SPACE SHUTTLE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT EXPERIMENT Phase A: Definition Study
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LOAN COPY: RETURN TO AFWL TECHNICAL LIBRARY KIRTLAND AFB, N. M. SPACE SHUTTLE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT EXPERIMENT Phase A: Definition Study 1. .I,, _.. i Prepared by i -- ‘, ,._: THE MOORE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Philadelphia, Pa. 19174 for Goddard Space Flight Cezzter NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION . WASHINGTON, D. C. l JUNE 1976 ,- -- - - 3 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM lllilllllllllllfillfflllllllllll _~. TECHNICAL REPORT Si OObL4: 1. Report No. 12. hvernncnt Accession No. 1. P NASA CR-2707 I - ,__--- - _- ~- .~ -~..tiiT=.i;na3~biitlc Report Date SPACE SWTLE ELECTROMAGNETICENVIRONMENT 1 Jine 1976 EXPERlMENT, Phase A: Definition Study 6. Performing Organization Code I - .._ ~. _~ .i~.. __.- -- -_. I 7.Author(s)Fred Haber, R. M. Showers, C. Kocher, i 8. Performing Organization Report No L. A. Forrest, Jr. .; Moore School 76-03 9. Performing Organization Name end Address ! lb. Work &it No. .The Moore School of Electrical Engineering I University of Pennsylvania i 11. Contract or Grant No. Philadelphia, Pa. 19174 . ! NAS 5-20707 113. Tymport and Period Covered 2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address - GODDARDSPACE:'FLIGHT CENTti National Aeronautics & Space Administration Communication & Navigation Diyision 114: Sponsoring Agency Coda Greenbelt., Md, 20771 953 5. Supplementary Notes . ..-_.. L_~__ 6. Abstrect The results of a study aimed at developing methods for carrying out measurements of earth electromagnetic environment using the space shuttle as .a measurement system platform.areherein reported. The goal is to provide means for mapping intentional and nonintenkiontil emitters on earth in the frequency range 0.4 to.40 GHz. To guide in the.system.development, a survey was made of known emitters using available data from national and international regula- tory agencies, and from industry sources. The spatial distribution of sou??ces, power levels, frequencies, degree of frequency re-use, etc., found in the survey, are here presented. A concept is developed for scanning the earth using a directive antenna whose beam is made to rotate at a fixed angle relative to the nadir; the illuminated area swept by the beam is of the form of cycloi- dal annulus over a sphere. During the beam's sojourn over a point, the receiver sweeps in frequency over ranges in the order of octave width using sweeping filter bandwidths sufficient to give stable readings. Special means are proposed for dealing with low-duty cycle emissions. General formulas and curves are presented to allow the user to choose -- - _-;__--- ;.._ ~--. ,.__. --- _.--. ._. ., ,. .-.-_ Continued 7. Key Words (5, ‘ectcd by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement Electromagnetic Environment Satellite Survey Unclassified - Unlimited Radio Frequency Interference Cat. 70 _L- I 9. Skurity Clossif. (of this report) if. (of this Pcge) 21. No. of Pages ’ I l22- Price: Unclass'ified I Unclassified I I.76 1 $7.00 For saleby the Nation! Technical Information Service, Springfield, Vi&a 22161 - - - Absircct(Continued) . .spatial and frequency scan modes to suit his need, and specific cases are also presented. Special emphasis is put on a horizon scanning mode which allows earth transmitter powers to be measured along their main beams. Techniques for determining the frequency with which points on earth will be illuminated are developed and specific results for the horizon scanning mode are worked out. The probability that the receiver will erroneously respond to powerful emitters not in the direction of the receiver's main beam is analyzed,and proposals for dealing with this problem are made. Finally, the'problem of data handling is examined. Estimates of the rate of the generation of data and storage requirements are made, and alternativrs for data processing are discussed. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures ............................................... V, List of Tables ................................................ ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................... 1 1.1 Objective and Background Inrormation ............. 1.2 Measurables and System Capabilities ............. : 2.0 SUMMARYOFPRINCIPALCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 3 3.0 SURVEYOF AIRCRAl?TELECTROMAGNETICENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENTS . 4 Incidental Emissions . 5 ;:i Intentional Emitters . 25 3.2.1 Introduction . 25 3.2.2 Emitter Power . 3.2.3 Emitter Densities . ;84 3.2.3.1 Variation of Densities frcm Average . 3.2.3.2 Distribution of Radars . z 3.2.3.2.1 Long Range Radars . 43 3.2.3.2.2 Short Range Radars . 43 3.2.3.2.3 Beacon Radars (ATC RI&j : . 48 3.2.3.3 Azimuthal Distributions of Microwave TransmitterMainBeams . 50 4.0 SYSTEMPARAMETERRELATIONSHIPS . 55 .4.1 EEE System Design Parameters ................. 55 4.1.1 Slant Range Viewing .................. 58 4.2 Discussion of Scanning Disciplines .............. 4.3 Conical Scanning ....................... z 4.3.1 Mathematical Anaysis .................. 66 4.3.1.1 Geometrical Considerations .......... 66 4.3.1.2 Scan and Dwell Times ............. 4.3.2 Discussion ....................... E 5-o 83 6.0 PROBABILlTYOFDETECTINGANEARTHBOUNDEMlTTER . 86 6.1 Coverage ........................... 86 6 .l.l As a Function of Latitude and Orbital Inclination ... 86 6.1.2 Nu&er of Times Seen--Successive Swaths ........ 6.1.3 Number of Times Seen - Single Orbit .......... ;: Probability to Detect a Transmitter in the Main Beam ..... 97 The Effect of Sidelobes .................... 102 6.3.1 Quantitative Estimate ................. 107 Continued iii a , Continued TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 7.0 H.ARI;IwARF:lMPLEMEXCATION ..................................... , 114 7 .l Introduction ................................................ 114 7.2 Data Flow ................................................... 115 7.2.1 On-Board Elements .................................... 115 7.2.1.1 Receiver .................................... 115 7.2.1.2 Position Indicators ......................... 117 7.2.1.3 Real-Time Display ........................... 119 7.2.1.4 On-Board Data Storage and Processing ........ 121 7.2.2 Ground Processing .................................... I21 7.2.2.1 Method I: Data Available to Be Measured .... I21 7.2.2.2 Method II: Amount of Information Transmitted 124 7.2.3 Equipment ............................................ I24 7.2.3.1 Real Time Display ........................... I24 7.2.3.2 Storage ..................................... 124 7.2.3.3 Computing ................................... I.24 7.2.4 Formats .............................................. 125 7.2.5 Processing ........................................... I-25 8.0 CONCLUSIONS. 126 9.0 REFERENCES. .' . 128 Appendix I: A Scanning Receiver for Pulsed Sources.............. 133 Appendix II: Mathematical Model for Satellite Antenna Sidelobe Effects . 136 iv r- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number 1 Temperature Profile of Philadelphia at 226.2 MHz, Measured Traveling North at 18,000 ft, 18 Nov. 1965 (fromRef. 16) . 6 Effective Noise Power Density as Measured in Aircraft over a City (from Ref. 16) . 7 Noise Level Variations Over Phoenix (from Ref. 19) . 10 Noise Level Variations on Flight Path over Akron, Ohio (from Ref. 18) . I2 Noise Level as a Function of Frequency (Eastern United States - Cape Cod to Dayton) (from Ref. 27) . 13 Noise Level as a Function of Frequency--Mideast, Europe, and Eastern United States (from Ref. 27) . 14 Average Power Levels over Europe in the 400-410 MHz Band as Measured at 30,000 f-t with Antenna Looking Forward(fromRef. 28). 16 8 Average Power Levels over Europe in the 450-460 MBz Band as Measured at 30,000 ft with Antenna Looking Forward (from Ref. 28) . .i. 17 9 Average Power Levels over Europe in the go-470 MHz Band as Measured at 30,000 ft with Antenna Looking Forward (from Ref. 28) . 18 10 Average Power Levels Over Europe in the 470-4801$fKz Band as Measured at 30,000 ft with Antenna Looking Forward(fromRef. 28). 19 ILL Average Power Levels Over Europe in the 480-490 Ml& Band as Measured at 30,000 ft with Antenna Looking Forward (from Ref. 28) . 20 12 Average Power Levels Over Europe in the 490-500 MHz Band as Measured at 30,000 ft with Antenna Looking Forward (from Ref. 28) . 21 13 Power Level Distribution of Emissions Measured over Europe at 450-470 MRz (B.W. 30 k&z) (frail tabulations inRef.28) . 22 14 Geographical Distribution of Power Levels of interfering Signals Observed By NIMBUS-4 at 466 MI% (from Ref. 29) . 23 V LIST OF FIGURES - (continued) Fig== Page Nuder 15 Typical Transmitter Power Levels . 35 16 Location and Separation of Long Range Radars Assignedl250MHz . 44 17 Location of Short Range Radars Sharing 2700 MHz . h5 18 Distribution of Densities of Short Range Radar in Contiguous Areas Bounded by 5O Longitude . 46 19 Location of Radar Beacon Sites (@ Non Plotted in These States) . 47 20 Iocation of Radar Beacons in the Los Angeles Area . 49 21 Disposition of Main Beams of Microwave Transmitters Assigned to 6063.8 MHz in the Southwest . 51 EIRPmi.n 22 Spatial Resolution (A) versus Ratio 59 kTeB ’ ’ ’ l l ’ 23 Geographical Scan Width versus Product of Frequency and Spatial Resolution (BR) with the Frequency Scan Width as a Parameter. v = 4.75 mi/s. Scan width y small compared to vehicle altitude . 60 24 J/dversus Antenna Diameter for Various Frequencies. &"beamangle..................... 61 25 Surface Area Scanning Pattern . 65 26 Satellite Above Earth - Geometric Variables Defined . 67 27 Angle of Ground Source to Satellite Relative to Horizontal Plane, b, as a Function of Angle Relative to Horizon Line, a. (See Figure 26) . 69 28 Angular Position of Ground Source, @,