican On May, 2010, after the Caravan’s Attack, the State does not extradite their own citi- United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, issued a zens to be accused and prosecuted by communicate signed by Margaret Sekaggya, Spe- another State. Therefor it is not possible to start a preliminary investigation cial Rapporteur for the situation of human rights in Finland. Under this circumstances it defenders; Philip Alstonn, Special Rapporteur for is particularly important that Mexican summary, non-judicial or arbitrary executions; authorities make everything they can to Frank La Ruey, Special Rapporteur for promo- make the perpetrators respond for their actions”.49 tion and protection of the Rights of opinion and expression; and James Anaya, Special Rappor- teur for freedoms and essential human rights of On May 2016, The Finland Ambassador the indigenous communities, strictly condemning in Mexico, Roy Eriksson, said “It is a shame that Mexico’s image is damaged in Finland for 50. See: “Daña imagen de México ataque a activistas en Oaxaca: Embajador de Finlandia”. Available in http:/ 49. La copia de esa carta fue entregada a Omar Esparza aristeguinoticias.com/1205/mexico/dana-imagen-de-mexi- Zárate, para informarle sobre las acciones que el Gobierno co-ataque-a-activistas-en-oaxaca-embajador-de-finlandia/ de Finlandia estaba haciendo para dar seguimiento al caso. consulted April 10, 2017. 73 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

the murders of Alberta Cariño and Jyri Jaakola. investigations and legal procedures and extern a In this document they exhorted the Mexican Go- concern about the case processing. vernment to: In this communication the specialized Rappor- “…start a rapid and impartial investi- teurs manifested the following: gation of the mentioned events, with the object of identifying the perpetrators, put them under legal disposition, and give “We express serious concern for the lack them the appropriate sanctions” 51 of an investigation for the murders of Mrs Alberta “Bety”Cariño Trujillo and Mr. Jyri Antero Jaakola, as for the lack The group of Rapporteurs stated they of execution of legal decisions related to would follow the answer of the Mexican Gover- this cases. The accusations, if they are confirmed, will fit in a growing violence nment. and insecurity context for the human rights defenders in Mexico. The fact that The United Nations High Commissioner until this date, more than 4 years after the murders, the arrest warrants haven´t for Human Rights’ office pronounced about Bety been executed, it shows the impunity of and Jyri’s murder in 2010, and requested an im- the crimes and attacks against human partial, rapid and effective fact investigation.52 rights defenders. In this sense, we celebrate the recent agreement reached by families, victims’ representatives and the On August 20, 2014, the specialized Ra- pertinent authorities and we hope it is 53 pporteurs on promotion and protection of the implemented as soon as possible” right of opinion and expression; the right to the freedom of pacific reunion and the unofficial, On August 28, 2014, the Mexican Go- summary or arbitrary executions requested the vernment submitted a response communication Mexican government about the advances in the before the United Nations High Commissioner Office where they limited to narrate the legal

51. Press release “Defensoras y defensores de derechos hu- process against one of the defendants and points manos continúan pagando con sus vidas en México, advier- that several meetings have being held and they ten Relatora y Relatores de la ONU”, 10 de mayo de 2010, Ginebra. En http://www.hchr.org.mx/index.php?option=com_ have requested protection for the case witnesses. k2&view=item&id=198:defensoras-y-defensores-de-derechos-humanos-continuan-pagando-con-sus-vidas-en-mexico-advierten-relatora-y-relatores-de-la-onu&Itemid=265 53. Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Uni- April 10, 2010. das para los Derechos Humanos. “Mandatos del Relator 52. Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas. Press Especial sobre la promocion y la proteccion del derecho a release “La OACNUDH condena los hechos de violen- la libertad de opinion y de expresion; del Relator Especial cia en San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, exhorta a las autorida- sobre el derecho a la libertad de reunion y de asociacion des a conducir una investigación eficaz y urge la pronta pacificas; de la Relatora Especial sobre la situacion de los ubicación de las personas de las cuales se desconoce su defensores de los derechos humanos; y del Relator Espe- paradero”. Press release No. 010/117, April 28th, 2010. cial sobre las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias o arbi- Available in http://www.cinu.mx/comunicados/2010/04/ trarias”, May 23th, 2014. Available in https://spdb.ohchr. la-oacnudh-condena-los-hechos-1/ consultado el 1 de abril org/hrdb/27th/public_-_AL_Mexico_23.05.14_(8.2014). de 2017 consulted April 10, 2017. pdf consulted April 10, 2014. 74 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

However, they do not set a commitment or speak Bety and Jyri families have been accom- about any measure that was fulfilled to guarantee panied during this justice and truth search pro- access to justice, witnesses protection and res- cess by the MEP, Heidi Hautala and Satu Hassi pect for the victim’s rights54. from Finland and Franziska Keller from Ger- many whom had travelled all together 10 times 5.5. EUROPEAN to Mexico to meet with Mexican authorities and PARLIAMENTARIANS’ give following to the legal procedure. ACCOMPANIMENT AND SUPPORT

The MEP members of the Green Group, have requested the Mexican government in all their visits to investigate the events and sanction the perpetrators, to ensure security for all the witnesses and survivors and to make everything possible to avoid this case remain in impunity.

The first visit of the MEP to Mexico was from June 30 to July 4, 2010, However, even the Satu Hassi, Ska Keller and Heidi Hautala. Photo: Francisco Federal Government received them and organi- Cañedo/Sin embargo. zed work meetings to inform them the case, Oa- xaca Government, leaded by Ulises Ruiz, didn’t On November 8, 2010, Jyri’s parents, Eeve and receive them. Raimo Jaakola and the lawyers, David Peña Ro- dríguez and Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez parti- On August and September of that year, cipated in a special hearing in the Human Rights the MEP travelled once again to Mexico, toge- Specialized Subcommittee of the European Par- ther with Eeva Leena and Raimo Jaakkola. The liament to discuss about Bety and Jyri’s murders MEP, Hassi, Travelled on her own to Mexico on and the Mexican Government’s responsibilities. December, 2010. On May 2011 a delegation of the European Parliament Human Rights Sub- MEP and human rights international organi- committee also visited Mexico with the Jaakkola zations participated in the hearing, where Jyri’s family case in their agenda. expressed their concern for the limited investigation advances and asked the European Union to request The Development and Environment ex information to Mexican government about the inves- minister, Satu Hassi, has influenced in the Fin- tigations advance and the victim’s rights protection. nish Government, the European Parliament and other UE institutions to put diplomatic pressure over the Mexican authorities to solve the Jaakko- 54. Mexican government response available in https:// spdb.ohchr.org/hrdb/28th/Mexico_25.08.14_(8.2014).pdf la-Cariño crime. consulted April 10, 2017. 75 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

On July 2011, Ska Keller presented the first In 2015, on their second visit, Franziska trip to Mexico’s report before the European Parlia- Keller, Heidi Hautala and Satu Hassi met with ment, where e she refers to the serious situation in Oaxaca’s governor Gabino Cué, to request in- human rights matters of San Juan Copala, contradic- formation about the investigation advances and ting the Mexican authorities speech. pointed that almost 5 years after the events, it was concerning that only 2 arrest warrants have being During another visit at the end of 2012, they executed, that mean that impunity was prevailing had an interview with the transition team of Enrique and this was the main obstacle to proceed the per- Peña Nieto, elected president of Mexico, to demand petrators. justice and put Bety and Jyri’s case in the international Human Rights agenda, the MEP noted the little disposal of the transition team to answer the case. On February 2017, the MEP visited Mexico again, together with Finland Embassy The MEP considered in 2013 “incredible in Mexico representative and the legal nothing has happened yet”, 3 years have passed representation of Jaakkola-Esparaza Cariño since the murders and only 1 person had been families, they participated in several meetings: arrested, having 12 arrest warrants yet to execute.

In 2014 Franziska Keller as a member of • On Federal level with the SRE (Foreign the European Parliament participated in several Affairs Ministry) and the PGR’s Human working meeting between the Mexican gover- Rights Office, in which PGR recognized nment authorities and the victim’s families, in UBISORT operated as a paramilitary which the requested one more time the federal and group and their presence in the Triqui Oaxaca authorities, the same demands they have region made arresting their members being asking for since 2010, and were still unsol- impossible for the Mexican government, ved. During this visit the MEP said for an inter- even if they have an arrest warrant view “Federal level blames local level and vice against them. In this same meeting the versa. It seems like there is no cooperation to work Subsecretary of Multilateral Matters and together. Another anniversary has arrived and no- Human Rights of the SRE, expressed that thing happens, nothing changes. We will continue after seven years of the caravan´s attack, to work. We won´t surrender until the perpetrators the advances were very positive, because are sanctioned according to the law”55. “maybe in Finland seven years are too much for a case of this kind, but in Mexico seven years is not too much time”.

55. See “Parlamento Europeo y AI exigen justicia para activistas asesinados en Oaxaca”, disponible en http://www. proceso.com.mx/370826/miembros-del-parlamento-euro- • At Local level, they had a meeting with peo-exigen-justicia-para-activistas-asesinados-en-oaxaca; Oaxaca’s governor, Alejandro Murat, who consulted April 10, 2017. committed to follow the case and provide all the necessary support to sanction

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the Caravan’s attack perpetrators, but he also recognized the case being too 6. CONCLUSIONS complicated because there are many indigenous groups in the Triqui zone interested in this matter.

The MEP, Franziska Keller, during her visit to Oaxaca on February 2017 said to a communication media “we are here every year, 56 because we do not want to accept impunity” You haven´t died. The once that turned your y Satu Hassi al ser entrevistada en esa misma eye’s cooing off died. visita concluyó “and Satu Hassi concluded “we And everyone that hates your voice, your sign, are very concerned for a number of details that will die make us wonder the legal procedure has not been The soft light of your star. conducted with justice and impartiality”57 The ones that deny the song and planting will die. While in Finland a homicide is solved in a short time and 97% of the crimes are sanctio- Roberto Armijo ned, In Mexico the impunity rate is of 98% seven years after the Caravan’s attack, we should recognize that Bety and Jyiri’s homicides will go n April 2010, San Juan Copala Com- to the long list of cases remaining in impunity. munity had several months sieged, with Ono electricity, water or school classes, no doctors and when women came out in search of food or water they were sexually assaulted by the paramilitaries, there was a permanent check- point in the community and during several hours a day from the top of a hill they shot anyone that tried to walk the streets. The state of siege made it hard live. This situation had been denounced 56. “Hay impunidad en caso de Jyri Jaakkola y Bety to the Mexican authorities, whom just didn´t Cariño: eurodiputadas”. Available in http://www.oro- radio.com.mx/noticias/2017/02/hay-impunidad-en-ca- answer the serious crisis that the Autonomous so-de-jyri-jaakkola-y-bety-carino-eurodiputadas/, cosulted Municipality of San Juan Copala was suffering. April 10, 2017. 57. Available in “Eurodiputadas piden a Peña Nieto menos palabras y más hechos para terminar círculo de impunidad”, avaible in http://pagina3.mx/2017/02/eurodiputa- For this reason, on April 27, 2010, before das-piden-a-pena-nieto-menos-palabras-y-mas-hechos-pa- the permanent human rights violations, the hosti- ra-terminar-circulo-de-impunidad/, consulted April 10, 2017. lity climate and repeated aggressions against the 77 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

Autonomous Municipality of San Juan Copala, a tional civil organizations has pushed for seven group of human rights defenders, journalists and years the investigations and the legal procedure, teachers organized a Humanitarian Caravan to Pressing Oaxaca and Federal authorities to meet support the process of free auto determination of with their obligations to avoid this case being the Municipality of San Juan Copala, as well as forgotten and filed; however all the efforts have documenting the situation of human rights vio- not been enough to change the political protec- lations in the zone and take humanitarian aid to tion dynamic that surrounds this case since April the people: food, medicines, education and hope. 27, 2010.

Bety and Jyri were born in completely di- During the next months the defendants fferent places they had a diverse life story, their will be released, and won´t be able to be prose- lives crossed in the idea of a fairer world for the cuted for the same events, they will obtain their peoples. On April 27 they were killed during a freedom not because they proved their inno- coward act of a paramilitary group that pretended cence nor their defense could demonstrate they with this crime, eliminating any hope of social didn´t participate in the attack, but because the justice for the Triqui people. Seven years after Mexican state has denied to investigate with due their homicide, their families, friends and human diligence the federal crimes, to prosecute them right defenders remember them. Their lives have for terrorism, organized crime and weapons ca- inspired others that drem as Bety and Jyri in buil- rry, The state refuses to protect the victims and ding a fairer world. witnesses, but above all, because it doesn´t want to end the political agreements of protection The Humanitarian Caravan’s attack, and impunity that became a common practice showed at national and international level, the in Mexico. This impunity and protection agree- serious vulnerability condition of human rights ments have transformed the Mexican authorities defenders and journalists against the agressions performance into a political farce intended to be of groups that act illegally but are tolerated by presented at international level as a case of lack the Mexican authorities. The procedure to take of access to justice. the attack prosecutors before the Court to be prosecuted and sanctioned proves that in Mexico the The investigation closure by PGR in political agreements with groups like UBISORT 2016, without that procuracy being able to prove has more value than justice and the fight against any crime or point anyone after 6 years of having Impunity. the investigation open, demonstrates not only an incapacity in the way of investigating crimes in The active participation of the Jaakkola Mexico, but particularly expresses a clear resig- and Esparza Cariño families, their legal repre- nation of the Federal Government to persecute sentatives, European Parliamentarians, Finland and sanction Bety and Jyri’s murders. Embassy in Mexico and national and interna-

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We can’t deny certain structural issues that The lack of precatory and security measu- prevent the institutions of justice procuration to do res for the survivors and witnesses shows as well their job well, but this report do not pretend to add the lack of interest and commitment of the fe- to something that has been documentated by inter- deral government to ensure the minimal and es- national bodies, this report proves the way PGR for sential conditions to develop the trials against the the last seven years “simulated” that was conducting 5 arrested persons, this security measures could an investigation when in reality they were only re- not be necessary if the federal and Oaxaca’s go- ceiving testimonies and proofs that the victim’s re- vernments had arrested all the perpetrators, but presentatives provided. they haven´t wanted to arrest eight of the paramilitary group members, the risk for the persons This investigation simulation can´t participating in the processes is extremely high. have the structural deficiencies as background, PGR has enough elements and trained staff to When we talk about political agreements seriously investigate the crimes perpetrated of impunity, we do not only talk about the simula- and to arrest the perpetrators. The only thing tion acts that the federal government has done for missing during this years was determination seven years. We are also talking about the Oaxaca and the will of doing it. State Judicial Power performance, this institution has prevented for years the victims to exercise It is not about omissions or negligent their rights and have favored the defendants abu- performance by PGR, it is about a series of sing the legal system to delay trials against them. actions with the purpose of fooling the inter- Huajuapan’s Guarantees Court, has become the national and national community, pretending worst enemy for this case’s victims and the best to investigate the Caravan’s aggression, but ally in the political agreement of impunity. without making any serious criminal investigation in the country. The PGR investigation closure is a clear example that the Mexican By denying to recognize the victims re- government don´t have any intention or will presentation as an active part of the trials, they to punish the PRI paramilitaries of UBISORT are denying the right of access to justice and the and their ally MULT. right to truth, The court pretends to build their own “historical truth” only based in the defen- Continuing with the responsibilities dant’s testimonies and their lawyer’s Huajuapan’s analysis at federal level it is important to explain Guarantees Court has forgotten their impartiality that even PGR and Secretaría de Gobernación obligation and has favored the defendants so they (Ministry of interior) have committed in several could be released soon. meetings to provide protection for witnesses and survivor of this case – the most recent time was There are several evidences of the Oaxa- in March 2017 – In the facts, they have never ca Judicial Power wanting to facilitate the defen- achieved those compromises. dant’s defense to build only one “truth” and make 79 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

it historic to obtain a sentence that gives freedom written several years before, agreements that to- back to the defendants. To make that happen: day take this case towards impunity.

• They named only one public defender for The political agreements of impunity in three of the defendants besides the same Mexico are built with many people and insti- Court said in 2015 that having only one tutions participation, all of them have the same defender was not compatible with a stra- objective, ensuring respect for the agreements so tegy of individual defense. the involved can enjoy total impunity, no matter if there is national or international pressure, political agreements are stronger than any other • They named MULT’s legal advisor as a common translator for all the defendants, compromise. ensuring little objectivity and partiality in the translations. MULT is an allied or- Seven years after their dead, Bety and ganization of UBISORT and protects se- Jyri will know, wherever they are, that their fami- veral of the accused persons that are still lies, friends, lawyers and civil organizations have free. done everything possible to keep their murders from impunity, and they will know that following their example, we will continue to work for the • They changed the trials location from Huajuapan city to Tlaxiaco city, whe- murders and their partners to be sanctioned, but re UBISORT and MULT have more in- they will notice this struggle won´t be placed in fluence and presence, increasing the level Mexico, because for breaking those impunity of risk and insecurity for witnesses and agreements a new and different action is neces- victims. sary, to evidence the complicity of the Mexican state and denounces the simulation that has been presented internationally. • They have rejected as evidence in the trials, two of the most important testimonies for the case, arguing they are irrele- vant, even though in this testimonies the aggressors are fully identified seconds before attacking the Caravan.

To summarize, we can conclude saying that the Oaxaca Judicial Power through the Hua- juapan’s Guarantee Court, has been the main actor to organize this process of justice simulation, intended to meet with the political agreements

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81 ACUERDOS POLÍTICOS DE IMPUNIDAD: INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LSO ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

SISTEMATIZACIÓN DEL PROCESO JUDICIAL

En este anexo se enlistan todos los acuerdos y actuaciones realizados en el proceso penal Attachments 257/2012.

AÑO 2012: EL INICIO DEL PROCESO PENAL. IMPUNIDAD EN LOS DELITOS COMETIDOS EN CONTRA DE LAS PERSONAS SOBREVIVIENTES DEL ATAQUE A LA CARAVANA. 1. Oficio de la Apelación del Agente del Ministerio Público de 28 de septiembre de 2012, en contra de la resolución de 25 de septiembre mediante la cual se negó la orden de aprehensión por los delitos de tentativa de homicidio en agravio de las personas sobrevivientes del ataque a la Caravana, dado que consideró que no habían suficientes pruebas.. 2. Auto de fecha 30 de septiembre de 2012, por el cual se tuvo a la Agente del Ministerio Público recurriendo mediante apelación la resolución de 25 de septiembre de 2012, mediante la cual se negó la orden de aprehensión en contra de Rufino Juárez Hernández y otros, por su probable participación en el delito de tentativa de homicidio calificado en agravio de las personas sobrevivientes del ataque a la Caravana. 3. Auto de admisión de fecha 5 de octubre de 2012, de la Cuarta Sala Penal de la Toca penal JOTP/15/2012, por medio del cual se admitió la apelación contra de la resolución de 25 de septiembre mediante la cual se negó la orden de aprehensión por los delitos de tentativa de homicidio en agravio de las personas sobrevivientes del ataque a la Caravana. 4. Acuerdo de fecha 28 de diciembre de 2012, dentro del amparo 1846/2012 promovido por Faustino Vázquez Martínez en contra de la orden de aprehensión librada en su contra, por medio del cual se concede la suspensión provisional y se cita para el 7 de enero de 82 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

2013 para la audiencia para el incidente de definitiva toda vez que se trataba de un acto suspensión consumado. 5. Acuerdo de fecha 28 de diciembre de 2012, 2. Solicitud de fecha 6 de marzo de 2013, de dentro del amparo 1846/2012 promovido la Agente del Ministerio Público por la que por Faustino Vázquez Martínez, en el que se solicitaba fecha de audiencia de imputación señaló el 10 de enero de 2013 para llevar a contra Rufino Juárez Hernández, recluido en cabo la audiencia constitucional. el Centro de Readaptación Social de Santa María Ixcotel, dentro de la diversa causa 6. Resolución del recurso de apelación de la penal 103/2011, por el delito de homicidio. Toca Penal JOTP/15/2012, que confirmó la negación de la orden de aprensión contra 3. Auto de fecha 8 de marzo de 2013, por el que Rufino Juárez Hernández y otros por el delito se señaló la audiencia de imputación contra de tentativa de homicidio en agravio de las Rufino Juárez Hernández para el día 14 de personas sobrevivientes al ataque, pues marzo de 2013. señaló que no se actualizaba el dolo directo, pues argumentó que los atacantes no tenían Audiencia inicial la intención de lesionarlos.

Artículo 277. Comunicación de Es importante hacer notar que la imputación los ataque sufrido por los demás participantes de la Caravana no El juez hará de conocimiento al fue considerado por el Juzgado de detenido la imputación hecha por Garantía de Huajuapan de León; el agente del Ministerio Público, pues las lesiones, amenazas y robo sus derechos constitucionales sufridos por los sobrevivientes y legales, y para que rinda en de la Caravana no se consideran ese acto su declaración en los en esta causa penal; lo cual, términos legales, si así lo desea. genera un estado de indefensión de los sobrevivientes del ataque, impunidad de los delitos que se El imputado puede solicitar la cometieron en su contra lo que ampliación del término constitucional o representa un peligro para su que se resuelva sobre su vinculación participación en el proceso penal, a proceso en otra audiencia, ésta se pues la mayoría de sus agresores, celebrará en un plazo de 72 horas. El continúan libres y operando en Juez de Control deberá señalar fecha la zona en donde se desarrolla el para la continuación de la audiencia proceso penal. inicial y citará a los intervinientes. El Ministerio Público podrá solicitar la imposición de medidas cautelares. AÑO 2013: RESISTENCIA A INICIAR EL JUICIO. Fuente: CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL 1. Resolución de 14 de enero de 2013, del PARA EL ESTADO DE OAXACA incidente de suspensión del juicio de amparo 1846/2012 promovido por Faustino Vázquez 4. Auto por el que se admitieron diversos medios Martínez, en el que se le negó la suspensión de pruebas, tales como el libro de registro

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de ingreso de 2010, el informe de radio la del Distrito Judicial del Centro, para que “Primera” y el informe de la administradora permitiera que se practicara el desahogo del Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan sobre de la inspección ocular del libro de registro la solicitud de información, acerca de la de ingreso al Juzgado de Garantía de posible existencia de cámaras de vigilancia y Huajuapan de León, del año 2010, dentro en su caso, las grabaciones del 27 de abril de del procedimiento contra Rufino Juárez 2010. Hernández. 5. Resolución de fecha 14 de marzo de 2013, 11. Auto por el cual se remitió el disco DVD de la dentro del amparo 1846/2012 por medio videograbación de la audiencia de inspección del cual se amparó y protegió al quejoso judicial desahogada el 18 de marzo de 2013. Faustino Vásquez Hernández, contra la orden 12. Resolución de fecha 19 de marzo de 2013, de aprehensión librada el 25 de septiembre por medio del cual se dictó vinculación al de 2012 y determinó que las pruebas que proceso a Rufino Juárez Hernández como allegó el agente del Ministerio Público son probable responsable de homicidio calificado insuficientes para acreditar la probable en agravio de Alberta Cariño y Jyri Jaakkola y responsabilidad del imputado en la comisión se impuso la medida de coerción consistente del ilícito citado y, en su oportunidad, en prisión preventiva y se determinó un plazo resolviera lo que en derecho corresponda. de seis meses para el cierre de investigación. 6. Auto de 12 de marzo de 2013, mediante la 13. Acuerdo de fecha 4 de abril de 2013, por cual se designó a la Licenciada Heidi Castillo medio del cual se tuvo a la Agente del López como defensora pública del imputado Ministerio Público interponiendo recurso Rufino Juárez Hernández. de revisión en contra de la resolución del 7. Auto de 14 de marzo de 2013, por medio juicio de amparo 1846/2012, del Juzgado del cual se decretó la prisión preventiva de Tercero de Distrito en Oaxaca, promovido manera provisional en contra del imputado por Faustino Vásquez Martínez, en el que se Rufino Juárez Hernández. concedió la protección y amparo de la justicia federal contra la orden de aprehensión en 8. Solicitud de 16 de marzo de 2013, del defensor su contra, correspondió el número de toca privado de Rufino Juárez Hernández para 199/2013. certificar de la foja 95 de libro de control de entradas y salidas del Juzgado de Garantía de 14. Auto de 12 de junio de 2013, por medio del Huajuapan de León, del martes 27 de abril cual se negó la petición del defensor público de 2010 y la Contestación de la solicitud por del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, sobre parte del Administrador de los Juzgados de el registro de audio y video de la audiencia Garantía sobre el libro, en el cual se informó en la que se libró orden de aprehensión en que se encontraba asentado de puño y letra su contra, ni de la resolución escrita de dicho diversos nombres, entre los que se encuentra mandamiento, porque dicho mandamiento Rufino Juárez Hernández. se encontraba pendiente de ejecutarse en contra de los coimputados y debía guardarse 9. Auto de fecha 17 de marzo de 2013, por el secrecía. que Rufino Juárez Hernández designó a un segundo defensor particular. 15. Auto de fecha 22 de junio de 2013, por medio del cual se tuvo al imputado Rufino Juárez 10. Auto de fecha 18 de marzo de 2013, por el Hernández y sus abogados, interponiendo el cual se ordenó al Juez Segundo de lo Penal

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Incidente innominado de eficaz contradicción, Esta acusación se basa en las siguientes: derecho a la defensa y debido proceso en Pruebas: testimonial de Omar Esparza Zarate. contra de la audiencia de 19 de junio de 2013 de la inspección el libro de registro Testigos: NVR, RVN, DAC, GLJR, MCSO, DC, MSB, del Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan, FESM, MMM, ALMC, DCCG, ESRP, NBJ, DVR, TSC, solicitando la nulidad de dicha diligencia ECO, PAGG, Francisco Adolfo Velasco Zenteno y por no haberse garantizado el derecho a la Octavio Asunción Luna. defensa ni a la igualdad procesal, porque ni el imputado ni su defensa estuvo presente Las testigos presenciales de los hechos que el dicho desahogo y el nombramiento de un hacen un señalamiento directo de Rufino Juárez perito en grafoscopía. Hernández: RBG, NCB y EÁG. 16. Auto de fecha 22 de julio de 2013, mediante Testigos de la situación de San Juan Copala, el cual se tuvo la Resolución del recurso Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca: Jorge Albino Ortiz, vocero del Municipio de San Juan Copala, José Luis Armas de revisión 199/2013 en el que revocó la sentencia del juicio de amparo indirecto Cuevas, Jefe de Grupo en el Centro de Planeación, 1846/2012, negando el amparo y protección Análisis e Información para el Combate a la de la justicia federal al quejoso Faustino Delincuencia de la PGR, Guillermo Luna Gálvez Vásquez Martínez, dado que si existían Director de las Fuerzas Estatales de Apoyo a elementos de la probable responsabilidad la Policía Estatal y Comisionado de la Policía del quejoso, como son las testimoniales Estatal, Ranulfo Sánchez Méndez Comandante presentadas por el Agente del Ministerio de la Policía en Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Agustín Público. Miguel Badillo Cruz Director de Revista Contra línea, Armando Moisés Figueroa Jiménez Agente 17. Auto 28 de agosto de 2013, por el que Estatal de Investigación, Silverio Cruz Nolasco se determinó la fecha de la audiencia Comandante de la Policía Estatal en Putla incidental del recurso innominado de Oaxaca, Armando Cruz Sánchez Comandante de eficaz contradicción, derecho a la defensa y la Policía Estatal de Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca. debido proceso para que se celebre el 11 de Periciales: septiembre de 2013, promovido por Rufino En medicina, necropsia de Alberta Juárez Hernández. Cariño Trujillo y Jyri Jaakkola, mecánica de lesiones, Química en las prendas de vestir de 18. Auto de 19 de septiembre de 2013, por medio los occisos, en Planimetría, Criminalística de del cual se tuvo al Agente del Ministerio Campo (PGR), Mecánica de hechos, posición de Público dando cierre a la investigación en víctimas (PGR), Balística (sobre identificación y contra de Rufino Juárez Hernández. clasificación de casquillos y demás elementos balísticos (PGJE), calibre nominal de los 19. Auto de 4 de octubre de 2013, por medio metálicos encontrados (PGR), Trayecto de y del cual se tuvo a la Agente del Ministerio trayectoria de los proyectiles que impactaron Público formulando acusación contra Rufino los vehículos (PGR), cantidad de armas de fuego Juárez Hernández de fecha 3 de octubre de y marca probable (PGR) y Fotografía. 2013 en el que se señalan tres defensores (2 particulares y 1 público), por el delito de Otras pruebas: 37 fotografías de los cuerpos de Homicidio calificado con premeditación, Bety y Jyri, 107 fotografías levantamiento de alevosía y ventaja y el traslado a las víctimas cadáveres, 411 fotografías de la representación Eeva-leena Annikki Jaakkola y Raimo Antero gráfica del trayecto y trayectoria de los Jaakkola y Omar Esparza Zarate. proyectiles disparados por arma de fuego en 85 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

el lugar de los hechos y 84 fotografías de las derecho fundamental de defensa del imputado, necropsias. porque la resolución del juicio de amparo podría incidir directamente en cuanto a las pruebas en 20. Auto de fecha 14 de octubre de 2013, el caso, por ende el Juez decretó la suspensión, mediante el cual se tuvo por interpuesto el en tanto no se resolviera el juicio de amparo. juicio de amparo 1253/2013, promovido por Rufino Juárez Hernández, contra la resolución En atención a la solicitud por el acusado Rufino de fecha 11 de septiembre de 2013 en el que Juárez Hernández se ordenó a la Administración el Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan resolvió de los Juzgados de Garantía y Tribunal de Juicio improcedente el recurso innominado de Oral informara si contaba con una partida eficaz contradicción, derecho a la defensa y presupuestal destinada a sufragar a costa de la debido proceso. autoridad judicial, los gastos de las copias que soliciten las partes en el proceso penal. 21. Auto de fecha 19 de noviembre de 2013, mediante el cual se señaló el día 17 de El Juez de la causa determinó suspender el diciembre de 2013, para la celebración de proceso penal del imputado Rufino Juárez la Audiencia intermedia del proceso penal Hernández para no vulnerar sus derechos contra Rufino Juárez Hernández y se ordenó respecto a la interposición de un amparo hasta notificar a las víctimas Eeva-leena Annikki en tanto se resolviera. Jaakkola y Raimo Antero Jaakkola. AÑO 2014: LA DILACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS Y 22. Auto dentro del amparo 1253/2013, AMENAZAS A TESTIGOS promovido por Rufino Juárez Hernández, de 1. Auto de 5 de enero de 2014, por medio del cual fecha 12 de noviembre de 2013, mediante el se tuvo a la Administradora de los Juzgados de cual se tuvo como tercero interesado a Omar Garantía y Tribunal de Juicio Oral de la Región Alfredo Esparza Zarate y Eeva-leena Annikki de la Mixteca informando no contar con los Jaakkola y Raimo Antero Jaakkola, a través recursos para sufragar los gastos de copias del Ministerio Público. solicitadas por el imputado Rufino Juárez 23. Auto de 28 de diciembre de 2013, mediante Hernández y se señaló la falta de comunicación la cual se tuvo por recibida la copia entre la defensa particular del imputado y la certificada de un disco formato DVD que defensa pública, en virtud de solicitar copias contiene la audiencia de 17 de diciembre de de las unidades que respaldan las audiencias 2013, en contra del imputado Rufino Juárez celebradas y copias del legajo de investigación, Hernández. se tiene que la defensa técnica ha tenido acceso a dicha información e incluso se les ha En dicha Audiencia se determinó que expedido en triplicado las unidades de DVD, atendiendo a las manifestaciones del Ministerio tras cuadernillos de copias certificadas de los Público, como a la defensa y el imputado Rufino autos de vinculación al proceso, medida de Juárez Hernández respecto al juicio de amparo coerción y cierre de investigación (21 de marzo, 1253/2013, contra autos del Juez de Garantía 2 de abril y 13 de septiembre de 2013), por de Huajuapan de León, radicado en el Juzgado lo que exhortó a la defensa pública y privada Primero de Distrito en Oaxaca y tomando en proporcionarle copias solicitadas y solicitar consideración la naturaleza de la audiencia a la Procuraduría de la Defensa del indígena intermedia y su culminación con el Auto de y grupos vulnerables para que proporcione Apertura a Juicio, el Juzgado señalo que de ayuda económica para la obtención de copias celebrarse dicha audiencia podría afectar el al inculpado.

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2. Auto de 29 de enero de 2014, por medio del llevar a cabo dicha audiencia en Huajuapan cual se ordenó notificar a los defensores de León. del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández que 2. Celebración de la Audiencia de la comunicación a partir del 31 de enero se podía realizar de la imputación a Elías Cruz Merino el 21 de la reproducción de todas las audiencias enero de 2015. solicitadas por el imputado. 3. Comparecencia de 26 de enero de 2015 de 3. Auto de 7 de marzo de 2014, mediante el cual los defensores Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez se señaló que se le han entregado al imputado y David Peña, la víctima Omar Esparza, Rufino Juárez Hernández copias certificadas solicitaron a la Defensoría de los Derechos de la causa, así como a sus abogados para Humanos del Pueblo de Oaxaca la adopción garantizar su derecho a la defensa, por tanto, de las medidas cautelares necesarias para se le requirió para que señalara si insiste en la resguardar la seguridad e integridad de petición de copias del expediente. las testigos NCB y RBG tras las amenazas 4. Auto de 16 de marzo de 2014, por medio del recibidas por participar en el proceso penal, cual se señaló el cambio de defensores del por temor a actos de intimidación en su imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández. contra y por lo cual con sus propios medios y recursos las sacaron de la comunidad triqui 5. Resolución del juicio de amparo 1253/2013, de con la finalidad de preservar su integridad. fecha 25 de julio de 2014, por medio del cual sobreseyó el juicio de amparo promovido por La Defensoría de los Derechos Humanos del Rufino Juárez Hernández, contra el incidente Pueblo de Oaxaca, ante la situación de riesgo, innominado de eficaz contradicción, derecho determino otorgar medidas cautelares a favor a la defensa y debido proceso, porque no de las víctimas, sus representantes legales e obstante de estar notificados sus defensores, instruyo al Juez de la causa penal 257/2012, no pudieron estar presentes en el desahogo para que se adoptaran las medidas necesarias de la prueba pericial en grafoscopía, porque para preservar el testimonio de las testigos dicho acto no generó una afectación de NCB y RBG, así como velar por su integridad y imposible reparación. seguridad personal. 6. Auto del Juzgado Primero de Distrito, de 4. Auto de 28 de enero de 2015, por medio fecha 13 de agosto de 2014, en el que se del cual se tuvo por recibida la solicitud tuvo al imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, DDHPO/104(1)/OAX/2015, del Visitador interponiendo Recurso de revisión 507/2014 General de la Defensoría de Derechos del Tribunal Colegiado en materia Penal y Humanos del Pueblo de Oaxaca de la medida Administrativa del Décimo Tercer Circuito, cautelar, con motivo de la comparecencia contra de la resolución del juicio de amparo de los abogados de la Asociación Nacional 1253/2013. de Abogados Democráticos; David Peña Rodríguez y Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez, 2015: LAS AMENAZAS A LAS TESTIGOS asesores jurídicos en el caso de Alberta 1. Auto de 21 de enero de 2015, por medio del Cariño, Jyri Jaakkola y el defensor de Derechos cual se solicitó fecha y hora para la audiencia Humanos de MAIZ, Omar Esparza Zarate, de comunicación de la imputación a Elías viudo de Alberta Cariño y por tanto víctima. Cruz Merino Elías Cruz Merino, en la que se Medida cautelar para que el Juzgado adoptará señaló las condiciones de riesgo que existían las medidas necesarias a fin de preservar en la zona por la presencia de UBISORT, para 87 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

el testimonio de las personas que, dada la El Juez de Garantía del Distrito Judicial de naturaleza del caso, pudieran estar en riesgo de Huajuapan de León aceptó parcialmente la perderse. Así como velar por la salvaguarda de medida cautelar para salvaguardar la integridad su integridad y seguridad personal conforme al y seguridad de las testigos, para que el Ministerio artículo 20 constitucional. Publico verificara que los testigos y familiares y víctimas de la causa se encontraran en situación ANALISIS DE RIESGO Y de riesgo y en su caso, previera lo necesario para AUDIENCIA ANTICIPADA garantizar su protección. 5. Auto de 29 de enero de 2015, por medio El 29 de enero de 2015, los del cual se tuvo por designado al defensor asesores jurídicos de las familias público del imputado Elías Cruz Merino, de las víctimas ofrecieron al Juez de la causa el “análisis de riesgo”, Bertha Cenobio Victoria elaborado expresamente para 6. Auto de 30 de enero de 2015, por medio del el caso por María Eugenia Solís García, especialista internacional cual el juez de Garantía de Huajuapan de de protección de testigos, quien se León señaló el 31 de enero para la audiencia ha desempeñado como jueza ad de anticipo de prueba respecto de las atestes hoc ante la Corte Interamericana RBG y NCB, solicitado por el Ministerio de Derechos Humanos en casos de Público. violaciones a los derechos humanos de las mujeres en Guatemala; fue 7. Continuación de la audiencia de la Directora del Programa de Protección comunicación de la imputación al imputado a Testigos de la Fiscalía General de Guatemala y es especialista en de 26 de enero de 2015 del imputado Elías análisis de situaciones de riesgo Cruz Merino y resolución de 26 de enero de en casos de conflicto o violencia 2016 por medio del cual se dictó auto de a nivel internacional, en el que se vinculación a proceso y medida de coerción. determinó el riesgo que presentaban las testigos NCB y RBG, en la 8. Auto de 31 de enero de 2015, mediante el situación de extrema violencia en cual el imputado Elías Cruz Merino interpuso San Juan Copala.Ante las amenazas Recurso de apelación, en contra del auto e intimidación que sufrían las testigos NCB y RBG, la Fiscalía de de vinculación al proceso e imposición de Asuntos de Trascendencia Social la medida de coerción preventiva de 26 de de la Procuraduría de Oaxaca, enero de 2015. solicito al Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan de León, la celebración 9. Auto de cierre de investigación, del Juez de una audiencia anticipada, ya que Segundo de lo Penal, de fecha 26 de enero se actualizaba una condición de de 2015, mediante el cual el Juez concedió el riesgo muy alta para las testigos, que plazo de 3 meses para el cierre, hasta el 26 de ponía en riesgo que sus testimonios abril de 2015 en el caso de Elías Cruz Merino. no se pudieran desahogar durante la etapa de juicio oral posteriores, por 10. Auto de 31 de enero de 2015, mediante el las amenazas que sufrían, las cuales cual se determinó procedente la Audiencia de podían derivar en sus asesinatos, desapariciones a fin de que no anticipo de prueba, en razón del inminente presten su testimonio durante el riesgo de las testigos de ser afectadas en juicio oral. su integridad física e incluso su vida, en la cual compareció la asesora Licenciada Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez, de la víctima indirecta

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Omar Esparza y el Agente del Ministerio En esa misma fecha el imputado Elías Cruz Público, determinó procedente la petición Merino designó defensores particulares. de que formularon al respecto y solicitó a la Asimismo, la asesora de la víctima señalo que Jueza Séptimo de lo Penal de Oaxaca señalara no se había dado cumplimiento a la medida hora y fecha para la audiencia de anticipo y cautelar emitida por la Defensoría se acreditara el carácter de asesores de la víctima. Se señaló el 14 de abril de 2015 para la audiencia intermedia en contra de Rufino Juárez 11. Auto de 2 de febrero de 2015, por medio del Hernández. cual se señaló que la Audiencia de anticipo de prueba, se llevaría a cabo el 5 de febrero 15. Oficio de fecha 11 de febrero de 2015 del 2015. Juzgado Séptimo de lo Penal, mediante el cual remitió audio y video de la audiencia En dicha audiencia, de nueva cuenta, el imputado de admisión de prueba anticipada de 5 de Rufino Juárez Hernández revocó a su defensor febrero de 2015 y anticipo de prueba de 9 de público. febrero de 2015. 12. Auto de 7 de febrero de 2015, por el que se 16. Oficio de la Agencia Estatal, de fecha 11 de autorizó la entrega de copias que solicitada febrero, por medio del cual señaló que para por el imputado Elías Cruz Merino y además atender la medida cautelar a favor de Karla se informó que dentro del Recurso de revisión Micheel Salas Ramírez, David Peña Rodríguez, en la toca 507/2014, promovido por Rufino Omar Esparza designo a dos elementos y Juárez Hernández contra la resolución del un vehículo oficial para proporcionarles juicio de amparo, se dictó ejecutoria el 15 de seguridad. enero de 2015, por medio del cual confirmó la sentencia recurrida y se sobreseyó el juicio 17. Oficio de fecha 12 de febrero de 2015, por de amparo promovido por Rufino Juárez medio del cual el Ministerio público solicitó Hernández, por lo cual se ordenó levantar fecha para audiencia intermedia en relación la suspensión del proceso decretado el 28 con el imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, de diciembre de 2013 respecto al imputado ya que desde el 3 de octubre de 2013 se Rufino Juárez Hernández. presentó formal acusación en su contra. 13. Oficio de fecha 4 de febrero de 2015, 18. Oficio de la Policía Federal, dirección de mediante el cual la Agente del Ministerio asuntos jurídicos de fecha 12 de febrero de Público dio contestación a los agravios del 2015, dirigido a la Cuarta Visitadora General recurso de apelación interpuesto por Elías de la CNDH por medio del cual informó que se Cruz Merino contra el auto de vinculación al instruyó a la División de Seguridad Regional proceso y la medida de coerción. se proporcionara número de contacto para el caso de emergencia en ese estado para 14. AUDIENCIA ANTICIPO DE PRUEBA. Auto hacerlo llegar a los beneficiarios. de 16 de febrero de 2015, mediante la cual se señaló que solo se recepcionó la 19. Oficio de la Procuraduría de Defensa del declaración anticipada de la testigo RBG y indígena y grupos vulnerables, informándole falto la declaración de NCB, porque no fue a la Jueza Séptima de lo penal de Oaxaca presentada por la Fiscal dado su estado que no es posible realizar la revocación emocional. de la defensora de oficio de Rufino Juárez Hernández.

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20. Oficio del Ministerio Público por el que 24. Auto de 24 de febrero de 2015, por medio del se dio contestación al requerimiento para cual se tuvo al imputado Elías Cruz Merino, cumplir con las medidas cautelares de nombrando nuevo defensor particular. las testigos de la causa, las cuales fueron 25.Continuación de la audiencia de comunicación emitidas 28 de enero de 2015, consistentes de la imputación de Faustino Vásquez en que la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública Martínez el 25 de febrero de 2015. dará acompañamiento al interior del Estado a las testigos y en casos de emergencia les 26. Auto de Vinculación al proceso de 25 de proporcionó el teléfono del Comandante de febrero de 2015 y Medida de Coerción Reacción Inmediata y del Director Jurídico dictado por el Juez Segundo de lo Penal del dela Policía Estatal y que respecto a la Distrito Judicial del centro de fecha 25 de Agencia Estatal de Investigaciones designo febrero de 2015, contra el imputado Faustino dos elementos y un vehículo oficial para Vásquez Martínez. proporcionarles seguridad a los beneficiarios 27. (representantes de la víctima licenciados Auto de Cierre de investigación de fecha 25 Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez y David Peña de febrero de 2015, por medio del cual el Rodríguez y de la víctima Omar Esparza) y el Juez Segundo de lo Penal del Distrito Judicial traslado a las audiencias. del centro, concedió tres meses para el cierre de la investigación, el cual feneció el 26 de En relación con Omar Esparza, se instaló un mayo de 2015contra el imputado Faustino circuito cerrado en el domicilio de la víctima y se Vásquez Martínez. programó reunión de seguimiento. 28. Auto de 13 de marzo de 2015, por medio del 21. Oficio de la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de cual se tuvo por recibida la resolución de la Oaxaca en el que señaló que en la reunión de apelación de fecha 27 de febrero de 2015 de fecha 29 de enero de 2015, el representante la Segunda Sala Penal del Tribunal Superior de las víctimas solicito a la Agencia Estatal de Justicia de Oaxaca, dictada en la toca penal de Investigaciones proporcionará servicio JOTP/06/2015, que confirmó la resolución de protección a las testigos y familiares de de vinculación a proceso recurrida por el la medida cautelar; por lo cual, se programó imputado Eías Cruz Merino, ya que establece una reunión entre la Procuraduría General que el auto reclamado satisface los requisitos de Justicia estatal y el representante de las del artículo 19 constitucional. beneficiarias el 30 de enero de 2015. Se designó defensor público del imputado 22. Auto de 18 de febrero de 2015, mediante el Faustino Vásquez Martínez, así como la entrega cual se designó a una nueva abogada pública de copias a los defensores de los imputados Elías del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y en Cruz Merino y Rufino Juárez Hernández. el cual le fue entregado el archivo digital de la causa. En atención a la solicitud de Elías Cruz Merino se ordenó realizar las notificaciones con apoyo de 23. Auto de 19 de febrero de 2015, por medio intérprete de lengua triqui. del cual se puso a disposición al imputado Faustino Vázquez Martínez y se solicitó fecha 29. Auto de 20 de marzo de 2015, por medio del para la audiencia, el Juez Segundo de lo cual se tuvo por recibido un oficio del imputado Penal señalo el 20 de febrero de 2015 para Faustino Vásquez Martínez ofreciendo un disco la audiencia de comunicación de imputación. DVD y se autorizó las copias de la causa penal, así como nombrando defensor público, finalmente

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se negó la petición del imputado respecto de que concedió un plazo de 3 días al Subprocurador diversas personas autorizadas por este tuvieran de Justicia de la Región Mixteca de Oaxaca, acceso a la carpeta de la investigación, dado que para que informara cuales habían sido los estas son secretas para terceros ajenos. impedimentos, motivos o causas por las cuales no se había ejecutado la orden de 30. Auto de 30 de marzo de 2015, por medio aprehensión de fecha 25 de septiembre de del cual se tuvo a la Ministerio Público 2012, librada en contra de los coacusados de informando la realización de la reunión de la causa penal. medidas de protección a las testigos RBG y NCB, llevada a cabo el 23 de marzo de 2015. 35. Auto de 10 de abril de 2015. Respecto de la solicitud del imputado Rufino Juárez 31. Se tuvo por recibido el escrito firmado por Hernández y su defensa se estableció que las los licenciados Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez copias solicitadas ya fueron entregadas y, por y David Peña Rodríguez, representantes tanto, los derechos del imputado no habían legales de Omar Esparza y Raimo Antero sido transgredidos y se exhortó a evitar Jaakola y Eeeva-leena Jaakkola, por medio planteamientos dilatorios. del cual se adhirieron a la acusación realizada por el Ministerio Público contra Rufino Juárez Respecto del escrito presentado por la Hernández, ofreciendo pruebas y solicitando coadyuvancia, el Juez determinó que no ha lugar reparación del daño, en su calidad de a tenerlos como coadyuvantes formales en la coadyuvantes y la cuantificación del daño por causa ni ofrecidas las pruebas, ni cuantificar el lucro cesante y daño emergente. monto de la reparación, por considerar que no cumplían con las formalidades establecidas en 32. Informe del Ministerio Público de fecha 23 el artículo 295 del código procesal penal. de marzo de 2015, por medio del cual informó al Juzgado que la reunión de seguimiento de 36. Oficio de fecha 6 de abril de 2015, mediante la medida cautelar, en las que participaron el cual la Agente del Ministerio Público señaló diversas instituciones y los solicitantes, que el carácter de representantes legales principalmente que se mantuvieron los de las víctimas les fue reconocido desde la acuerdos tomados en la reunión inicial de las audiencia de 31 de enero de 2015 y que, medidas otorgadas por la Procuraduría y los en efecto, resultan ser víctimas en el caso, representantes de las víctimas informaron los menores hijos de Alberta Cariño Trujillo que ocurrieron algunos incidentes y y representados por Omar Esparza Zarate, solicitaron mayor colaboración. progenitor y concubino supérstite. 33. Auto de 8 de abril de 2015, por medio del 37. Audiencia intermedia en contra del cual se tuvo por notificada la admisión del procesado Rufino Juárez Hernández de fecha juicio de Amparo 445/2015 promovido por 14 de abril de 2015, la cual no se llevó a cabo Elías Cruz Merino, en contra de la resolución porque el imputado solicito nombrar a su JOTP/06/2015, de fecha 27 de febrero de defensor público y tiempo para preparar su 2015, en la que se confirmó el auto de defensa y se fijó el 22 de mayo de 2015. vinculación al proceso en contra del imputado 38. Auto de 16 de abril de 2015, por medio Elías Cruz Merino y, por lo tanto, se decretó la del cual se tuvo por recibido el escrito de suspensión del proceso. los representantes de las víctimas en el que 34. Requerimiento de la Jueza de Garantía manifiestan que se adhieren a la acusación de Huajuapan de León, por medio del cual en contra del procesado Rufino Juárez

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Hernández de la Agente del Ministerio cual se tuvo por recibido el escrito de los Público; sin embargo, al existir un escrito Licenciados Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez y similar recibido el 27 de marzo del 2015, se David Peña Rodríguez, interponiendo recurso determinó que deberá estarse a lo resuelto de revocación en contra del auto de 16 de abril en el auto de 10 de abril y se señaló el 22 de 2015, donde solicitaban se les reconociera de mayo la audiencia intermedia en contra el derecho de las víctimas a constituirse en del mencionado procesado y solicitó que la la presente causa penal como “coadyuvante víctima Omar Esparza manifestara de manera acusador”. expresa si es su deseo que los licenciados Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez y David Peña Se negó el derecho de las Rodríguez sean sus asesores jurídicos. víctimas a la reparación del daño, ofrecer pruebas y nombrar 39. Informe de fecha 19 de abril de 2015, a la coadyuvancia con base a mediante el cual el Juzgado de Huajuapan cuestiones procesales que no indicó a la Cuarta Visitaduria de la CNDH pueden obstaculizar el ejercicio sobre la falta de ejecución de la orden de de derechos fundamentales de aprehensión de la causa, porque no ha las víctimas. existido un seguimiento puntal para la ejecución de la orden; por tanto, se ordenó Siendo que se cumplió con el informar al Procurador General de Justicia plazo establecido por el Código del Estado de dicha situación. Procesal Penal vigente en la región mixteca, ya que debido al Es importante hacer notar que el Poder Judicial cambio de fecha para la audiencia del Estado reconoció expresamente que existe intermedia de Rufino Juárez una falta de voluntad para ejecutar las demás Hernández, el escrito presentado órdenes de aprehensión. el 14 de abril de 2015, 25 días 40. Auto de 19 de abril de 2015, por medio del antes de la última fecha fijada para la celebración cual se tuvo por recibido el incidente de la suspensión definitiva concedida al quejoso Elías Cruz Merino en el amparo 445/2015. 44. Auto de 7 de mayo del 2015, por medio del Se otorgaron las copias de audio y video de la cual el imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández audiencia de comunicación de imputación al revocó a su abogado particular y solicitó la defensor particular de Rufino Juárez Hernández, designación del defensor de oficio licenciado no así de las audiencias de prueba anticipada Edgar Esteeven Nicolás Pérez, en el que se porque estas ya fueron entregadas a la defensora tuvo al acusado incurriendo en incidencias pública de dicho imputado. dilatorias, toda vez que ha solicitado en diversas ocasiones copias de la causa y 41. Auto de 28 de abril de 2015, por medio del nombramientos y revocaciones de sus cual el Agente del Ministerio Público tuvo defensores que generaron el diferimiento cerrada la investigación por lo que respecta de la audiencia intermedia, por lo anterior, al imputado Elías Cruz Merino y debido a la el Juez suspendió el plazo de la prisión interposición del amparo interpuesto por preventiva impuesta única y exclusivamente el imputado se suspendió el proceso y el a Rufino Juárez Hernández, dictada el 19 de cómputo del plazo de la prisión preventiva. marzo de 2013, hasta la celebración de la 42. Auto de 4 de mayo de 2015, por medio del audiencia intermedia.

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45. Oficio de fecha 14 de abril de 2014, mediante debate el competente, por no ser la etapa el cual se hizo el segundo requerimiento procesal correspondiente. al Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan de León Se señaló que la Audiencia pública programada de la cuarta Visitaduria de la CNDH, en el para el 22 de mayo en contra de Rufino Juárez expediente CNDH/4/2015/841/Q, sobre Hernández, se difirió para el 22 de julio 2015 un informe sobre la falta de ejecución de para la celebración de la audiencia intermedia. las demás ordenes de aprehensión y si tenían conocimiento de alguna amenaza o 48. Oficio de fecha 21 de mayo de 2015, de la agresión a las víctimas, testigos de cargo y Procuraduría de la Defensa Indígena y Grupos representantes legales. Vulnerables, por medio del cual se señaló que el licenciado Edgar Esteeven Nicolás Pérez, 46. Auto de 20 de mayo de 2015, mediante el designado por el imputado Rufino Juárez cual se tuvo por presentado el escrito de Hernández, es defensor de un coimputado los licenciados Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez en la misma causa penal, por tanto, existía y David Peña Rodríguez, representantes de incompatibilidad en la defensa y señalo a la las víctimas, mediante el cual solicitaban Lic. Maricela Yam Trujillo, como defensora la ACUMULACIÓN DE LAS CAUSAS de los pública de dicho imputado. imputados, en el que el Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan de León, dado que las 49. Auto de fecha 18 de mayo de 2015, del Juez imputaciones de los procesados Rufino Juárez Cuarto de Distrito en el Estado de Oaxaca, en Hernández, Elías Cruz Merino y Faustino el juicio de amparo 445/2015, promovido por Vázquez Martínez existe identidad en los Elías Cruz Merino, mediante el cual interpuso hechos delictivos, pruebas, víctimas. recurso de queja y formuló agravios, en contra del proveído dictado el 6 de mayo de Los representantes de las víctimas señalaron 2015. que la separación de los juicios que se llevan en la misma causa penal implicaba que las 50. Auto de fecha 26 de mayo de 2015, por medio víctimas y sobrevivientes del ataque participen del cual se resolvió el recurso de revocación de manera repetitiva en cada una de las etapas interpuesto por los representantes legales procesales de cada imputado ante la autoridad de las víctimas, en el que se determinó que judicial, lo que les supone una carga excesiva y el recurso presentado fue extemporáneo, desproporcionada, que en el caso del desahogo pues se tomó en consideración la primera de las testimoniales de los sobrevivientes implica fecha para la celebración de la audiencia una victimización constante, lo cual implica intermedia en contra del procesado Rufino la violación de sus derechos en su calidad de Juárez Hernández, se declararon infundados víctimas. los agravios e improcedente revocar el acuerdo del 16 de abril de 2015. Asimismo, la falta de ejecución de las órdenes de aprehensión pendientes pone en riesgo a las testigos y sobrevivientes del ataque, pues el grupo armado puede tener una reacción violenta en la participación de las víctimas en el proceso penal. 47. El Juez determinó se declaró incompetente para pronunciarse respecto a la acumulación planteada, pues señala que es el Tribunal de

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ECO, PAGG, Francisco Adolfo Velasco Zenteno y Octavio Asunción Luna. Juicio de Amparo 878/2015, Las testigos presenciales de los hechos que demanda promovida por hacen un señalamiento directo de Rufino Juárez Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez, Hernández: RBG, NCB y EÁG. en su carácter de asesora y representante de Omar Alfredo Testigos de la situación de San Juan Copala, Esparza Zárate y Eeve-Leena Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca: Jorge Albino Ortiz, vocero Anniki Jaakkola, contra el del Municipio de San Juan Copala, José Luis Armas acto del juez de Garantía del Cuevas, Jefe de Grupo en el Centro de Planeación, distrito judicial de Huajuapan Análisis e Información para el Combate a la de León, Oaxaca, en contra del Acuerdo que resuelve recurso Delincuencia de la PGR, Guillermo Luna Gálvez de revocación 28 de mayo de Director de las Fuerzas Estatales de Apoyo a 2015. El Juez Quinto de Distrito la Policía Estatal y Comisionado de la Policía en el Estado de Oaxaca, el 23 Estatal, Ranulfo Sánchez Méndez Comandante de junio de 2015, determinó el de la Policía en Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Agustín desechamiento de la demanda. Miguel Badillo Cruz Director de Revista Contra línea, Armando Moisés Figueroa Jiménez Agente Por lo cual, se presentó el Estatal de Investigación, Silverio Cruz Nolasco recurso de Queja toca 144/2015, Comandante de la Policía Estatal en Putla ante el Tribunal Colegiado en Oaxaca, Armando Cruz Sánchez Comandante de Materias Penal y Administrativa la Policía Estatal de Huajuapan de León Oaxaca. del Decimotercer Circuito, el 08 de agosto de 2016, revocó Periciales: En medicina, necropsia de Alberta el desechamiento y ordenó a la Cariño Trujillo y Jyri Jaakkola, mecánica de responsable declarar fundado lesiones, Química en las prendas de vestir de y procedente el recurso de los occisos, en Planimetría, Criminalística de revocación promovido por la Campo (PGR), Mecánica de hechos, posición de parte quejosa, y por otra parte víctimas (PGR), Balística (sobre identificación y ordeno a la responsable acordar clasificación de casquillos y demás elementos de conformidad la solicitud de la balísticos (PGJE), calibre nominal de los parte quejosa, en los términos en metálicos encontrados (PGR), Trayecto de y que se le solicitaron trayectoria de los proyectiles que impactaron 51. Auto de fecha 9 de junio de 2015, mediante el los vehículos (PGR), cantidad de armas de fuego cual se tuvo a la Agente del Ministerio Público y marca probable (PGR) y Fotografía. formulando formal acusación en contra del PRUEBA ANTICIPADA. Registro de grabación imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez y se audiovisual, el testimonio de RBG recepcionada, señaló el 9 de julio para la celebración de la así como el acta levantada al efecto, en el que audiencia intermedia. consta el método utilizado y la identificación del Esta acusación se basa en las siguientes: resguardo, las cuales obran bajo resguardo del Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan de León. Pruebas: testimonial de Omar Esparza Zarate concubino de Alberta Cariño Trujillo. Otras pruebas: 37 fotografías de los cuerpos de Bety y Jyri, 107 fotografías levantamiento de Testigos: NVR, RVN, DAC, GLJR, MCSO, DC, MSB, cadáveres, 411 fotografías de la representación FESM, MMM, ALMC, DCCG, ESRP, NBJ, DVR, TSC,

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gráfica del trayecto y trayectoria de los del Ministerio Publico respecto al cambio proyectiles disparados por arma de fuego en de sede para la celebración de la audiencia el lugar de los hechos y 84 fotografías de las intermedia en contra del imputado Faustino necropsias. Vásquez Martínez, para el 9 de julio de 2015. 52. Auto de 19 junio de 2015, por medio del cual 56. Oficio de fecha 7 de julio de 2015, mediante se tuvo por recibido el oficio de la Agente el cual el Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan de del Ministerio Publico, en el que solicitó León, solicitó al Comisionado de la Policía que la audiencia intermedia señalada para estatal resguardo de la seguridad de dicho el 9 de julio de 2015, en contra de Faustino Juzgado durante la audiencia intermedia de Vásquez Martínez se lleve a cabo en la Ciudad fecha 9 de julio de 2015. de Oaxaca, por motivos de seguridad y se tuvo por recibido el escrito de los asesores A pesar de que el Ministerio jurídicos de las víctimas, mediante el cual Público solicito el cambio de se adhirieron a la acusación del Agente del sede de la celebración de la Ministerio Público y reparación del daño y audiencia intermedia de Faustino pruebas en contra del inculpado Faustino Vásquez Martínez por motivos Vásquez Martínez. de seguridad, el Poder Judicial del Oaxaca se negó a proteger 53. Oficio de fecha 17 de junio de 2015, a los participantes del juicio y mediante el cual, el Agente del Ministerio solo ordenó al Comisionado de Publico expuso las amenazas en contra de la la Policía Estatal resguardar la víctima Omar Esparza y los sucesos en los que seguridad durante la audiencia se ha atentado contra su vida y el riesgo que intermedia de 9 de julio de 2015. existe para los representantes legales de las 57. Oficio de fecha 9 de julio de 2015, mediante víctimas, así como el personal de la Fiscalía el cual se rindió informe del comandante de durante el traslado a la Ciudad de Huajuapan la Guardia de la Penitenciaria del Estado, de León para la celebración de la audiencia mediante el cual señaló que el interno intermedia señalada para el 9 de julio de Faustino Vásquez Martínez no asistiría al 2015, pues sostiene que no se descarta que un Juzgado de Huajuapan a la celebración de la grupo armado intente rescatar al imputado audiencia intermedia. Faustino Vásquez Martínez por parte de UBISORT; por tanto, se solicitó celebrar la 58. Auto de fecha 16 de julio de 2015, mediante audiencia intermedia en la Ciudad de Oaxaca. el cual se tuvo por recibida la solicitud del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, respecto 54. Escrito de fecha 18 de junio de 2015, de al diferimiento de su audiencia de fecha 22 la coadyuvancia acusadora respecto al de julio de 2015 y se le concedieron 45 días imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez, en para la preparación de la defensa, por lo que el que se solicitó incorporar a la hija e hijo se ordenó dar vista a las partes. de la víctima Alberta Cariño Trujillo como víctimas, se solicitó la reparación del daño de 59. Auto de 20 de julio de 2015, por medio del acuerdo con los estándares internacionales cual se tuvieron por recibidos los escritos en materia de reparación y el derecho a la del Agente del Ministerio Publico y el reparación integral. representante de las víctimas en oposición a la solicitud del plazo solicitado por la defensa 55. Auto de fecha 7 de julio de 2015, por medio del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández; del cual se negó la petición de la Agente sin embargo, se ordenó el diferimiento 95 INFORME DEL PROCESO DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN EL CASO DE LOS ASESINATOS DE BETY CARIÑO Y JYRI JAAKKOLA

de la audiencia intermedia para el día 1 de asistiría a la audiencia intermedia del imputado septiembre de 2015, porque se consideró Faustino Vásquez Martínez y reiteró su solicitud procedente el plazo que solicita la defensa de que se celebrara la audiencia en la Ciudad de para hacerse llegar de los medios de prueba Oaxaca, en el que el Juez señaló que se estaría a que solicita. lo acordado en el auto de 21 de julio. 60. Oficio de fecha 18 de julio de 2015 del Igualmente se tuvo por recibido la petición Ministerio Publico, por medio del cual del representante social sobre la unión de consideró excesivo el plazo de 45 días causaciones a fin de que se decrete un solo solicitado por la defensa del imputado Rufino juicio y se someta a una sola audiencia de Juárez Hernández debate, respecto a los imputados Rufino Juárez Hernández y Faustino Vásquez Martínez, 61. Escrito de fecha 19 de julio de 2015, debido a que la instrucción ministerial ofreció por medio del cual el representante de en las acusaciones las testimoniales de las las víctimas señaló “que el acusado ha personas que presenciaron el hecho materia buscado en reiteradas ocasiones retrasar el de la acusación, el cual debido a su gravead desarrollo de la audiencia intermedia, ya sea les ha impactado y de habérseles comparecer interponiendo recursos o bien, cambiando de a declarar en repetidas ocasiones derivaría en defensa y manifiesta excesiva la solicitud de su revictimización, por lo que se puso a la vista 45 días, porque la defensa lleva dos meses en de las partes para que manifestaran lo que a su el caso y solo se trata de realizar 3 entrevistas derecho conviniera. y conocer si el Colegio Libre de Estudios Universitarios lo apoyaran con la realización 64. Auto de 31 de julio de 2015, mediante el del peritaje en grafoscopía. cual se tuvo a las partes dando contestación a la solicitud de la Agente del Ministerio 62. Auto de 21 de julio de 2015, por medio Público, respecto de acumular las causas del cual la defensa del imputado Faustino de los imputados Rufino Juárez Hernández Vásquez Martínez, manifestó que es su y Faustino Vásquez Martínez, en el que la deseo que la audiencia intermedia se llevara representante de las víctimas, licenciada a cabo en el Juzgado de Huajuapan de León Karla Micheel Salas Ramírez señalo estar de y asistir a la misma, por ser su derecho que acuerdo con la petición formulada por el un juez competente lleve a cabo los actos Ministerio Publico, mientras que la defensa del proceso, escrito que se ordenó poner a la de Faustino Vásquez Martínez se opuso a vista de las partes. la petición formulada, al señalar que dicha 63. Auto de 23 de julio de 2015, a través del petición no está debidamente fundada y cual se tuvo por recibido el informe policial motivada y que la teoría del caso que se va de fecha 21 de julio, respecto al traslado a plantear en el momento oportuno no es la del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández a la misma para ambos imputados y la defensa audiencia intermedia del 22 de julio, en el cual del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y su señaló que no era su voluntad comparecer a defensa señalaron que la petición formulada dicha audiencia, dado que la defensa técnica por el Ministerio Publico no se encentraba todavía no contaba con todas las pruebas que debidamente fundada y motivada. se ofrecerán y anunciarán en dicha audiencia. Por lo cual, el Juez determinó que no había Se tuvo a la representante social informando lugar a la petición planteada por la Agente del que la víctima indirecta Omar Esparza no Ministerio Público, dado que cada imputado presentaría individualmente su teoría del caso, 96 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

tal como lo señalaba la defensa del imputado La Agente del Ministerio Público se adhirió a Faustino Vásquez Martínez. la petición de los representantes legales de las víctimas de cambiar la sede de la audiencia Los representantes de las intermedia del imputado Faustino Vásquez víctimas, señalaron que se Martínez, dado el riesgo que implica para la adherian a la petición formulada victima Omar Esparza, lo cual disminuiría si por el Ministerio Publico porque la audiencia se llevara a cabo en la Ciudad de permitiría una actuación con la Oaxaca para que esté presente, la defensa del debida diligencia y solicitaban imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez, reiteró su considerar el cambio de sede de solicitud de que la audiencia se llevara a cabo la audiencia intermedia, con el en el juzgado de origen y competencia, por ser objetivo de disminuir el riesgo un derecho del imputado y el imputado Rufino para la victima Omar Esparza Juárez Hernández y su defensa señaló que al y las personas que asisten a la audiencia, dado que había sufrido no ser la representación social la que solicita la amenazas y el MECANISMO DE petición de cambio de sede carece de motivación PROTECCIÓN DE PERSONAS y fundamentación. DEFENSORAS Y PERIODISTAS Por tanto, el Juez determinó que no era había calificado como su situación procedente llevar a cabo en lugar distinto al de riesgo como extraordinario, la cual es la más elevada en la distrito judicial de competencia, por tanto, escala fijada por dicho organismo señaló el 5 de octubre de 2015 para que se y determino su ingreso a dicho lleve a cabo la audiencia intermedia relativo al mecanismo, lo anterior con base imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y en vista en las condiciones propias de la que la víctima desea asistir a dicha audiencia, zona mixteca y de la presencia se ordenó a la Agente del Ministerio Publico territorial y capacidad en el previera la seguridad tanto de la víctima como uso de las armas del grupo al delos intervinientes y solicitó brindar seguridad a que pertenecen los imputados los cuerpos de seguridad durante las audiencias y las personas cuyas órdenes de 1 de septiembre y 5 de octubre de 2015. de aprehensión faltan por cumplimentarse, y cuya zona 67. Auto de 14 de agosto de 2015, mediante de influencia se encuentra el cual se señaló el 19 de agosto para la principalmente en la Mixteca. realización de la prueba en grafoscopía 65. Auto de 6 de agosto de 2015, mediante el cual para determinar si la firma y escritura se tuvo por recibido el escrito del imputado que calza de manera autógrafa el libro de Rufino Juárez Hernández en el que manifiesto control de ingresos y salidas del Juzgado de que no era su deseo asistir a la audiencia Garantías relativo al año 2010, en su foja intermedia de fecha 1 de septiembre 2015. 95, específicamente en la fecha 27 de abril son de puño y letra del imputado Rufino 66. Auto de 13 de agosto de 2015, mediante el Juárez Hernández y se convocó a la Agente cual se tuvo por recibidos los escritos de la del Ministerio Publico para que asistiera al Agente del Ministerio Publico y los imputados desahogo de dicha prueba. Rufino Juárez Hernández y Faustino Vásquez Martínez, respecto a la solicitud de los Asimismo, se solicitó a la defensa asegurar la representantes de las víctimas de cambio de efectividad y anticipación para recabar los medios sede de la audiencia intermedia. de prueba señalados, a fin de evitar dilaciones en el proceso que retarden la administración de justicia 97 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

68. Oficio de fecha 15 de agosto de 2015, por a su derecho conviniera. medio del cual la Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan 72. Auto de 30 de septiembre de 2015, de León solicitó al titular de la Secretaria mediante el cual se tuvo por recibido el oficio de Asuntos Indígenas del Estado de Oaxaca de la Agente del Ministerio Público en el un informe detallado sobre los conflictos cual se opuso al diferimiento de la audiencia que se suscitan entre las comunidades que intermedia solicitado por el imputado Rufino pertenecen a San Juan Copala desde el 2010 Juárez Hernández; porque el imputado se hasta la fecha (2015), los nombres de todas encontraba recabando pruebas a su favor las organizaciones que tengan conocidos en fuera de la etapa procesal oportuna para la zona triqui, específicamente en San Juan obstaculizar el desarrollo del proceso, así Copala, Juxtlahuaca y si para el ingreso de como que el termino solicitado era excesivo, algunas comunidades de la zona triqui (San dado que las víctimas tienen derecho a que Juan Copala) se requería algún permiso para se les administre justicia en los plazos y su entrada y salida y a que organizaciones términos que fijen las leyes. se les solicita dicha autorización y a que poblaciones pertenecen. Sin embargo, el Juez determino que al encontrarse justificado el motivo de diferimiento 69. Auto de 28 de agosto de 2015, por medio del de la audiencia para su defensa, señaló la cual el imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández audiencia intermedia para el 4 de diciembre de solicitó la cancelación programada para el 2015. 1 de septiembre, dado que a la fecha (26 de agosto) no se les había entregado el 73. Auto de 1 de octubre de 2015, mediante dictamen en grafoscopía practicado, también el cual se tuvo por recibido el escrito de los señaló que no se habían entregado diversos asesores de las víctimas para desahogar la informes solicitados y la fecha de la audiencia vista del día 28 de septiembre 2015, sobre de debate del inculpado en la diversa causa la solicitud de copias para su defensa, en 457/2011 en Nochixtlan, por lo cual se el que señalan que esta petición se ha ordenó dar vista a las partes para que dentro convertido en una estrategia de dilación del plazo de 24 horas manifestaran lo que a del imputado respecto a la solicitud de su derecho conviniera. suspensión de la audiencia, señalan que no se oponen, sin embargo, observan que ese 70. Auto de 31 de agosto de 2015, mediante el Juzgado argumentando un respeto irrestricto cual la Agente del Ministerio Publico señaló a los derechos del imputado y de la debida que no se oponía a la solicitud de diferimiento defensa ha conculcado de manera reiterada de la audiencia intermedia solicitado por el los derechos de las víctimas, los principios imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, por lo de ese sistema procesal y sostienen que el que se señaló el 2 de octubre para que se Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan de León lleve a cabo dicha audiencia. ha actuado de manera sesgada al proteger 71. Auto de 26 de septiembre de 2015, mediante los derechos de los imputados por sobre los el cual se ordenó a varias autoridades derechos de las víctimas, pues respecto a las entregar diversas solicitudes a la defensa peticiones de las víctimas se han formulado del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y apegadas a la ley y el espíritu del proceso en vista de la solicitud del imputado de una penal acusatorio adversarial y a los derechos nueva prórroga de 45 días por las razones de las víctimas, ese Juzgado ha resuelto de mencionadas, se ordenó dar vista a las partes manera limitativa y restrictiva, mientras que en un plazo de 48 horas manifestaran lo que las peticiones del imputado se ha razonado 98 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

con un criterio más abierto y laxo en términos AÑO 2016: ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA INJUSTICIA procesales; sin embargo, el Juez determinó 1. Acuerdo de 6 de enero de 2016, en atención que se recibió fuera del plazo concedido, por a la solicitud hecha por Faustino Vásquez tanto, debía estarse a lo resuelto en el auto Martínez y tomando en consideración el de 30 de septiembre, en el que se señaló el proveído de 8 de diciembre de 2015, se cambio de fecha de audiencia intermedia ordenó cancelar la audiencia intermedia para el 4 de diciembre de 2015. programada para el 7 de enero de 2016 y se Por otra parte, en razón del escrito presentado difirió para el 3 de febrero de 2016. por el imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez, 2. Auto de 12 de enero de 2016, mediante el mediante el cual solicitó el diferimiento de la cual el Juzgado de Garantía tuvo al Licenciado audiencia de 5 de octubre, en razón de que Elio César Cruz Fabián como el Agente del no se encontraba en posibilidades de ofrecer Ministerio Publico a cargo de la causa penal las pruebas que pretendía desahogar en dicha 257/12 a partir de esa fecha, razón por la cual audiencia, el Juez consideró procedente su solicitó el diferimiento de la audiencia de 3 solicitud y señaló el 23 de noviembre de 2015 de febrero de 2016, respecto del imputado para que tuviera verificativo la audiencia Faustino Vásquez Martínez. intermedia en la causa y autorizó la entrada de un doctor al centro de internamiento para 3. Auto de 19 de enero de 2016, por medio del recabar los medios de prueba solicitados por el cual, teniendo en cuenta la petición realizada imputado por el imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y su defensa, se determinó obsequiar por 74. Auto de 2 de octubre de 2015, mediante el última ocasión su petición de diferir la cual se ordenó expedir al imputado Rufino audiencia intermedia para que estuviera en Juárez Hernández las copias solicitadas para condiciones de preparar su defensa para no vulnerar su derecho a la defensa, en el cual reunir las pruebas necesarias para su juicio, se abrió el sobre que contiene la diligencia de por tanto, se canceló la audiencia señalada anticipo de prueba. para el 20 de enero de 2016 y se señaló el 22 75. Auto del 1 de diciembre de 2015, mediante de febrero de 2016. el cual se tuvo por recibido el escrito del 5. Auto de 29 de enero de 2016, mediante el imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández y su cual el Juez de Garantía de Huajuapan de defensa solicitando el diferimiento de la León, señaló que no existían las condiciones audiencia intermedia del 4 de diciembre de para llevar a cabo la audiencia intermedia de 2015, por lo que se señaló el 20 de enero de 3 de febrero de 2016, respecto al imputado 2016. Faustino Vásquez Martínez y determinó el 11 de marzo de 2016 para celebrar dicha En el año 2015, el imputado audiencia. Rufino Juárez Hernández solicito en 6 ocasiones el diferimiento 6. Auto de 16 de febrero de 2016, por medio de la audiencia intermedia, con del cual se ordenó rendir el informe previo argumentos fútiles, como la y el justificado al Juzgado Quinto de Distrito, solicitud de copias y nombramiento respecto al amparo 878/2015, promovido por de diversos abogados defensores, los representantes de las víctimas y se ordenó que el Juez consistió en agravio del cancelar la audiencia intermedia programada derecho de las víctimas de a–cceso para el 22 de febrero de 2016, respecto del a la justicia pronta y expedita. 99 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, hasta intermedia de fecha 16 de junio de 2016. en tanto no se resolviera el juicio de amparo 14. Notificación por medio de la cual se señaló señalado. que durante la audiencia pública respecto del 7. Auto de 10 de marzo de 2016, mediante el imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez de 2 de cual se tuvo por recibida la solicitud del mayo se difirió para el 16 de junio de 2016. imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández respecto 15. Resolución del 23 de abril de 2016 mediante a la celebración de la audiencia intermedia; la cual se resolvió conducente la medida de sin embargo, se ordenó hacérsele saber que coerción provisional consistente en la prisión no podría ser desahogada, hasta en tanto preventiva respecto al imputado Mauro no se resuelva el juicio de amparo 878/2015 Vásquez Ramírez. promovido por las víctimas. 16.Audiencia de ampliación del término Asimismo, visto el escrito del imputado constitucional de fecha el 28 de abril de Faustino Vásquez Martínez, en el que solicito 2016 respecto al imputado Mauro Vásquez el diferimiento de la audiencia programada Ramírez. para el 11 de marzo de 2016, dado su estado de salud, por lo cual se señaló el 2 de mayo para el 17. Auto de vinculación a proceso de 28 de desahogo de la audiencia intermedia respecto a abril de 2016, mediante el cual Juez Quinto dicho imputado. de lo penal del Distrito Judicial del centro en auxilio del Juzgado de Garantía de Huajuapan 8. Parte informativo de fecha 22 de abril de (origen), en el que se encontró acreditado 2016, mediante el cual la Policía Federal el delito de homicidio calificado con Ministerial de la detención y examen médico premeditación, alevosía y ventaja y se dictó de integridad física de Mauro Vázquez vinculación a proceso al imputado Mauro Ramírez Mauro Vásquez Ramírez (50 años) Vásquez Ramírez. 9. Auto de 22 de abril de 2016, en el que el Juez 18. Auto que impone la medida de coerción de Garantías tuvo por recibido el escrito del de prisión preventiva de forma definitiva al Agente del Ministerio Publico por el que imputado Mauro Vásquez Ramírez. manifestó que el imputado Mauro Vásquez Ramírez, perteneciente a UBISORT, con 19. Auto de 16 de junio de 2016, por medio del presencia en Huajuapan, lugar de ubicación cual se tuvo por recibido el oficio del Agente del Juzgado el traslado a dicha ciudad del del Ministerio Público por el que señala que imputado representa un riesgo para este y no compareció a la audiencia programada el desarrollo de la audiencia de imputación y para el día de la fecha debido a los bloqueos la falta de medidas de seguridad necesarias, carreteros en la región mixteca que le ordeno que el Juez Quinto de lo penal del impidieron asistir a la audiencia programada; Distrito Judicial del Centro (Oaxaca) señale mientras que la Dirección Jurídica de la fecha y hora para celebrar la audiencia Policía Estatal de Oaxaca informo que le fue mencionada. imposible trasladar al imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez al lugar de la audiencia. 10. Audiencia de comunicación de imputación de fecha 22 de abril de 2016, respecto al Por lo que en audiencia pública se citó para que imputado Mauro Vásquez Ramírez. se lleve a cabo la audiencia intermedia del día 23 de agosto del 2017. 13. Solicitud del imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez para su traslado a la audiencia 20. Auto de 21 de junio de 2016, mediante el cual

100 el Juez de Garantía, en atención de la solicitud víctimas, mediante comparecencia ante el del imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez de Ministerio Público de la Fiscalía de Asuntos adelantar la audiencia intermedia señalo el 4 de Trascendencia Social de la Fiscalía General de agosto del 2016 para la celebración de la del Estado de Oaxaca, el 12 de octubre de misma. 2016. 21. Escrito a mano del imputado promovido por 23. Auto de 8 de agosto de 2016, mediante Faustino Vásquez Martínez, por medio del el cual se ordenó notificar a las víctimas y cual solicita al Juzgado de Huajuapan que la al imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez la audiencia intermedia programada para el 4 determinación de la audiencia intermedia de agosto se lleve a cabo sin la presencia. celebrado el 4 de agosto de 2017, consistente en el auto de apertura de juicio Audiencia intermedia 24. Acuerdo de 16 de agosto de 2016, por medio del cual el presidente del Tribunal de Juicio Artículos 301-313 Oral programo para el 7 de noviembre de 2016 para que se llevara a cabo la audiencia Debate acerca de las pruebas de debate del Tribunal de Juicio Oral de ofrecidas por las partes Huajuapan de León, en contra del imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez y ordeno citar a La importancia de esta audiencia las partes, testigos y peritos que deberían radica en que cada parte comparecer con las pruebas y evidencias podrá formular las solicitudes, admitidas por el Juez de Garantías para que observaciones y planteamientos fueran desahogadas en la citada audiencia. que estime relevantes con relación a las pruebas ofrecidas Asimismo, estableció que el Tribunal de debate por las demás, para los fines de seria integrado por los licenciados Antonio la Exclusión de pruebas para la Jiménez Carballo como presidente de dicho audiencia de debate.Asimismo, Tribunal, Luis Francisco González Sánchez y se puede debatir acerca de la Sorely Esmirna Castro Vázquez. suspensión del proceso a prueba, el procedimiento abreviado o la 25. El Tribunal de Juicio Oral determinÓ fecha de conciliación. audiencia para el 7 de noviembre de 2016 que se había programado en el auto de apertura Fuente: CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL a juicio, a pesar de que se encontraba en PARA EL ESTADO DE OAXACA proceso el juicio de amparo 1705/2016 del Juzgado Quinto de Distrito de Oaxaca 22. AUDIENCIA INTERMEDIA: La Jueza Guadalupe y pretendía llevar a cabo dicha audiencia Chávez Cabrera, dictó el Auto de apertura en agravio del derecho de las víctimas a de juicio oral en el proceso contra Faustino inconformarse en contra dicha resolución. Vásquez Martínez, el 4 de agosto de 2016, en la que desestimo las pruebas aportadas por la coadyuvancia, en la que omitió la inclusión de la prueba anticipada, que previamente había sido aceptada por el Juez de Garantías de ese mismo Juzgado, el cual fue notificado a los asesores y representantes de las

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26. Oficio de la Fiscalía General del Estado de Oaxaca, de fecha 6 de octubre de 2016, Juicio de amparo para mediante el cual el Agente del Ministerio solicitar la inclusión de la Público pusó a disposición al imputado prueba anticipada Juan Macario Bautista Martínez, quien el 5 de octubre fue entregado por autoridades El 3 de noviembre de 2016 se estadounidenses en el Puente Internacional promovió el Juicio de amparo de Matamoros Tamaulipas y Brownsville 1705/2016, en contra del auto Texas a la FEIDTS y solicito al Juez de Garantía de apertura de juicio en la causa para que la audiencia inicial se llevara a penal 257/2012 y la omisión de cabo en la Ciudad de Oaxaca porque el inclusión de la prueba anticipada, imputado pertenece al grupo UBISORT, lo del acuerdo de cuatro de agosto que representa un peligro el traslado del del 2016, en la cual se suspendió detenido. el proceso respecto al imputado Faustino Vásquez Martínez. 27. Auto de 6 de octubre de 2016, mediante el cual el Juez de Control tuvo por recibido el Fue resuelto el 28 de febrero de escrito por el que se pone a disposición al 2017, por el Juzgado Cuarto de imputado Juan Macario Bautista Martínez Distrito del Centro Auxiliar de la y en vista de que pertenece a UBSORT no Séptima Región con residencia es factible su traslado por falta de medidas en Acapulco Guerrero en auxilio de seguridad necesarias para desahogar la al Juzgado Quinto de Distrito del audiencia de comunicación de la imputación Décimo Tercer Circuito, con sede y exhorto al Juez de Turno del Circuito Judicial en la Ciudad de Oaxaca, en el de Valles Centrales en Tlacoluta Oaxaca para que desecho el amparo razón por que señale hora y fecha para la celebración la cual se interpuso recurso de de la audiencia señalada y se ordenó designar revisión. interprete triqui, aun cuando el imputado manifestó hablar español. Asimismo, tampoco existían las medidas de 28. Audiencia de comunicación 6 de octubre y protección y seguridad necesarias para llevar a continuación 7 de octubre de 2016, respecto cabo dicha audiencia, pues se citó a las testigos, del imputado Juan Macario Bautista Martínez. los sobrevivientes y víctimas sin que hubiera 29. Audiencia de ampliación del término un mecanismo de protección adecuado que constitucional celebrada el 12 de octubre en garantizara su integridad, dado que el Juzgado la que se dictó auto de vinculación a proceso de la causa donde se llevaría a cabo la audiencia contra Juan Macario Bautista Martínez y el se encuentra en territorio controlado por Juez de Control del Circuito Judicial de Valles el grupo que ataco a la Caravana y la falta de Centrales declinó competencia al Juzgado ejecución de las demás ordenes de aprehensión, Especializado en materia para adolescentes lo cual pone en un riesgo extremo a las personas del estado de Oaxaca porque se presume la que pretendan a participar en el juicio oral. duda sobre su persona se trate de un menor Al no existir las condiciones de seguridad idóneas de edad y resuelva la situación jurídica del la audiencia fue suspendida. imputado se ordenó su internamiento en la Dirección de Ejecución de Medidas para Adolescentes. 102 POLITICAL AGREEMENTS OF IMPUNITY: REPORT OF THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE CASE OF ASSSESSINATIONS OF BETY CARIÑO AND JYRI JAAKKOLA

30. Medida de coerción provisional de 7 de 36. Auto de 1 de diciembre de 2016, mediante octubre de 2016 respecto al imputado Juan el cual se señaló el 28 de marzo de 2017 Macario Bautista Martínez. para que se lleve a cabo la audiencia intermedia respecto al imputado Rufino 31. Auto de vinculación a proceso de 12 de Juárez Hernández, el cual manifestó no tener octubre de 2016 de Juan Macario Bautista interés en asistir a la audiencia intermedia y Martínez del Juzgado de Control del Circuito nombro como defensor público al licenciado de Valle, por medio del cual se dictó auto Edgar Steeven Nicolás Pérez sin revocar a la de vinculación a proceso al imputado, licenciada Maricela Yam Trujillo. como probable responsable del delito de HOMICIDIO calificado con premeditación, 37. Auto de 7 de diciembre de 2016, mediante ventaja y alevosía cometido en agravio de el cual determino que la existencia del juicio Alberta Cariño y Jyri Antero Jaakkola. de amparo 1705/2016 contra actos del Juez de Control de Huajuapan; sin embargo, el 32. Medida de coerción definitiva de fecha 12 Tribunal de Enjuiciamiento de Huajuapan no de octubre de 2016, en la que se ordenó se consideró como autoridad responsable de el traslado a la Dirección de ejecución de ese juicio ni obligado a acatar la suspensión medidas para adolescentes de Juan Macario provisional emitida por el Juzgado Quinto de Bautista Martínez. Distrito del Estado: 33. Resolución de competencia del Juzgado 38. Auto de 23 de diciembre de 2016, mediante especializado en justicia para adolescentes el cual el Juez presidente del Tribunal de de 27 de octubre de 2016 en el que se declara Juicio Oral tuvo por recibido la solicitud del competente para conocer y convalidadas las Juez Quinto y suspendió el procedimiento de actuaciones realizadas en el proceso contra la causa penal respecto de Faustino Vásquez Juan Macario Bautista Martínez. Martínez, para que no se lleve a cabo la 34. Acuerdo de 7 de noviembre de 2016, audiencia de debate y se dejó sin efecto la por medio del cual se difirió la audiencia citación del 14 de febrero del 2017 y suspendió programada para esa fecha respecto al el plazo de la prisión preventiva únicamente imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández, por no por lo que respecta al mencionado imputado. existir las condiciones para su desarrollo 2017: EL PELIGRO DE LA IMPUNIDAD normal ni las condiciones de seguridad para la práctica de la audiencia. 1. Auto de 25 de enero de 2017, mediante el cual el Juez de Control de Huajuapan, en vista del 35. Auto de 23 de noviembre de 2016, mediante requerimiento al imputado Mauro Vásquez el cual se deja sin efecto todo lo actuado y Ramírez para que aceptara a su defensor se ordenó reponer el procedimiento del público o nombrara a un defensor particular imputado Mauro Vásquez Ramírez desde el 15 de agosto de 2016, fecha en la que su 2. Oficio del Coordinador de Defensoría Pública, defensor público Fulgencio Pérez Ramírez de fecha 1 de febrero de 2017, mediante renuncio sin que se le diera al imputado el cual se informa que el Licenciado Edgar ningún defensor. En ese orden de ideas, se Steveen Nicolás Pérez será quien asuma ordenó no tomar en cuenta el escrito de el cargo de defensor público del imputado acusación presentado por el Agente del Mauro Vásquez Ramírez en caso de acepte a Ministerio Público. dicho abogado.

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3. Acuerdo de 27 de enero de 2017 del Juez del cual se tuvo por recibido la notificación Cuarto de Distrito del Estado de Oaxaca, del imputado Rufino Juárez Hernández dentro del juicio de amparo 445/2015 manifestó estar de acuerdo en la designación por medio del cual señalo que carecía de de sus defensores a los licenciados Edgar competencia legal para seguir conociendo del Stevven Nicolás Pérez y/o Oscar Flores Cruz juicio de amparo, debido que ante el Juzgado que el imputado nombro y se les solicito Primero de Distrito se admitió y tramito que se impusieran de la causa para estar el diverso juicio de amparo 1253/2013, en posibilidades de desahogar la audiencia promovido por Rufino Juárez Hernández, intermedia programada para el 28 de marzo cuyo origen es el mismo al presente amparo; de 2017. es decir, resoluciones derivadas de la causa 6. El 28 de marzo de 2017, la audiencia penal 257/2012 del Juzgado de Garantía del intermedia respecto al imputado Rufino distrito judicial de Huajuapan de León, por lo Juárez Hernández se suspendió por falta de que estimo pertinente remitir el expediente garantías de protección de los sobrevivientes, de 17 tomos al Juzgado Primero en virtud de testigos, víctimas y representantes de las que conoció previamente del asunto a efecto víctimas para presentarse a dicha audiencia. que determine si acepta o no la competencia planteada e informe lo conducente. 4. Escrito de los asesores de las víctimas de incidente innominado de fecha 15 de febrero de 2017, mediante el cual se solicitó declarar la incompatibilidad de la defensa de los imputados Rufino Juárez Hernández, Mauro Vásquez Ramírez y Faustino Vásquez Martínez, en razón de que se nombró al mismo defensor que podría vulnerar el debido proceso legal, además de que resulta contrario a la resolución de 22 de julio de 2015 en desecho la solicitud tanto del Agente del Ministerio Público y la coadyuvancia de acumular las causas de los imputados Rufino Juárez Hernández y Faustino Vázquez Martínez, precisamente porque el licenciado de este último señalo que cada imputado presentara individualmente su teoría del caso y por tanto, se opuso a la solicitud planteada, defensor público que pretende ser nombrado abogado defensor de los imputados mencionados. 5. Auto de 24 de febrero de 2017, del Tribunal de Juicio Oral por el que se nombra a Epifanio Díaz como traductor para el juicio de Faustino Vásquez Martínez. 6. Auto de 13 de marzo de 2017, por medio 104