1450 - Johannes Gutenberg invents the 1492 - Explorer Christopher Columbus 1503 - Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa: printing press: discovers the Americas:

The most important invention of the Renaissance, and perhaps in the history of the world, was the printing press. It was invented by German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. By 1500 there were printing presses throughout Europe.

The printing press allowed for information to be distributed to a wide audience. This helped Martellus’ map does not show: to spread new scientific discoveries as well, The Atlantic Ocean allowing scientists to share their works and The Pacific Ocean learn from each other. The Americas

Australasia Leonardo da Vinci was born it Italy in 1452, he was a Antarctica painter, scientist, engineer, musician, and a writer. He Why? has been called the man who wanted to know everything. Watch the video to learn more about the The map was drawn in 1489. America was not contributions that Leonardo made in the Renaissance discovered until Christopher Columbus’ voyage period. of 1492. People did not know about the large oceans and had not discovered Australia and the Antarctic. Remember:

1508 - Michelangelo begins his painting 1509 - Henry VIII becomes king of 1517 - Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel: England: the door of the Church of Wittenberg:

In 1517 a German Monk called Martin Luther wrote out a long list of criticisms of the Catholic Church and nailed it to his local church door in Wittenberg. Many people were Catholics, and Catholicism was the official religion of all European countries.

In 1509 King Henry VII died, and his 17-year- old son succeeded him as King. Henry VIII was not born heir to the throne; this responsibility fell to his older brother Arthur. Sadly, Arthur

died at the age of fifteen, five months after Take a Virtual Tour of the Sistine Chapel, he had married Catherine of Aragon. Arthur’s Move the arrows up to view the Sistine Chapel death changed the course of history, Henry ceiling. claimed it had been his father's dying wish Luther wanted the Catholic Church to change and soon

that he marries Catherine. Marrying his his ideas and beliefs attracted many followers. By 1529, In 1508 Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo to brother’s widow had benefits, as it the followers were known as protestants because they paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. strengthened connections to both Spain and protested the Catholic Church. There were now two Michelangelo had gained fame through his the Holy Roman Empire. Henry VIII and main religious groups in Europe who believed in a work as a sculptor, working on such great Catherine of Aragon were crowned King and Christian version of God. Catholics and the Protestants. works as Pieta and Statue of David. Queen of England in a ceremony at However, both wanted to worship God in different ways. Westminster Abbey on June 24th, 1509.

1519 - Ferdinand Magellan begins his 1534 - Henry VIII separates the 1558 - Elizabeth I become Queen of England: voyage around the world: Church of England from the Catholic Church of Rome: This Portuguese-born navigator was one of the great explorers of his era - the first European Henry’s desperate desire for a male heir began to cross the Pacific Ocean, he also played a a series of events that altered religion in crucial role in the first circumnavigation of the England forever. Henry thought his wife world. Catherine of Aragon was too old to have any more children and had only given him a daughter Mary. For a Tudor king, having a strong line of succession and a male heir to the throne was imperative. Henry wanted to divorce Catherine and marry the much younger Anne Boleyn who he had fallen in love with. On 17th of November Mary I Queen of England Henry Henry believed Anne could produce a male heir, VIII’s oldest daughter died, Mary’s marriage to King but he was still married to Catherine. Henry Phillip II of Spain produced no children so her half- asked Pope Clement VII for his marriage to sister Elizabeth I became the new Queen of England.

Catherine to be dissolved, but the Pope would Elizabeth came to power in 1558, inheriting problems

not agree so Henry secretly married Anne, he with religion, poverty, and foreign policy.

was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth solved the religious tensions by following a middle-way policy which allowed both Catholics and In 1534 Henry pushed through the Act of puritans to keep their private beliefs if they went to Supremacy. The Act made him, Supreme Head the Church of England in public. Elizabeth survived of the Church of England. This meant that plots and rebellions and was successful in the victory the Pope no longer held religious authority in of the Spanish Armada. England, and Henry was free to divorce Catherine. 1588 - The Spanish Armada is defeated by 1599 - William Shakespeare builds the 1603 – James Stuart becomes King of England the English Navy: Globe theatre. as well as the King of Scotland:

In 1594, William Shakespeare’s’ acting In March 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died without an heir company “The Lord Chamberlin’s men” to the throne, so the crown passed to her third Cousin performed at the Theatre located in James VI of Scotland. James I king of England & Shoreditch. But in 1598 their patrons, Ireland. James believed that God had chosen him to be including the earl of Southampton had fallen King an idea called the “Divine Right of Kings”. When out of favour with the Queen. The theatre’s James arrived in England, he knew his most important landlord Giles Alleyn had intentions to cancel issue to deal with would be religion. So James met up the company’s lease and tear the building down. with Church leaders, but he failed to impress them. Alleyn owned the land but he did not own the materials in which the theatre has been built In 1605 James passed laws against people who were with. Catholic, he even ordered Catholic priests to leave England or face execution. One of James's great The Spanish Armada was an enormous 130- In December 1598, after leasing a new site for contributions to England was the Authorised King ship naval fleet dispatched by Spain in the theatre in Southwark, Cuthbert and James's Version of the bible (1611) which was to become 1588 as part of a planned invasion of Richard Burbage led the rest of the company the standard text for more than 250 years. But he England. Following years of hostilities of actors, sharers, and volunteers in taking the disappointed the Puritans who hoped he would introduce between Spain and England, King Philip II building down timber by timber. They then some of the more radical religious ideas of the Scottish of Spain assembled the flotilla in the hope loaded this timber onto a barge across the church, and the Catholics, who anticipated more lenient of removing Protestant Queen Elizabeth I River Thames and by May 1599, the new treatment. In 1605, a Catholic plot to blow up the king from the throne and restoring the Roman theatre was ready to be opened. Burbage and parliament was uncovered, this was known as The Catholic faith in England. The defeat of named the theatre The Globe after the figure Gunpowder Plot. the Spanish Armada led to a surge of of Hercules carrying the globe on his back. national pride in England and was one of the most significant chapters of the Anglo-Spanish War

1610 - Galileo discovers the moons of 1642 –The outbreak of the English Civil 1649 – Execution of Charles I: Jupiter: War:

In 1609 Galileo heard about a telescope made The English civil war was a struggle between by a Dutch scientist. He copied and improved it King Charles I and the Parliament of England. and made important new observations that The King wanted to rule without parliament proved the Sun was the centre of the universe. telling him what to do. For many years Galileo was able to make all sorts of new Parliament had worked with the King or Queen discoveries. He found out that the Moon was to make laws, discuss wars or raising taxes. not smooth but covered with craters. Charles began to argue regularly with Parliament and thought Parliament was there Charles, I succeeded his father James I in 1625 as King Galileo also thought that the moon did not make to serve them, but Parliament thought of England and Scotland. During Charles’ reign, his its own light but reflected light from the sun. differently, Parliament thought the monarch actions frustrated his Parliament and resulted in the Other discoveries included the moons of was there to serve his or her country. This wars of the English Civil War, eventually leading to his Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. argument resulted in what became known as execution in 1649. Charles married the Catholic After recording and studying his observations The English Civil War. King Charles’ supporters Henrietta Maria in the first year of his reign. This of the planets and the moon with his telescope, were known as the Royalist but nicknamed the offended many English Protestants. Charles believed Galileo realised that Copernicus' theory of the Cavaliers. Parliament’s supporters were known that the heads of the church should be treated with planets, including the Earth, rotating the Sun as the Parliamentarians and nicknamed the deference. This was a Catholic idea and something that was correct. Roundheads. the Puritan’s did not like. He dissolved Parliament when faced with opposition, effectively ruling alone on several occasions. In his first four years of ruling he dissolved parliament three times, once for 11 years. He would only reassemble Parliament to raise funds when he ran out of money because of expensive foreign wars. Charles believed in the divine right of kings. This meant that they thought that as King they were above the law and

had been chosen by God.

1660 – Restoration of Charles II: 1665 – The Great Plague arrives in 1666 – The Great Fire of London: London: Britain had been without a King since 30th In 1665, people did not understand what January 1649, the day Charles I was executed. caused the plague or how to treat it properly. After this Parliament was ruled by Oliver The plague of 1665 was caused by a germ that Cromwell, leader of the New Model Army. lived in the guts of the fleas. These fleas were Cromwell was not popular due to his strict carried in the fur of the black rat. A single religious views. He closed theatres, banned flea bite caused the plague and usually most sports, he even banned Christmas and resulted in the victim dying. The rats were Easter. When Cromwell died his son, Richard attracted by London city streets filled with refused the job of running the country, so this rubbish and waste left outside. The Lord passed to Charles I’s son Charles II. Charles II Mayor of London enforced the King’s orders to was a a very popular king who brought back clean up the rubbish to stop the spread of the London was a busy city in 1666. It was very crowded. everything that Cromwell had banned. He was disease. There were two types of Plague, The houses were made of wood and very close together. soon nicknamed the Merry Monarch. Bubonic and Pneumonic. The bubonic were huge Inside their homes, people used candles for light and boils that appeared under the arm pits or on cooked on open fires. A fire could easily get out of the victim’s groin whereas Pneumonia affected control. The fire began on Sunday evening on the 2nd of the lungs. It is estimated that over 100,000 September. It started in Pudding Lane in the shop of people died of the Plague. Many of you will have the king’s baker, Thomas Farrinor. Thomas went to bed; heard of the nursery rhyme “Ring a ring of he did not put out the fire that heated his oven. Sparks roses, which is about The Great Plague of from the oven fell onto some dry flour sacks and they 1665. caught fire. The flames spread through the house, down

Pudding Lane and into the nearby streets. By Monday, 300 houses had burnt down.