DOCSLIB.ORG

INTO the IRON AGE Downloaded from by Guest on 28 September 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTO the IRON AGE Downloaded from by Guest on 28 September 2021 CHAPTER 3: INTO THE IRON AGE Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bics/article/36/Supplement_53/116/5682337 by guest on 28 September 2021 Chapter 3 brings the investigations of Chapters 1 and 2 to a conclusion in the Early Iron Age. Its purpose being largely comparative and retrospective, it will deal somewhat more economically with the material under review than the preceding two chapters. It will highlight elements of continuity and change in some aspects of the religious symbolism of the Early Iron Age. As in Chapter 2, elements of continuity will be discussed first, followed by a review of some of the evidence for change. For the time span considered in this part of the study, see the Introduction. We are not concerned here to enter into the discussion about the causes of the collapse of the ‘Mycenaean’ civilization which had flowered in the Aegean area during the latter half of the second millennium B.C. It is, however, relevant to review briefly some of the features of social life during the ‘dark age’ and of the civilization which emerged from that ‘dark age’ during the first centuries of the first millennium B.C. A mention of these features is necessary to provide a background to the observable changes in religious symbolism and to provide an insight as to how these changes may have related to the new social structures and economic realities of the Early Iron Age. It will also be necessary in this context to outline possible channels through which we might believe the apparent elements of continuity in symbolism to have survived from the Bronze Age to the Geometric period over the intervening ‘dark age’. 3.1 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY Continuity through the ‘dark age’? Due to the paucity of surviving material goods or enduring buildings, the ‘dark age’ appears to us as a period of slumber in Aegean culture. The evidence of depopulation, the decline in standards of building, the loss in many areas of technical skills and the apparent loss of the art of writing and of geographical knowledge all suggest a deep hiatus after the ‘Mycenaean’ civilization. The sense of discontinuity can, however, be tempered. Snodgrass (1971, 383-5) points out parallels between the ‘dark age’ and MH periods and suggests that certain elements of Mycenaean society (for example Cyclopean walls, palace bureaucracies and large-scale painting) were intrusive features to Greece which came and went: ‘Beneath all this there lay a substratum which we may now recognize as essentially Greek’. There are also other factors INTO THE IRON AGE 117 which suggest channels through which cultural traditions of the Bronze Age could have been preserved during this period. The appearance of the Dorian dialect is problematic for historians of this period, although Chadwick’s (1976b) controversial suggestion that the Dorians might have been an indigenous and previously subdued population whose ‘substandard’ Greek had previously coexisted with the ‘standard’ Greek of upper-class Mycenaeans would, if it were accepted, affirm one channel Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bics/article/36/Supplement_53/116/5682337 by guest on 28 September 2021 through which traditions from the Aegean culture of the second millennium B.C. could have survived into the first millennium B.C. Snodgrass also prefers to see the ‘Dorians’ as intruders belonging to the same cultural milieu, perhaps from the outer fringes of the Mycenaean world (1971, 385-6). The refertilization of, for example, Athenian pottery by a Cypriot influence reflecting elements carried there by ‘Mycenaean’ refugees has also been proposed. We may also imagine that clan structures survived and preserved traditions. The problem of establishing the possibility of continuity in religious practice is a vexed one. The building of later shrines over secular Bronze Age buildings may reflect little more than the visibility of Bronze Age ruins. However, there are several sites where Mycenaean religious activity was followed by intermittent offerings throughout the ‘dark age’ (see Coldstream, 1979, 329-331); and the existence of other sites where continuity must be assumed from the survival of a pre-hellenic deity, indicates that even the absence of ‘dark age’ evidence does not necessarily mean a discontinuity of religious tradition (such as at the sanctuaries of Aphaia on Aegina, of Zeus in the Dictaean cave and of Demeter at Eleusis). The survival of the names of many Olympian deities from the Bronze Age also speaks of continuity of religious tradition, and at an exceptional site like Kato Symi in Crete we can find archaeological continuity from the MM period into the historical period with virtually no interruption. All in all, the picture suggests that channels existed through which some memories of the Bronze Age were able to survive. Snodgrass points to the significance of surviving traditions of festivals which were an important and ancient part of Greek religion, originally not linked with official worship; he suggests that the religious revival in the eighth century B.C. drew not only on Homer but on ‘faint recollections’ of Bronze Age religion ‘kept alive but not on the whole practised’ during the intervening period (197 1, 399). Surviving artefacts also evidently played a role. Benson (1970, 114-118) lists Mycenaean objects found in Geometric sanctuaries and graves with which the Early Iron Age population were evidently familiar. The appearance of contemporary seals in graves and sanctuaries or in use as amulets in this later period reflects a perpetuation of Bronze Age usage, and a long- standing tradition of wooden seals throughout the Geometric era is perhaps a possibility (Boardman, 1970, 108). A continuity of format (for example, the three-sided prism seal) and of graphic motifs (for example, severed limbs and the principle of torsion) can be found to link Early Iron Age seals with those of the Bronze Age. The survival of some Bronze Age motifs (such as the double axe and the antithetical panel) on pottery decoration of the Geometric period is also significant. The identification of Linear B as an early form of Greek indicates a continuity of language and suggests that other cultural features could also have survived. We can fairly safely assume the existence throughout the ‘dark age’ of a textile tradition which may have preserved and perpetuated some motifs and symbols from the earlier periods. Innovations, such as the partial introduction of cremation, were few, and this, as well as the shift from multiple burials and chamber tombs to individual burial in cist tombs or earth-cut graves, was partly anticipated in Mycenaean times. The use of jars to contain the remains of the dead was, of course, not new. All in all, the evidence suggests that there were plenty of channels open through which certain I18 DEATH, WOMEN AND THE SUN elements of religious symbolism could have been preserved during the ‘dark age’. As Renfrew has pointed out, we need no longer see only ‘a few fragile strands of continuity across a great divide ... The process now seems one of transformation rather than of substitution’ (1985, 441). Finley points out that we can assume the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces and fortresses Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bics/article/36/Supplement_53/116/5682337 by guest on 28 September 2021 meant the disappearance of the particular pyramidal social structure which had created them (1981, 61). What was left? Of the structure of ‘dark age’ society itself we can gain only the sketchiest of pictures. Desborough points out that potters were professional craftsmen in this period and suggests that in the absence of money they were paid by barter. Referring also to the existence of metalsmiths, he proposes that there must have been a few communities which we might describe as ‘urban’ containing artisans. After the ‘dark age’ It is hard to draw any clear conclusions about the prevailing forms of social organization in the ‘dark age’. Of the society which emerged after the ‘dark age’ we are slightly better informed. Again here there will be no attempt to present new evidence or new interpretation of evidence but simply to summarize the picture generally painted by historians of the period. From a monarchical society we now have a predominantly aristocratic one. The generally accepted picture is of small independent communities with a small urban centre containing a town square and, eventually, a temple. The archaeological evidence of the eighth century settlement at Emporio on Chios reveals two types of house ‘belonging to two different social classes’ (Coldstream, 1979, 308). The larger megaru are thought to have housed the aristocracy, while the largest is understood to belong to the local chieftain, ‘a concrete illustration of the kind of social system which we would infer from literary and historical evidence’ (Snodgrass, 197 1, 424). The chieftain’s house shared the acropolis at Emporio with an altar and sanctuary of Athena, suggesting that the performance of centralized priestly functions was the prerogative of those in political power, as was the administration of justice. In the absence of written law-codes, this situation left much in the hands of individual discretion, and we have Hesiod’s much-quoted attack on the ‘gift-devouring’ judges of his time. Hesiod gives a vivid account of the farmer’s year in his part of Greece, telling us about the warm smithy where people crowd in winter and the swollen feet of the improvident man, about the 40-year-old ploughhand who concentrates better than a young man, and the problematic sailing trips to sell corn which might be part of the year’s work. He provides less information about the organization of land ownership in Boeotia, although it was evidently privately owned and a man who got into debt could apparently eventually lose his land and become reduced to a dependent status on the new owner.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Naming the Extrasolar Planets
    Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temple Plutarch
    THE TEMPLE PLUTARCH Edited by W. H. D. ROUSE M._ DE 7 P5.5 _898 v.5 LILLy _ _." A_y JUL 7 %C5 E,ARLt_A,',C_ _-,, ,--_. THE LIVES OF THE NOBLE GREEKS AND ROMANS The most of them compared together by that grave learned Philosopher and Historio- grapher Plutarch of Ch2ronea THE LIFE OF LYSANDER In the treasury of the Ar..antbians, which is in the Lysan- temple of Apollo at Ddphes, there is this inscrip- der's tion: Brasidas, and the Acanthians, with the spoil image of the Athenians. That inscripti, n ra#.koth many men think, that the. image of stone that standeth within the chamber by the door thereof, is the image of Brasidas : howbeit in truth it is the lively image of Lysander himself, made with a great bush of hair, and a thick long beard after the old ancient fashion. And where some say that the Argives, after they were overcome and had lost a great battell, did all of them shave themselves in token and sign of common sorrow : and that the Laced_- monians on the other side to shew the joy of their I trictueor. y,Nodidmorlete thanall theithisr haiis rtrues growwhich, thatotheisr ndoot I Creporointhrt ofunttheo LaceBacchiadaedm_oen,: wtheho bLeinacegd_'flemdoniaasfrom found them so illfavouredly disguised and deformed, v A 2 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Lyaan- because their heads were all shaven, that thereupon der's they had a desire to let their hair and beards grow. kindred For that was one of the ordinances of Lycurgus, who said that the long bush of hair, maketh them that are naturally fair, the pleasanter to look upon : and those that are ill favoured, more ugly and fear- ful to see to.
    [Show full text]
  • Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2015 (EBGR 2015)
    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 31 | 2018 Varia Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2015 (EBGR 2015) Angelos Chaniotis Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/2741 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.2741 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2018 Number of pages: 167-219 ISBN: 978-2-87562-055-2 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Angelos Chaniotis, “Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2015 (EBGR 2015)”, Kernos [Online], 31 | 2018, Online since 01 October 2020, connection on 25 January 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/kernos/2741 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/kernos.2741 This text was automatically generated on 25 January 2021. Kernos Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2015 (EBGR 2015) 1 Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2015 (EBGR 2015) Angelos Chaniotis To the memory of David Jordan 1 The 28th issue of the EBGR presents epigraphic corpora and new epigraphic finds published in 2015. I have only included a few contributions to the reading and interpretation of old finds as well as a small selection of publications that adduce inscriptions for the study of religious phenomena. I have also summarizes some publications of earlier years that had not been included in earlier issues of the EBGR (2007–2013). 2 In this issue, I summarize the content of new corpora from Athens (34), Macedonia (56. 109), Termessos (64), and Hadrianopolis (79) that mainly contain dedications, but also records of manumission through dedication to deities (56). The two most important new inscriptions are the incantations from Selinous (?), known as the ‘Getty hexameters’ and a cult regulation from Thessaly.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator's Guide: Orion
    Legends of the Night Sky Orion Educator’s Guide Grades K - 8 Written By: Dr. Phil Wymer, Ph.D. & Art Klinger Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………....3 Constellations; General Overview……………………………………..4 Orion…………………………………………………………………………..22 Scorpius……………………………………………………………………….36 Canis Major…………………………………………………………………..45 Canis Minor…………………………………………………………………..52 Lesson Plans………………………………………………………………….56 Coloring Book…………………………………………………………………….….57 Hand Angles……………………………………………………………………….…64 Constellation Research..…………………………………………………….……71 When and Where to View Orion…………………………………….……..…77 Angles For Locating Orion..…………………………………………...……….78 Overhead Projector Punch Out of Orion……………………………………82 Where on Earth is: Thrace, Lemnos, and Crete?.............................83 Appendix………………………………………………………………………86 Copyright©2003, Audio Visual Imagineering, Inc. 2 Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Introduction It is our belief that “Legends of the Night sky: Orion” is the best multi-grade (K – 8), multi-disciplinary education package on the market today. It consists of a humorous 24-minute show and educator’s package. The Orion Educator’s Guide is designed for Planetarians, Teachers, and parents. The information is researched, organized, and laid out so that the educator need not spend hours coming up with lesson plans or labs. This has already been accomplished by certified educators. The guide is written to alleviate the fear of space and the night sky (that many elementary and middle school teachers have) when it comes to that section of the science lesson plan. It is an excellent tool that allows the parents to be a part of the learning experience. The guide is devised in such a way that there are plenty of visuals to assist the educator and student in finding the Winter constellations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek World
    THE GREEK WORLD THE GREEK WORLD Edited by Anton Powell London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1997 Selection and editorial matter © 1995 Anton Powell, individual chapters © 1995 the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Greek World I. Powell, Anton 938 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data The Greek world/edited by Anton Powell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C. 2. Mediterranean Region— Civilization. 3. Greece—Social conditions—To 146 B.C. I. Powell, Anton. DF78.G74 1995 938–dc20 94–41576 ISBN 0-203-04216-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-16276-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-06031-1 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-17042-7 (pbk) CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Notes on Contributors viii List of Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Anton Powell PART I: THE GREEK MAJORITY 1 Linear
    [Show full text]
  • On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
    John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Collins Magic in the Ancient Greek World.Pdf
    9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page i Magic in the Ancient Greek World 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page ii Blackwell Ancient Religions Ancient religious practice and belief are at once fascinating and alien for twenty-first-century readers. There was no Bible, no creed, no fixed set of beliefs. Rather, ancient religion was characterized by extraordinary diversity in belief and ritual. This distance means that modern readers need a guide to ancient religious experience. Written by experts, the books in this series provide accessible introductions to this central aspect of the ancient world. Published Magic in the Ancient Greek World Derek Collins Religion in the Roman Empire James B. Rives Ancient Greek Religion Jon D. Mikalson Forthcoming Religion of the Roman Republic Christopher McDonough and Lora Holland Death, Burial and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt Steven Snape Ancient Greek Divination Sarah Iles Johnston 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page iii Magic in the Ancient Greek World Derek Collins 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page iv © 2008 by Derek Collins blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Derek Collins to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Mythology
    Greek Mythology The Creation Myth “First Chaos came into being, next wide bosomed Gaea(Earth), Tartarus and Eros (Love). From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night. Of Night were born Aether and Day (whom she brought forth after intercourse with Erebus), and Doom, Fate, Death, sleep, Dreams; also, though she lay with none, the Hesperides and Blame and Woe and the Fates, and Nemesis to afflict mortal men, and Deceit, Friendship, Age and Strife, which also had gloomy offspring.”[11] “And Earth first bore starry Heaven (Uranus), equal to herself to cover her on every side and to be an ever-sure abiding place for the blessed gods. And earth brought forth, without intercourse of love, the Hills, haunts of the Nymphs and the fruitless sea with his raging swell.”[11] Heaven “gazing down fondly at her (Earth) from the mountains he showered fertile rain upon her secret clefts, and she bore grass flowers, and trees, with the beasts and birds proper to each. This same rain made the rivers flow and filled the hollow places with the water, so that lakes and seas came into being.”[12] The Titans and the Giants “Her (Earth) first children (with heaven) of Semi-human form were the hundred-handed giants Briareus, Gyges, and Cottus. Next appeared the three wild, one-eyed Cyclopes, builders of gigantic walls and master-smiths…..Their names were Brontes, Steropes, and Arges.”[12] Next came the “Titans: Oceanus, Hypenon, Iapetus, Themis, Memory (Mnemosyne), Phoebe also Tethys, and Cronus the wily—youngest and most terrible of her children.”[11] “Cronus hated his lusty sire Heaven (Uranus).
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual Performance As Training for Daughters in Archaic Greece Author(S): Wayne B
    Classical Association of Canada Ritual Performance as Training for Daughters in Archaic Greece Author(s): Wayne B. Ingalls Reviewed work(s): Source: Phoenix, Vol. 54, No. 1/2 (Spring - Summer, 2000), pp. 1-20 Published by: Classical Association of Canada Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1089087 . Accessed: 31/03/2012 18:35 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Classical Association of Canada is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Phoenix. http://www.jstor.org RITUAL PERFORMANCE AS TRAINING FOR DAUGHTERS IN ARCHAIC GREECE WAYNEB. INGALLS INTRODUCTION THE PUBLICATION OF THE REVISION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION of Claude Calame's Les choeursdejeunes filles en Grecearchaique (1997) has again focused attention on the participationof girls in traditionallyric choruses. One aspect of choral activitywhich Calame discusses is education (1977: 1.385-420; 1997: 221-244). In this treatment Calame deals with the chorus as the place of education, the instruction given to the chorus, the metaphoricalrepresentation of education and marriage, and the homoerotic elements
    [Show full text]
  • ANCIENT TERRACOTTAS from SOUTH ITALY and SICILY in the J
    ANCIENT TERRACOTTAS FROM SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY in the j. paul getty museum The free, online edition of this catalogue, available at http://www.getty.edu/publications/terracottas, includes zoomable high-resolution photography and a select number of 360° rotations; the ability to filter the catalogue by location, typology, and date; and an interactive map drawn from the Ancient World Mapping Center and linked to the Getty’s Thesaurus of Geographic Names and Pleiades. Also available are free PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads of the book; CSV and JSON downloads of the object data from the catalogue and the accompanying Guide to the Collection; and JPG and PPT downloads of the main catalogue images. © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. First edition, 2016 Last updated, December 19, 2017 https://www.github.com/gettypubs/terracottas Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 www.getty.edu/publications Ruth Evans Lane, Benedicte Gilman, and Marina Belozerskaya, Project Editors Robin H. Ray and Mary Christian, Copy Editors Antony Shugaar, Translator Elizabeth Chapin Kahn, Production Stephanie Grimes, Digital Researcher Eric Gardner, Designer & Developer Greg Albers, Project Manager Distributed in the United States and Canada by the University of Chicago Press Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Yale University Press, London Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: J.
    [Show full text]
  • Pausanias' Description of Greece
    BONN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. PAUSANIAS' TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH \VITTI NOTES AXD IXDEX BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., Soiiii'tinie Scholar of Trinity L'olltge, Cambridge. VOLUME IT. " ni <le Fnusnnias cst un homme (jui ne mnnquo ni de bon sens inoins a st-s tlioux." hnniie t'oi. inais i}iii rn>it ou au voudrait croire ( 'HAMTAiiNT. : ftEOROE BELL AND SONS. YOUK STIIKKT. COVKNT (iAKDKX. 188t). CHISWICK PRESS \ C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCEKV LANE. fA LC >. iV \Q V.2- CONTEXTS. PAGE Book VII. ACHAIA 1 VIII. ARCADIA .61 IX. BtEOTIA 151 -'19 X. PHOCIS . ERRATA. " " " Volume I. Page 8, line 37, for Atte read Attes." As vii. 17. 2<i. (Catullus' Aft is.) ' " Page 150, line '22, for Auxesias" read Anxesia." A.-> ii. 32. " " Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for Philhammon read " Philanimon.'' " " '' Page 191, line 4, for Tamagra read Tanagra." " " Pa ire 215, linu 35, for Ye now enter" read Enter ye now." ' " li I'aijf -J27, line 5, for the Little Iliad read The Little Iliad.'- " " " Page ^S9, line 18, for the Babylonians read Babylon.'' " 7 ' Volume II. Page 61, last line, for earth' read Earth." " Page 1)5, line 9, tor "Can-lira'" read Camirus." ' ; " " v 1'age 1 69, line 1 , for and read for. line 2, for "other kinds of flutes "read "other thites.'' ;< " " Page 201, line 9. for Lacenian read Laeonian." " " " line 10, for Chilon read Cliilo." As iii. 1H. Pago 264, " " ' Page 2G8, Note, for I iad read Iliad." PAUSANIAS. BOOK VII. ACIIAIA.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennyson's Poems
    Tennyson’s Poems New Textual Parallels R. H. WINNICK To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/944 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. TENNYSON’S POEMS: NEW TEXTUAL PARALLELS Tennyson’s Poems: New Textual Parallels R. H. Winnick https://www.openbookpublishers.com Copyright © 2019 by R. H. Winnick This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work provided that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way which suggests that the author endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: R. H. Winnick, Tennyson’s Poems: New Textual Parallels. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0161 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/944#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/944#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher.
    [Show full text]