Statistical and Geospatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Megacity of Karachi
Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2019, 11, 311-332 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp ISSN Online: 1945-3108 ISSN Print: 1945-3094 Statistical and Geospatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Megacity of Karachi Muhammad Kamran Khan1, Waill Ayoub2,3, Sumayya Saied1, Mirza Muzammil Hussain2,3, Saiyada Shadiah Masood4, Azhar Siddique5, Haider Abbas Khwaja2,3* 1Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan 2Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA 3Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA 4Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan 5Unit for Ain Zubaida Rehabilitation & Groundwater Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia How to cite this paper: Khan, M.K., Abstract Ayoub, W., Saied, S., Hussain, M.M., Ma- sood, S.S., Siddique, A. and Khwaja, H.A. Inserting Groundwater quality variability and sources potentially contribut- (2019) Statistical and Geospatial Assess- ing to aquifer recharge was evaluated in metropolitan Karachi. Selected sam- ment of Groundwater Quality in the Me- gacity of Karachi. Journal of Water Re- pling sites were characterized by large waste dumping sites, industrial zones, source and Protection, 11, 311-332. and the presence of open streams receiving heavy loads of industrial and do- https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2019.113018 mestic wastes. Levels of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), fluoride (F−), chlo- − − NO− -N SO2− + Received: August 10, 2018 ride (Cl ), bromide (Br ), nitrate-N ( 3 ), sulfate ( 4 ), sodium (Na ), Accepted: March 15, 2019 + 2+ 2+ + potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), and ammonium ( NH4 ) Published: March 18, 2019 were determined and compared with the WHO permissible limits.
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