A Cultural History of Association Football in Scotland, 1865-1902: Understanding Sports As a Way of Understanding Society
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A CULT L HISTORY OF ASSOCIATION F10IPTBALL IN _OMANI), 18' 1902 Understanding Sports as a Way of Understanding Society Matthew L. McDowell With a Foreword by Matthew Taylor The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston.Queenston°Lampeter Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2013930490 McDowell, Matthew L. A cultural history of association football in Scotland, 1865-1902 : understanding sports as a way of understanding society / by Matthew L. McDowell ; with a foreword by Matthew Taylor. 1. Sports and recreation--soccer 2. Sports and recreation--general. 3. Social science--general. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-4525-3 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-7734-4525-0 (hardcover) I. Title. hors serie. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright 2013 Matthew L. McDowell All rights reserved. For information contact The Edwin Mellen Press The Edwin Mellen Press Box 450 Box 67 Lewiston, New York Queenston, Ontario USA 14092-0450 CANADA LOS 1L0 The Edwin Mellen Press, Ltd. Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales UNITED KINGDOM SA48 8LT Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Foreword by Professor Matthew Taylor iii Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations ix Chapter 1 Early Scottish Football: An Introduction 1 Early sport in Lowland Scotland 5 The origins of association football 7 The organisation of the early game 9 Participation and spectatorship 14 Methodology and historiography 16 Chapter 2 Football and the Institutions of Order 31 The origins of school sport in Scotland 31 Kilmarnock Academy, cricket and football 35 Ayr and Hamilton Academies 38 Old boys' football in Glasgow 40 The military and Scottish football 43 Football and Scottish nobility 50 Conclusion 53 Chapter 3 Football, Migrant Communities and Social Welfare 63 Football and the Highland community in Glasgow 63 Football and the Roman Catholic Church 71 Football and Protestantism 76 Conclusion 80 Chapter 4 Football and Industry: Theory 87 Chapter 5 Football and Workplace Paternalism in Dunbartonshire 99 Alexander Wylie, turkey red and Renton Football Club 101 The Orr-Ewings, Vale of Leven FC, shinty, and the Volunteer movement 105 The Dennys and Dumbarton football 108 Conclusion 113 Chapter 6 Football in Coal and Iron Communities 121 Football's origins in the region 122 The Bairds of GartsheiTie: the cases of Kilwinning, Cumnock and Lugar 124 Early football in Lanarkshire's towns 128 Larkhall 131 Hurlford, Annbank and Glenbuck 133 Class conflict on and off the pitch 137 Conclusion 140 Chapter 7 The Association Game and the Workplace 147 Football amongst works and private firms 147 The railways and shipyards 151 What's in a name? Football and industries in the countryside 159 Conclusion 165 Chapter 8 The Changing Landscape (of Sport) 173 Professionalism: push or pull? 173 Renton: professionalism gone awry? 180 Football and charity 182 Early football and early socialism 187 Socialism and football: a legacy? 190 Conclusion 192 Chapter 9 The Social Gatherings of Early Scottish Footballers 199 The 'respectable' entertainment of Glasgow's elite 200 A music hall football culture? 207 Out-of-control sociability 215 Scottish football and the public house 223 Holiday excursions 228 Sex and gambling 233 Conclusion 238 Chapter 10 Supporter Culture and the Atmosphere of the Terraces 247 The spontaneity of early football 247 Getting there and away 253 At the game 256 'The Great Unwashed and their pets' 263 Tensions in the stands 268 Conclusion 271 Chapter 11 Violence in Early Scottish Football 279 Theory and parameters of early football violence 280 Classifying spectator violence 283 Other instances of violence 286 Organised hooliganism? The `Inverclyde' derby 292 Football violence outside the arena 296 Conclusion 302 Chapter 12 The Press and Early Scottish Football 307 The particulars 307 The provenance of early sport journalism 313 The press and class 317 The preoccupations of the sporting press 325 Illustration, humour and audience engagement 334 Conclusion 339 Chapter 13 Conclusion 347 Ilibliography 353 Index 387 ABSTRACT Rangers and Celtic Football Clubs, together known as the 'Old Firm', have received the lion's share of attention given to Scottish association football in both scholarly and popular literature. During Scottish football's formative years, however, the ascendancy of the Old Firm was far from set in stone. The exhaustive study of these two extraordinary organisations, therefore, greatly distorts our understanding of Scottish football's Victorian origins. Both clubs were part of a far greater scene which included not only fellow 'senior', well- established clubs, but also any number of 'junior', 'juvenile' and non-classified football clubs, as well as fledgling associations which oversaw the regulation of the young game. This study will examine the birth and growth of football in the west of Scotland, during a period stretching from the mid- 1860s to the Ibrox disaster of April 1902. Clubs were formed at any number of locations, from schools and churches, to factories and coal pits, as well as the many spaces in between. Clubs' respective connections in their own communities not only dictated how and why the game was played, but also determined the local support and patronage that each club received from local establishment figures. Victorian football organisations were as much social clubs as they were organisations dedicated to the playing and winning of the sport, and the sociability and conviviality of clubs determined their place in a complex social hierarchy, often leading to hedonistic excess. What pulled football away from this social scene, however, was its undisputed status as a gate money bonanza, one which saw not only the formation of a partisan supporter culture, but also the creation of a niche press dedicated to the ins and outs of the nascent game, both of which continued to fuel participation in the young sport. When the game itself became the main attraction, and when victory became more important than camaraderie, professionalism was not far behind. Play-for-pay irrevocably changed the relationship between players, supporters, the press and football clubs' local communities. This study will examine the interrelationships between the players, the supporters, sport clubs' patrons and the press, as well as the local and national connotations present in the building and advancement of the newly-popular association game. 11 FOREWORD Professor Matthew Taylor, International Centre for Sports History and Culture, De Montfort University, Leicester Given its centrality to popular culture, it is puzzling that football in Scotland has failed to attract the serious and sustained attention of academic historians. Research and scholarly debates, as Matthew L. McDowell points out in this fascinating and innovative study, have tended to revolve around football's relationship with sectarianism on one hand, and Scottish national identity on the other. Important as these issues are, however, they only scratch the surface of the complicated, diverse and rich soccer culture that was both shaped by, and became deeply embedded within, the urban and industrial communities of late nineteenth century Scotland. This study succeeds not only in painstakingly sketching out and detailing the background, origins and early development of organised football in the west of Scotland but also in demonstrating how the culture of the game was shaped by, and simultaneously burrowed itself into, the lives of people and communities in this heartland of Scottish industry and football. It is a book which reconsiders and reformulates established debates, offering new perspectives and enlivening tired narratives. Religious organisations and sectarianism are recognised to have been important in fashioning early Scottish football but only as one strand within a much broader mesh of influences. Equally vital were other branches of the establishment such as the schools and universities, the military 111 and the Scottish nobility. Churches and social welfare organisations were crucial to the foiniation of many early clubs but, significantly, they are situated here within a wider context of middle-class migration and the migrant communities (particularly the hitherto unsung arrivals from the Scottish Highlands) which made such a considerable contribution to the nascent culture of Scottish football. At the heart of the book is the complex and multi-layered relationship between football, work and the communities that incubated and supported the game. Engaging with theories and debates around social control and workplace paternalism, McDowell demonstrates that the connections between industrial patrons and the clubs they supported were characterised by association rather than management or control. In the coal and iron towns of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, the shipbuilding and railway-building locales in and around Glasgow, and elsewhere, football as recreation may have been considered of moral and practical assistance to employers, with the teams becoming emblems of their industrial communities. But the popularity of the game amongst working-class Scots ensured that sooner or later players, club committees, supporters and journalists would have to decide between football as commercial and professional entertainment on one hand, or a forum for sociability and a more localised, amateur expression of community pride on the other. This situation was hardly unique but, as