PERSONAL NAMES at HALMYRIS at NAMES PERSONAL Gentilicium the Greek and Latin Inscriptions Gentilice , Eds

Home , Bendis, Halmyris

159 ------Bentsi> Sises Mu Sises . The The pro . , which all in legio II Part hapax is rather frequent; a uncinarius) Valeria Valerix filiaValerix Valeria heredes of i.e. , daughter of a marine, C. Iuli (Philippi, Macedonia); (Philippi, century. Also, an individual an Also, century. th MIHAIL ZAHARIADE MIHAIL with (CIL III, 6137; ILB, no. 176; OPEL I, OPEL no. 176; III, 6137; ILB, (CIL Bendis Bendi-Bendis -early 4 -early . 2 rd ; derivation from the name of the deity the of name the from derivation ; 1 var. var. (local) fem. PN for the theophoric II 2, 12; Cojocaru 1997, 44, no. 8; Dana 2006, 131; 2006, Dana 8; no. 44, 1997, Cojocaru 12; 2, II ,

2 : Bendi Paibis (filiae) from Halmyris could be a B. Bendis 1. AELIA BENDSI 1. AELIA Bendsi Mουκαπόρεως (IOSPE II, 223; Zgusta 1955, 279-280, no. 557: no. 279-280, 1955, Zgusta 223; II, (IOSPE Mουκαπόρεως s.v. A; IV PN few records (LGPN I, III As Gr. Panticapaeum). Bενδίς; Bενδίς Bενδoῡς); var. for the name in general: Tomas 1980 chek Vlahov 1976, 38, 100; 105; 160), RMD in (discharged Philippopolis from us Bithus, Aurelia Bendia, coniuncx Bitieus discens ounsi ( Valerius el Mudik (215-217, or 231-233) (unpublished; at Qal’at hica Regen). Van W. information casenis et Bendina marita Bendina et casenis Breshte, 117: Bulgaria); Фλ(αυία) Bένδις (Kazarov 1938, 257: Doganovo, Bulgaria); Bένδις Zεíπαδος (Picard 1921, 171 no. 33); Bένδις (Picard 1921, 173, no. Thasos; 46: Bένζει θυγάτηρ Zgusta 1955, 279-280, no. 557; Dechev 1976, 50-51. e.g: Var. Epicteti presbyteri et Astionis monachi Astionis Epicteti presbyteri et have a particular significance for the Halmyris so 3 late in ciety (no. 23) is recorded by a church author as being present at Halmyris in a literary source in a critical moment in the history of the fort. fem. identi and Bithynia Athens, Thrace, in worshipped Thracian in PN Hekate. or (Diana) Artemis with fied Thracian tinge environment or amidst a milieu of of Asia Minor mistake of the lapicid is possible, but less able. prob nunciation must have been presumably 1 2 ------Vita Sanctorum Vita , cognomen, bărbaţi, femei, căsătorie, administraţie, provincie, tată, mamă, fiu, , cognomen, men, women, marriage, army, administration, province, father, mother, son, son, mother, father, province, administration, army, marriage, women, men, cognomen, , PERSONAL NAMES AT HALMYRIS AT NAMES PERSONAL gentilicium The Greek and Latin Inscriptions gentilice , eds. Mihail Zahariade, Cristina- : nume, thirty years systematic excavations in thirty years systematic excavations un occasionedthe Halmyris fort the

: name, : : Studiul analizează o listă de 60 de nume autohtone greceşti şi romane cunoscute până în prezent în : The study analyses a list of 60 personal native, Greek and Roman names known thus far from epigraphic epigraphic from far thus known names Roman and Greek native, personal 60 of list a analyses study The :

I considered necessary to incorporate in the list The gazetteer is conceived to collate and dis The Thraco-Dacica S. N., Tomul IV-V (XXVII-XXVIII), 159-182. 2012-2013, IV-V Tomul N., S. Thraco-Dacica eight names (no. 10, 14-15, 21, 22, 32-33, 56) re corded in a hagiographic source, from Halmyris Alexandrescu, Georgeta BAR International Series (further on GLIH). 2261, Oxford 2011 these names were summarily discussed in the vol ume II of the Halmyris Monograph, General Editor Zahariade, Mihail inscriptions, and on building material (bricks, pot tery shards) as well (no. 1-9; 10-13; 16-20; 24-31; 34-55; 57-58) found between 1981 and 2010. All who resided permanently or temporarily in the an cient Halmyris area (fortress and civil settlement). It includes 49 PN recorded on funerary and votive cuss the names of the thus far known individuals local official or private activities, their misfortunes and good opportunities, social mobility, group or individual attitudes, religious believes. eral frame of the settlement’s long existence, epi graphic discoveries unveiled the living facet of this in involved characters events, daily its with society development, and environmental evolution. If ar material evidence and answers for offered tefacts sources a gen many key aspects while historical veiling of a huge amount of evidence in a broad evidence in a broad veiling of a huge amount of field envisaging its history, social and economic

sursele epigrafice şi literare care se referă la Halmyris. Pe lângăim analiza fiecărui numesubiecţilor, în parte, religia aceastămoarte, abordare şi vârstă socială, mobilitatea familii, sociale: vieţii zona din aspecte discută onomastică strategică importanţă o de aşezări acestei arealul din militară şi administrativă juridică, economică, viaţa în plicarea majoră la Dunărea de Jos. fiică, inscripţie, dovadă. Rezumat involvement in economic, juridical, administrative and military life of this key strategical fortress at the Lower Danube. Lower the at fortress strategical key this of life military and administrative juridical, economic, in involvement Cuvinte cheie Abstract and literary evidence subjects, the found of religion or death, and age referring mobility, to social families, Halmyris. life: social Beside daily the from the aspects discusses examination approach of every single PN, this onomastic Keywords inscription, evidence. daughter, 160 earlier thanherhusbandwhosettheepitaph and died She military discharge. upon citizenship granted was the in presumably was who 5) (no. with marriage following possibly Pius Antoninus or Hadrian during gentilice the quired 35). (no. Halmyris at known after. it obtained have could she then marriage, before man citizenshipand its preservation after marriage. that explains the gentilice him aftersheacquired 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 corded forthefirsttimeatHalmyris. the existenceofan there who lived that was anotherindividual long given or (VII[I?]) years eight probably lived who it was whether the stonemakesunclear es; certainextensioninLowerMoesia provinc speaking Celtic and Italy mid in frequent sociated; visaged. sion any furtherdiscus makes impossible inscription tain us Secundus toninus Pius’ reigns. or Hadrian’s during An name gentile the acquired the Thracian-Getae locallinguisticenvironment Benţi Personal Names atHalmyris GLIHno.20with thebibliography. 116;54-55; 1969, 1916, Alföldy Dean 222-223; 1991, Schulze GLIHno.29withthebibliography. GLIHno.24withthebibliography. OPEL III,57;fem.derivation from theophoric GLIHno.22withthebibliography. Russu1967,150. Minkova 2000, 82; Solin, Salomies 1988, 417; OPEL IV, 40-41. 62. Martius S S as are frequently cognomen and The gentilice cer a with envisaged be to is relationship Some Marcia have could she woman; peregrine a Originally . was . was . 5. AELIUS SOLA 5. AELIUS SABINUS 4. AELIUS 3. 2. 7 Papirius . A possible origin from origin . Apossible ,

AELIA MARCIA AELIUS[----] nearer to > Martia Marcia Aelius ValensAelius Sabinus omn obnto o Ltn PNs Latin of combination common (no. 41); the fragmentary state of the of state fragmentary the 41); (no. (no. 28) ; Schulze 1991, 188, 466; OPEL III, 2000, 60- 2000, OPELIII, 466; 188, 1991, Schulze ; ’s husband (no. 2). The PN is re is PN The 2). (no. husband ’s Βένζεις , old Italic (Etruscan) PN; highly PN; (Etruscan) Italic old , e B [ 4 t Aelia ---] after

. was the wife of and seemstohavemarried ’ son (no. 6); the break in break the 6); (no. son ’ , with , i se a nt ed it held not has she if ,

Rat ζ S Secundus pronounced M . name [ iaria aprnl ac apparently . Marcius ] is tobeen 8 Aelius Sola Aelius . Titus Flavi 9 . held Ro Sabinus > Marcia 6 dz . 3 . in 5 ------; ,

charge (navy) or dis upon levy(legion) been grantedcitizenship army. the in veteran a was latter Valens (of (?) father either of posture a held cant, that be may It Valentes. problem as yet is the relation between the two Aelii Aelius Valens The epitaphisset by an There aretwo provinces Balkan the in used remarkably and navy squadronorinthelegionarydetachment imperial navy and units auxiliary in both environment, military in Inferior) Moesia (Dacia, provinces ing speak Thracian and lands Bessian in particularly 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 later masculine PNs containing father’s gentilice Saturninus provinces African and European the in where nomen; provinces andDacia. IMS, passim; IDR passim; Minkova 2000, 265, for the Moesian passim; ILB, 213; 113, 76, 58, 55, 54, 30bis, 20, 18bis, 1988, passim. RIU passim; ISM passim: IDR passim; IMS 270; 2000, kova Min passim; ILB Danube: Middle and provinces Balkan 142; Mudik) (212-217)(unpublished;information W. Van Rengen). (CIL X3593); (diploma) document official the on name Thracian former his Dini Sola et Victorqui 114 Gallica veterana ala Ilişua); 787: Sola Mucatri Sola (Dacia Inferior) (RMD, 39=IDRI13: Palamarca) (13.02. (99); 465-466; Minkova2000,256;OPEL IV, 2002,86.

Kajanto1982,33. Salomies Solin, 51-53; 2002, IV, OPEL 48-49; 1916, Dean GLIHno.20withthebibliography. 141- IV,OPEL2002, 247; 66, 46, 18, 1988, Salomies Solin, GLIHnr. 24withthebibliography. 1980 Tomaschek 31-34; 1938, Katsarov Valens omn obnto o gniie n cog and gentilice of combination Common See infrano.6. S. Sola Meticus Solae Meticus Schulze1991,467. 7. AELIUS VALENS7. AELIUS 8. AELIUS SATURNINUS8. AELIUS 6. AELIUS VALENS6. AELIUS at Halmyris must have been a soldier in the a soldier must havebeen atHalmyris 10 ); soldier in the praetorian navy fromMisene, ihs Solae Bithus o cmaei-rs srn hn ta the that hint strong comrade-in-arms; or ) (rad. as cognomen is exceptionally common ascognomenisexceptionally Saturninus contains the suffix, - suffix, the contains Solas , veteran in sel , 11 etmu Sola Septimius 14 Bessus . -), typical Thracian PN widespread h de ae 4. h unsolved The 45. aged died who , .

Aelii Valentes , on areceiptforthesquadronof Bessus from Egypt (130) (P.(130) Egypt from 482 II Lond. ; the soldier insisted on making known (ala I Asturum) (CIL XVI 45: Plovdiv) 45: I (CILXVI (ala Asturum) s l Italic old is ala Tungrorum FrontonianaTungrorum ala in Aelius Valens inlegio II Parthica (Qal’at el Aelius Valens ueu Eutm Illyricorum Equitum numerus n h inscription. the on 15 inus 2 , 43; Dechev 1976, Dechev 43; , fud every found , V cud have could . apid to applied , 10 for another , the dedi the , ; frequent ; Donatus C. Iulius C. CIL III Aelius 10 ; CPL 12 140); . 16 17 13 in ------. ; .

161

; 2 . ; ------th th 2 nd c. 27 29 is IG th , SEG (His : IG XII : , 459, 9; c. BC); 2 , 91 col. th 2 -early 2 Ἡράκλα Ἀστίων Halimous Αστίων 277. . rd 2 (Acc.) sug (Acc.) : IG XII Suppl. XII IG : Derveni: SEG, 30 Histiaia -Erethria-Apha : : IG, IX 3832; IG IX (1) Mihail Zahariade Mihail 2 ‘Ηρακλᾶς : SEG, 44, 554; ZPE 554; 44, SEG, : Tenos juvenem, Astion : SEG, 30, 567 (4 Kranon Ἡράκλες (no. 40); frequently . Atrax . 28 The name, c. BC); Larissa (I 5); rd ) fem. PN; (m. Artemi c. BC); IG II -3 th c. BC); : IG XII 245 (Ἄστων Ἐμπέδωνος, (Ἄστων 245 XII IG : th (Att.), 1696, 22 (352-351 BC); Athens 1696, 22 (352-351 BC); rd , 1696, 22 (352/351 BC); Ἀστιούν: BC); (352/351 22 1696, , 2 (Euboia) IG, XII, 246, B. 113 (4 2

Ἄμμαῖος c. BC); ); Gr. theophoric fem. PN nd ἈστίεςἈστίες Ἀστῖνος: Euboia Nepotianus SEG, 41, 568 (200-190 BC); LGPN III Eretria . At At Halmyris, he was the owner . (IV 33). -2 25 rd FD III 25, 34 (106/105 BC); ; III A: Ἡράκλῆς Ἀρτεμιδώρα ( (no. 46) datable in late 3 . perhaps local var. for : Ἄστος: Hesperia 32, 1963, 319 (310-240 BC); Larissa: SEG, 25, 664 I, 59; 29, 552 (ca. 300 BC); variant: BC); 300 (ca. 552 29, 59; I, 664 25, SEG,

Ἄμαϊς 26 c. BC); LPGN I 57: LGPN III 76; Athens : 1553, 19; 3831 (4 3831 19; 1553, Astion nomine 2 nd Σίμη , Gr. PN , Gr. contr. contr. Ἀρτεμίδωρος Rhodos . Most likely, Thessalian . in Most origin; likely, not known Pherai : IG XI (9), 246 B 113 (4 113 B 246 (9), XI IG : 31 c. BC); c. 12. AΡAΚΛ(Α?) 12. 13. ARTEMIDORA 14. ASTION 11. AΜΑIΟΣ 11. 5533, 9; 5541, 2; IG II, 5579, 6; SEG 22, 172 (4 rd 2 ISM I, 201, B 18 (Histria); ISM III, 35, A 37 (Callatis); ILD GLIH no. 106 with the bibliography. Ἀμαίος Name: ‘Αράκλ(α?) Artemidora .’s .’s husband was LGPN I s.v counted s. v. 462: Ἡρακλᾶς; LPGN I-Va Pape, Benseler 1911, Mat Hornblower, v; s. I-VA, LGPN 147; 1911, Benseler Pape, Beshevliev 1970, 19-20; GLIH no. 28 with the bibliography. Ἀστίων: Kalindoia (Mygdonia, Macedonia): (Hatzopulos BC); Ἀστιούνειος: (5 56-59 (9), XII IG Styra: Euboia, Ἀστίης: variants: Other 76; c. BC) and the variant reus Ἄστων: 312; no. 138, Apollo); of temple the in stele marble list on a a 1208; Ἀστύονομος: Athens: IG 2 Oion: IG II 529 (Potaissa). 38 with GLIH no. 2000, 58; Matthews Hornblower, names; 73 the bibliography. I I, 2005, 77; thews 2000, 58, 59, 66, 136; OPEL 84-85 no. 62, 35: Ἀστί[ων] or Ἀστί[ας]; (311 BC); Limoghar di (Narthakion) (Thessalia-Achaia Ftiotis); IG, IX III l. 70 (2 XXXVI 626. 35; Ἀστιούνεῖος(=ῆος) as a Thessalian genitive of the otherwise unattested name; Ἀστιουνεύς 37, 1987, 549; cf. Mihailov 1989, 56; inscription on a krate ros (ca. 300 BC); Ἀστίνος -3 II II IG, Athens: Ἀστύονομος; at: (Pelasgiotis) Thessaly in frequent (3 14, 1974, 21-22, no. 1, 11 SEG 23, 437, 13 (3 rare Asia Minor. in any of the provinces of 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 of a ‘tribaion’ (a particular type of recipient), a local a recipient), of type particular (a ‘tribaion’ a of or merchant craftsman and vendor vase to of the a certain century BC tria); Ἡρακλει [---] (Callatis); Potaissa: Ἁράκλῆς of the PN gests a Doric form doros, provinces. Eastern Near and European in common A as main name followed by patronymic nomen habentem , - - ianus would . century 18 th municipal of a city, ’s son ’s (no. century, a gens; Schulze

rd primus militavit annis militavit to explain the Iulius Pacatus

. Titia 21 primatium urbium

common PN; bor primarius Flavia Titia . does not understand , widely spread in the

from old ) (III 26) before leaving A . In a town, a In . . an insignificant role at Vigilantius , like in . J. Kajanto counted 142 ; a certain spread in Lower in spread certain a ;

A 22 . was apparently very rich: 20 19 is attested in the 4 the in attested is . was A

T . was century wording to express Titianus Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀλέξανδρος th (I 5).

Alexander .

24 primarius primas, primus . It is not sure whether the term circulated term the whether sure not is It . . A , follows the rule of the late onomastic s father; 23 ’ 10. ALEXANDER 9. AELIUS TITIANUS . officially put his property under law protection . served in the local garrison, likely in the legion the in likely garrison, local the in served . LPGN I-VA s. v. Ἀλέξανδρος; OPEL I, 41. OPEL Ἀλέξανδρος; s. v. LPGN I-VA S Alexandros, Gr. A The editor conferred Astion Titianus AE 1987, 280. ) in unknown circumstances. Roman citizenship

GLIH no. 21 with the bibliography. VII 18.13. CTh. ILB 2002, 232, 123- 438, II 24; Minkova 2000, IV, 89; OPEL GLIH no. 30 with the bibliography. Kajanto 1982, 32-35. 1991, 425. 124; Solin, Salomies 1988, 187, 412. universam substantiam suam sub actoribus et 22 23 24 20 21 Roman Empire 18 19 rowed in Lat. as too much from the reading of the Gospel (IV 37, 40) and asks help from passages more explicitly. Halmyris compared to that of his wife who appears more active and involved. ( procuratoribus reliquerunt the city in search of his son. some earlier realities. nimium ditissimus already in the second half of period the to 3 which the story refers to, or made the editor use of a 4 decurions in Civitas Canusium, a post held by Senecio the terms vicorum castellorumque stand for chief of municipal council or Minor, Minor, as shown by the context shows. of The term the refers account to a high position in city the administration. Codex Theodosianus records apparently on the north or north east coast of Asia apparently on the north or north east coast of during Hadrian or Antoninus Pius during Hadrian or Moesia and elsewhere cases in the Empire. 25); he acquired the Imperial gentilice apparently construction with the addition of the suffix – i.e. suggesting originally ‘belonging a gentilice commonly to to’ applied He died after five years of service ( V upon enrolment been granted could have ary detachment (V Macedonica or, later, I Italica). 162 32 coruscabat vulgus lare luna interpopu solis interomnes;splendidissima radius incedebas; cives utcolumbapulcherrima cus (IV 41); (mother); filia extit senatoris Marcellina huius et nimium ditissimus modo breviteretintranscursu knew: conjecturally he what roughly lates origin. his of aspects the all detail in know met he when date the at (17) young trial. the of record official the in down significant and written and answerswasobtained evidence occasion which on inquirers other or by breached been have must issue this on silence the 19); (III of thetwoindividuals tion inthestoryonorigin he introducesanapparentoverallbanof informa Epictetus for theirson. runt the portoftheircity( erat oriundus it under of the cityoforigin tell to about was account the of editor the 25 III In 5). states that Epictetus city with Iulium senatorisextitfilia et nimium ditissimus;materveroillustrumgenere tibi indicabo;patermeusprimariusurbishuiuset quod sciotantummodobreviteretintranscursu male constitution strong type, Dinaric-Armenoid tall, cm 170-176 a established 2 skeleton the of expertise ac delicatus pulcher statura et ipse procerusexistebat;sedet nimium tu, et pulcher aspectu Personal Names atHalmyris riod asnamesbornbyfreedmen. VII m(enses) VIII a(nnis) vix(it) Clementi Astio Claudia Deuterae Flaviae et Astio L(iberto) M(anibus) D(is) 10648(3): L(ibertus)/Astio; Astio Athens Phyle:IGII Miriţoiu,Soficaru 2001-2003,177-178. Family caressing: Parents: A A. Origo: a Appearance: ’ ‘goac’ f i on rgn n rn of front in origin own his of ‘ignorance’ .’s

; meus 32 : III 26) in order to sail to Scythia and in search lived apparently inthesameprovinceand lived apparently Rome .

originem velgenusmeum originem Astion noster

in partibusOrientis Epictetus is induced by the late 4 late the by induced is athishouse Astion filius vester filius Astion

: ‘ : CIL VI 7.1 nr. 4159: nr. 7.1 VI CIL : pignus Astion charissimus Astion pignus Alexander: mater vero illustrumgenereet Iulium pater meusprimariusurbiushuius’ . A A. interrogated by interrogated .’s parents take easily a ship from ship a easily take parents .’s 2 dolescens nimiumdecorusvul 1028, II 124 (106-101 BC); LPGN I 92; I LPGN BC); (106-101 124 II 1028,

(no. 21), as long as he visited he as long as 21), (no. I 5); (I filius dulcissimus meus et uni et meus dulcissimus filius (IV43). II 20). (III ; 12559: (I 5); […] 5); (I navim protinus conscende navim protinus

A ( (father) (I 10); (I (father) pater … primarius urbis pater …primarius cella (I5). . and .

I ) I 47 IV 5); (I meus Astion (IV 37); (IV […] , I 1; I , D(is) M(anibus) L(ibertus) M(anibus) D(is) M. Livius/Divae Aug(usti) Livius/Divae M. The anthropological

(I 5). Epictetus

Vigilantius Astion monachus in civitatemunde

th mansio century editor; century

Astion vester Epictetus ; inRomanpe A dulcissimus ; […] buthides inter tuos . was too was .

I 36) (IV

I 9) and 9) I (father);

tantum (III 22) (III ignoro A. re

( to ------I

Epictetus ( man religion man ( administration ( ( domains: animalkingdom( from differenta colorfulvocabulary editor applied ist in a Greek speaking environment is visible. The tinge pronunciation, whereas the hand of the copy dered Carissimus cherished Dulcissimus loss. irremediable an of sorrow the impress and hearts the touch to imagination, the strike and ity to create expressiv superlative wordingintended troduced by the Christian editor who fabricated the ents to dulcissimus filius Astion galis statua re lampa; pretiosa; gemma mei; arbor;margarita; Astion filius Christianity astheirnewreligion (I15-17). to embrace people actions stimulating proselytism 15). (I contra daemonesmaxima illispotestastributaest est eis plurima gratia adversus omnes infirmitates: thus savehislife. A. his pupil to be first executed (III 31) and be certain why,plain judges, the of front in immaculatum custodivit nam diem in omnibusconservare,sicut et usque inhodier tate Dei,eoquodpotestteetsinemeapræsentia editor (III 30) defection from the faith expressly vouchedby the at is stake. faith Christian the when worrisome comes A A tation tatio which the editor avoidsto reveal: gioni reli pertinent Christianae omnia, quae Cumque catechumenum; Sacramentumbaptismatistribue. nitudinis solus haberetur et mag aetate deserviret,quiettantaepotentiae ab ineunte ipse offerret, cui se potius coepit, utilli sol, luna ’ thoughts .’s of rid get cannot . eiiu oinain Taiinly Greek-Ro Traditionally, orientation: Religious by par The densityoftheepithetsaddressed tne s rnmte o Crsin faith: Christian of transmitter as Stance At Halmyris he had serious doubts on something would not defect and abjured Christian faith and

[…] (I 9). venter

[…] A charissimus Epictetus Astion . accompanies his miraculous healings by healings miraculous his accompanies . mentem eius subito invasit mentem eius : ; rcos tns ( stones precious ); apas he tms n h passage; the in times three appears ;

procidit adSenisgenua,et rogare eum in mentemascendit < (mother) (I 11);(I (mother) ; < ). carus : non possim esse incredulus deboni : nonpossimesseincredulus dulcis gentilis

corona capitismei;fructusventris is remarkable. The terms were in were terms The remarkable. is ( tristitia, mortiferamtristitiam rex

had strong fearofapossible had , here as here , with C=ch simulating a Greek a simulating C=ch with ; os hlig ( holding house ); hr as: here , Epictetus ); converted to Christianity by Christianity to converted ); (IV35).

(I 8); (I dear, beloved unicus Astion columba ’tone on reproachful margarita, gemma margarita,

Jube me hodie fieri hodie me Jube

I 7, n which and 17), (I Epictetus dear, treasured,

turpis :

; that could ex that could

; astronomy ); sordida cogi sordida lampa […] insisted (IV 34); (IV , is ren is ,

collata ; hu ); ) cogi A.’

be ); s ------

163

, . - - - of to (IV s

fideli

. and Bonius -90 B s presby after 40

Epictetus was hiding Evangelicus sanctus pres- presbyter perduxerunt,

Mihail Zahariade Mihail B. ) Evangelicus Astion

; OPEL I, 2005, 126, ; OPEL . The wording [...] wording The . at Halmyris. . to Salsovia, or its and .

B (IV 47). (Schulze 1991, 32), century list at Salsovia IGLR Salsovia at list century

Astion th (ILB 438.33; Butovo-Nedan); Bononianus Christian Evangelicus

and Boninus . Evangelicus was not a church person. , bishop, and most likely it Epictetus sanctus Bonosus

34 (i.e. V. parents, although there is no (IV 47).

], soldier in a 4 a in soldier ], Epictetus Vigilantius una cum sancto presbytero Vigilantius osus , and therefore could have released [ , quaestionarius, before Astion’s […] (IV 47). The presence of , (Schulze 1991, 32) 1991, (Schulze , who asked for their consecration as Bon Evangelicus […] . century.

. There is no evidence that 35 Astion rd PN, Celt; sizable number in the western and B. […] (IV 47) shows his presence within 40 days (IV 47); presumably had an important role in

Popescu 1991, 202, n. 7. Position in the church hierarchy: B. Christian feature: Aproximate date of activity: the years 80 Arrival at Halmyris: in a period shortly after the Appearance: unknown. Religious orientation: Stance as transmitter of Christian faith: Later Christian Church assessment: Attitude, activity, and involvement in local so- Holder I 488); var. Lat: Bononius 141; in Lower Moesia: Scythia: Danubian provinces; extremely rare in Moesia In ferior 34 35 and valuable information upon the unfolding of the official, church a requested procedure the or event, considering that Astion’s parents accompanied the before two officials was Christi from the authorities in Halmyris. It seems to have been involved in the preparations for the office of commemoration of of arrival the of occasion the on days, the 3 execution of cum quadragesima dormitionis eorum dies illuxis set from the execution act, but apparently before the arrival of the bishop remark on the affiliation of name, but the priest appears suddenly inserted in come have could he that suggests which story, the town. from the nearest promptly 47). ter baptizing it specific record of byterus Bonosus cieties: Bonoso, ad eum exponentesque illi per ordinem cuncta, quæ acta fuissent Vigilantius whom they gave a detailed report of the events the trial of he either attended shows that ris, except Salsovia. The text makes no specific

; . ------(I A ap

Astion Astion (I 15);

Scythia . appears (I 17);

) of Halmy A sanctus As beatissimus

(I 17). (IV 49).

beatus Astion decem et septem

Pertulerunt autem proximo The attributes given ) only later in the ac ) (IV 47). There is no in Almiridensium civi

. 33 in aliam civitatem, quæ in century editor. quasi triginta quinque annos th :

sacerdos Domini (I 16-17).

, who apparently lived a re monachus (I 9). (IV 47).

(III The 20). age is confirmed by the . makes repeated egresses for house house for egresses repeated makes . ) in the proximity ( Salsovia A

(III 21, 23; IV 49). Epictetus Bonosus

(III 30). (I 15; II 17; III 20; 25; 31; 46); 31; 25; 20; III 17; II 15; (I civitas

appropians juxta illum, et orans pro eo suffi 15. BONOSUS (I 10; IV 34; 41; 42; 44; 45; 46); Name: Province and town of origin/activity: Age at death: 35; Arrival at Halmyris: 273: Activity at Halmyris: 273-290: Date of death: 8 July 290: Later Christian Church assessment: Church Christian Later Aproximate birth date: 255. Christian feature: Unlike Attitude and involvement in local society: Miriţoiu, Soficaru 2001-2003, 177-178. 15); salutare signum in fronte ejus fecit cienter, plurima miracula in nomine Domini operabatur Domini operabatur miracula in nomine plurima town ( 33 most likely remeavit proximo habetur, aetatis agens anthropological expertise civitate, octava die mensis Julii, temporibus Dio cletiani tyranni, sub duce Latroniano martyrium Sancti atque athletae Christi, Epictetus Almiridensium Astion monachus in presbyter et annos tatem devenerunt Astion (II 18; III 19; 30; 33). tion (290). tion seems euphemistic, for it is applicable to a person which authority, church higher a by certified is who was absent at Halmyris during the trial and execu serted by the late 4 labelled monk ( as count. The term priest (sacerdos) applied to monachus and are in a later tradition belong to in the text might have contacted people from the local com the peoplemight have contacted from munity (I 15; 17). cessed life, cessed holding needs, among which bringing water from he occasions these on distinct; most is Danube the tinus consolidatæ sunt bases ejus et plantæ, et plantæ, ejus et bases sunt tinus consolidatæ exilivit et ambulavit eadem hora catechumenos effecit, et post paucos eis baptismi tradidit dies Sacramentum pro elevavit eum: et dextra, prehensa ejus manu assumens hominem, cum universis, qui aderant, universis, qui hominem, cum assumens 164 Moesia Lower in recorded times few parents; the of mina mon inchildren’s namesformedafterthecogno Martia, Martina nomen ( cog of atheophoric tilice turnedintoaderivation with theHalmyrisgarrison. dealt have could 20 (no. son and father both and dedication the upon citizenship Roman apparently gentilice. ried she mar before acquired was apparently zenship tua Bitillacuravitfilias socra tuaetSileconiux senecta meaCrescentilla PN. fem. in resulted here as suffix apparently applicable to the root Strab. Thrace; of coast Propontis the on (place neutr.pl) sil thr.-phryg. names; place especially combinations, PN fem. times; considerableextensionintheprovinces Italic old an in nomen and frequentlyascog spread amongthegentilicia preserved. is cognomen the Personal Names atHalmyris 40 39 38 37 36 Nedan (Moesia Inferior) (ILB 438 II/13); thr I.-e - Solin, Salomies 1988, 308). GLIH no. 32 with the bibliography. no. 272;Kajanto1982,275(meaning);Minkova2000,128. 7, 3.0 An 438.50. 370, nr. ILB 205-206; 2000, Minkova see: Moesia Lower for 114; 113-1982, Kajanto names; dedicatory as 61) 2000, (OPELIII, the PN;usedmorefrequently in theCeltic speaking provinces of bearers of cases 213 counted 55 36, 1982, Kajanto 56; 359, no. 27withthebibliography. 447; GLIHno.19withthebibliography. Licinianus cf. (Koinare) 153 ILB 64; 1976, Vlahov 443; 51-55; 1976, 53;Russu1967,132). ‘tocut’,split’,cleave’ry’, ‘tobear’, or‘tocarry’ (Danov Schulze 1991, 315; Kajanto 1982, 118-120; OPEL II, 1999, 33; Schulze 1991, 486-487; OPEL III, 61; Solin, Salomies 1988, Salomies Solin, 61; III, OPEL 486-487; 1991, Schulze OPEL II, 63; III, 60-62; Solin, Salomies 1988, 315, 316; GLIH 1976, Dechev 351-352; 1913, 397-398; 1910, Kretschmer B Bersille assume can One Clemens Berilo Martinus (-sil), . was a native woman of some condition 17. CLAUDIA BERSILLE 16. CAPITO 19. CLAUDIUSMARTINUS 18. CLAUDIUSCLEMENS M. Ulpius Marcellinus M. Ulpius Geogr , m.recorded in analbum of 40 37 Mars . inPannonia;OPEL I,2005,118; I siltas is apparentlya ; the root the ; M s omn s a. PN Lat. as common is is . is second time recorded at Halmyris; at recorded time second is . . VII frg. 55) frg. VII .

- a common Lat. PN; originally a gen a originally PN; Lat. common a Martius / Martialis / Martinus ) The additional suffix – lis Martinus Ulpius wr, laat; see pleasant’; ‘warm, tria nomina ber Sile

[…] (Koinaré). environment in Republican in environment is widespread in multiple iswidespread ; see thr.see ; is a fem. PN in itself: […] itself: in PN fem. a is (no. 50) hapax s etoe i 244-246 in mentioned is sodalicii C on the stone; only stone; the on i exceptionally is . among Thracian

ζιλᾱ for shekepther 2 of Bacchusfrom , 289; AE 1972, ‘wine’; 39 inus . behr Σίλτα C is com Bersolus - ‘tocar 38 held . fem. ; (Gr. ; citi sille 36 ber . ------,

nobis, hoc genus, hoc patria; et nihil aliud sumus, aliud hoc patria;etnihil hoc genus, nobis, […] place. Dalmatian origin and the name given after his birth our that chance little in is There Dalmatia. town Dioclea, called commonly Doclea, from environment provincial the in rare surprisingly is PN common as but name, Emperor’s the reproduces Halmyris as thefatherofacertain appears He brick. a on text written hand Greek a the earliestaswritingsuggests. military.2 the of half second is inscription local The the in way some in involved been Clemens see 41 31; IV42); Epictetus ter tius mille animæinilladiecrediderunt Christian faith (I 5-9); 2-4); (I community local the in faith Christian the proselytizing spot on and infirmitates omnes adversus gratia plurima fecerat, operari Scytharum, quamea, quae inOrientispartibus in regione tum Epictetumplurasignaetprodigia […] prodigia in omnibusoperatur vitam agens,etcastus ligiosam Epictetus batur in omnibus iustificationibus Jesu Christi ter partibus Orientis quam veryDeicultores 9; 10; III 12; 13; 15; 19; 31; IV 24); IV 31; 19; 15; 13; 12; III 10; 9; (Gârliciu) ISM V 124;GLIHno.27withthe bibliography. among thededicators ofanaltar set forPhilipthe Arab atCius OPEL II,1999, 101;GLIHno.36withthebibliography. tiue n ivleet n oa societies: local in involvement and Attitude Stance as transmitter of Christian faith: Town and province of origin: officially unknown; officially origin: of province Townand Name: D ae Crsin hrh assessment: Church Christian Later feature: Christian orientation: Religious hierarchy: church the in Position (IV24;47). (IV 30); . is mentioned only incidentally and indirectly in

, quaestionarius(II22). 21. EPICTETUS 20. DIOCLETIANUS dicamus quia Christiani sumus, ethocnomen Christiani quia dicamus Flavius Martinus

sn n de ae 2. e ut have must He 20. aged died and son ’ nomine Epictetus (III19,IV31).

(I 2; 3; 5; 9; II 2; 15; 17; III 19; 20; 23;

beatissimus beatissimus Epictetus 41 .

D (II 12); healer of ill/invalid persons: ; . is a ephod sacerdotale; sanctus Epictetus

mass conversion: toponymic surname derived toponymic surname n. 26). (no.

(II 14). in servitio Domini servitio in […] (III19). Valeria

Astion's (I 1;III16). (no. 51). (no. M. ;

(IV 24).

conversion to conversion multa signaac was beatisimus pa beatisimus I ; 2); 1; (I (I 14); (I

(I 1); presbyter in nd

(I 2; 4; 2; (I centuryat plus quam

; D Claudius magister

sanctus exerce presby D Vigilan . had a had .

. from . (I 15) (I sanc

(I 1).

II 8; II

30; re ------165

, ------and , var. , var. cum

ferro

contra (I 15); (III 19); (no. 58).

century). Epictetus

th Epictetus

(MAMA I 292) (MAMA oriundus capita eorum

Mihail Zahariade Mihail , cuius provinci (IV 47).

. Vigilantius century catalogue of 43 rd (IV 47). in a 3 a in . Greek PN; m. consider

(IV 47). suggests a young a suggests (inquirer) (IV 47). His arrival, likely

pontifex Christi pontifex ante se prius beatum percuterent ante se prius beatum tunc pontifex et praepositus sanc Ἰουλιανος Ἰουλιανος Ἐπίκτήτου and Ἰουλιανος

(III 31); buried in secret at sunset (III 27); asks the executioner to exe to executioner the asks 27); (III

; see also Ἐπικτήτω [τ]έκνω πρεσβυτέρ[ω...] to refute, before court, the customary customary the court, before refute, to νέωτερος 24 Ἐπίκτητος ; recorded alone, with affiliation or in

nomina, provincia, genus (III 26);

(III 30); executed shortly after by decapi by after shortly executed 30); (III (Lat.) widely spread in the European and European the in spread widely (Lat.) 42

Astion Euangelicus Astion questionarius . Astion

22. EVANGELICUS (i.e. Scythia) (i.e.

ISM II 31 II LGPN I-V C s. v. Ἑpίktηtoς; MAMA I-IV s. v. Ἐpίktηtoς; Religious orientation: Christian. Stance as transmitter of Christian faith: He ap Attitude and involvement in local societies: Epictetus In Scythia Minor the name occurs apparently Name: and province of origin: unknown. Town Position in the church hierarchy: Christian feature:

for the European provinces: OPEL II, 119 s. v II, 119 OPEL provinces: European for the Epictet in present day Atlanty (χωρίον Ἀραλλείων) near Laodicaea Combustica (eastern Phrygia). For the name in general see: PLRE I 278 (provincial governors, 4 42 43 a collegium; a the father of another Iulianus ae tarum Dei ecclesiarum, beatissimus Evangelicus habebatur Tomis. parently occupied the seat of bishop of quadragesima dormitionis eorum dies illuxisset, Almiri Christi pontifex Euangelicus et in urbem densium devenisset announced before, could have happened on the special occasion of the fasting commemorating the death of the two martyrs after 40 days. daemones daemones est potestas tributa maxima illis trial: until the and kept in custody arrested perduxit vinctus, in custodiam carceris goads questions: declare Christian affiliation (III 19); submitted tortures to and seclusion (III 20-24; 27); condemned to death by decapitation with sword: gladi amputari cute first Astionem tation of by the ably large geographical, temporal, and onomastic extension combination with another PN in the Greek world. Epictetus Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire although much less numerous in records. twice Tomis: at [ν(έωτερος)] Ἐπίκτήτου ably accused also of exorcism and sorcery:

------in (II E.

(III

in par

tempo

Scytharum navim pro

(III 19); prob means an im

[…], century: (IV 47). . The wording th decem et septem decem et septem while on trial was

Pertulerunt autem Pertulerunt autem Urbs ab urbe egrediuntur

(III 20). omnium, tam ciuilium

in Almiridensium in Almiridensium civi

egressi (I 9). (I Astion multos per sua veneficia century. In 395, the of […] (I 9). The messenger ; th annorum fere sexaginta annorum fere and early 4 early and rd (I 9). ab urbe

is repeated in III 25. The term is (I 1) to which the text refers. The ;

statura procerus, barba statura procerus, prolixa, et

(I 1). The term is purely technical at is not known although re is twice

E. hac urbe

(III 30).

(I 9) was at an enough short distance and ) of origin: possibly Nicomedia. was accused in front of the duke’s retinue was accused in front of the duke’s is one of the two Christian martyrs executed

maleficius et magus

. Activity at Halmyris: 273-290: Appearance: Aproximate birth date: 230. birth date: 230. Aproximate ca. 250-290. date of activity: Aproximate Arrival at Halmyris: 273: E Apparently, Apparently, the province of Scythia, Age at death: ca. 60: E. Date of death: 8 July 290: urbs by some (ei) of the Halmyris community, ing: of be averterent iam a sacrificiis deorum must have lived before he came to Scythia; ( city eastern Lower Moesia and later Scythia (present day Dobrudja) (see below) is the nearest and best candidate to conjecture the province where fines an individual destination for reach who intended to it by sea. Bithynia, with its traditional relation with 26). to an embarkment on a ship which was seemingly city: the to available next tinus condescenderunt, et navigare coeperunt who saw and recognized a person who sailed back to his That city. implied alludes story The sea. the to port a of existence the portant city. The context portant would city. suggest a city with a port wide opened to the sea: et descendentes navim ribus Diocletiani city left by corded: et militarium, in partibus Orientis partibus Orientis 3 late the for vague ficial division of the Roman Empire in two partes had been accomplished and Notitia could emblematically record Dignitatum tibus Orientis the time when the text was finally drawn up, pre sumably towards late 4 at Halmyris. His origin is unknown. He lived He unknown. is origin His Halmyris. at tiani tyranni, sub duce Latroniano tiani tyranni, sub 13). martyrium Sancti atque athletae Christi, Epictetus atque athletae Christi, Epictetus martyrium Sancti Almiridensium Astion monachus in presbyter et civitate, octava die mensis Julii, temporibus Diocle splendore canitiei decoratus splendore canitiei annos tatem devenerunt 166 47 46 45 44 arity of women in comparison with men. It might be peculi a is cognomina without gentilicium Double cognomen men, while the latter would no apparently go into here as turned a praenomen a is first the which of from fem as gentilicia, double a is here But Flavii’. of house the to ‘belonging as Flavia

nd (IV 47). Eunomios a. var: Lat. century);Minkova2000,162. (with the bibliography); Destephen 3, 2008, de ae 60. aged died , meaning a generic adjectival name

unknown. . X6;Julicher1907,1131-1132; V. C.de

1(withthebibliography). Primitiva 2 Εὐάγγέλιος

5, 2003, 448-449 s. v. s. 448-449 2003, 5, Euangelis, Euangelius, Eu- Euangelius, Euangelis, Flavius Valerius ; significant extension in extension significant ; 46 . Flavius Valerius

in urbem Almiridensium in

nral ue as used normally , Titia ,

Flavius more frequently e. from fem. and n. 30). (no. Eunomius of Eunomius 44 Evangelius 47 nomen . . Titius Ti - - - .

eius demonstrative pronouns:( three than less no contains text The EIVS. D as Memmia Marcia (no. 19) name. name ishereturnedintoa theophoric an initial rendering cognomen The burial. wife’s his upon cippus set impressive pears fromtheHalmyris bene merentiposuit matri, vixit correctly as: run dedicator or of the lapicid. The text must have had the of either syntax, Latin the of knowledge bad mother from her was inherited that thesecondgentilicium 52 51 50 49 48 mia who 28 holds trianominawhichisnorrecordedon no. with individual same the and one is 27 no. that chance little is It Halmyris. at billeted a veteran ofthelegionary have been inces pire, particularly in the Danubian and African prov cundi citizenship. Roman received individuals of number considerable a when onwards, epoch common andfrequentlybornefromtheFlavian citizenship. Roman indicates His fifty. aged died He 1). (no. band richly familyofMemmiifromHalmyris very with the much involvedina interrelationship affordcould family so, If it. end of her days by someone qualified; the wealthy that of position of with thebibliography. Salomies Solin, 60-61; IV 146; by Kajanto1977,155-157. 187, 412; Minkova 2000, 89; see the aspect largely approached Alföldy 1969, 38-40; Minkova 2000, 51; OPEL145- 51; 1999, 2000, II, Minkova 38-40; 1969, Alföldy GLIHno.25withthebibliography. GLIHno.25withthebibliography. GLIHno.21withthebibliography. OPEL425; IV,1991, Schulze 1988, Salomies Solin, 123-124; n ptp st n h mmr o te young the of memory the in set epitaph An M The wording of the text of the inscription denotes of thetext of theinscription The wording T. Flavius Secundus ’s epitaph. 27. FLAVIUS SECUNDUS 26. FLAVIUS MARTINUS 28. T. FLAVIUS SECUNDUS was . n d(octor?) and 52 r rglr curne n h Rmn Em Roman the in occurrence regular are d 48 . M ( 50 octor Tria nomina , whosenameremainsunknown. i scn tm mnind n Halmyris in mentioned time second is . . Memmia

S an i sc stain ol hv been have would situation such in . ?) if the deceased was assisted till the ( nis (no. 37) records D ) s n. 7 hsad a i ap it as husband, 37) (no. ’s ( 49 is LX, Ael eius ) . also suggestthat M was ( Te ny reasonable only The . anibus

S 1988, 80,399; GLIH no.22 pater ( . seems to have been have to seems . ius Aelia Bendsi Titii Flavii ) Flavius Secundus ), ) iins filiu Titianus, eius Fl ( 51 aviae

detachment tria nomina (maritus) , . arequite Flavii Se S. ’s hus )

Mem Titiae could ( s ), ------

167

------) ) ) - )] ) / ) o ( suf dux alis uno ( erius atus ( pr ] ( Hateri uno) / ( ) Polliena s de / aetore trib ) Hat ( Fl. Latro Fl. i Epictetus who gov ( )

) / [ pr beri sod

( trib io ) , consul ) : ) Flavius Iulius ( / [ / o il Mihail Zahariade Mihail ] ( io f ( which actuality which actuality which mentions (IV 41). Accord 41). (IV pr

e / Ti e / , 53-54 (Xanthos, Ly et di ) 2 ) . ) / [ / aetore a . ustorum ( ( set around 242/243 4 . ( 1 under Severus Alex 61 in 244 and the paternal the and 244 in Ti. Ti. Pollienus Armenius alutaribus ] (161-164). The earliest pr at Aquincum, the son of son the Aquincum, at aximo ) legatus Augusti pro prae legatus S ( Augg tribunus militum (laticlavi tribunus militum ustorum , o ( ( : . Deus Invictus pro salute fa ) atroniano ] M / [ / ) suffectus , envisages implicitly his son, dux provinciae dux Scythiae Haterius leg Satur/ninus Lat . was the dux of the province of ordinarius atus ) Augg 1968, 63 no. 43 Ti. Ti. Pollienus Auspex ( 1968, 63 no. 43 L ó ) posuit II Adiutrix II ó shortly before 243 is / [ / tus ptimo / pr /

leg ati ( ( ) dux provinciae dux provinciae istius ( Haterius Saturninus .

cum / Latroniano fil 60 s III, 156-157, no. 297. , consul ) cum Arpocras ] (IV 49): 2 leg O ; ; , consul , / Ti ) ) century: ) / , the daughter of 59 58 s Militaribus e inu ) ) Ti. Pollienus Armenius Peregrinus Pollienus Ti. ] (Φλ. Λατρονιανος), ὑπατικός ποντίφεξ, and ( nd and the maternal grandfather of ovi /[

( ustorum set by between 212/222. Di I 62 ( [ ustalis Astion ( itum itum in the legion ( ( aetore ( IGRR III 618=ILS Alföldy 8841; 1969 Groag, PIR 1. Position in the late Roman official hierarchy: hierarchy: official Roman late the in Position A third dedication A to pro salute famili Deo Invicto / Flavius Iulius Gemellus Latronianus An inscription from Xanthos The name appears among significant families in Haterius Latronianus 2. CIL III 3473; Dob CIL Dob AE 1962, 118; III 3479. CIL dia). 58 59 60 61 62 Augg Aug mil miliae his father, Latronianus Saturnini Arprocas pater records erned the province of Lycia-Pamphylia. nianus ἔπαρχος Ῥώμης Latronianus ander Honorata Peregrinus granddaughter of fectus (II 18; III 19; 20; 21; 23; IV 32; ficial titulature 41; was 49). The of is mentioned in the text in ongoing an account of as the events ing to the editor, Scythia at the time of the Halmyris episode of the execution of the two Christian martyrs, and the army and administration of the Roman Empire in the 2 us) Haterius Saturninus Tib. tore (Pannoniae Inferioris) Aquincum: references are two votive altars from Saturn pr mil abusqu ------’s . (III are 55 ’s (no. ’s , to en to , is also century st H. praenom Primitiva as a cog . 54 (no. 44) rec 44) (no. vicus classico Iulius/ Iulia Latronianus Artemidora

. circulates broadly in broadly circulates . . I . is the infant who died who infant the is . appears as the hus appears as the Secundus 53 H family. (no. As 24). the votive al Iulianus /Iuliana . is a theophoric Greek PN, Greek theophoric a is . under a slightly corrupted

H ) is a Greek PN ’(no. 40) and 40) ’(no. was the mayor of was the (no. 12). (no.

) Valerius Valerinus Constans Valerinus Valerius a respectively ( Nepotianus Ἡρακλῆς (no. 29 and 30) is highly unlikely. highly unlikely. (no. 29 and 30) is ( (no. 31). As PN, As 31). (no. Flavius Valerius Aracl Flavia Primitiva Nepotianus ) nomen H . . 57 situated in the nearness of the Halmyris fort. 34. LATRONIANUS 33. IULIANA 32. HERMES 31. HERACLIUS 30. FLAVIUS VALERIUS 30. FLAVIUS 29. FLAVIUS VALERIUS 29. FLAVIUS . was father of a certain certain a of father was . and 56 Heraclius . was was . Name, personality and ancestry: The PN is known, but rare. It seems Etruscan I H Heraclius Another Flavius Valerius GLIH no. 28 with the bibliography. Kajanto 1982, 31-390; GLIH no. 28 with the bibliography. Solin, Salomies 1988, 349; II, OPEL 1999, 20; Schulze 1991, Pape, Benseler 1911, 147; LPGN I, II, IIA. s. v; Hornblower, OPEL II, 1999, 144-146; 145-146; Solin, IV, Salomies 1988, 178. Matthews 2000, 58, 59, 66, 136; OPEL II, 1999, 177; GLIH no. II, 1999, Matthews 2000, 58, 59, 66, 136; OPEL 28 with the bibliography. 80; 197; cf. Kajanto 1977, 155; GLIH no. 25 with the bibliog raphy. 56 57 54 55 53 men 20; 21; 23; IV 32). cogno a as commonly used origin in Italic old and detectable back to at least in early mid 1 AD er a later period although nomen derived from the gentilicium 13) daughter, still a baby when she died, aged 3. broth deceased her with age same the of was She normally occurring in a Greek speaking region normally occurring in a Greek speaking ommended by 56). (no. army the ter widely spread provincial in the environment and recorded at Halmyris form: ( aged 3 in the husband lived 70 years the assimilation of the two Flavii Valerii band of tar of the mayor is dated 209, while the en rum Both are associated gentilices turned in 168 65 64 63 3 mid by If, Christians. against trials in involved tyrium tion, Astioni the matter. Latroniani family? The future discoveries will settle of the stem andthereforeweretheretwobranches nianus and thereforea to contemporary the young as hewasa long as disentangle, to hard again is construction tus Urbi saeculorum three instances citedabove is likely: singerin the in individual same the of identification the as probable, even and possible hand other the on is Fl. Latronianus consular the and (Nimes) Nemausus at priest the 2 the of 90’ early or 80’ late the in born been have in singer a as 204 in Iulius Latronianus who Theoretically was. latter know the of father the not do we as long as demonstrable, hardly practically although possible, theoretically nianus 161-164 to the mid 3 same aristocraticfamilyof could havebeenayoungbloodrelativefrom the cilium provinciaeMauretaniaeCaesariensis issimi thos inscription the later with Hülsen C. by identified is individual The 204. ( games in thesecular origin Latro rum saeculorum with e sus: Personal Names atHalmyris i prov c Latroniani F[3]/melli Mauretaniae Cae […] / […] nd E 92 1= L 67) ] 6871); ILS 15= 1902, AE Hülsen1932,385,387,394; AE 1932,70. CIL XII3220. ( L The place of An ascendancy line from Latronianus L. Gemellus from fragments new the of 85 l. The A mpensam century. Abetween correlation ’. Flavius Latronianus Fl. Latronianus [ who was among the singers of aristocratic the singers was among who gentilicium C whowasateenagerduringhisperformance L inciae

among the names of the executive officers executive the of names the among pueri in 204. Could have he been from another from been he have Could 204. in , although both of senatorial origin, could be i nt eodd n n o the of any in recorded not is . . As an official of the Roman administra Roman the of official an As . ( et aio in243. Flavius IuliusLatronianus ) […] ] r ) / Mauretaniae Caesar Mauretaniae / in an early 3 early an in ( could have been thefatherof have could edimit (204) – priest in Nemausus – Fl 63 clarissimus puer clarissimus [ avio 64 , priest and priest ,

[ is not recorded in isnotrecorded sarien and presumablyis to be equated L. Gemellus Latronianus yields the name . )

. / ] fromtheXanthosinscription. ( rd larissimi ] ss Fl /sis century Latr ludi saeculorum ludi was rd l Abn ptoi pr patroni Albini /li is recorded among isrecorded century decree of centurydecree [ ( Flavius Latronianus Haterius Latronianus oniano avi ) praefectus Urbi

p [ iensis ) ( ludi seaculorum ludi in early 3 early in pontifex Val ueri Flavius IuliusLatro ) ( ] / ] dceo concili decreto / eri /h Fl. Latronianus from the Xan the from vita Epictetiet Flavius Iulius ) ( et e L et Festi pont onore n Nemau in and must and vitae mar Acta ludo rd [ Haterius [ ) praefec century ifici ovin r in this Flavius in 243 in ( 65 Latro ecepto ] / …] ] con clar . He . ), in ), /ciae . ( ludi uci of ( rd i ------) ) ) ,

against ibidem errant ( military organization and and stateoftheadministrative the condition and the portinstallation) structures (like local other works ofreconstructionthefortressand ongoing the material aspect( envisaged quae ibidemerantpervidisse ministeria et imperialia publica opera per triduum suspense, edginessandtensioninthestory. is alaterinsertionof the editor who triedto create The word before. announced been have to likely seems visit official ducal inspected. The be to planned was ris Halmy Danube. Lower the at segment strategic important an Scythia, of province created recently defense, frontier Empire’ the of tion forties in290,whenhevisitedHalmyrisas duke century, and introduces nowordingwhichcould havebeen association any makes editor The Christians. two ing to do with theaftermathof the executionof the madness andextremefolly of the relating passage the from clear is It verdict. a of trial andinexpectation not fora simple certainly his presenceand tive situationinthearearequired only if happened Halmyris, at presence duke’s the for sit ut per XXX diesnullusadeosintroiret […] has beengivenby inta dierum dun geon for thirty days the in martys the of seclusion a trial. followed the It of end true the marked have to seems one hand. in authority civil of themilitaryand concentration praeses been have could L. that evidence sonable rea be may stance latter This governor. civilian duty ofa normally was two days. with at could haverequireda prolongation least trial the but estimate, to difficult is days three than arrival. to lastmore Whether ornotthevisitwasplanned the duke’s from in days fifth followed and fourth trial the The inspection. days three his s oiebe rm h tx, h denunciations the text, the from noticeable As A fifth day (III 22: (III day fifth A field civil the in trial a in L. of involvement The The restora of program Tetrarchicthe to According granted the passage of the thirty days more of of thethirtydaysmore the passage granted in custodiamcarcerisdenuoperducerent;ius Latronianus L .’ arrival began with a three days inspection: wih ol eti a ti ery ae a date early this at entail would which , Epictetus Fl. Iulius Latronianus subito ) could have happened and theorder could havehappened ) aswell. (unexpectedly) applied to hisvisit applied (unexpectedly) a seriousmilitary oradministra could have been his son, in his in son, his been have could and (III 27: (III L post quintamdemumdiem proal (I 24: (III personally . imperialia ministeria quae imperialia Astion praeses expleto numerumtrig was in his 50' s, the s, 50' his in was (III 19). The scrutiny The 19). (III weremadeduring L opera publica . that it has noth has it that . i hs ult of quality his in , this couldhave L . visited the visited . ). Taking). imperat dux dux et ), the . - - - - - ) - - -

169 ------’s fem. Mar ; the

, in 200 , is second Marcia Vigilantius Mihail Zahariade Mihail (I 5). The editor . Marcellina . Both gentilices is an association Marcus and gens ’s father and one of the ’s . vicus classicorum 70 cognomen mater vero de illustrium ge mater vero de illustrium

OPEL OPEL III, 2000, 56; Schulze 1991, 188, Memmia Memmia Marcia ; common Latin PN widely spread spread widely PN Latin common ; . is relatively frequent and has a long .’s mother: .’s 69 Memmia Marcia A . , as PN, is second time recorded at 71 Marcellinus was

. seems to have been of high social status, as . was . was the mayor of 37. MEMMIA MARCIA 37. MEMMIA 35. MARCELLINA 35. MARCELLINA 38. MEMMIUS MARCUS 36. MARCIUS [---] OPEL III, 2000, 53; III, 2000, OPEL M. M Marcia M M Hillar 1997, 59; Halton 1999, 157. Groag-Fluss 1932, 602-637; 637-638; Schulze 1991, 424; So 456; GLIH no. 9 with the bibliography. lin, Salomies 1988, 424; OPEL III, 2000, 75; Minkova 2000, 65; GLIH no. 25 with the bibliography. 69 70 71 showed by the impressive gravestone set by father by set impressive gravestone the showed by (no. 38), whose name she inherited, husband (no. 26) and d(octor?) (no. 27). She died aged 19, ap parently of a merciless disease, as long as a doc tor presumably looked after her until she passed away. 2). (no. Halmyris of two gentilices: latter is turned into a are widespread and well represented everywhere African North on emphasis an with provinces the in districts three persons who buried and set a grave stele for her. The theophoric name, time recorded at Halmyris (no. 37); here it was ecuted, along with Priscilian and several others, at Trier in 385. As such, he is considered among of history the in heretics as executed be to first the Christianity nere et Iuliani senatoris extitit filia pictures role M.’s at Halmyris apparently more en ergetic than her husband’s. She appears to have mourned more the disappearance of her son (I 9) in inquiring and is very active about the circum stances of his disappearance (IV in front of the some obscure points 34); she has offensive proselytism (IV 35-36). from in the Roman provinces AD. The name, as a theophoric based var. cius-Marcia tradition in the Roman onomastics associated associated with the sect of Priscilianism and ex

] ] ] - - - ) - ] ------]/ τ ”. χ Δ [ [ κα cae [ [ /

viol / umini pio fe ( ̣τες ) dedi ρθωτοῦ ] [ is men s n io [ is record πανο (IV 32: (IV ἐ πειραθέν Licin

μετασχόντες D(omino) n(ostro) )

. Jerome, in his

] fundatori public Domitius [— —]/[— — — ] iano ] νοίας Ω et ὐ οτάτου ] τητος [ ( [ ε ρ icin -/ [ —] π ] ]/[ L De Viris Illustribus De Viris ) στό ους λαμ οίας ̣[ ̣[ ( in a small room of the pra in a small room of [ ) Latronianus

we have thought proper to χρη εὐν ostro οῦ / ( τ

̣/ n ], Domitius Latronianus, v[ir claris ος ἀνθρώπ ) . [...] ̣του [...]’. The same (Tissot 1885, 211-212; A. Pallu de Les . titutori libertatis

ή δῆμ A. Domitius Latronianus ] usto ] 68 67 . X 5, 21-24. [

66 λ [ ὁ eius

Res omino ( ) e πάντας καὶ (

Λατρωνιανοῦ

Hist. Eccl ἀνυπερβ

καὶ σοὶ γράψσαι ἐνομίσαμεν ἳνα λαβὼν παρὰ τοῦ παρὰ λαβὼν ἳνα ἐνομίσαμεν γράψσαι σοὶ καὶ On Illustrious Men ] πρὸς βουλὴ ν [

curitatis d curitatis τῆς

] ] ἡ The passage The passage on the collective molestation and A later and apparently the last descendant of one of descendant last the apparently and later A L. receives a letter from Constantine I (January On the contrary, L. On seems the to contrary, have continued his

Euseb. Carthago: CIL VIII 1016=12465 (a. 319): Panhormus (Palermo), Sicily: CIL X 7284=ILS 677 (winter 1969, 33). A(fricae) et Piso Vettius Severus, v(ir) c(larissimus), cur(ator) Kart(aginensium) numini eius semper reip(ublicae) dicatissimi (Tissot, 1885, 211-212; Seeck 1925, 980; Pallu de Lessert, Constantino Fl(avio) maximo, pio, Augusto, felici, Do invicto, p(rovinciae) proco(n)sul c(larissimus), v(ir) Latronianus, mitius ομιτίου [ άρι maiestatiqu sert 1969, 32). Panhormus (Palermo, Sicily): IG XIV 296: ῆς ὶ of 313/314): [ se lici invicto Aug simus], corr(ector) p[rovinciae Siciliae d]evotu a man of great learning and worthy to be com 68 67 poet Latronianus were still in existence. He was 66 “ pared with the ancients as a composer in verse At that time, Jerome knew that the works of the famous poet in Spain, work him as cated him a special entry which describes of the branches of the Latroniani family was the a public vehicle tioned five years later fulfilling the function of pro Africa consul of δημόσιον ὄχημα secure from write to thee also that thou shouldst Sicily, Latronianus, corrector of illustrious most the 314): λαμπροτάτου Λατρονιανοῦ τοῦ κονρήκτορος Σικελίας ed in two inscriptions from Panhormus (Palermo), years early in well, as sources literary in and Sicily, of Constantine brilliant career. brilliant career. dence in sources later and there is no substantia tion in the archaeological data of such incident at Halmyris. Such an exceptional event rebellion would against the have Roman state meant and punished severely by the central There authority. is no evi chastising of duke and finally his death his finally and duke of chastising enter spiritum exhalavit story. false and mendacious, pathetic, a is etorium the program of the general of the general the program rebuilding a in view of inspection. higher level (imperial?) possible related to this issue. We might assume, as a possi a as assume, might We issue. this to related implementing in hindrance or delay serious a bility, 170 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 cases knowninthe2ndcenturyLowerMoesia rum Moesia Lower in occasionally occurs it Italy; in circulation gens from minor origin Italic old of PN genuine the apparently have we children. indicate that to seems conceived, is cippus the way provinces western in frequent more name; at Junuschilar, in Thrace, where a originating fromtheEtruscan name, Italic north and could derivedapparentlyfromthefrequentmiddle in LowerMoesia represented enough well cognomen; a into turned Personal Names atHalmyris no. 8withthebibliography. Celer Pompeius a the bibliography. 75; 2000, Minkova 16; Gerov,no. 130; 1954, 1902, 14409; AE III tubicen ary 137. A ( Alföldy 1969,251;GLIHno.28withthebibliography. 12444 III CIL 363; 1988, Cam 1911, 1129; LPGNIII A 150)andtheLatin (Pape-Benseler Παπίριος Παπίριον, Παπαῖος, Greek the tween where theslightlycorrupted 2876); 1988, 137: the bibliography. ILB 84, 431, 433; Minkova 2000, 77. In Tomis (ISM II 129), II TomisIn (ISM 77. 2000, Minkova 433; 431, 84, ILB OPEL III,2000,150-151;Solin, Salomies1988,146. M Schulze1991,86,131. Salomies Solin, 98; 2000, III, OPEL 31-32; 1982, Kajanto Salomies Solin, 123; OPEL2000, 5; III, n. 331 1991, Schulze Schulze 1991, 424, 464; OPEL III, 2000, 57; GLIH no. 25 with Pompeius Papirius recorded date; in construction later a is PN The P T. Ailius Pompeius ws myr of mayor a was . ó 42. PUBLIUSPOMPEIUS 41. PAPIRIUS[---] 40. NEPOTIANUS 39. MARCUSPAPARIO n 7 D feun Rmn PN Roman frequent AD; 171 in Papirius Celer laterculum csy 1970, 214; OPEL III, 2000, 123; Solin, Salomies 1988, N . 22);GLIHno.6withthebibliography. 75 hv de a te ae oet ih his with moment same the at died have . Papirius Mes Papirius 76 ; frequent especially in mid and north Italy north and mid in especially frequent ; in Almus (Lom)insecondhalfofthe2 . Papasa s ot iey etrto i l2 I so, If l.2. in restoration likely most is wasthemayorof of 134 (ISM V 137 VII 3); VII 137 V (ISM 134 of (ISM III/1 nr. 86) is recorded in Dacia. GLIH Dacia. in recorded is nr.86) III/1 (ISM (CIL XI2171); , at Tomis (ISM II 129); GLIH nr. 28, 29 with >

72 [ in Rome, in Paperis was born in Tio (=Tiana, Cappadocia?); ius . (?)] is recorded on the Troesmis legion vicus classicorum Papirius Paparius (CIL XI 2440); XI (CIL circitor Paperius Papiria

73 ); Minkova2000,219); . , orasahybridformbe

a aiie form Latinized a , ; it has a certain a has it ; (CIL IX 1024), from 1024), (CILIX circitor vicus classico Papi Papirius Papisius 77 nd century(CIL ( ol two only ; rius Te PN The . bore this 74 ) (cf. Plut. (CIL III Valens . The . 78 . L. - - - , cal Greek woman who acquired the vase ( the mostlikelyoption to tria nomina, the citizenship for all three would be usually both applicable and Quintuspraenomina Sextus and cognomen a is Capito gravestone. As the set they whom to 17) (no. Capito of sons the λεγιώνη(ς) [πρεί]μα(ς)’Iωβ(ία)ς 3 late in Noviodunum I at legion billeted the Iovia from detachment local the enter to mended by man citizenship existence of the tria nomina and consequently Ro 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 at known is Troesmis.inscription, Halmyris the On nus Sossius cius SossiusClaudius Micia: at Superior Dacia in known is PN The sius and an A Italy. in attested both be closeto cf. origin; in was made. seems to have beenwrittenwhenthe transaction from ILB nr. 133 (Securisca);GLIHno.31withthebibliography. 178; 449-450;Minkova2000,225. GLIH no.106withthebibliography. PN areknownthusfarintheGreekworld(LGPNI-IV s.v.); Avram (3); IV (LPGN 2013, 177nr. Athens 2115) (1 in (Ἰστιανή) Histria in born Schulze1991,425; OPEL IV 89;Solin,Salomies 1988,174. CIL VI 26606a; Schulze 1991, 94 (Italy); ILB nr. 68 (Oescus); 1976, Dechev 44; 1952-1953, Gerov 85; IV,OPEL2002, cf. apparently Απατουρίου Σίμη A 1392; 1911, Benseler Pape, GLIHno.32withthebibliography. GLIHno.28withthebibliography. GLIHno.32withthebibliography. S Sisso/Siso Σίμη S S. Q . tgte with together . . is normally a praenomen and would imply the , veteran discharged from legio V Macedonica V legio from discharged veteran , 46. ΣIMH 45. SEXTUS 44. SECUNDUS 43. QUINTUS 48. SOSSIUSSOSSI 47. SISSO (m.)/ was s h oe f amrs ao’ name. mayor’s Halmyris of one the is Amaios , Gr. fem. PN fem. Gr. , Aelius Sissa Sossia Hermes Sisius/Sisio Valerius Valerinus Constans m. , (no. 11) at Halmyris. The inscription The Halmyris. at 11) (no. Zizo 79

(fem.) is rare as Latin gentilice Latin as rare is (fem.) . , N s ae aprnl Thracian apparently rare; is PN s o (o 3) h ws recom was he 32); (no. son ’s st Ζειζας BC-1 82 Q at Securisca(Cherkovitsa) 81 . . (no. 43) were apparently apparently were 43) (no. .

Σίμη . with aderivation st , Sise century); atotalof17such AD

Sises could have beena lo 80 t ecs (Gigen), Oescus at . a ; , Sissa Sosius Longi 83 rd I might It . century: (no. 56) (no. Sisidius tribaion Sos Lu 84 85 . - - - ) - - - . , 171

, . ; - - - - at at 94 . ap , al . He . L as in as ’ wife ’ 93 Valerii Valerii Ninnita should Ponticus legatus Nais, Na Nais, , ’ ’ father; fem. PN; fem. , when he when , (Nicopolis cognomen of 134 of Ninna in the legion. the in Fl(avia) Nona , Mihail Zahariade Mihail cognomen nomen gentile Νάνας (fem. Phrygia, Nina laterculum . There is no sign has intense circu Valerii Longini Valerii veteranus ex beneficiario 96 L. Νανα, Nανας Νανα, . the . ) is rare in the Roman Nanea, laterculum Valerius Valens Valerius Valerius Ponticus Valerius was L , . Two originating from Pontic Heraclea Pontic from originating recorded in the Troesmis legionary most likely of the most century); IMS II, nr. 160; GLIH no. GLIH 160; nr. II, IMS century); Nene Nana nd Valerius Longinus Longinus Valerius Nana Iulius ’s wife and ’s and It is preferable thus to consider

; as var. ( Αὐρηλία Σαβίνα ή καὶ Νηνης c. AD) (Avram 2013, 127 nr. 1438) in Athens; var. var. Athens; in 1438) nr. 127 2013, (Avram AD) c. possibly var. from var. possibly 91 st Nene of the Halmyris fort. . taken over on a large scale basis in the taken over on a large b(eneficiarius) Flavius at Troesmis is our Troesmis at 92 95 , martyrs in Thessalonica, Byzantium, Noviodunum, and ; Avram 2013, 127, nr. 1437, 1439; inscriptions at Sacidava at inscriptions 1439; 1437, nr. 127, 2013, Avram ; Nene , was 54. VALERIUS PONTICUS 54. VALERIUS 53. CAIUS VALERIUS LONGINUS 53. CAIUS VALERIUS 52. VALERIA NENE 52. VALERIA . from Halmyris was N Longinus Caius Valerius P. . settled as a veteran and Roman citizen in the Pape, Benseler 1911, 123-124; LGPN I 381; II 376; III 372; there are two III, 2000, 152-153. Except our case, OPEL IGB II 687. 97; 2000, III, OPEL VI 18. col II l. 22; 136, V ISM OPEL III, 2000, 31; Solin, Salomies 1988, 353; Minkova 2000, 63; GLIH no. 18 with the bibliography. Avram 2013, 16, no. 161; 150, no. 1880; 224, no. 2570; 316, no. 3258. Pontici entire An 3). IX 15; VI 137 V, (ISM 134 of laterculum Troesmis at military the in was (Bithynia) Amastris from family GLIH no. 26 with the bibliography. 186); V (ISM (Thrace) (1 (Thrace) town: Thracian the in spread rather seems name the of nous (Gostar 1964, 89-90) and Chomakovtsi (IGLR, 188; ILB 163); var. Νάνα/ Νάννα (Phrygia, Lycia, Pisidia, Cilicia, Sundwall 1913, 165-166; Isauria); Cilicia) Νήνας are somewhat frequent. Nonna Nicomedia; Dechev 1976, 231-232. A composite m. Nεινίσος at Resovo (Macedonia); Dechev 1976, 238; 2 the of third (first Tomis 26 with the bibliography. 95 96 canabae lation and usually employed as a though it is used sometimes as a Gr. PN a as circulated and onomastics Roman the incidence of PN is remarkable although not in great number everywhere, 91 92 93 94 (no. 54) and the mother of Valerius Valens 53). (no. as used apparently origin; in Bithynian or Phrygian nickname, ad Istrum) Empire set the gravestone memory of an unknown in the the previously held had He 32. at died who person post of legionis Macedonicae V Troesmis pear twice in the could have been either one of those individuals or if one of the quite a one. different Normally, Longini indicationhave contained the some cases. Halmyris as a third L

------A

); note ); οστοπ[οι] (sic!), was tria nomina , as recorded as , militavit. , indicates nor formed from the recording the fili the recording . Iunius Moderatus Iunius Moderatus (sic!) unveil his ini , which recalls the 89

date of the inscrip

. inus Titus Collumela Titus . from the legion I Iovia I legion the from 90 Collumela 86 nomen , Diocletianus Lucius (sic!) ( (sic!) Columella Collumela . ; the practice seems common practice seems the ; . century which, in the long run, long the in which, century 87 Marcus Ulpius 88 nd praenomen cognomen is unique thus far at Halmyris, which Halmyris, at far thus unique is nomen Collumela instead of . In this remote provincial background, gentilicium is common for both father and son; used and . as cognomen comes obviously from Marcel . displays one of the rare cases of 51. VALERIA 50. MARCUS ULPIUS MARCELLINUS 50. MARCUS ULPIUS 49. TITUS COLLUMELA 49. TITUS . was the daughter of daughter the was . ). She is the mysterious personage urged by M Titus Titus V M GLIH no. 36 with the bibliography. Dean 1916, 36-38; Kajanto 1982, 31-39; 167-169; OPEL III GLIH no. 6 with the bibliography. Kajanto 1982, 36-37. IDR III/3, 105; 107 (Micia); ISM V 137 II 18 (Troesmis); 2000, 53; Solin, Salomies 1988, 357; GLIH no. bibliography. 19 with the GLIH no. 7 with the bibliography. 89 90 87 88 meaning is rather confusing 86 Valerius Valerinus Constans Valerinus Valerius word The pierces. who that to (something) give to ing is vague, the reading ambiguous, and so the on a hand written brick (see nr. on 20); she a hand presuma written brick (see nr. workshop ( bone worked in a bly owned or όν cellus becomes Marcellinus as a more common personal name in a later epoch father’s 2 early by already increased the incidence of extended forms. Mar had indicated the common formula had indicated the common formula lus having added the suffix - is no clear indication for any of these positions. It had been discharged he seems unlikely that when the inscription was set, otherwise he would have detachment of V Macedonica from Troesmis bil leted after 106 in the Halmyris fort or a civilian of ficial in the administrative service, although there consequently entails an early might He reign. Trajan’s after shortly or during tion, have been either in active service in the legionary imperial gentilice, mally Roman citizenship during Trajan’s reign. Marcus Ulpius at Halmyris, which labels him a Roman citizen. The citizen. Roman a him labels which Halmyris, at tial peregrine origin Columella the Halmyris turned into a Collumela famous Roman writer, ation but not a ation but Sossius probably case as a in this 172 101 100 99 98 97 gin. early epoch in inexistent apparently uncommon; not although PN man unus family. Hediedaged2 trustful intheeyesofcommander word his to make garrison the local in tant position son of) to whomherecommends unknown Halmyris after167. at garrisoned detachment the in likely most smis, which a sizable part was dispatchedat Troe utterly common dozens ofexampleandisspreadeverywhere knows PNs two the of combination The 52). (no. disentangle (arrivalorleavingthegarrison?). dedication on a certain a occasion which difficult to wife would have died, in which case Valens, set the that in thetextofinscription yielded Personal Names atHalmyris Cantianus (PCBE 2,2296). S. of martyrium the of pavement the of making the for money recorded on a mosaic at Aquileia, donor of a modest sum of 5 nr.3); 2132 1958, (Enßlin 11) secunda (Hieronc. Vig 1) inBethlehem in396(Hieron,c. Vig. 4 the of half (second 2) nr. 2132 1958, RE (Enßlin Council Chalcedon and (449) Synod Ephesus the in participant (446), Thessaly) issa, 1165)4 1999, (early II, PLRE 1; nr. 2131 1958, Enßlin, 1) 48, 2-3; 47, V (Zos. West tum 422). 359, 116, (1988, Salomies GLIHno.28withthebibliography. GLIHno.36withthebibliography. GLIHno.26withthebibliography. Townori of local of origin:possibly andprovince Age whenmentioned:unknown. Appearance: unknown. Birth date:unknown. Name: V C V V Kajanto1997,103-111 in:StefanoManzellaed.1997. The name The ws h yugs cid f the of child youngest the was . of son the was . ws ode (ie) n h lgo I tlc of Italica I legion the in (miles) soldier was . . was brother(-in- arms) ( 58. VIGILANTIUS 57. VICTOR 56. VALERIUS VALERINUS CONSTANS 55. VALERIUS VALENS ?) (Zos. V 36, 3) (408) and (408) 3) 36, V (Zos. ?) […] Hermes 100 nomine Vigilantiusnomine Vigilantius th ; Even in late period the name is rare, is name the period late in Even ; Vigilantius 101 century).PriestinBarcelona,born in Aquitania . 97 [...]’. . th wasrestoredin century). Metropolitan bishop inLar (Lat.); C Ponticus 99 . must have held an impor an held have must . . th magister equitum magister (III 22); typical late Ro or 6

Comes domesticorum Comes φράτερ n. 4 and 54) (no. th Βιγελάντιος century barber ( Vig ) with someone ( Secundus i ) lantius 98 Nepotianus . P (409) in the in (409) . and his and . by Solin, by (Gr.): Nene ( tosor (the equi - - - - ) - - ’

tion he fulfilled his function. There are some rather Epictetus ex quaestionariis tion of into custody wasdoneapparentlybyquaestionarii. taking the Here, trial. to submitted subjects tionarii the trials (military) during fulfilled duties in criminal justice and they criminal courts officials; other and auxiliary) (legions, units, authority: military commanders, governors, military the Roman army, attached beside any high military ranking high were They Halmyris. ferro vinctos,perducerentincustodiamcarceris. eos, Sanctorumetcomprehensos ad habitaculum ut postsolisoccasumpergerent quaestionariis (Latronianus) der: arrested who officials the among been have could He 22). 102 without whichwewouldnot have hadinformation been the weak linkandhepossiblyrevealedfacts duke. the to presented port which made possible the drawing up of the final re rogator.details important out found have could He process wascarriedoutby tions wereaddressedinthe lock-up roomandthe that directques evidence the only and a valuable carceris mos Martyresincustodia tians wereimprisoned: of presence of Halmyris. siz the at thattimein detachment billeted legionary able in principalis a but with, came duke the staff the in not time, any of use made have could one ofthe deed domo sua repeated The existed. have not would ‘domus’ his duty, official in Halmyris at came and staff duke’s the of part was he If servants. and ily fam means described, context the in Domus, 22); at Halmyris: home et cumomnidomosua 22: III in recorded again is family his of presence hold: tion period, execu post the with deals which 32) (IV passage confusing instancesinwhich V V execu the after and before Halmyris at Activity There wereseveral at Halmyris: position Official Marquardt1891, 294,n.7. Epictetus . seems to have been one of the interrogators the of one been have to seems . . appears as one of the interrogators ( interrogators the of one as appears . veniens Vigilantiusveniens sua cum omnidomo or Epictetus Epictetus and bears the key. the bears a quaestionibus V and V . is accompanied by his entire house . in the prison where the two Chris two the where prison the in . Astion and questionarii ) who addressed ) who Astion and continuo imperat aliquosex continuo infra domum…decantare infra ; it is not clear in what posi what in clear not is it ; Astion questionarii . Astion Te dtr lue t a to alludes editor The . perveniens ad beatissio perveniens 102 V were to interrogate the to interrogate were V . seems to have had a had have to seems . : . of Attributions . could have been in been have could . Astion of which Latronianus which of V . as the main inter main the as . at V quaestionarius apas I one In appears. . Latronianus at that time at (III 22). This is This 22). (III seemstohave quaestiones principales cum omni unus … unus quaes ; the ; ’ or (III (III in to ------

173 ------c. BC Alex th Ἀμαίος for the is specifi . The quar origo Mihail Zahariade Mihail 106 , although even origo . 107 family (no. 10, 35, 14) and 14) 35, 10, (no. family components in the area components in 105 ) has presumably an indicatedhas presumably an ) . The transaction between ?]. The Danubian colony of Upper ex partibus Orientis ius ( 108 iaria Ael t[ (no. 21) as well. Their Ra : I. Origo and social mobility I. Origo and social Commentary cf. IMS II nr. 52. cf. IMS II nr. Halmyris I, 2003, 65-78. The Greek presence at Halmyris is highlighted by the dis In fact, when approaching such a debatable and sensitive sub In fact, when approaching such a debatable No. 3, A Greek community of some extent must have The literary and epigraphic analysis of the and epigraphic literary The of analysis mirrors the Halmyris picture at onomasticThe Place names indicated as possible communities in other territories. Through their number and ma and number their Through territories. other in communities restructuring they produced important level and cultural terial in the mentality and cultural behaviour of the native society. covery of some fragments of roofing tiles (unpublished) pot tery and glass finds, although notA in 6 great number. Greco-Oriental fragment of a Mid Style II bowl (Suceveanu, GLIH no. 28 with the bibliography. than linguistic the to addressed rather be must question the ject the in mobility social remarkable and intense The factor. ethnic isolated of old as a dissolvent basically acted Empire Roman bringing up new social processes at an individual communities and community scale. The interaction among individuals and of new mixed led to the creation communities or greater smaller ex and, at larger new religious orientation bilingual families, tent, emigration, immigration, or official implant of significant 106 107 108 Epictetus cally indicated so, the term is vague. origo the for mainly pool recruitment solid a was Moesia legion VII Claudia from Viminacium preserved stone with inscription used as the of ter base for a column in the edifice 1 in the fort offers no other clue on this issue existed at Halmyris once the Greek cities on the Black sea shore began trading communities with the native 105 Halmyris Halmyris PN yielded evidence for 60 individuals. They were permanent or temporary adult or young their during recorded society, local the of residents social of large variety in a lifetime or upon decease instances, official position in the local administra the of dynamics the for indicative all military or tion, in the region. current evolution three main linguistic otherwise perceptible both at smaller scale, in the territory between the Danube and the Black Sea and, in a larger degree, in the all eastern Balkan cas yields PN Halmyris the of bulk The provinces. Thraco-Bithynian/Phrygian, Thracian, Greek, of es and Roman names. individuals in which temporarily or permanently cases: the habited Halmyris occurs in three ander-Marcellina-Astion ------’s [...] As cum and [...] he Astion (IV 32) and . had that . ’ ’ family. He V 104 ’ and ’ Artemidora Epictetus and becoming a .’s .’s self conversion to V Nepotianus Epictetus ’s parents bring him and ’s Astion ’s name appears 26 times 26 appears name ’s cum hymnis et psalmis, et (IV 32). V , the bishop of the province, ’s parents and converts them ’s voce publica proclamare and Astion . Astion 103 ; commonly a PN of later date but ap Evangelicus Epictetus , to their own city of (IV 32-49). ) at sunset, although with big pump: . was turned into a firsthand Christian char Christian firsthand a into turned was . V 60. VIVENTIA 59. VITALIS . The text editor states ., the only living daughter of . was the oldest of the four brothers deceased .s’ .s’ defiant attitude towards the duke is a late, . appears as the central character in managing GLIH no. 28 with the bibliography. Kajanto 1997, 107; OPEL IV, 2002, 178; ILIug nr. 2369; V V V In general, one might think that the Chapter IV V occulte parently extremely rare as a fem. PN 103 104 Nepotianus at a very early age in the died aged 5 acter destined to manage situation. mortem post in the text. was entirely fabricated by the editor containing many fictitious, and fewwhich historical elements, in and Astion were buried: were Astion and cum magna devotione contains bogus elements. In such cases the com mon interments were fast, usually prudently and Epictetus whereas authorities, of eyes the from far ( cum aliis Christianis omni domo sua et made was burial the which in way The buried. and piece of conflicting information in the false account false the in information conflicting of piece introduced by the editor which relates that the bod ies of the two individuals were picked up furtively would have been easily charged of insubordina tion and executed like many other people in the military experienced. There is on the other hand a fiery propagator Christianity.of Had insolent position: o tyranne Latroniane ego Christianus sum, false account inserted by the editor to justify the the in taking care of him drew for picture further burial of and finally leaves; Bonosus ies, received to Christianity, relates a detailed account on the events to have received in jail the benediction and the sign the of execution the After martyrs. the from cross of two individuals, he buried their decapitated bod tion Christianity (III 22) and that he overtly defied the duke by asserting his new faith. Later he would in the area. post executionthe situation of on their origin, activity previous to the during and facts occurred Halmyris their presence arrival at 174 109 Danube the between territory the on names ian His mixed below). name suggests a local or (see regional origin. name Bithynian/Phrygian Thracian a bears who woman local a married He 54). (no. in theHalmyrisGreekspeakingmilieu. family (r.10, 14, 35), were Greek speaking persons ronment forhim. envi linguistic a good must havebeen Halmyris Empire. Roman the of parts eastern in active and in born was he for person, speaking Greek a basically was Eunomius I. sius was banished at Halmyris by the Emperor Theodo certain tains the Greek PN 4 early in or century 3 the from conceivable dates 12) (no. individual certain a of PN, corrupted The Latin. the with allel par in area, speaking Greek a partially remains 3 The name. Greek typical 3 in the who waswithoutadoubtnativewoman community. speaking Greek through existenceofalocalfree been preserved 6 at the mouth of the Peuce arm of the Danube in the implanted been have could which emporium able local the and evenprob the possible group thatmanaged from woman Greek a certainly that, for seems evidence solid no is al there though merchant, a considered eventually be could the existence of local Greek communities. If and Personal Names atHalmyris no. 20. 124-125, 2003, Topoleanu,Poenaru-Bordea Zahariade, veanu, is indicativeforthedensityofnative occupationinthearea. 265-302) 1995, (Simion village Sus de Dunavăţu the of ritory 1961, 297-300),andathirdtumular Geticnecropolisontheter 1957, 247-254; 1958, 125- 141; 1951, 373-378; 1952, 325-330; plain Getic necropolises (Bujor 1955, 571-580; 1956, 243-252; the very place of the future Roman fort. Two considerably large 133- 1991, 136) whichadvocates fortheexistence ofanative settlement on (Opaiţ levels Roman early the underneath found of Hellenistic pottery shards in a Getic context (5 amount significant a also is There Attica. and Heraclea, Sea, Black North Rhodos, Thassos, Chios, from originates pottery The 127-170). 2003, Suceveanu, Poenaru-Bordea in: Topoleanu, Zahariade, 2003 Poenaru-Bordea, 1-8; no. 35-36 1980, pieces possibly part of a coin hoard of ca. 23-24 coins (C. Preda by twoCallatian (320-300 and300-260BC)eightOlbian Classical Greek artifacts. The Hellenistic coinage is represented of discoveries among are 265) 1995, (Simion amphoriscos tic 5 a as well as 146), 1988, Angelescu rd th The dissemination of the Roman-Thraco Bythin Roman-Thraco the of dissemination The was name Greek Roman A Epictetus have to seems tradition onomastic Greek The Suceveanu, Angelescu 1988, 146-150, no. 2, fig. 2; Suce 2; fig. 2, no. 146-150, 1988, Angelescu Suceveanu, or5 century AD, give her son, her century give AD, Σίμη th Secundus centuryBC. (see no. 11,46) no. (see rd n. 1 tgte with together 21) (no. century AD. By the end of the same the of end the By AD. century . The bishop The . Hermes th , the local onomastics con onomastics local the , 109 rd (no. 32) the father of a

Dakora (Cappadocia) Dakora are first examples of examples first are century AD Halmyris AD century Artemidora Heraclius th -4 Eunomius ValeriusPonticus th c.BCblueglass At Astion (no. 31), a 31), (no. ‘Αράκλ(α?) (no. 13), (no. th (no. 23) (no. and his and -1 st Ἀμαίος c. BC) Σίμη ------

man and Italic of origin or more recent creations as Ro old of names general in are, They spectrum. Sola of origin native the for hint a be might AD, 1 the of half first the in back way brudja Do modern northern in immigrated freely or nized colo ofBessi community numerous significantly soni Sola mobility: social or atleast origin local their Tomis at Troesmishighlighted constant anditisstrongly ube wasapparently Dan Lower the at presence Bithynian The futed. re totally be cannot Moesia Lower north-east to milieu local Bithynian/Phrygian a from immigration recent more although birth, by native apparently and displays only two clear cases, list PN Halmyris noticeable. is Sea Black the and 113 112 111 110 in the names of individual number a considerable dren. natives andthemoresoastheirchil considered be can descendants The profession. fathers’ their women andchildrenwhotraditionallyfollowed ( settled inthe and navy the from discharged those, or gionaries, le of case in canabae, the in service after settled who some, But Halmyris. from originated have not might activities to carryoutmilitary or supposed involved individuals The names. Roman clusively who bearex in caseofpersons bility atHalmyris society. Halmyris the in names Roman bearing entrants of from the 1 even back dates names traditional some to fixes culation, although the process of adding these suf – – suffixes the ing hav names The evolution. onomastic of result a Cives Romani Cives 251-266. anus oa P ocpe ms o te onomastic the of most occupies PN Roman Sola indicate names Thracian Roman other Three Some important Roman Imperial gentilicia mark gentilicia Imperial Roman important Some It is difficult to estimate the rate of the social mo ISM V, 281. Zah,Suceveanu 1971,567-578. 1972, Barnea also See 462. 368, 259, 235, 129, 57, II ISM ISM V 184,186,192,196. (no.47). 113 5); (no. ValeriaNene II. NamesandRomanImperialgentilicia 112 (no. 20, 34, 40) suggests a later date in cir in date later a suggests 40) 34, 20, (no. is mainly a PN of rather Bessian origin. The . . st century AD. There is no clear evidence vicus classicorum Claudia Bersille Claudia ) had their families marrying local marrying their families ) had inus (no. 52). The two women were women two The 52). (no. (no. 7, 8, 19,26, 50,53) and 50,53) 19,26, 8, 7, (no. 110 Noviodunum , (no. 17); (no. Aelia Bendsi as Roman citizens Sisso Sis Sisso st century 111 (no. 1) Aelius Aelius and , ------175

. ------), in 114 (no. (no. from Memmia liberta , as in case , with the . They ac C. Valerius C. Valerius tria nomina Mihail Zahariade Mihail ), no. 37 ( Flavia Primitiva gentilicium libertae century, witnessed century, Claudia Bersille Valerius Longinus Valerius nd dua nomina century or in the first or century. Although with century. Valerius Valerinus Valerius nd Flavia Titia (no. 50), and 50), (no. nd century when T. Flavius Secundus T. would be representative (51-56) suggests in most (no. 3-9) are largely circu largely are 3-9) (no. nd slaves family (no. 52, 54, 55) datable 55) 54, 52, (no. family (no. 5) proves. Aelii ), no. 25 ( century (no. 56) as well. Ulpius century, the most representative most the century, th Valerii Valerii nd century presence century presence of a solid occu Aelia Bendsi, Claudia Bersille, Va Valerii nd , which ascertain Roman citizenship, Roman ascertain which , : century, and century, rd . The Thraco-Bithynian / Phrygian century, century, although the practice was de . It is untenable the idea that they could (no. 53). They fulfilled their career mostly career their fulfilled They 53). (no. rd 115 Aelius Sola Aelia Marcia or early 4 ) was inherited apparently from their mother. nomen (no. 48) and 48) (no. rd M. Ulpius Marcellinus Zahariade 1986, 173-176. Kajanto 1977, 155-156. The second Ulpii group of The nomina Tria Early 3 For one thing, some women (no. 1, 17, 52) bear of no. 2( Marcia 17) and used as nomen. Only the case of (no. 24), considering her cognomen, would show some signs of an initial humble condition ( 114 115 Longinus 2 mid or half first the in individuals was still applicable the with citizen to ship. veloping roughly since late 2 large scale multiplication of general abandonment of the praenomen whose gentilice role is commonly taken over by the while individ The nomen. became cognomen former the uals bearing only two names represent 48.33% of the entire lot under scrutiny. non-Roman names which they preserved even af ter marriage and attached to gentilicia which be came leria Nene have been originally quired the gentilicia either as inheritance from their fathers, which is most probable, or simply marriage upon names acted as cognomina in a period when prae and the gentilice was nomen is usually dropped off tematically organized and controlled. organized and tematically lated, particularly since 2 only one record, for an early 2 pation, both civilian and in military, a period when the first stone fort and civil settlementshape due to the building works of a common le took final gionary vexillation from I Italica and XI Claudia tinge continued to Thracian local population of The be integrated as the case of cases a later period. Except 2 the of half first cases are the in the second half of the 2 half of the 3 late 3 is detectable in case of 28), when the Lower Danube frontier began to be sys

, ; ------vi Au and cen Clau st Aelius rd Flavius (no. 17- (no. (49-50). (no.42), canabae circulated (50); from the Valerius/Vale gens Valeria seems to have pertaining to a a pertaining to Claudia . The epigraphic (no.17); Ulpius is an ancient gen (no. 29), Titus (no. is an association of ; becomes common Classis Flavia Moesica century ( (51-54); Claudia rd Claudius, Flavius, Ulpius, we know only the gentili century. century. Sossius Publius Pompeius (no. 26-28) survived by in Flavius is both plebeian and patri is century and 209 at the lat Cives Romani Aurelius rd : Cives Romani nd . The Roman citizenship was century Halmyris. Both shows the survival of the gen the shows the survival of (no. 24, 25) 24, (no. is a nomen gentile formed of a nd Valerius vicus classicorum ; Flavius vicus classicorum Marcius Titus are gentilices coming from a period magistri Publius Pompeius ) upon their discharge. Unluckily, in Flavia (no. 36), Claudii Valerius (1, 2) (1, (no. 18, 19); (48). Flavii and vicus classicorum Aelia classici Marcius between early 2 among the Imperial gentilicia recorded thus centuries, but also 3 ). A community of A ). and The gentilice Perceptibly, the Perceptibly, gentilicia could be grouped in a Halmyris displays gentilicia typical for the 1 the for typical gentilicia displays Halmyris Claudius To begin with, To it is striking that there are no nd heritance in the 2 dii 19). The rather late date of the inscription which records the tilice, either acquired or inherited, in the area. sive for they continued to be held by individuals be held by individuals they continued to in sive for The earliest later Imperial periods. Halmyris inhabitantsis among the chronological order, although this might prove elu chronological order, two gentilicia; cian gentilice in origin. tilice among those of Latin (non-Italic) origin. 49) Sossius praenomen; the PNs of all these marines who became citizens. became who marines these all of PNs the From cia of some legally granted to soldiers of the local navy squad soldiers of legally grantedto ron ( lack of specific reference, we are ill-informed on est. Within this time span are datable most of the PNs with their gentilices Aelius separate from evidence the frames cus naval base affiliated to the to affiliated base naval the fort was also garrisoned by a legionary detach ment which conceivably had its own been strong enough at Halmyris as long as it is been strong enough at Halmyris mentioned in official documents (votive altars) set magistri in a by 2 ria tury on, the gentilice and of remarkable density; it could be considered the typical PN of the 3 army, the Roman citizenship was rarely granted en granted rarely was citizenship Roman the army, mass or even individually in the civil environment before the reign of Caracalla. Since early 3 far at Halmyris. The fact could be a chronological benchmark and a point of significance for the so cial situation of the Halmyris residents. Except the relii (no. 26-30); (no. (3-9); Halmyris society. Halmyris There society. are six imperial gentilices feminine derivations: with their 176 117 116 local a married He members. three than more whom oneboreaGreekname, of children born the of names the in reflected is ily fam Greek-Latin mixed woman. This local a been have must Artemidora infants. all with time same Nepotianus mother, their with together the tombstone as setting recorded are as only specified son a older, apparently other Two epidemic. out spread a of result a as or violently circumstances, unknown in dead been having as years five and was setwecanconsiderhimalsolocallyborn. ment inthearmyatlaterdatewhenepitaph recruit of local principle the widespread considers garrison is more difficult to assess, although if one of The origin of from themarriage inafamilyresulted (one notnamed) individuals brought fromHalmyris although Jos, de Dunavatu at found gravestone The 60). Halmyris is bers. simple typeoffamiliesastothenumber mem turned tobeusedasacognomen cognomen, which in our case, means a gentilicium without gentilicia is senttothecategoryofdouble case this classification Kajanto’s J. In men. with of womenismanytimesgreaterincomparison case in incidence the noticed, As cognomen. as which usesthe gentilicium as name andthe other in aform a doublegentilicium bears basically time disappearedinmostofthecases. when tice of omission of cognomen as, at the late period risky. on that matter ishighly although arushconclusion Personal Names atHalmyris bibliography. M. Ulpius Marcellinus M. Ulpius family grouprecordedat The mostnumerous evidence displayscomplexand The epigraphic ( 25 No. interesting. is case One ( 49 No. At least four infants are mentioned between two between mentioned are infants four least At oui-ol 16, 3 n. ; GR o 18 ih the with 168 no. IGLR 7; nr. 132 1964, Doruţiu-Boilă Kajanto1977,155-157. Complex families III. Families Valeria 2. TheUlpiiMarcelli(no.17,50) 1. TheNepotiani Valeria de 3 lkl tgte ad n the in and together likely 36 died , Nepotianus is mentioned, the filiation had long had filiation the mentioned, is Nepotianus ) shows atypicalcaseof prac filius Artemidora Nepotianus n a daughter, a and ’ (no. 13, 31, 33, 40, 57, 59, ’ familymusthavehad , a ,

principalis Te aiy head, family The . Heraclius 117 and 116 rcrs eight records , . Flavia Titia Artemidora in the local in . Viventia - ) - - - , . new familyhadnochildren. ried 134 of erculum Capito easily discarded, as two other Memmii, so be cannot Troesmis at billeted Macedonica V the father could havebeena veteran of the legion standing out in reflected situation, material good and tus 2 mid by sumably Memmii branches of could havebeenoneofthedistant daughter) and daughter, members: of threerecorded number ofchildren. tion woman, 119 118 for another ily. It is clear that a coherentandcomplete assessment onthisfam garrison. Halmyris local the in even possibly Italica, I legion the father’s followed traditionally he Halmyris, at or Troesmis whether Regardless canabae. discharge, of the Bithynian colonists settled in the area. Upon the factthat nian namesat Troesmison onemightspeculate Bithy the of incidence remarkable the considers 167. after garrison local the in served and the family in traditions the military inherited have army, the with connection any ther, Had Dacia. in Potaissa to up moved which Macedonica V the by doned sig nificant draft to a Troesmis a dispatched legionary fortress aban had 167, since which, Italica I mentioned. above 52); ticus 3 the The composed was Halmyris at family Memmii The The textonthestoneistoofragmentarytoallow 2 late of Afamily members three ISM V nr. 137II5( GLIH98no.25. natis Flavius Martinus Flavius Martinus n. 4 te ubn of husband the 54) (no. ValeriusValens rd are recorded on the arerecorded Troesmislat legionary centurywasthatof Memmii 4. TheValerii (no.50,52,53) 3. TheMemmii(no.26,37,38) 5. The Aelii Valentes (no.4,6,7) h fml hd ete a Hlyi pre Halmyris at settled had family The . Claudia Bersille Claudia stele at the end of the text suggests a certain Memmius Marcus Memmius Ponticus Aelius ValensAelius métier d’armes Nene the forhisdaughter 119 family at Halmyris (father and family atHalmyris old andnumerous Aelius Valens must have belonged to thestock musthavebelonged . At Halmyris, the daughter mar daughter the Halmyris, . At nd Memius Valens Valens centurywith chose to settle in the Halmyris (no. 55), the son of the two the of son the 55), (no. , thehusbandof , (no. 26), but apparently the apparently but 26), (no. , Valerius Ponticus n. 7 bt h indica the but 17) (no. .

Aelius Sabinus Aelius was joining the flags in the in flags the joining , the father of Marcia, of father the , Valerii Memmia Marcia ); 25( 118 Valens set the gravestone miles ValeriaNene . a high social sta social a high The chancethat Memmius Capito nd : or first half of half first or Valerius Pon Valens in thelegion Italic was bornat Marcia Valens wasap , the fa the , gens would If one If . (no. , the , and of ). ------177

, ------As lo Iup (no. , ( no. -early from Mem rd (no. 6), (no. 48); 48); (no. (no.39); (no. 29); Marcellina , presbyter c. BC) Valeria (no. 1, 28, nd Mihail Zahariade Mihail Claudius Mar (no.58), their (no. 58). Alexander (no. 28); (no. , the vendor and , was apparently is invoked in two veteranus Epictetus -early 2 , monachus (no. 14); M. Ulpius Marcellinus rd Valerius Ponticus Valerius Sossius Sossi Ἀμαίος (no.18); 3 Dies Manes vicus classicorum Vigilantius Flavius Valerius Marcus Papario Memoria , the supreme Roman deity. deity. Roman supreme the , Astion (bishop) was banished to , pontifex (no.22); pontifex , quaestionarius Diocletianus ) in (no. 5); pot called tribaion. called pot (no.42);

(no. 49). T. Flavius Secundus T. (no. 36); magistri (no. 38), and are invoked most cases when in the Eunomius (no. 40), Evangelicus , presbyter (no.15); Aelius Sola century to 209: Claudius Clemens […] nd ’s mother (no. 35); ’s V. Religion V. VI. Age and decease VI. (no. 19); (no. , the buyer of a a of buyer the , ’s ’s father (no. 10); century which could imply the functioning of a which could imply the functioning of century The votive altars set by the magistri The votive altars set by the magistri of vicus The intense religious (Christian) activity prompt Involvement in the local military is suggested in Administration and economy Local administration The Halmyris civil is represented Indication of early (late The significant number of individuals (60) who No. 23, th when Halmyris was destroyed by an invasion, as long as he died later at his estate in Dakora (Cap padocia). displayed their names a number of 11 has indi involved in animal bone processing in late 3 late in processing bone animal in involved 4 specialized workshop at Halmyris. classicorum were devoted, as to customarily, Maximus piter Optimus Dies Manes individual and an aedicula- was buried gravestone relatives. the by set was cases in association with 40). ed by the execution of the two Christian martyrs involved the following individuals: tion Bonosus 21); (no. Astion Halmyris for some years. He seems to have es caped the disaster from the winter of 384/385 are unambiguously rendered: principalis affiliation to a certain unit in garrison at Halmyris conjecturally. remains case of: (no. 50) tinus mius Marcus 52). by mayors ( early 2 Marcius Publius Pompeius Collumela Titus two the by the association of cal trade is offered 46), Greek names (no. 11, Σίμη 51), the daughter of 40, and 58, although military and social position

. ------(no. Aelius Valerius Valerius Valerius dux pro , principalis Aelius Va . The son , Aelius Valens (no. 6); Claudii (no. 55); miles, beneficiarius miles, (no. 58). , Latronianus Nepotianus veteranus , λεγιώνης πρείμας ’Iωβίας century. th , (?)(no. 8); (no. 34); quaestionarius , (V Macedonica) (no. 53); -early 4 miles rd , Aelius Valens C. Valerius Longinus C. Valerius miles legionis I Italicae Military 10. Hermes and Secundus (no. 31, 42). 9. Claudius Clemens and Claudius Marti 8. Flavius Valerius and Flavia Primitiva Flavius Valerius 8. 7. Aelius Titianus and Flavia Titia (no. 9, Titia and Flavia Aelius Titianus 7. 6. Aelia Bendsi and T.Flavius Secundus Aelia Bendsi and T.Flavius 6. , IV. Fields of activity IV. Simple families Vigilantius who set the dedication who set have been must an old Except no. 34, 53, and 56, of whom we have Clear evidence of military career is yielded in The instance in which father and son are record The inscription states specifically the father and Both spouses have the same gentilice, a strong The instance offers a mother and son type of re The instance offers The marriage between a local woman and a Ro a and woman local a between marriage The Commonly, two Commonly, members family can be consid specific reference on the units and their position held in the military hierarchy, in case of no. 6, 8, Valens Constans Valerinus 56); vinciae Scythiae 40); (no. legati legionis case of: Saturninus ed is late 3 ther. son type of relation. Both are seems to have inherited the gentilice from the fa nus (no.18, 19). hint that the marriage occurred between two mem marriage occurred between two the hint that bers of around age who acquired same or rather period. inherited the gentilice in the same (no. 23, 24). lationship, where the mother has a different gen tilice from that of the son. 25). man citizen finds other examples at Halmyris (no. 50- 52; 17- 48). (no. 1, 27). ered a simple social cell. There are five instances at Halmyris. of simple families he lived and buried the 45 years old years 45 the buried and lived he implies another family member (son?). lens comrade-in-arms; or father the either veteran aged parently the son of the deceased if not the letter the not if deceased the son of the parently E preserved on the stone and restorable E[T…] 178 120 still inserviceasprincipalis. at 5), shortly before, after or in the same time while ( Nepotianus envisaged. be must illness severe a and once, at completely separatedintoanotherfieldbelow ( the nameofdeceased while are mentioned daughter,her son, unnamed (an children other two which in one registers, two of the layout The could disease. same the of dead himself fallen have father the maybe and 59) 57, 33, of infants five the of case in invoked be could Illness violently. or causes ural reached upontheirdeath. the age set bytherelatives cated ontheepitaphs Personal Names atHalmyris Victor Nepotianus IMS ILS ILJug. ILB IGRR IGLR IGB IDR CPL CTh. CIL N. Cath.Enc AE It must have been an event which took five lives five took which event an been have must It nat of prematurely died individuals Aof number GLIHno.28fig.71andcommentaryatpage94-95. at 2, at aedicula died aged 37 together with the infants the with together 37 aged died Iuliana hr ubn, n fu ifns are infants) four and husband, her , 2 e b hs wife, his by set at 3, at Heraclius ABBREVIATIONS andBIBLIOGRAPHY

Viventia Nepotianus Inscriptions delaMésieSupérieure Inscriptiones LatinaeSelectae repertae eteditaesunt Inscriptiones latinaequae in JugoslaviainterannosMCMLXetMCMLXX B. Gerov, 1927. Inscriptiones GraecaeadResRomanasPertinentes pe teritoriulRomâniei Em. Popescu, 1956-1966. G. Mihailov, I-IV Inscripţiile anticedinDaciaşiScythiaMinor. InscripţiileDacieiRomane.Vol. R. Cavenaille, Clyde Pharr, PrincetonUniversityPress,1952. Constitutions Code andNovelstheSirmodian The Theodosian Codex Theodosianus. Corpus InscriptionumLatinarum New CatholicEncyclopedia Année Épigraphique Artemidora at 3, and 3, at , Bucureşti,1977-2001. ) andherself Inscriptiones LatinaeinBulgariarepertae (no. 31, (no. Inscriptiones GraecaeinBulgariarepertae , atranslationwithcommentary, Glossary, andbibliographyby Vitalis have Inscripţiile greceştişilatinedinsecoleleIV-XIII descoperite Corpus PapyrorumLatinarum 120 . -

, Paris. , Bucureşti,1976. , Ljubliana,1978. through decapitation of through decapitation on theepitaphsetmostlikelybyveteran. of family the from Someone action. in while occurred of case in V). As annis (militavit service of years five age. that of plications 60, respectively, certainly of oldness or other com als, speculate either of illness or violently. Two individu only can we and (20) date early an at died military es. tion. in thetextofinscrip was mentioned and end Secundus of a in thepresence is foreseen disease the of gravity the 19; aged deceased who in caseof be morelikelyinvoked There is specific reference of violent death of violent reference specific is There h sm ntrl as, svr iles can illness, severe a cause, natural same The Claudius Martinus,Saturninus C. ValeriusLonginus , Washington, vol. 5. Claudius Martinus Claudius Flavius Valerius Aelius ValensAelius , vol.I-III,Berlin,1892-1916. , Berlin. , who have watched over her to the very vol.I-IV, VI,Beograd,1982-1995. died aged 45 of unknown caus , Wiesbaden,1958. and Aelius Saturninus i h ws novd n the in involved was he if , died aged 32, as indicated Epitetus Flavia Titia , Serdicae,1989. I,III-IV, Paris,1906- , vol.I-IV, Serdicae, and deathcouldhave d Memmia Marcia ( died at 70 and octor Astion died after ), in 290. Flavius - - - -

179 , , ,

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