1 Written Language: a Research Guide LIS 407 Paul Hoffman <Hoffman
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Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works
UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title Scriptworlds Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41d2f9kq Author Park, Sowon Publication Date 2021-06-28 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Scriptworlds Sowon Park Script and world Thinking about literature in relation to ‘world’ tends to invite the broad sweep. But the widened scope needn’t take in only the majestic, as conjured up in lofty concepts such as planetarity or world-historical totality. Sometimes the scale of world can produce a multifocal optic that helps us pay renewed attention to the literary commonplace. Taking script, the most basic component of literature, as one of the lenses through which to view the world literary landscape, this chapter will examine if, and how, ideas about writing can influence both our close and distant reading. Script is something that usually escapes notice under traditional classifications of literature, which organize subjects along linguistic borders, whether as English, French, or Spanish, or as Anglophone, Francophone, or Hispanophone studies. The construction of literatures by discrete language categories supports a wide-spread view that differences between languages are not just a matter of different phonemes, lexemes and grammars but of distinct ways of conceiving, apprehending and relating to the world. This was a view that was developed into a political stance in Europe in the nineteenth century.1 It posited a language as an embodiment of cultural or national distinctiveness, and a literature written in a national language as the sovereign expression of a particular worldview. One of the facets this stance obscured was the script in which the texts were written. -
BR-7-0533 PUB DATE 19 Jun 71 GRANT OEG-2-7-070533-4237 NOTE 281P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 070 222 24 EC 050 266 AUTHOR Kafafian, Haig TITLE Study of Man-Machine Communications Systems for the Handicapped. Volume III. Final Report. INSTITUTION Cybernetics Research Inst., Inc., Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DREW /OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-7-0533 PUB DATE 19 Jun 71 GRANT OEG-2-7-070533-4237 NOTE 281p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Communication Skills; *Cybernetics; *Electromechanical Aids; Equipment; *Exceptional Child Research; *Handicapped Children; Language Ability; Typewriting ABSTRACT The report describes a series of studies conducted to determine the extent to which severly handicapped students who were able to comprehend language and language structure but who were not able to write or type could communicate using various man-machine systems. Included among the systems tested were specialized electric typewriting machines, a portable telephone communications system for the deaf and/or speech handicapped, and a punctiform tactile communications system for the blind. Reported upon are pilot studies in the instruction of handicapped students at field centers, the development of screening procedures to determine latent reading ability, development of assessment procedures and forms, the use of phonemes of the Armenian language for punctographic codes used by the visually handicapped, a word and picture communications system, and other variations of man-machine communication systems. Numerous photographs illustrate the equipment described. Appendixes contain field center data, experimental studies, instructional procedures and programs, and handwriting and typing samples. (See EC 030 060, EC 050 267-050 270 for related reports.) (KW) 11II1_, h 111 !! i; il .1 Q.) /:1 t v (1. -
The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 49 Number 49 Fall 2003 Article 3 10-1-2003 The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems Bosworth, Andrew Bosworth Universidad Jose Vasconcelos, Oaxaca, Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Bosworth, Bosworth, Andrew (2003) "The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 49 : No. 49 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol49/iss49/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Bosworth: The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civil 9 THE GENETICS OF CIVILIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON WRITING SYSTEMS ANDREW BOSWORTH UNIVERSIDAD JOSE VASCONCELOS OAXACA, MEXICO Part I: Cultural DNA Introduction Writing is the DNA of civilization. Writing permits for the organi- zation of large populations, professional armies, and the passing of complex information across generations. Just as DNA transmits biolog- ical memory, so does writing transmit cultural memory. DNA and writ- ing project information into the future and contain, in their physical structure, imprinted knowledge. -
2 Hangul Jamo Auxiliary Canonical Decomposition Mappings
DRAFT Unicode technical note NN Auxiliary character decompositions for supporting Hangul Kent Karlsson 2006-09-24 1 Introduction The Hangul script is very elegantly designed. There are just a small number of letters (28, plus a small number of variant letters introduced later, but the latter have fallen out of use) and even a featural design philosophy for the shapes of the letters. However, the incarnation of Hangul as characters in ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode is not so elegant. In particular, there are many Hangul characters that are not needed, for precomposed letter clusters as well as precomposed syllable characters. The precomposed syllables have arithmetically specified canonical decompositions into Hangul jamos (conjoining Hangul letters). But unfortunately the letter cluster Hangul jamos do not have canonical decompositions to their constituent letters, which they should have had. This leads to multiple representations for exactly the same sequence of letters. There is not even any compatibility-like distinction; i.e. no (intended) font difference, no (intended) width difference, no (intended) ligaturing difference of any kind. They have even lost the compatibility decompositions that they had in Unicode 2.0. There are also some problems with the Hangul compatibility letters, and their proper compatibility decompositions to Hangul jamo characters. Just following their compatibility decompositions in UnicodeData.txt does not give any useful results in any setting. In this paper and its two associated datafiles these problems are addressed. Note that no changes to the standard Unicode normal forms (NFD, NFC, NFKD, and NFKC) are proposed, since these normal forms are stable for already allocated characters. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40 23 January 2018 DOI: 10.4400/akjh All ONIX standards and documentation – including this document – are copyright materials, made available free of charge for general use. A full license agreement (DOI: 10.4400/nwgj) that governs their use is available on the EDItEUR website. All ONIX users should note that this is the fourth issue of the ONIX codelists that does not include support for codelists used only with ONIX version 2.1. Of course, ONIX 2.1 remains fully usable, using Issue 36 of the codelists or earlier. Issue 36 continues to be available via the archive section of the EDItEUR website (http://www.editeur.org/15/Archived-Previous-Releases). These codelists are also available within a multilingual online browser at https://ns.editeur.org/onix. Codelists are revised quarterly. Go to latest Issue Layout of codelists This document contains ONIX for Books codelists Issue 40, intended primarily for use with ONIX 3.0. The codelists are arranged in a single table for reference and printing. They may also be used as controlled vocabularies, independent of ONIX. This document does not differentiate explicitly between codelists for ONIX 3.0 and those that are used with earlier releases, but lists used only with earlier releases have been removed. For details of which code list to use with which data element in each version of ONIX, please consult the main Specification for the appropriate release. Occasionally, a handful of codes within a particular list are defined as either deprecated, or not valid for use in a particular version of ONIX or with a particular data element. -
Chapter One Chapter
M01_HULI7523_05_SE_C01.QXD 12/4/09 11:37 AM Page 1 CHAPTER ONE A Connection of Brains C HAPTER O BJECTIVES This first chapter is designed to pique your facilitate understanding of the following interest in speech and language as pro- topics: cesses within the broader process we call • Definitions of communication, language, communication. We define and describe and speech these processes, and we consider how • Speech and language as separate but speech and language interact to produce a related processes form of communication unique to humans. We also consider how a speaker’s thoughts • Design features of the human communi- are conveyed to a listener’s brain through a cation system series of communication transformations • The speech chain that connects the known collectively as the speech chain. speaker’s thoughts to the listener’s Specifically, this chapter is designed to understanding of those thoughts 1 M01_HULI7523_05_SE_C01.QXD 12/4/09 11:37 AM Page 2 2 Chapter 1 he idea for Born to Talk was cultivated long before the first word of the original Tmanuscript was written, and it was probably a good thing that there was a period of latency between the concept and the product. During that latency, I* observed lan- guage development firsthand in my two daughters, Yvonne and Carmen. I learned more about the power and wonder of language in observing them than I have in all the books and all the journal articles I have read over the course of my career because I witnessed their processes of discovery. I watched and listened as they made con- nections between the world in which they were growing up and the words and lan- guage forms that spilled out of them. -
Cover Page the Handle
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/42753 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Moezel, K.V.J. van der Title: Of marks and meaning : a palaeographic, semiotic-cognitive, and comparative analysis of the identity marks from Deir el-Medina Issue Date: 2016-09-07 INTRODUCTION vii viii DEFINING VISUAL COMMUNICATION WE TEND TO think of communication in terms of speech and writing: speech as the oral expression of language and writing as its graphic expression.1 This thought can be traced back to ancient Greece, particularly to a statement written by Aristotle around 350 BC: ‘Spoken words are the symbols of mental experience and written words are the symbols of spoken words’2 This statement was understood in the sense that spoken signs are the key to language systems, while written signs are merely their representations, serving only to their needs. Even though Aristotle had not meant to say this,3 writing thus came to be considered written speech: spoken language recorded by marks the basic function of which is phonoptic.4 Western scholars throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period held the view of writing as a visible surrogate or substitute for speech. This view, called ‘the surrogational model’ by Harris,5 was prevailing especially in the 18th and 19th centuries. The French missionary De Brébeuf, for instance, in translating the poem Pharsalia by Lucan, spoke of ‘cet art ingénieux – de peindre la parole et de parler aux yeux’.6 In similar fashion Voltaire’s famous quote reads ‘l’écriture est la peinture de la voix : plus elle est ressemblante, meilleure elle est.’7 The Irish poet Trench in 1855 spoke of ‘representing sounds by written signs, of reproducing for the eye that which existed at first only for the ear’; and ‘The intention of the written word’ is ‘to represent to the eye with as much accuracy as possible the spoken word.’8 The surrogational view was still popular in much of the 20th century. -
AKARA the Quest for Perfect Form
AKARA The Quest for Perfect Form 20th Nov. 1988 - 15th Feb. 1989 5, Dr. R. P. Road, IGNCA 'For every form, He has been the ideal, His form, visible everywhere.' Rig Veda VI.47.18 From the mind, emanates AKARA A considerable volume of work has been done in the areas of content of the written word: its semantic structure; its linguistic interconnections; its etymology and grammer. But the spiritual and philosophical aspects and the physical manifestation of the letter (akshara) need to be examined. The letter needs to be viewed as an organic whole. The visual power and the inner strength of otherwise innocuous-looking letters (aksharas) should be felt, experienced, realised. Our core concern is to probe into the inner processes. We explore the emergence of sound (nada); of speech of writing which gives form (akara) to language. This leads to ideal form -- the ultimate objective of calligraphy. We examine the universality of using the written symbol for meditation, ideation, cognition and communication at various levels, from the mundane to the sacred. Such an attempt would help to create an awareness of the metaphysical (adhyatmic), aesthetic (saundarya), structural (rachana), spatial (akasha) and technical (upayojana) considerations of the aksharas. The psyche dimensions of Akara deal with aspects both inherently metaphysical as well as intellectual conceptual, simultaneously encompassing the world view and inquiring into the mind's eye-view of what emerges as an aesthetic experience: the written symbol which begins as the vibration in every breath drawn from the primal energy-source, the nada, that imbues the calligrapher's mind and guides his hand to express beauty in dot and stroke, shape and form. -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.