Vol. 20, No. 2 Spring 2012 Cal-IPC News Protecting California’s Natural Areas from Wildland Weeds

Quarterly Newsletter of the California Invasive Plant Council

PPlantinglanting a NativeNative UnderstoryUnderstory

In California’s Central Valley, River Partners has Inside: been working to control invasive plants during restoration projects along the Sacramento River by The butterfl y effect ...... 4 establishing dense layers of native perennials, like the gumplant (Grindelia camporum) shown above. An ounce of prevention ...... 5 Learn more about their techniques on page 8. Stinkwort (Dittrichia graveolens) ...... 7 2012 Symposium ...... 10 Photo: River Partners Jepson Manual taxonomy changes .....13 From the Director’s Desk Herbicides and butterfl ies

recent article in Science Daily reported on a university study, concluding that “three Cal-IPC commonly used herbicides can dramatically reduce butterfl y populations.” An 1442-A Walnut Street, #462 A Berkeley, CA 94709 article in the San Francisco Chronicle ran under the headline “Weed killers may spell ph (510) 843-3902 fax (510) 217-3500 www.cal-ipc.org [email protected] the end for butterfl y” and claimed that herbicides “commonly used to control invasive plants in the Bay Area also kill off butterfl ies.” A California 501(c)3 nonprofi t organization Protecting California’s lands and waters This is important news. It relates directly to an issue we covered in our last issue, the from ecologically-damaging invasive plants through science, educations, and policy. protection of the endangered Lange’s metalmark butterfl y, endemic to Antioch Dunes STAFF Wildlife Refuge on the shore of San Francisco Bay. The butterfl y’s host plant is being Doug Johnson, Executive Director crowded out by invasive plants like winter vetch. Elizabeth Brusati, Science Program Manager Alice Chung, Training Program Specialist The articles remind us that habitat restoration requires diffi cult tactical choices, each Heather DeQuincy, Outreach Program Manager of which can have undesirable consequences. As the article on page 4 by the California Ginny King, Program Assistant Agustín Luna, Business Manager Department of Fish and Game’s Joel Trumbo points out, there are actions natural Bertha McKinley, Program Assistant resource managers can take to reduce the risk of such consequences. Dana Morawitz, Mapping Program Manager Cynthia Powell, Mapping & Modeling Specialist The Chronicle article also reminds us that journalistic interpretations of scientifi c Falk Schuetzenmeister, Mapping & Modeling Specialist studies commonly oversimplify the conclusions actually supported by the studies’ DIRECTORS fi ndings. In this case, the researchers used herbicide formulations that are not likely to John Knapp, President be selected for uses in sensitive butterfl y habitat, and they applied herbicide directly to Native Range, Inc. Jason Casanova, Vice-President the larval butterfl ies and their host plant, which would be avoided in a well-planned Council for Watershed Health restoration effort. Nor does the study distinguish whether impact to the butterfl ies Doug Gibson, Treasurer resulted from herbicide contact with the larval butterfl ies, ingestion of the herbicide, or San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy Julie Horenstein, Secretary herbicide damage to the host plant. California Department of Fish & Game Edith Allen Herbicides can be one of the best low-impact tools in the restoration toolbox. But University of California-Riverside they need to be used wisely. Those working to steward wildlife habitat by removing Peter Beesley invasive plants are of course concerned about the potential wildlife impacts of any Pacifi c Gas and Electric Edmund Duarte tools they use. Beyond following the legal requirements of herbicide labels, there may Alameda County Department of Agriculture be additional practices that can be employed by natural resource managers to further Jason Giessow Dendra, Inc. reduce potential for herbicide impact on wildlife. Kim Hayes That is why we are undertaking a project that will identify innovative practices Elkhorn Slough Foundation Sue Hubbard developed by longtime natural resource managers to reduce impact on wildlife. The Federal Employee project will also engage an expert toxicologist to review common restoration uses of Shawn Kelly herbicides to make recommendations for reducing potential wildlife impact. We intend Southern California Wetlands Recovery Project Dan Knapp to publish the results in a “best management practices” manual which will share the Los Angeles Conservation Corps information widely within the restoration fi eld. It continues to be our goal to ensure Chris McDonald UC Cooperative Extension that the latest available science on herbicide impacts be integrated into on-the-ground Peter Schuyler management decisions in California wildlands. Ecological Consultant Andrea Williams Marin Municipal Water District STUDENT LIAISONS Chelsea Carey UC Merced Kai Palenscar UC Riverside Affi liations for identifi cation purposes only. Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 - Volume 20, Number 2 Editors: Doug Johnson, Elizabeth Brusati, Heather DeQuincy Cal-IPC News is published quarterly by the California Invasive Plant Council. Articles may be reprinted with permission from the editors. Submissions are welcome. Mention of commercial products does not imply endorsement by Cal-IPC. We reserve the right to edit all work. Day at the Capitol attendees successfully visited all 120 legislators this year.

2 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 Wildland Weed NewsNewsNewsNewsNews

Even Antarctica is not safe from invasive Screening horticultural plants for their from an invasive toad. Cane toads are plants. A recent article in the Proceedings potential invasiveness may become even an ecological nightmare in Australia, of the National Academy of Sciences more important as climate change drives where they were introduced to control says that ecotourists and scientists have consumers towards purchasing more beetles. Instead, they poison native accidentally transported seeds and other drought-tolerant species. A team of re- Australian species that eat toads, including material from thousands of plant species searchers believes that more horticultural the bluetongue lizard. Meanwhile, the to the bottom of the world. Warming species will be imported to the U.S. invasive plant mother-of-millions, also temperatures increase the possibility from warmer regions such as the Middle eaten by bluetongues, produces a toxin that these plants will be able to establish East and Africa. The researchers recom- similar to the toads’. Bluetongue popula- populations. During the 2007-08 summer mend that the USDA quickly adopt the tions in areas with mother-of-millions season, about 33,000 tourists and 7,000 nursery stock screening procedures that infestations have evolved to tolerate the scientists (including support person- have already been proposed. (Frontiers toxin. These populations are not in the nel) landed in Antarctica, bringing an in Ecology and Environment 10: 20–28) same areas as cane toads, but experiments estimated 70,000 seeds on their clothing www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-ecologists- showed that these lizards can also tolerate and other possessions. (Los Angeles Times, screening-imported-invasive-species.html cane toad toxins. Researchers say it’s a March 6, 2012), www.latimes.com/ In a strange example of interspecies hopeful sign that bluetongues can adapt news/science/la-sci-antarctica-invasive- interactions, an invasive plant in to the presence of cane toads. (American plants-20120306,0,4163406.story Australia appears to protect lizards Naturalist, March 2012). www.eurekalert.org

Cal-IPC Updates proposed that a defi nition of invasive through July 1. Terms are two species be added to the Public Resources years, beginning Jan. 1, 2013. The New BMP Manual released code to enable stronger programs within board meets four times each year Please see page 5 for a rundown the Natural Resources Agency. throughout the state, and requires a on Preventing the Spread of Invasive Staff changes commitment to fundraising, working Plants: Best Management Practices for on a committee, and organizing the Transportation and Utility Corridors. With the end of our ARRA grant, we bid farewell to Training Program Manager Symposium. Direct nominations and Day at the Capitol Jen Stern, Training Specialist Arpita Sinha questions to [email protected]. Forty natural resource managers and Mapping Specialist Tony Morosco. We Call for student liasion nominations visited Sacramento on March appreciate all their contributions during The student chapter is accepting 14 to advocate for invasive plant their time at Cal-IPC, and wish them well nominations for liaisons to the management funding and legislation. in future endeavors! Cal-IPC board. Liaisons attend board AB 1251 will provide authority to meetings in their part of the state and control South American spongeplant Call for board nominations Cal-IPC’s Board of Directors is accepting help Cal-IPC serve students. Send in the Delta. Cal-IPC board members nominations to [email protected]. visited agency executives, and nominations for new board members

Help Cal-IPC Find a New Kind of Although Cal-IPC is quite successful negative effects of invasive plants. Board Member at obtaining government and foundation This summer the board will be grants, these grants typically only fund Julie Horenstein working with a consultant on our brand- specifi c projects, and Cal-IPC struggles to Board Development Committee ing and outreach to potential donors. It cover administrative costs and activities It probably comes as no shock that will be helpful to consider representation such as advocacy to support funding for from the corporate world on our board. the Cal-IPC Board of Directors has not wildland weed management. Donations, typically included people from the world If you know someone with background however, are typically unrestricted and can in corporate management, fi nance, law or of large-scale corporate management, be used to cover the gaps left by project- fi nance, or public relations. But these public relations who might be interested based grants. Cal-IPC needs to cultivate in providing their perspective to the Cal- people may be increasingly important for larger donors to effectively pursue its meeting Cal-IPC’s goals. IPC board, please contact us at mission of protecting wildlands from the [email protected]. Thank you! Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 3 The butterfl y effect by Joel Trumbo, Staff Environmental Scientist, Lands Program, Wildlife Branch, California Dept. of Fish and Game

wo recently published articles provide species like mammals, Ta thought-provoking example of how birds and fi sh, the truth is an invasive weed management tool might there aren’t many studies be the best…or the worst… method for about herbicide toxicity protecting an imperiled wildlife species. to other groups like The Winter 2012 edition of Cal-IPC reptiles, amphibians and News includes an article on how invasive invertebrates. In fact, when weeds are threatening the habitat of it comes to invertebrates, several species, including the endangered the U.S. EPA requires Lange’s metalmark butterfl y (Apodemia only one toxicity study mormo langei). The imperiled butterfl y for registration, an acute contact honeybee test. is found almost entirely at the Antioch The endangered Lange’s metalmark butterfl y Dunes National Wildlife Refuge in The lack of invertebrate (Apodemia mormo langei) is threatened by invasive California’s East Bay region. toxicity data begs the plants, but a recent study indicates that herbicides used The article points out how question: are honeybees to control the plants could also harm the butterfl y. uncontrolled invasions of winter a suitable surrogate for Potential impacts can be reduced by selecting the safest vetch (Vicia villosa), yellow starthistle assessing herbicide risks to herbicide, avoiding application to the butterfl y host (Centaurea solstitialis), and ripgut brome other invertebrates? Put in plant, and planning application timing to avoid sensitive (Bromus diandrus) have affected the the context of managing life stages. Photo: Eric Palm, USFWS butterfl y by out-competing its preferred for Lange’s metalmark host, the naked stem buckwheat butterfl y, could the managers at Antioch ingredients. This result occurs in spite of (Eriogonum nudum psychicola). The article Dunes assure themselves of the safety of the presence of inert ingredients that are mentions how refuge staff and volunteers their herbicide tools by taking a quick sometimes more toxic than the herbicides have used an integrated approach, which look at bee toxicity data? A review of the themselves. includes herbicide applications, to control available data for the three herbicides The fi sh toxicity data, however, is a the weeds. is less than convincing. Two studies for bit more interesting, especially if you look sethoxydim, the active ingredient in About the same time the Cal-IPC at the formulated products as opposed to Poast®, do not indicate any signifi cant article came out, a study was published the active ingredients alone. According to toxicological impact on bees. The U.S. ® ® by John D. Stark of Washington State the available data, Garlon 4, Poast and EPA reported that its one honeybee study ® University, Puyallup, on the effects of Stalker pose greater risks to fi sh than to for triclopyr ester, the active ingredient in three herbicide products: Garlon® 4 other tested species, including honeybees. Garlon® 4, was similarly without impact. (triclopyr ester), Stalker® (imazapyr) and When it comes to fi sh toxicity, the U.S. Finally, as for the third herbicide in Stark’s Poast® (sethoxydim) on Behr’s metalmark EPA considers 96-h LC50 values lower study, imazapyr, data from the U.S. EPA butterfl y (Apodemia virgulti). Stark used than 1 part per million (ppm) to be highly suggests that the herbicide poses no ® A. virgulti as a surrogate species for the toxic. Poast ’s fi sh toxicity is roughly signifi cant toxicological risk to honeybees. ® endangered A. mormo langei. Stark’s paper between 1 and 3 ppm and Garlon 4 is In fact, the U.S. EPA goes on to suggest found a statistically signifi cant decline even more toxic with values between 0.25 that, based on the numbers, honeybees in adult emergence after the larvae were and 1.5. While no fi sh data is available may be no more sensitive to imazapyr directly exposed to herbicide sprays and to for Stalker, a 2009 study by the California than are vertebrates. herbicide residues in their food. Department of Fish and Game revealed Would other species be appropriate the product to be “slightly toxic” to Stark’s study brings up several surrogates to assess herbicide toxicity? The tadpoles (96-h LC50  15 ppm). While important points. First, we need to available mammal and bird data reveal not completely defensible scientifi cally, be cautious about assuming that the that all three active ingredients are in the at least with these three formulated herbicides we use are safe for wildlife. U.S. EPA’s practically non-toxic to slightly products, it appears fi sh toxicity could be While it’s true that the scientifi c lit- toxic ranges. The vertebrate toxicity data useful as a surrogate predictor for impacts erature generally supports the idea that for the formulated products appears to butterfl ies. herbicides pose low risks to non-plant similar to the risk posed by the active ...continued page 18 4 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 “An ounce of prevention”

n ounce of prevention is worth a corridors may even cross geographic Weed-Free Aggregate pound of cure.” This philosophy barriers that previously limited the spread “A Aggregate, such as sand and gravel, can is as important in wildland stewardship of invasive plants. also be a vector for the spread of invasive as it is in health care,. Preventing the However, transportation and utility plants. The National Park Service has introduction of invasive plants is more corridor managers can greatly reduce just completed a new guide for aggregate cost-effective than managing infestations the introduction and spread of invasive users, Weed Free Aggregate for Land already established. plants by adopting prevention Managers, which provides guidance for Throughout the last year, Cal-IPC and practices such as cleaning ststartingarting a weeweed-freed-free partners have focused efforts on creating equipment and using weed-freefree prevention resources to reduce the spread materials. Prevention BMPs thatthat of invasive plants in California. This minimize invasive plant spreadad has resulted in a new BMP Prevention in transportation and utility Manual, a list of weed-free forage and corridors can also: straw providers, and a guide to weed-free • Reduce future aggregate. maintenance needs BMP Prevention Manual and cost • Reduce fi re hazards Cal-IPC’s newest publication, • Reduce herbicide use Preventing the Spread of Invasive • Enhance visibility, Plants: Best Management Practices for access and safety Transportation and Utility Corridors, • Limit liability for the presents voluntary guidelines to help governing agency or those managing transportation and lessee utility corridors in California prevent the • Maintain good public accidental introduction and spread of relations terrestrial invasive plants. • Protect wildlife Cal-IPC developed this new habitat, native plant prevention manual in partnership with populations, and a technical advisory team of transporta- benefi cial insects, as tion and utility corridor management well as threatened experts from across the state. The and endangered manual provides essential guidelines for species. integrating prevention Best Management Weed-Free Forage Suppliers aggregate inspection program. Practices (BMPs) into transportation and For example, Garrett Dickman, a biologist utility corridor planning, routine mainte- UC Cooperative Extension, in at Yosemite National Park, inspects nance, project construction, revegetation conjunction with the California local gravel pits and works to create and and landscaping activities. Department of Food and Agriculture implement weed management plans at (CDFA) and County Agriculture aggregate production facilities, with the Transportation and utility corridors, Commissioners throughout the state, goal of ensuring weed-free aggregate for strips of land upon which pipelines, has created a list of Certifi ed Weed-Free their construction and road projects. roads, and power or communication Forage and Straw. Weed-Free Forage is lines are built and maintained, are defi ned as hay, feed, or straw mulch that Cal-IPC’s prevention webpage at high-risk sites for the introduction and has been inspected, and certifi ed not to www.cal-ipc.org/ip/prevention includes spread of invasive plants. These corridors contain propagative plant parts or seeds of the new BMP Prevention Manual for provide opportunities for the movement noxious weeds (as defi ned by CDFA, not Transportation and Utility Corridors and of invasive plants, as seeds and other Cal-IPC’s Inventory). Available resources resources for weed-free materials. propagules can be transported by vehicles on Cal-IPC’s website include: CDFA’s The BMP Manual was funded throughout the corridors. Construction weed-free forage inspection procedures, through the American Recovery and and maintenance activities can introduce a contact list for County Agricultural Reinvestment Act, with funding provided or spread invasive plants through project Commissioners offering inspections, by the USDA Forest Service, State and materials and ground disturbance. The and the list of certifi ed weed-free forage Private Forestry, through the California suppliers in California. Department of Food and Agriculture. Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 5 “The torch has been passed” An interview with Nelroy Jackson by Gina Darin, California Department of Water Resources

ith a background in agriculture, the National Invasive Weeds WNelroy Jackson dealt with weed Awareness Coalition (IWAC) control in sugarcane at GuySuCo, a sugar and National Invasive Weeds company in Guyana on the northern Awareness Week (NIWAW). coast of South America, then in California IWAC wanted to foster crops while working for Monsanto® advocacy and activities at the in product development. Living in state level, so California NGOs California, Nelroy gained interest in formed the California Invasive “Do the doable!” Nelroy Jackson receiving habitat restoration, especially as it relates Weeds Awareness Coalition Cal-IPC’s award for vision and dedicated service at to forestry rangeland and wildfi res. His (CALIWAC) as an umbrella the 2007 Symposium. Photo: Bob Case. introduction to environmental weeds organization to bring individual regulations on water, and Caltrans has came while using Roundup® to create groups together to focus on the state jurisdiction over roads. In other states, mosaics of understory vegetation to legislature. They decided to create what these departments are often in the same reduce fi re hazards. became “Day at the Capitol”. They agency. Here NGOs like Cal-IPC need to Nelroy considers himself a hybrid. had support from a range of groups, work with all three agencies to get invasive He had to learn “how to work for a such as Farm Bureau, the Cattlemens’ plant management implemented. State chemical company and still be sensitive Association, and the county Agricultural employees can educate, but cannot lobby to environmental health.” Because of his Commissioners. legislators. interests, Nelroy was invited to give a Cal-IPC has also sent teams to Nelroy and Bob Pickard, Supervisor talk on herbicides at the fi rst CalEPPC National Invasive Weeds Awareness in Mariposa County, were the key symposium in Morro Bay. The event was Week in Washington, D.C. In 2006, CALIWAC members with advocacy unique in that it started a dialogue among Nelroy accepted an award recognizing experience in the beginning. The rest of people from different backgrounds - weed CALIWAC’s work in raising awareness the team, including Cal-IPC’s Executive scientists and ecologists. and public education related to invasive Director Doug Johnson, learned on the Hopes in starting CalEPPC plant management in the nation’s most job. The reason CALIWAC has been a populous state. Nelroy was also given the successful advocacy group is because many Nelroy hoped that CalEPPC would Lifetime Achievement Award, where it individuals contribute from different continue to encourage dialogue among was declared that “getting people together perspectives. “Relationships and mutual weed scientists and ecologists. He aimed is Nelroy’s specialty.” respect make this team work.” to take the conversation beyond absolutist California differs from other states positions for or against herbicides and Nelroy got several Cal-IPC people in that the Agriculture Department biocontrol. He advocated for tolerance interested in NIWAW – Doug Johnson, enforces laws and regulations, while the and respect for opinions. In those early Bob Pickard, Jake Sigg (CNPS), John Natural Resources Agency has land and meetings, everyone learned from each Randall (The Nature Conservancy). other. “We became a very congenial Cal-IPC has had relatively board. Meetings were long, but never large delegations to NIWAW acrimonious.” The weed scientists and for a number of years – “it ecologists ended up being friends. was a good time to visit some of the key California Another goal Nelroy had was for representatives in an effi cient CalEPPC to become an advocacy manner, and we had some organization, which has been successful, new folks like Elizabeth especially considering most scientists Brusati and Gina Darin who are not trained in advocacy and many did e xcellent organizational advocates are not trained in science. work.” Team CALIWAC built relationships with staff for Advocacy Wendy West, Nelroy Jackson, and Jake Sigg both Senators Feinstein and California Invsive Weeds Awareness represented California at the National Invasive Weeds Day at the Capitol started because of Awareness Week in Washington D.C., 2003. ...continued page 16 6 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 Stinkwort: history, research, and management by Rachel Brownsey, Guy Kyser, and Joseph DiTomaso, UC Davis Weed Science

ittrichia graveolens (L.) Grueter possible hyper D(stinkwort) is an annual accumulation composite, native to the Mediterranean of heavy metals, region, that has spread rapidly in mercury, zinc, California over the past two decades and copper, at (Figure 1). A nondescript, foul abandoned mine smelling plant, stinkwort initially went sites in Europe unnoticed by all but the most discerning (Higueras et al. botanists and weed managers. An 2003, Shallari early article in Madroño helped raise et al. 1998) demonstrate a awareness (Preston 1997), but stinkwort potential to invade has continued to spread mostly areas with unique undetected until recent years. soils. Stinkwort Seeds disperse effectively along fl ourishes both in transportation corridors and establish areas with very dry Dittrichia graveolens rosettes on a roadside in Davis, CA. well in disturbed areas. This plant is now conditions, and and to the lack of published information widespread in the San Francisco Bay along the margin of wetlands. Presently, on stinkwort. Area and is expanding its range in all invaded areas include gravel mines, Management of stinkwort populations directions. Collections have been made in roadsides, heavily grazed rangeland, and has been challenging. If management most Central Valley counties, along the vineyard edges. Plants have also been activities do not take place before plants coast north and south of the Bay Area, observed in both natural and constructed begin to produce seeds in the fall, there and in the Sierra Nevada foothills. There wetlands, and on riparian fl oodplains. is a risk that these activities will help are also expanding populations in the San Potential environmental and economic to disperse seeds rather than effectively Diego area, thought to be from a separate impacts of expanding populations in the controlling the population. Additionally, introduction. state are not well understood. Negative mowing on roadsides and other areas for Stinkwort tolerates a range of impacts documented in the scientifi c fuels reduction in late spring potentially soil conditions, temperatures, and literature include livestock mortality favors stinkwort by removing competing precipitation regimes. Tolerance and due to puncturing of internal organs annuals while stinkwort is still small. following seed A more thorough understanding of Dittrichia graveolens rate of spread in California ingestion (Philbry stinkwort biology and life cycle is 35 and Morton needed to develop effective management 30 2000), and strategies. contact dermatitis 25 Recent research in susceptible 20 people (Thong Over the past year and a half, we have 15 et al. 2008). established several fi eld, greenhouse, and However, impacts laboratory experiments at UC Davis. Our 10 to wildlife, natural goal is to investigate the environmental 5 ecosystems, and characteristics that facilitate or limit working landscapes establishment, growth, and reproduc- Number of California counties of California Number 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 have not been tion of stinkwort, and to characterize its Year characterized on a life cycle and unique life history traits. broad scale, owing What we learn about this plant will Figure 1. The approximate rate of spread represented by the to the very recent help us (1) to predict which ecosystems number of California counties where plant collections have expansion of this may be at risk of invasion, and (2) to been made between 1984 and 2010 (California Consortium of plant in the state develop effective management tools. Herbaria 2012). A summary of the methods and early ...continued page 14 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 7 Native understory controls weeds by Heyo Tjarks, River Partners, Chico, California

ue to the construction of dams and aggressive approach of understory weed the project sites, and (3) create benefi cial Dlevees throughout the Central Valley management and the establishment of wildlife habitat. for agriculture and urban development, an herbaceous layer consisting of native Before creating a fi eld design, River current ecological conditions on most perennials. Partners biologists conduct an evaluation of its fl oodplains do not favor the to assess the site establishment of conditions. These native woody or include soil types, herbaceous species. topography, depth to Dams and levees have water table, current altered the natural vegetation, historical hydrology (e.g. fl ood vegetation, and frequency, duration inundation intervals. and amplitude) and Once these variables geomorphology (e.g. are understood, it sediment transport, is possible to select bank erosion, and a suite of species river meander) to which are capable which native riparian of self-sustaining vegetation is adapted growth within those and reliant upon site conditions. In for reproduction addition, species and successful are chosen and establishment. arranged based on Because of their benefi ts to these alterations, wildlife as well as their native vegetation is ability to compete often outcompeted by Remnant vegetation and restoration sites at the San Joaquin River National against non-native aggressive weeds. Over Wildlife Refuge. and invasive species. the past few decades, Once a suite of restoration projects on the Sacramento Through experimentation, River species is chosen, River Partners collects River have established approximately Partners has successfully germinated and and processes native seed from remnant 8,000 acres of riparian forests with native established several native herbaceous vegetation within the project area or as woody species. However the herbaceous species in the fi eld, including mugwort close to the site as possible in order to understory is frequently dominated by (Artemisia douglasiana), gumplant ensure the genetic adaptation of the local annual grasses or other weeds including (Grindelia camporum), telegraph weed ecotype. yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) or (Heterotheca grandifl ora), evening primrose Next, we design the fi eld layout. milk thistle (Silybum marianum). (Oenothera hookeri), western goldenrod Design considerations include matching Within the last decade, River (Euthamia occidentalis), creeping wild species’ growth requirements to the Partners has strived to increase the rye (Leymus triticoides), and blue wild rye microsite conditions across the project overall biodiversity and habitat structure (Elymus glaucus), to name a few. We use area and arranging species within this for the benefi t of wildlife within our an approach which combines modern framework to produce habitat structure restorations. Our goal is to design native agricultural equipment and techniques, and food sources required by local wildlife plant associations that will develop up-to-date horticultural knowledge, and species. Finally, the project area can be into sustainable communities through adaptive management practices. With this prepared for planting using modern ecological succession under the current combination, we are able to; (1) design, farming techniques including discing, and projected future conditions. One plant, and establish large acreages (up to ripping, fl oating, pulling planting berms, of our major advances toward this 800 acres at a time) with multiple native and installing irrigation. Typically, a goal has been achieved through an understory species, (2) effectively control project’s life is three years, in which the non-native invasive weeds throughout

8 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 site can be prepared, planted, maintained, and established as a self-sustaining community. For example, on the San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge (SJRNWR) we are installing woody trees and shrubs along the planting berms during the fi rst year of the project, followed by aggressive weed control during the fi rst two growing seasons. Our weed control approach involves fl ood irrigating the aisle-ways between planting berms in order to promote the germination and growth of non-native and invasive species in the seed bed. Then aisle-ways are disced or sprayed with herbicide in order to exterminate the weeds before they set seed. Hand labor using backpack herbicide sprayers removes weeds along the planting “Pulling” planting berms on a restoration project to prepare for the planting of rows where discing or broad herbicide woody trees and shrubs during the fi rst year of the project. application would damage the planted native woody species. This process is timing are critical at this stage. For to add diversity and structure to the repeated multiple times throughout the example, it may be necessary to mow the restoration, while also allowing the use of fi rst two growing seasons in order to aisle-ways if signifi cant weed pressure still selective herbicides to combat weeds. exhaust the existing seedbed. Ultimately, exists. If so, it is important to mow before This approach has resulted in a dense this sterile seedbed approach reduces the weeds become so tall that mowing cover of native herbs, with 65% and 71% competition for native grasses and forbs creates a large amount of mulch that absolute cover of native herbaceous species that are broadcast or drill seeded at the will smother any smaller, native species. and less than 4% absolute cover of weeds end of the second growing season. Additionally, it is equally important to on two fi elds surveyed in 2010. These After seeding native grasses or forbs, cut the weeds low enough to reduce the results are typical of many of our projects the understory is actively managed during competition for sunlight with the native in this region and more recent projects the third and fi nal year via irrigation, species. Thus, choosing the optimal implemented on the Sacramento River. mowing, and herbicide applications. timing and blade-height is key to a This method of understory Adaptive management strategies and successful mowing regime. establishment has been employed by River In order Partners since 2004. Since then, we have to facilitate restored approximately 1,700 acres of the use of riparian habitat on the SJRNWR alone. herbicides This approach has not only been suc- for weed cessful at combating non-native invasive control, weeds, but the planted understories River have also been resilient to disturbances Partners including fi res and long-duration fl ood separates the events. Lastly, the method has created aisle-ways benefi cial wildlife habitat. Over the past into native decade, River Partners has documented grass mixes several threatened and endangered species and forb utilizing and breeding in our restoration mixes. By projects, including least Bell’s vireo, planting an western yellow billed cuckoo, valley alternating elderberry longhorn beetle, and the pattern of riparian brush rabbit. forbs and An endangered Least Bell’s vireo nest in a San Joaquin River National grasses, it Heyo Tjarks can be contacted at Wildlife Refuge restoration site (2006). is possible [email protected].

Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 9 Cal-IPC’s 21st Annual Symposium Bay to Basin: Coordinating Response to Invasive Plants across California October 10 - 13, 2012 Wine Country Doubletree, Rohnert Park

Join us in Sonoma County, within easy reach of the bay, ocean, Central Valley (and, of course, great wine). Sonoma County is known for its rustic surroundings amidst the backdrop of stately redwoods, rolling oak savannah, and magnifi cient grasslands.

Join more than 300 natural resource managers, researchers, students, and restoration volunteers from throughout the state to learn about and discuss the latest in control techniques, research results, while networking and mingling Discussion groups provide attendees the opportunity to interact with during the awards banquet, social hour experts while learning about special topics. and raffl e, fi eld course and fi eld trips. Including these sessions: Working across Landscapes Working across Taxa Working across Time Presentations Discussion Groups Awards Banquet Exhibitors Posters Photo Contest During the poster session attendees can interact with enthusiastic Raffle & Auction researchers, students, and land managers presenting specifi c research.

10 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 Field Course Wed. Oct 10th Symposium Thu. & Fri. Oct 11th &12th Field Trips Sat. Oct 13th

Field Course: Wednesday, October 10th we will host a fi eld course which will include a hands on section, similar to our Habitat Restoration Workdays. Attendees will leave with both new Th e social hour is a great time to visit with colleagues, mentors, and new information and innovative skills. friends while bidding on great raffl e and silent auction items. Register with the Symposium and receive a discount! Discussion Groups: Th ese groups allow attendees to talk with each other and experts on topics of particular interest. 2012 topics include funding, protecting pollinators, prevention, Dittrichia graveolens and careers. Field Trips: Saturday, October 13th half-day and full-day fi eld trips provide attendees the opportunity to see weed management projects in the fi eld. Locations include Mt. Tamalpais and the Centennial of Marin Municipal Water Districts, native grasslands and restoration and trip highlighting local projects. (Th is year we probably won’t have to worry about snow!) Networking: Mingle and network throughout the symposium breaks, meals and social hour. Th e symposium is a great time to renew your enthusiasm for natural resource management. Continuing Education Units: Every year Cal-IPC applies for continuing education units (CEUs) from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the Nevada Department of Agriculture. We anticipate that we will be successful again this year and 2011 Golden Weed Wrench Award Winner Sue will post the available hours on our website once they are Donaldson at last year’s Symposium. confi rmed. . . . See next page More at www.cal-ipc.org

Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 11 More on the Symposium. . .

Registration, Transportation, Lodging Call for Papers & Posters: Due June 15 Registration opens in June! Register online for faster Abstracts are due Friday, June 15. Submit abstracts for processing and choose from several payment options. oral papers (20 min.) or posters using the information at Registration includes meals, lodging, and 2013 Cal-IPC www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/presenters.php. We especially membership. encourage submissions that address working across Rates: Regular: $315 ($345 aft er Sept. 7, $385 on-site) landscapes, taxa, and time, or that emphasize how your Student: $100 ($130 aft er Sept. 7, $170 on-site) project can provide lessons to others. For more info Symposium Volunteer: $210 (spaces fi ll early) contact Elizabeth Brusati, [email protected]. Restoration Volunteer: $210 (before Sept. 7 only) Field Course: $155 ($175 without Symposium) Student Contest Getting Th ere: Rohnert Park is located in Sonoma County, Students are invited to enter our fi ft h annual Student Paper one hour north of San Francisco and Oakland, two hours and Poster Contest. First place in each category receives north of San Jose, and one hour forty-fi ve minutes west of $250. First, second, and third places will be recognized at Sacramento. Th e Sonoma County Airport Express off ers the Symposium and in Cal-IPC News. www.cal-ipc.org. transportation from the San Francisco International Airport and the Oakland International Airport for $34/person each Award Nominations: due July 9 way, no advance notice required. Information at Th e Symposium is an opportunity to honor individuals www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/attendees.php and organizations who have made exceptional Lodging: Th e Wine Country Doubletree off ers single or contributions to invasive plant research or management. double occupancy rooms for a negotiated discounted rate of We welcome nominations for: the Jake Sigg Award for $84/night. Attendees receive complimentary WiFi in every Vision and Service; the Golden Weed Wrench Award for room and free parking. Reserve your room through our Land Manager of the Year; the Ryan Jones Catalyst Award; website by Sept. 7 to receive the discounted group rates. the Invasive Plants Policy Award; and the Organization of the Year Award. Send nominations to [email protected]. Sponsorship Opportunities See past honorees at www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/awards.php. Sponsoring the Symposium is a great way for your organization to reach California’s natural resource managers Photo Contest: Due September 7 while supporting the event. Five levels of sponsorship off er Show off your photographic talents in the annual Cal-IPC benefi ts including free registration, exhibit space, and Photo Contest! Photos will be displayed at the Symposium recognition in Symposium materials. Information at and attendees will choose Best in Show. Entries can include www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/sponsorship.php specimen photos of individual plants, landscape photos, or action photos of weed workers. We especially encourage photos that illustrate the impacts of weeds. Send entries to [email protected]. Auction and Raffle Th e Symposium is not just about learning the newest research results and management techniques; it’s also about having fun with fellow weed workers! Our Wednesday night happy hour includes a raffl e with a variety of great prizes: tools, trips, wine, books, artwork, clothing, and more. Th e banquet later in the evening features a live auction of a few special items. Come mingle with like-minded folks from around the state and recharge your batteries. Contact raffl [email protected] if you have a special item to contribute! 2011 fi eld trip participants visit Grover Hot Springs State Park to discuss eradication projects.

12 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 Jepson Manual 2nd ed. invasive plant name changes by Elizabeth Brusati, Cal-IPC Science Program Manager

otanists across California eagerly Name changes for the Cal-IPC Inventory from the new Jepson Manual Bawaited the release of the revised Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California Jepson Manual 1993 Common Name Jepson Manual 2012 in January. Thanks to new research on Arctotheca calendula (fertile) fertile capeweed A. calendula plant taxonomy, many familiar species Arctotheca calendula (infertile) sterile capeweed A. prostrata have new names. Some are even in Cardaria chalepensis lens-podded white-top Lepidium chalepense new families. Approximately 10% of the species in the Cal-IPC Inventory Cardaria draba hoary cress Lepidium draba have new names, which we will be Cardaria pubescens hairy whitetop Lepidium appelianum incorporating into our materials. Below Centaurea debeauxii meadow knapweed C. jacea notho subsp. pratensis is a description of the changes. First, however, is a refresher course on the Centaurea maculosa spotted knapweed C. stoebe subsp. micranthos Inventory itself. Chrysanthemum coronarium crown daisy Glebionis coronaria The Inventory Danthonia pilosa hairy oat grass Rytidosperma pencillatum The Cal-IPC Inventory is the Erechtites minima Australian fi reweed Senecio minimus basis for everything we do. The Cal-IPC Erechtites glomerata cutleaf burnweed Senecio glomeratus Inventory uses a set of 13 questions to Euphorbia esula leafy spurge E. virgata assess whether a plant should be listed Linaria genistifolia subsp. Dalmatian toadfl ax L. dalmatica subsp. dalmatica as “invasive”. We defi ne invasive plants dalmatica as those that “1) are not native to, yet can spread into, wildland ecosystems, Lolium multifl orum Italian ryegrass Festuca perennis and that also 2) displace native spe- Nassella manicata tropical needlegrass Stipa manicata cies, hybridize with native species, Picris echioides bristly oxtongue Helminthotheca echioides alter biological communities, or alter Piptatherum miliaceum smilograss Stipa miliacea var. miliacea ecosystem processes.” Several thousand naturalized plants grow in California Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica but few have impacts that justify adding Polygonum sachalinense giant knotweed Fallopia sachalinensis them to the inventory. The criteria system Retama monosperma bridal broom Genista monosperma was developed in conjunction with the Sapium sebiferum Chinese tallowtree Triadica sebifera Southwestern Vegetation Management Taeniatherum caput-medusae medusahead Elymus caput-medusae Association in Arizona and the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. Our Vulpia myuros rattail fescue Festuca myuros goal was to create a transparent system California but the potential to spread The Inventory does not cover plants that clearly documents why a species is widely. Earlier versions of the Inventory, that are just beginning to become invasive listed, and to develop a procedure that published in 1994, 1996, and 1999, were or species that are a problem in a very could be adapted to different states or less transparent because they did not use a limited area. Last year, we created the geographic scales. criteria system and did not document why Cal-IPC Watchlist (available at www. To add a species, Cal-IPC staff or each species was listed. cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/weedlist.php) to a knowledgeable volunteer fi lls out a Most of the current Inventory species compile information on new plants of Plant Assessment Form that lists a score, date to the last major update in 2006. concern. If you have a species you are description, and documentation for each Additional species have been added since worried about, please send information question. A committee of invasive plant then, including eight in 2011 (Cal-IPC to Elizabeth Brusati, edbrusati@cal-ipc. experts reviews species for their fi nal News, Fall 2011). Species are added when org. Another way to tell your fellow weed scores, which then determine the rating Cal-IPC members provide information workers about a new plant or to fi nd of High, Moderate, or Limited. The that allow evaluation, but Cal-IPC does more information is the CalWeedTalk Inventory adds an “Alert” designation for not currently have a dedicated funding listserv. Anyone on the list can post species with high or moderate impacts source for the Inventory. to it; to join send a blank email to that so far have a limited distribution in ...continued page 17

Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 13 majority of above-ground ...Dittrichia from page 7 growth occurs between June results of these studies can be found in and September, with the the 2011 Cal-IPC Proceedings (www. largest increase in canopy cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/index.php). volume between August In our second year of research, we have and September. Flowering established additional experiments and seed production occur to investigate (1) the potential for continuously from September stinkwort invasion in grasslands using to December. a comparative study of root growth Discussion and observed with a minirhizotron system (a management specialized camera that is inserted into an underground transparent plastic tube Seed viability for at a 45° angle), and (2) an estimate of mature, fi lled seeds is high population growth rate. during natural dispersal in the fi eld, around 90% on Life cycle average. Seed germination The stinkwort life cycle is in the lab, under optimal rather unusual, as all stages following conditions for temperature germination occur much later in the and moisture, is also season than from most annuals (Figure around 90%, and this rate 2). Aside from tarweeds, there are is observed for a wide range few comparable species in the native of constant temperatures California fl ora. However, weedy taxa from 12-34°C (54-93°F). such as Salsola spp. (saltwort), Conyza These results indicate that spp. (horseweed or fl eabane), and to primary dormancy is very Dittrichia graveolens (stinkwort) at UC Davis Weed some degree Centaurea solstitialis (yellow unlikely. Additionally, Day 2011 with Rachel Brownsey. starthistle) have similar life history the high germination rate strategies. combined with the small seed establishing on riparian fl oodplains could potentially spread to adjacent riparian Seeds are capable of germination size suggests a short seed life. This has forest ecosystems. The results suggest at nearly any time of year, but under important consequences for management that stinkwort, like yellow starthistle, natural conditions, they tend to germinate of stinkwort populations, because it will not be competitive in understory throughout winter and early spring implies that successful control efforts that communities of woodland and forest following precipitation. In the Central prevent seed production for one to two ecosystems due to limited growth in Valley, germination is not limited by soil years have potential to greatly reduce the population size. reduced light conditions. Both the Life Stage Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec greenhouse and the Germination Germination Germination fi eld growth studies Moderated Exponential extended into late Growth Rosette Growth canopy growth summer, giving us the opportunity dfadaf Flowering Reproduction to qualitatively Seed Production compare fl owering Dispersal Dispersal phenology of the two populations. Figure 2. Dittrichia graveolens life cycle based on fi eld experiments in Davis, California. Greenhouse plants received daily temperature or low light conditions but In a shade study conducted in the watering and moderate temperatures rather by soil moisture. This is also likely greenhouse we observed signifi cant of 29°C (85°F) day and 18°C (65°F) to be true in coastal California and other reductions in above- and below-ground night, while plants in the fi eld received areas of the state with moderate winter growth of stinkwort under increasingly no supplemental water. All fi eld and temperatures. Following germination, shaded conditions (50%, 27%, and 9% of greenhouse plants initiated fl owering plants remain as small rosettes until ambient light). This study was designed during the fi rst two weeks of September. mid-May when they begin to bolt. The to address concerns that stinkwort plants ...continued page 17

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Cal-IPC’s Habitat Restoration Workdays Gain hands-on fi eld experience controlling invasive 2012 Schedule plants at Cal-IPC’s Habitat Restoration Workdays. Discuss the theory behind various invasive plant • Sat. June 2, Davis, Yolo County control techniques and practice these techniques Mechanical Control Tools for Arundo donax and Tamarisk under expert guidance. These are half-day events • Sat. July 14, Malibu, Los Angeles County that are designed to be learning and volunteer Residential Riparian and Upland Habitat Restoration opportunities. • Fri. August 24, Arcata, Humboldt County Early Detection Mapping in Dunes Habitat • Sat. September 29, Felton, Santa Cruz County Woody Plant Control Tools at Old Quarry Site • Sat. October 20, Chico, Butte County Manual Invasive Tree Removal Methods • Sat. October 27, Tiburon/Corte Madera, Marin County Mapping Methods for New Invaders Tarping to control purple velvet grass (Holcus • Sat. December 8, Big Sur, Monterey County lanatus) during a Habitat Restoration Workday in Control Methods for Cape Ivy and Periwinkle the Presidio, San Francisco. Register and fi nd more information at: cal-ipc.org/fi eldcourses

Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 15 ...Nelroy Jackson from page 6 funds and legislation. Cal-IPC’s increased and continue to form interagency role in policy is a logical progression partnerships. Boxer, as well as several representatives of the early board’s previous work. For (including Speaker Pelosi). The original board members have example, Doug’s position on CISAC moved on, and it’s important to fi ll Nelroy shared advice for how local gives him a megaphone for his message those shoes. “We need to cultivate young weed workers can get elected offi cials to the Agriculture, Caltrans, and Natural leaders.” Nelroy remembers J.P. Marie more interested in invasive plants as an Resources agencies. Nelroy believes that attending the Invasive Plant School that issue. “Foot work – write letters to the advocacy should remain an important he and Carl Bell put on in Lake County editor of local newspapers, visit the offi ces part of Cal-IPC’s agenda. in early 2000s, and subsequently J.P. of elected offi cials and educate them.” The Future became a Cal-IPC Board member. Nelroy recommended networking with local organizations like RCDs, Caltrans Nelroy would like to see Cal-IPC Nelroy told me how heartwarming Supervisors and Landscape Architects, and stay focused on the most important it was to see so many young people at working with established organizations issues and products – training new the last few symposia he attended – “we like Cal-IPC, SERCAL, and CNGA on people, maintaining the weed list, and can’t leave a better legacy than that.” their advocacy efforts. fundraising. Nelroy advocates for doing Ideas live on as the next generation is the doable, and doing it now. “Studying inspired, and Cal-IPC is a terrifi c model Cal-IPC’s success shows other states invasive plants is good, but doing for a sustainable society. As he let out a that persons outside of NAWMA and something about it is better.” Habitat chuckle, Nelroy said “I’m proud to be in state departments of agriculture or natural restoration is the goal, and we will succeed an organization without too much grey resources could be effective in seeking as we prevent new weed infestations hair!”

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Recent Donors Julie Horenstein (Sacramento), Dan Blancas Lightstation, Morro Bay), Chris Knapp (Los Angeles), Fred Kramer (San Hoffman (Carson City), Sabrina Hopton Thank you! Your tax-deductible donations are Diego), Caroline Kuizenga (Carpinteria), (McKinleyville), Libby Ingalls (San extremely valuable in supporting our programs. Chris McDonald (San Bernardino), Francisco), Shelley Lawrence (ECO Club, Robert Rutemoeller (Gualala), Jim Sharp CSUSM, Vista), Glen Lewis (Muir Heritage Stewardship Circle ($1,000+) (Berkeley), George Strauss (Berkeley), Land Trust, Martinez), Monique Looney Jake Sigg (San Francisco) Lauren Velasco (Riverside), Peter Warner (East Bay Regional Park District, Antioch), (Santa Rosa), Georgie Waugh (Santa Rosa) Robinson Ngo (Hercules), Jonathan Pilch Patron ($500-$999) (Watsonville Wetlands Watch), Lawrence Edith Allen (Riverside) New Members Ray (Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians, Peter Schuyler (Santa Barbara) As a Cal-IPC Member, you join a powerful Lakeport), Daydre Roser (Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Elk Grove), Cathi Schrader Andrea Williams (Richmond) network of land managers, researchers, (County of Orange - OC Parks), Cindy volunteers, and concerned citizens. Welcome! Champion ($250-$499) Sherwood (Cazadero), Thomas Smith Peter Beesley (Grass Valley) Monica Arancibia (Cal. State Univ. San (Calif. Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection, Marcos, Encinitas), Rose Banks (Bishop), Sacramento), Linda Stamer (USFS Big Contributor ($100-$249) Ezekiel Bean (City of Santa Cruz - Water Bear Ranger Station, Fawnskin), Katrina Peter Brastow (San Anselmo) Depart.), Robert Berner (Marin Agricultural Maria Steinhauer (Sanger), Joanne Taylor Jamie & Ingrid Cabada (San Francisco) Land Trust, Point Reyes Station), Catherine (Orange County Parks), Lauren Velasco Jason Casanova (La Crescenta) Caldwell (DWR - Delta Ecosystem (UC Riverside), Annie Walker (Placerville), Helen Conway (San Jose) Enhancement, Sacramento), Adam Cline Kim Wehinger (City of San Diego), John James Dougherty (San Francisco) (Yocha Dehe Farm & Ranch, Brooks), Susan Willoughby (Placerville), Steve Windhager Doug Gibson (Encinitas) Cohen (Martinez), Robyn Coole (Oceanside), (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden) Sue Hubbard (Salinas) Ernestina Diaz (Sweetwater Authority, Spring Barbara Meislin (Tiburon) Valley), Tiffany Edwards (Duke University), New Organizational Members Jennifer Egawa (Caltrans, Berkeley), Scott Friend (up to $99) Organizational Members advance Gallic (RECON Environmental, San Diego), Cal-IPC’s mission to protect California’s John Chamberlain (Half Moon Bay), Wayne Gilfi llan (East Bay Regional Park wildlands from invasive plants. Carolyn Cromer (Louiville, KY), Ed District, Castro Valley), David Greenberger Duarte (Livermore), Jason Giessow (Santa Cruz Sentinel), Mahala Guggino Sweetwater Authority (Encinitas), Kim Hayes (Moss Landing), (ESA, Lotus), Nancy Hartwick (Piedras The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 16 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 ...Dittrichia from page 14 for future investigation of specifi c man- Pyogranulomatous enteritis in sheep due to penetrating seed heads of Dittrichia graveolens. We therefore concluded that photoperiod agement methods. If we expect to stop or Australian Veterinary Journal 28:858-860. is the likely signal for initiation of slow the spread of this plant in the state reproductive growth, rather than drought we need effective management tools and Preston, R. 1997. Dittrichia graveolens stress or temperature changes. This is an informed management approach. (Asteraceae), new to the California weed fl ora. Madroño 44:200-203 good news for planning management Resources activities, as we can expect fl owering to Shallari, S., C. Schwartz, A. Hasko, and J.L. Consortium of California Herbaria. 2012. begin every year in early September under More. 1998. Heavy metals in soils and plants Specimen records for Dittrichia graveolens. of serpentine and industrial sites of Albania. a range of weather conditions. This will Data provided by the participants of the allow managers to adjust their approach The Science of the Total Environment 209: Consortium of California Herbaria (ucjeps. 133-142. and control methods accordingly. berkeley.edu/consortium/). Thong, H.Y., M. Yokota, D. Kardassakis, and The ongoing research is building our Higueras, P., R. Oyarzun, H. Biester, J. Lillo, H.I. Mailbach. 2008. Allergic contact dermati- understanding of the basic life cycle and and S. Lorenzo. 2003. A fi rst insight into tis from Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter biology of stinkwort, allowing us to make mercury distribution and speciation in soils (stinkwort). Contact Dermatitis 58:51-53 predictions of invasion potential that will from the Almadén mining district, Spain. Rachel Brownsey can be contacted at help prioritize management activities. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 80: 95-104 [email protected]. This information also lays a foundation Philbry, A.W., and A.G. Morton. 2000.

...Jepson from page 13 DNA evidence. The Jepson Manual uses However, the new Jepson Manual keeps taxonomy based on monophyletic groups. it as Zostera. According to Dean Kelch at [email protected]. This means that the species in a particular the California Department of Food and The Inventory format may undergo genus must be more closely related to each Agriculture Herbarium, “Nanozostera” is revisions in the future. We now have other than to species in any other genus. not widely accepted. We have decided to better distribution information from Some species have been lumped and some use Zostera japonica to be consistent with our mapping project of the past two have been split. For example, Cardaria the new Jepson Manual. years, shown in CalWeedMapper draba (hoary cress) has moved into the The article by David Magney, cited ( calweedmapper.calfl ora.org). We also have genus Lepidium to become Lepidium below, provides a good description of why modeled the projected suitable range for draba. Many families have been split. names change. Additional information some species to predict where they might Some name changes occur because came from the workshop “Phylogeny, be able to spread. two taxonomists gave the same species Taxonomy, and Name Changes in the Changing Names different names at different times. To California Flora” at the Jepson Herbarium Cal-IPC’s Inventory generally make them consistent, the oldest name at UC Berkeley. follows Jepson Manual nomenclature. (the fi rst one published academically) Resources We will be integrating the new names takes priority and supersedes the newer name. This is why the infertile (non-seed Cockrell, C. 2012. California native-plant into our printed and online materials classic gets a 21st-century makeover. UC while still referencing the older names. producing) form of Arctotheca calendula in California has now been recognized as Berkeley News Center. newscenter.berkeley. Cal-IPC’s online Plant Profi les (www. edu/2012/01/30/california-native-plant-classic- Arctotheca prostrata. Some name changes cal-ipc.org/ip/management/plant_profi les) jepson-manual-revision/ [Accessed April 4, and CalWeedMapper now list both correct misidentifi cations. Euphorbia esula 2012] the new and previous Jepson Manual (leafy spurge) in California and elsewhere in North America apparently is really Jepson Flora Project. 2012 (v. 1.0). Jepson nomenclature. The online Inventory eFlora. ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html. - This Euphorbia virgata. database (www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/ online resource parallels the printed Jepson weedlist.php) still uses the old names Here is an example of how confusing Manual. It also provides a conversion list for now but new additions will use new it can be to keep up with the changes: for plant names from the fi rst to the second names. One of the species added to the Inventory edition. We do not have space to provide a in 2011 is Japanese or dwarf eelgrass, Magney, D. 2010. Why do those plant detailed description as to why scientifi c Zostera japonica. A relatively new invader names keep changing? Make up your minds taxonomists! Channel Islands Chapter of the names change. However, in brief, plants, to California, it was not included in the California Native Plant Society. www.cnpsci. like other organisms, were originally 1993 Jepson Manual. In the Inventory we initially listed it as Nanozostera japonica org/html/PlantInfo/WhyPlantNamesChange.htm classifi ed based on shared physical [Accessed March 1, 2012] characteristics (i.e. they looked similar). based on a new name in the USDA Some have now been reclassifi ed based on PLANTS database (plants.usda.gov). Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 17 State of the Estuary individuals to work collaboratively to Readings & Presentations from last fall’s State of the promote, protect, conserve, and expand San Francisco Estuary Conference are the responsible use of prescribed fi re Resources now available, including videos from in Northern California’s fi re-adapted plenary presentations on “The State of the landscapes. norcalrxfi recouncil.org Know of a resource that should be shared Bay: 2011” and “Doing More with Less: here? Send it to [email protected]. Weed Diagnostics Moving Toward Long-term Sustainable The Center for Invasive Plant Aquatic Plant Resources Use of Delta and Bay Water”. Management at Montana State University A new blog from the Aquatic Plant www.sfestuary.org/soe2011 hosts a new Invasive Plant Diagnostics Management Society collects aquatic Buy It Where You Burn It Listserv as a service to experts in weed plant management news from around “Buy It Where You Burn It” is a campaign detection and identifi cation nationwide. the country. It will be updated weekly to prevent the spread of invasive species, Participants can request assistance in the with articles on aquatic plant projects and mostly insects and diseases, through identifi cation of unknown invasive plant issues. apms-blog.blogspot.com fi rewood. The California Firewood Task species and notify others of their fi ndings. Eye on Invasives Force describes the problem and provides Contact Elizabeth Galli-Noble, elizabeth. The California Department of Fish posters and videos on its website. There’s [email protected] and Game offers a quarterly electronic even a fun game on the kids’ page! Weed’s News newsletter describing invasive species www.fi rewood.ca.gov The Weed’s News is a free weekly digest work around the state. The Winter/Spring Prescribed Burning of invasive plant news delivered via email. 2012 issue focused on invasive plants. To The Northern California Prescribed Fire The website also contains Weed Risk subscribe, email [email protected] with Council is a venue for practitioners, state Assessment and job ads for those of you ‘subscribe’ in the subject line. and federal agencies, academic institu- looking to move to Australia. www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives tions, tribes, coalitions, and interested invasivespecies.org.au/traction

...Butterfl y from page 4 risk by reducing exposure. The fi rst way Another way to reduce exposure is to to do this is to avoid direct application or make herbicide applications when the In the absence of species-specifi c signifi cant drift to sensitive invertebrate most sensitive invertebrate life stage is toxicity data for organisms like butterfl ies, host plants. For example, Stark’s study not present. While an argument certainly a practical approach might be this: avoid involves the direct application of the can be made whether or not the larval using herbicides that have toxicity “red life stage is more herbicide-sensitive than fl ags” for non-plant species like fi sh when other life stages, there’s little doubt that there are sensitive invertebrates involved. the caterpillars are getting the greatest At least two of the herbicides in Stark’s When it comes to invertebrates, feeding exposure. When it comes to study could be replaced with less toxic the U.S. EPA requires only Lange’s metalmark butterfl y, this time products that are based on the same active one toxicity study for period would probably be between the ingredient or parent molecule without registration [of herbicides], an September-October mating fl ights and sacrifi cing weed control effi cacy. Garlon® accute contact honeybee test. larval hatching that occurs during the 4 can be replaced with its low fi sh toxicity winter/spring. Combining this timing cousin, the triclopyr amine Garlon® 3A; strategy with avoiding direct applications and Stalker®, an emulsifi able concentrate, herbicide to the caterpillars and their to host plants will signifi cantly reduce can be swapped with one of the aqueous food. This approach is reasonable if your herbicide exposure to feeding caterpillars. imazapyr products that are practi- goal is to access risk using a worst-case cally non-toxic to fi sh (i.e. Habitat® or Resources exposure scenario. But in reality, most Polaris®). As for Poast®, its aquatic toxicity herbicide applications would not involve Fimrite, P. 2012. Weed killers threaten Lange’s seems to be related to the inert ingredient, spraying the host plants directly, if at metalmark butterfl y. San Francisco Chronicle. naphthalene, which comprises about 80% April 2, 2012. Pg. C-1 Available: www.sfgate.com all. (While direct applications of the of the formulation. Unfortunately, there grass-specifi c herbicide Poast® would Stark, J.D., X.D. Chen, C.S. Johnson. 2012. is not a sethoxydim product that doesn’t probably be harmless to naked stem Effects of herbicides on Behr’s metalmark contain naphthalene, but perhaps another butterfl y, a surrogate species for the endangered buckwheat, direct applications of Garlon® grass-specifi c herbicide with low fi sh butterfl y, Lange’s metalmark. Environmental 4 or Stalker® would surely be fatal.) While toxicity could be used, like the clethodim- Pollution. 164: 24-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. this type of exposure reduction doesn’t containing product Envoy®. envpol.2012.01.011 completely eliminate risk, it would likely Joel Trumbo can be contacted at Besides reducing risk by selecting less increase the margin of safety considerably. toxic herbicides, it’s also possible to reduce [email protected]. 18 Cal-IPC News Spring 2012 The WILDLAND WEED CALENDAR

Russian River Watershed Symposium May - July August - December November 2 Cal-IPC Field Courses Ecological Society of America Annual Mtg Cloverdale June 5-7 Aug 5-10 [email protected] Idyllwild, Riverside County Portland, Oregon Central California Invasive Weed Symp. www.cal-ipc.org www.esa.org/portland November 8 Invasive Plant Ecology Short Course Rangeland & Livestock Management Felton, Santa Cruz County June 26-28 Aug 20-31 [email protected] North Platte, Nebraska Swanton Pacifi c Ranch, Davenport ipscourse.unl.edu [email protected] 2013 USDA Forum on Invasive Species CNGA Grassland Ecology, Id & Monitoring UC Davis Aquatic Weed School January 10-13, 2013 June 30 Sept 5-6 Annapolis, Maryland Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County Davis www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/ www.cnga.org wric.ucdavis.edu interagency_forum/ N.A. Congress for Conservation Biology Natural Areas Conference California Weeds Science Society Conf. July 15-18 October 9-12 January 23-25, 2013 Oakland Norfolk, Virginia Sacramento www.scbnacongress.org www.naturalarea.org/12conference www.cwss.org UC Davis Annual Weed Day Cal-IPC’s 21st Annual Symposium Weed Science Society of America Meeting July 19 October 10-13 February 4-7, 2013 Davis Rohnert Park, Sonoma County Baltimore, Maryland wric.ucdavis.edu www.cal-ipc.org www.wssa.net Aquatic Plant Management Society North American Weed Mgmt. Assoc. Conf. July 22-25 October 29-November 1 Salt Lake City, Utah Branson, Missouri www.apms.org www.nawma.org

Quotable

“Our study identifi es climate change as a risk [of increasing the likelyhood of invasiveness], which combined with other factors is likely to increase demand for imported heat- and drought-tolerant plants, but this emerging threat is one that policy can effectively address.” ~ Bethany Bradley, ecologist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She continues, “The USDA has tools to reduce import risk and we advocate that now is the time put them in place. Pre-import screening has been tested in Australia for about 10 years now and it’s not foolproof, but it seems to have done a good job of separating the really bad import ideas from more benign introductions.” In “Ecologists call for screening imported plants to prevent a new wave of invasive species” www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-ecologists-screening-imported-invasive-species.html, January 4, 2012.

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We’re working to protect California’s wildlands from invasive plants—join us! Cal-IPC’s eff ectiveness comes from a strong membership that includes scientists, land managers, policy makers, and concerned citizens. Please complete this form and mail with check or credit card number. Additional donations support our projects. We are a 501(c)(3) non- profi t organization and donations beyond regular membership rates are tax deductible. Join or donate online at www.cal-ipc.org.

Membership Donation Regular $40 Amount of gift Name Student $20 Friend ($1 - $99) Organization* $150 Contributor ($100 - $249) Affi liation * Receives member benefi ts for three individuals. Champion ($250 - $499) Attach contact information for add’l individuals. Patron ($500 - $999) Stewardship Circle ($1,000+) Address Joint Memberships SERCAL only add $25 I would like to consider a CNGA only add $35 legacy gift. Please send infor- City State Zip SERCAL & CNGA add $65 mation on planned giving. Cal-IPC Membership runs on the calendar year. Th ose who join after June 30 will be current Phone through the following calendar year. Joint memberships receive a $5 discount on each organi- zation’s normal rate and apply only to Regular Cal-IPC memberships. Check here if you would prefer to receive the Cal-IPC News as a link to an online pdf E-mail fi le rather than a paper copy. Occasionally, we share members’ addresses with like-minded organizations. Check if you do not want your information shared. Credit Card No. Exp.

Mail this form with check (payable to “Cal-IPC”) or credit card info to: Cal-IPC, 1442-A Walnut Street #462, Berkeley, CA 94709 Signature Date Signed