Mammals of Maryland
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MAMMALS OF MARYLAND BY John L. Paradiso NUMBER 66 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Walter J. Hickel, Secretarp BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE John S. Gottsohalk, Director North American Fauna, Number 66 Published by Bureau of Sport Fbheries and WUZife April 1969 UNITEDSTATEB GOVEBNMENT P~INTINQ OFFICE WABHINQTON 1969 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Omce WaahingQon, D.C. 20402 - Price $1 CONTENTS MAPS Page FIGURE1. Map of Maryland showing the 23 counties, Baltimore City, and the District of Columbia __________________-_________ 3 2. Physiographic provinces of Maryland- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 3. Biotic sections of Maryland--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 4. Distribution of Sorex cinereus fontinulis and S. c. cinereus- - - - 17 5. Distribution of Sorex longirostris longirostris- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 6. Distribution of Sorex fumeus fumeus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - 24 7. Distribution of Sorex dispar dispar________________________ 26 8. Distribution of Microsorex hoyi winnemana- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 9. Distribution of Blarina brevicauda kirtlandi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 10. Distribution of Cryptotis parua purua- - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 11. Distribution of Parascalops bretueri- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 12. Distribution of Sculopus aquaticus aquaticus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 13. Distribution of Condyluru cristata cristata-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 14. Distribution of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 15. Distribution of Myotis keenii septentrionalis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 16. Distribution of Myotis sodolis-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - _ - - - - - - - - 45 In IV OONTBNTS Page FIQURE17. Distribution of Myotis subulatus leibii- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 18. Distribution of Lasionycteris noctivcrgans- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 19. Distribution of Pipisttellus subjeavua subflavus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 20. Distribution of Eptesicus fuscua fuscus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 21. Distribution of Laaiurus borealis borealis-,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 22. Distribution of Lasiurus cinereus cinereus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 23. Distribution of Nycticeius humeralia humerabis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 24. Distribution of Sylvilagus floridanw, mallurua - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 25. Distribution of Lepus americanus virginiunus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 26. Distribution of Tamiaa striatwr fisheri and T.8. lysteri- - - __- - 69 27. Distribution of Mamnota monax monax--- - __ - - - -- -_-__-_- - - 71 28. Distribution of Sciurwr carolinensis pennsylvanicus- - - - - - - - - - 73 29. Distribution of Sciurus niger cinereus and S. n. vulpinus------ 79 30. Distribution of Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 31. Distribution of Glaucomys volans volans- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84 32. Distribution of Oryzomys palustris palustris- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 33. Distribution of Reithrodontomys humulis virginianus- - __ - - - - - 91 34. Distribution of Permyscus maniculatus nubiterrae and P. m. bairdii--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _-- - 94 35. Distribution of Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis-- - - - - - - - - - 96 36. Distribution of Neotoma floridana magister- ___ - - - - - - - - __ - - - - 100 37. Distribution of Clethrionomys gapperi gapperi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 102 38. Distribution of Microtus pennsylvanicua pennsylvanicus and M. p. nigrans---------------------_-_---_-----------106 39. Distribution of Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 40. Distribution of Ondatra zibethicus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 110 4'1. Distribution of Synaptomys cooperi stonei- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115 42. Distribution of Zapus hudsonius americanus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127 43. Distribution of Napaeozapus insignis insignis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 44. Distribution of Canis latrans _____________________________ 131 45. Distribution of Vulpes vulpes fulva- _____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 135 46. Distribution of Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus- - - - - 140 47. Distribution of Procyon lotor lotor- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144 48. Distribution of Mustela emninea cicognunii-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 49. Distribution of Mustela frenata noveboracensis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 50. Distribution of Mustela vison- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ - - - - 153 51. Distribution of Mephitis mephitis nigra- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ - - 156 52. Distribution of Spilogale putorius putorius- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 159 53. Distribution of Lutra canadeneis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 161 54. Distribution of Lynx rufus rufus __________________________ 165 INTRODUCTION In 1950, Marshall C, Gardner (1950a, 1950b) began the first com- prehensive listing of Maryland mammals, but he completed only the sections dealing with marsupials, insectivores, and ba&. This has been bhe only statewide study of Maryland mammals ever undertaken, al- though a number of sectional accounts have appeared, including those by Goldman and Jackson (1939), Bures (1948), Hampe (1939), and Bailey (1923). In addition, Mansueti (1950) treated in detail the extinct and vanishing species of hhe State. The present survey originated in the rnid-l950’s, but intensive work on it was not begun until 1962. During the course of the study, field work was conducted in all parts of the State except the Allegheny Mounrtain section. Specimens collected during this field work, and the large series of Maryland mammal specimens available in the national collections, form the basis for the present survey. In the “specimens examined” sections of the following accounts, the specimens are in the collections housed in the U.S. National Museum unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations used in the text for other institutions from which material has been examined are K.U. for Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, U. Mich. for Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and U. Md. for University of Maryland. All measurements given in the accounts are in millimeters. Several species are included in the,body of the text for which there are as yet no valid records for the State. These have been indicated by placing the common names in parentheses. They are included because of the virtual certainty that they are a part of Maryland’s mammal fauna. Of one of these species, a specimen was taken in West Virginia only a few feet from the Maryland state line; as for the others, Mary- land contains abundant suitable habitat and they are known to occur both north and south of the State. Distribution maps have been prepared for all land species except introduced forms and certain ones that have been restocked or are so widespread in distribution that they have been recorded from every county in the Skate. On the maps, crosshatched areas represent probable distribution, shaded symbols indicate specimens examined, unshaded symbols indicate published records or other reports that appear to be valid, and an unshaded symbol with a dot in the center indicates a type 1 2 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 66 locality. When more than one species or subspecies is represented on a single map, circles and triangles are used to distinguish them, and the crosshatchings representing their probable distributions run in dif- ferent directions. I want to express my thanks to Theodore A. Bookhout and Vagn Flyger of .the University of Maryland's Natural Resources Institute for contributing a number of Maryland mammal records. I also want to acknowledge my gratitude to the late Romeo Mansueti of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., for his encourage- ment and advice on a number of distributional problems. LOCATION AND AREA OF MARYLAND Maryland lies between the parallels of 35" 53' and 39" 44' n0rt.h latitude and the meridians 7S0 4' and 79" 29' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the State of Pennsylvania and on the east by the State of Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean. The southern boundary of the State is the Potomac River which separates it from Virginia and West Virginia. West Virginia also borders Maryland on the west. The District of Columbia is a political entity on the Potomac, between Prince Georges and Montgomery counties, Maryland. It is not physio- graphically distinct from Maryland in any way, and herein is regarded as a part of Maryland. The Maryland Geological Survey lists the total area of the State as 12,300.21 square miles, of which 2,437 square miles are water. Thus the total land area of Maryland is 9,863.21 square miles, making the State the eighth smallest in the Union. The area of the District of Columbia is some 70 square miles, of which 8 are water. Maryland extends in a general ESE-WNW direction for about 320 miles ; the greatest north-south distance is approximately 150 miles. The State is actually a narrow cross section of the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian ridges. Elevations pass gradually from sea level to 3,342 feet on Backbone Mountain in Garrett County. Geologically, Maryland varies greatly. Formations range from the most ancient granite and gneiss, through rocks