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Politický Systém Protektorátu (1939-1945)

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Politický Systém Protektorátu (1939-1945) Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut Politický systém Protektorátu (1939-1945) Monika Štiþková BakaláĜská práce Praha 2012 1 Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztahĤ Politický systém Protektorátu (1939-1945) Monika Štiþková Studijní program: Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie a mezinárodní vztahy (Bc.) Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Daniel Kunštát, Ph.D. BakaláĜská práce Praha 2012 2 ýestné prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem bakaláĜskou práci s názvem „Politický systém Protektorátu (1939-1945)“ vypracovala samostatnČ a uvedla v ní veškerou literaturu a ostatní informaþní zdroje, které jsem použila. V Praze dne 25. 04. 2012 Monika Štiþková …………………………………....... 3 Touto cestou bych chtČla podČkovat vedoucímu práce PhDr. Danielu Kunštátovi, Ph.D. za jeho odbornou spolupráci, cenné rady a vstĜícnost se kterou ke mnČ pĜi zpracovávání textu pĜistupoval. 4 Obsah Resumé .................................................................................................................... 6 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................... 7 2. MezinárodnČ- politické pĜedpoklady pro vznik Protektorátu .......................... 9 2. 1 ýSR v HitlerovČ zahraniþní politice ............................................................ 10 2. 2 Mnichovská konference a její dĤsledky ....................................................... 12 2. 3 Období Druhé republiky .............................................................................. 13 2. 4 Odtržení Slovenska aneb cesta k vytvoĜení Protektorátu ýechy a Morava ... 15 3. Vznik Protektorátu ýechy a Morava a klasifikace politického systému v následujících mČsících ....................................................................................... 17 3. 1 Hácha v BerlínČ .......................................................................................... 17 3. 2 15. a 16. bĜezen 1939 a následný vývoj v Protektorátu ýechy a Morava ...... 18 4. DČlba moci v Protektorátu ýechy a Morava ................................................... 24 4. 1 Moc zákonodárná ........................................................................................ 24 4. 2 Moc soudní ................................................................................................. 25 4. 3 Okupaþní správa- ěíšský protektor, státní tajemník a policie ....................... 27 4. 4 Moc výkonná .............................................................................................. 29 4. 4. 1 Protektorátní vláda .............................................................................. 30 4. 4. 2 Osoba státního prezidenta ................................................................... 32 4. 4. 3 Zástupce u Ĝíšské vlády- tzv. vyslanec................................................. 33 5. Stranický systém v Protektorátu ýechy a Morava- Národní souruþenství .... 34 6. Odboj a kolaborace .......................................................................................... 40 6. 1 Exilový odboj.............................................................................................. 40 6. 2 Domácí odboj.............................................................................................. 43 6. 3 Kolaborace .................................................................................................. 46 7. ZávČr ................................................................................................................. 49 Seznam použitých zdrojĤ ..................................................................................... 52 Seznam pĜíloh: ...................................................................................................... 55 3Ĝíloha þ. 1- Výnos VĤdce a Ĝíšského kancléĜe ze dne 16. bĜezna 1939 o Protektorátu ýechy a Morava publikovaný pod þ. 75/1939 Sb. ................................................... 56 3Ĝíloha þ. 2- složení protektorátních vlád od 16. bĜezna 1939 do 5. kvČtna 1945 ..... 59 3Ĝíloha þ. 3- výsledky náboru do Národního souruþenství ze dne 23. dubna 1939 ... 60 5 Resumé BakaláĜská práce se zabývá politickým systémem Protektorátu ýechy a Morava, který fungoval na našem území mezi lety 1939 až 1945. Text je rozdČlen do pČti základních kapitol (vyjma úvodní a závČreþné kapitoly), ve kterých se autor práce snaží o zhodnocení a klasifikaci tohoto systému a jeho ústavního vývoje. StČžejní þást práce zkoumá protektorátní dČlbu moci, jednotlivé politické instituce a stranický systém. Jelikož se jedná o více, než šestileté období nesvobody pod pĜímou okupací NČmecké ěíše, je taktéž dĤležité v práci zhodnotit mezinárodnČ- politické pĜedpoklady, které SĜedcházely vzniku Protektorátu, jak domácí tak i exilový odboj a v neposlední ĜadČ kolaboraci. V závČreþné þásti autor shrne své dosavadní poznatky a pokusí se nastínit GĤsledky tohoto období na následný politický vývoj v našich zemích. Klíþová slova: Protektorát, Emil Hácha, Edvard Beneš, odboj, okupaþní správa, Národní souruþenství, protektorátní vláda. This thesis deals with the political system of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which functioned in our country between 1939 and 1945. The text is divided into five main chapters (except for initial and final chapter), in which the author tries to work on assessment and classification of the system and its constitutional development. The central part of the thesis examines the Protectorate division of powers, the various political institutions and party system. Since this is more than six years without freedom under the direct occupation of the German Reich it is also important to evaluate the international political conditions, which preceded the establishment of the Protectorate, both domestic and exiled resistance and finally collaboration. In the final part the author summarizes his findings and tries to outline the implications of this period on the political developments in our country. Keywords: protectorate, Emil Hacha, Edvard Benes, resistance,occupation authorities, the National community of the Protectorate government. 6 1. Úvod 7Ĝicátá léta minulého století a pĜedevším jejich závČr znamenala pro ýeskoslovenskou republiku zásadní zvrat v jejím budoucím uspoĜádání. Prvorepublikové demokratické ideje a pĤvodní stranický systém se otĜásly v základech. Nejprve se uskuteþnila Mnichovská konference a díky výsledné dohodČ pĜišla naše zemČ o znaþnou þást pohraniþního území. NáslednČ zaþaly být opouštČny nČkteré demokratické standardy a došlo k zahájení vnitropolitické transformace. Období tzv. Druhé þeskoslovenské republiky (chápána jako systém autoritativní demokracie) netrvalo ani pĤl roku a 16. bĜezna 1939 zaþalo oficiálnČ fungovat nové uspoĜádání v naší zemi, a sice Protektorát ýechy a Morava. ZámČrem autora bude zhodnocení a klasifikace politického systému a ústavního vývoje mezi léty 1939 až 1945. Autor si je zároveĖ plnČ vČdom skuteþnosti, že se jedná o velice obsáhlé téma a tudíž nebude moci kvĤli omezenému rozsahu práce zpracovat všechny kapitoly dostateþQČ podrobnČ. Práce není historiografickou studií, ale spíše komplexnČjší analýzou politického systému v Protektorátu ýechy a Morava. V úvodní kapitole se autor práce zamČĜí na mezinárodnČ- politické pĜedpoklady vzniku Protektorátu, již zmiĖovanou Mnichovskou konferenci a tzv. Druhou þeskoslovenskou republiku, odtržení Slovenska a na cíle QČmecké okupace. NáslednČ bude rozebrán samotný vznik Protektorátu. Hlavní þástí této práce bude dČlba moci v Protektorátu. DĤraz bude kladen na politické instituce (autonomní i nČmecké) a stranický systém. Co možná nejpodrobnČji se autor práce zamČĜí na moc zákonodárnou, moc výkonnou (osobu státního prezidenta, protektorátní vládu, zástupce u Ĝíšské vlády-tzv. vyslance), moc soudní a následnČ na strukturu okupaþní správy (Ĝíšského protektora, státního tajemníka a policii). Téma stranického systému je ovlivnČno skuteþností existence pouze jediné oficiální organizace, která na území Protektorátu fungovala. Kapitola tedy bude vČnována pouze tzv. Národnímu souruþenství a jeho vývoji. DĤležitými pojmy, které mají s protektorátním obdobím velkou souvislost, jsou kolaborace a odboj (exilový a domácí) a proto jim bude YČnována taktéž samostatná kapitola. V závČru budou shrnuty dosavadní poznatky, samotný konec Protektorátu a dĤsledky více než šestiletého období nacistické okupace na následný vývoj v našich zemích. 7 První kapitola se tedy vČnuje základním mezinárodnČ- politickým pĜedpokladĤm vzniku Protektorátu, nástupu Adolfa Hitlera k moci a ýeskoslovenské republice v jeho zahraniþní politice. NáslednČ bude rozebrána Mnichovská konference, její dĤsledky a vznik tzv. Druhé ýeskoslovenské republiky. Kapitolu zakonþí odtržení Slovenska a vytvoĜení samostatného Slovenského štátu. Obsahem druhé kapitoly je vznik Protektorátu ýechy a Morava a klasifikace politického systému v následujících mČsících. Je zde také popsána návštČva prezidenta Háchy v BerlínČ, která bezprostĜednČ pĜedcházela a prĤEČh prvních protektorátních dní. StejnČ jako v ostatních kapitolách, i zde bude nastínČn vliv okupaþních úĜadĤ na autonomní politické instituce. 7Ĝetí a þtvrtá kapitola jsou pro tuto práci stČžejní. Ve tĜetí kapitole je detailnČ rozebrána protektorátní dČlba moci, role moci výkonné a vliv okupaþních orgánĤ na ni. V jednotlivých podkapitolách je rozebrána postupnČ moc zákonodárná, moc soudní, okupaþní správa (Ĝíšský protektor, státní tajemník a policie) a moc výkonná (protektorátní vláda, osoba státního prezidenta a zástupce u Ĝíšské vlády- tzv. vyslanec). Autor práce
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