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Dr. Andrew A. Snelling Education PhD, Geology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1982 BSc, Applied Geology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, First Class Honours, 1975 Professional Experience Field, mine, and research geologist, various mining companies, Australia , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Consultant researcher and writer , Australia, 1983–1992 Geological consultant, Koongarra uranium project, Denison Australia PL, 1983–1992 Collaborative researcher and writer, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, 1981–1987 Professor of geology, Institute for Creation Research, San Diego, CA, 1998–2007 Staff member, Creation Science Foundation (later Answers in Genesis–Australia), Australia, 1983– 1998 Founding editor, Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal (now Journal of Creation), 1984–1998 Researcher and editor, Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth (RATE), 1997–2005 Editor-in-chief, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism, 2008 Director of Research, Answers in Genesis, Petersburg, KY, 2007–present Professional Affiliations Geological Society of Australia /Geological Society of America /Geological Association of Canada/ Mineralogical Society of America /Society of Economic Geologists /Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits / Creation Research Society /Creation Geology Society Dr. Andrew A. Snelling is perhaps one of the world's leading researchers in flood geology.He worked for a number of years in the mining industry throughout Australia undertaking mineral exploration surveys and field research. He has also been a consultant research geologist for more than a decade to the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission for internationally funded research on the geology and geochemistry of uranium ore deposits as analogues of nuclear waste disposal sites..His primary research interests include radioisotopic methods for the dating of rocks, formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and ore deposits. He is one of a controlled number permitted to take rock samples from the Grand Canyon.He was also a founding member of the RATE group (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth). Andrew completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Geology with First Class Honours at The University of New South Wales in Sydney, and graduated a Doctor of Philosophy (in geology) at The University of Sydney, for his thesis entitled A geochemical study of the Koongarra uranium deposit, Northern Territory, Australia. Between studies and since, Andrew worked for six years in the exploration and mining industries in Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and the Northern Territory variously as a field, mine and research geologist. Full-time with the Australian creation ministry from 1983 to 1998, he was during this time also called upon as a geological consultant to the Koongarra uranium project (1983–1992). Consequently, he was involved in research projects with various CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), ANSTO (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation) and University scientists across Australia, and with scientists from the USA, Britain, Japan, Sweden and the International Atomic Energy Agency. As a result of this research, Andrew was involved in writing scientific papers that were published in international scientific journals.Andrew has been involved in extensive creationist research in Australia and overseas, including the formation of all types of mineral deposits, radioactivity in rocks and radioisotopic dating, and the formation of metamorphic and igneous rocks, sedimentary strata and landscape features (e.g. Grand Canyon, USA, and Ayers Rock, Australia) within the creation framework for earth history. As well as writing regularly and extensively in international creationist publications, Andrew has travelled around Australia and widely overseas (USA, UK, New Zealand, South Africa, Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong, China) speaking in schools, churches, colleges and universities, particularly on the overwhelming scientific evidence consistent with the Global Flood and the Creation. BEST FLOOD EVIDENCES High & Dry Sea Creatures Flood Evidence Number One ………………………………………………………………….4 The World’s a Graveyard Flood Evidence Number Two……………………………………………………………………5 Transcontinental Rock Layers Flood Evidence Number Three…………………………………………………………….7 Sand Transported Cross Country Flood Evidence Number Four………………………………………………………….9 No Slow and Gradual Erosion Flood Evidence Number Five ……………………………………………………………11 Rock Layers Folded, Not Fractured Flood Evidence Number Six ……………………………………………………….12 DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF FLOOD GEOLOGY Can Flood Geology Explain Thick Chalk Beds? …………………………………………………………………………..14 A Deeper Understanding of the Flood—A Complex Geologic Puzzle …………………………………………………..17 Did Meteors Trigger the Flood?.................................................................................................................................18 Noah`s Lost World …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20 Rapid Opals in the Outback ………………………………………………………………………………………………….22 Yosemite Valley—Colossal Ice Carving Geology …………………………………………………………………………24 Hoodoos of Bryce Canyon Bryce Canyon, Utah…………………………………………………………………………...24 Emeralds—Treasures from Catastrophe Geology ………………………………………………………………………...26 The Geology of Israel Within the Creation-Flood Framework of History: 1. The Pre-Flood Rocks1. The pre-Flood Rocks …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27 The Geology of Israel within the Creation-Flood Framework of History: 2. The Flood Rocks ……………………….43 Iceland’s Recent “Mega-Flood” An Illustration of the Power of the Flood …………………………………………….71 Uluru and Kata Tjuta: A Testimony to the Flood …………………………………………………………………………..72 Startling Evidence for Global FlooD Footprints and Sand ‘Dunes’ in a Grand Canyon Sandstone!..........................75 PLATE TECTONICS A Catastrophic Breakup A Scientific Look at Catastrophic Plate Tectonics ……………………………………………78 Can Catastrophic Plate Tectonics Explain Flood Geology?......................................................................................80 Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History ………………………………………………….83 SEDIMENTS Sedimentation Experiments: Nature Finally Catches Up! ………………………………………………………………...89 Regional Metamorphism within a Creation Framework: What Garnet Compositions Reveal ………………………..90 Thirty Miles of Dirt in a Day …………………………………………………………………………………………………..96 The Case of the ‘Missing’ Geologic Time …………………………………………………………………………………..97 The First Atmosphere—Geological Evidences and Their Implications…………………………………………………..99 THE FOSSIL RECORD Doesn’t the Order of Fossils in the Rock Record Favor Long Ages? ………………………………………………….101 Cincinnati—Built on a Fossil Graveyard …………………………………………………………………………………..105 Criteria to Determine the Biogenicity of Fossil Stromatolites …………………………………………………………...107 Order in the Fossil Record ………………………………………………………………………………………………….121 Fossilized Footprints—A Dinosaur Dilemma ……………………………………………………………………………123 Dating Dilemma: Fossil Wood in “Ancient” Sandstone …………………………………………………………………124 Thundering Burial …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...125 A “165 Million Year” Surprise ………………………………………………………………………………………………127 ‘Instant’ Petrified Wood …………………………………………………………………………………………………….128 Yet Another 'Missing Link' Fails to Qualify ……………………………………………………………………………….129 Where Are All the Human Fossils? ……………………………………………………………………………………….132 COAL How Did We Get All This Coal? ……………………………………………………………………………………………134 Forked Seams Sabotage Swamp Theory ………………………………………………………………………………...135 Coal Beds and Global Flood………………………………………………………………………………………………..136 Coal, Volcanism and Flood…………………………………………………………………………………………………137 The Origin of Oil ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..145 How Fast Can Oil Form?.........................................................................................................................................146 High & Dry Sea Creatures Flood Evidence Number One by Dr. Andrew A. Snelling on December 7, 2007; last featured September 10, 2008 Shop Now If the Global Flood really occurred, what evidence would we expect to find? The previous article in this series gave an overview of the six main geologic evidences for the Flood. Now let’s take a closer look at evidence number one.Wouldn’t we expect to find rock layers all over the earth that are filled with billions of dead animals and plants that were rapidly buried and fossilized in sand, mud, and lime? Of course, and that’s exactly what we find. Marine Fossils High above Sea Level It is beyond dispute among geologists that on every continent we find fossils of sea creatures in rock layers which today are high above sea level. For example, we find marine fossils in most of the rock layers in Grand Canyon. This includes the topmost layer in the sequence, the Kaibab Limestone exposed at the rim of the canyon, which today is approximately 7,000–8,000 feet (2,130– 2,440 m) above sea level.1Though at the top of the sequence, this limestone must have been deposited beneath ocean waters loaded with lime sediment that swept over northern Arizona (and beyond).Other rock layers exposed in Grand Canyon also contain large numbers of marine fossils. The best example is the Redwall Limestone, which commonly contains