Date of Egyptian Radio

Running Head: WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Women, Regional Radio and Development: The Role of North Upper Egypt Radio in the Struggle of Females Towards Development in North Upper Egypt By Haidi M. K. Abdel Rahman Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Journalism and Mass communication Department, American University, Cairo, Egypt May 2010 Under the Supervision of Dr. Rasha A. Abdulla WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Abstract This study examines the role of regional media in development. Using North Upper Egypt as an example, the thesis illustrates how a regional medium with a development mission might be able to contribute to the development of women in Upper Egypt. The thesis inquiry required the search for more information than published about Egyptian radio stations. It also surveys the role of North Upper Egypt Radio Station in developing rural and urban female listeners at all levels. Keywords: Development, communication, regional, radio, women. WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 2 Table of Contents List of Tables ………………………………………………………...……………….6 Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………….…………………… …...................... 9 Chapter 2: Theoretical Frame Work………………………………......……………. 12 A. Development Communication Schools of Thought………………………….12 a. Modernization Paradigm………………………………………………..13 b. Dependency or the World Systems Paradigm……………………...…..15 c. Alternative Paradigm………………………...…………………...…….17 d. Development Communication in the Globalization Era………..………17 B. Related Media Effects Theories………………………..………… ………..18 a. Agenda Setting/Framing…………………………………………...….19 b. Cognitive Social Learning Theory…………………………………….20 Chapter 3: Literature Review ……………… ……………………………….22 A. Previous Studies ……………………………………...……………………..22 B. History of Egyptian Radio …………………………………………………31 a. The Early History of Egyptian Radio: Private Community Stations….31 b. History of Egyptian State Radio……………………………………....36 C. Regional Radio Network…………………………...……………………….44 a. History of Regional Radio Network………………………………44 b. Alexandria Radio Station …………………………………………47 c. People's Program El- Sha'ab Station………………………..……..48 d. Great Cairo Radio Station…………….…………......…...………..49 e. Central Delta Radio……………………………...………………...49 f. New Valley Radio Station………………...……………………….50 g. Canal Radio Station………………………………………………50 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 3 h. South Upper Egypt Station………………………………...……..51 i. North Sinai Radio Station…………………………………...…….51 j. South Sinai Radio Station…………………………………………52 k. Matrouh Radio Station……………………………………………52 l. Characteristics of Regional Radio Network……………………....53 m. Positive Points About Regional Radio Stations……………..…..59 n. Regional Radio Announcer……………………………………….62 o. Funding and Advertising………………………………..………..64 D. Regional Network and Development………………………………………..67 a. Roles Can Be Played By Regional Radio in Development………..…70 b. Women, Regional Media and Development…………………….……73 c. Current Status of Women in Egypt…………………………………...76 d. Current Conditions of Women in Upper Egyptian Society…………..78 Chapter 4: Towards a Research Methodology and Framework………………..……88 A. Study Objectives…………………………………………………………….88 B. Qualitative Method: Intensive Interviews……………………...……………89 C. Quantitative Method: The Questionnaire…………………...………………89 a. Study Hypotheses………………………………………………………89 b. The Sample………………………...…………………………………..90 c. Operationalization and Measurement of Variables…………………….92 d. The Survey Instrument: Scales……………………..………………….96 e. Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………..97 Chapter 5: Results…………………………………………..……………………….98 A. Interviews Results…………………………………………………………..98 B. Survey Results………………………………………………… …………102 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 4 a. Participants Demographics and Characteristics……………………103 b. Hypotheses Testing…………………………………………………113 Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusions……………………..……….…………….144 Study Recommendations………………………………………………………154 Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………….156 Recommendations for Future Research……………………………...………157 References…………………………………………………………… ……………159 Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire……………………………………… ……….166 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 5 List of Tables Table 1: Distribution of broadcasting hours on different regional stations………….57 Table 2: Distribution of hours on program areas…………………………………….58 Table 3: The breakdown of the sample on governorates………………...…………..91 Table 4: The number of workers in North Upper Egypt radio station………..…….101 Table 5: Participants Age……………………………………...……………………103 Table 6: Education Level…………………………………………………………...103 Table 7: Employment………….………………………………………… ……… 105 Table 8: Marital status………………………………….…………………………..105 Table 9: Children number…………………………………………………………..105 Table 10: Family income………………………………………………...…………107 Table 11: Supporting the family financially………………………………………..108 Table 12: The clarity of transmission……………………………………...……….108 Table 13: Reasons for listening to NUE radio…………………………………...…109 Table 14: Appropriation of women programs broadcasting times……………...….110 Table 15: Popularity of women programs' presenters………………………...……111 Table 16: Recognition of favorite development programs names on NUE station………………………………………………………………………………112 Table 17: Repetition of attempts to set the cursor to listen to NUE radio…………114 Table 18: Rate of exposure per week………………………………………………114 Table 19: Rate of exposure to NUE radio per day………………………………….115 Table 20: Satisfaction with what is offered in women's programs…………………116 Table 21: Significant differences between rural and urban women in terms of satisfaction with and credibility in what is presented through women‟s programs in North Upper Egypt radio station………………………………...………………….117 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 6 Table 22: Levels of credibility in the information and views provided through women's programs on NUE radio…………………………………………………..118 Table 23: Women perception of women development concept as offered by women programs………………………………………………………………..…..119 Table 24: Benefiting from development programs on NUE radio…………………123 Table 25: Women's perception of the effectiveness of public information campaigns broadcasted on NUE station……………………………………………… ………125 Table 26: Significant differences between rural and urban in terms of the perception of the effectiveness of public information campaigns on NUE radio……...126 Table 27: Public information campaigns that women believe to be most effective..126 Table 28: Women perception of the current level of discrimination between men and women in Upper Egypt……………………………………………………………128 Table 29: Significant differences between rural and urban women in terms of their perception of the levels of discrimination between men and women in Upper Egypt………………………………………………………………………128 Table 30: Areas of discrimination between men and women……………………..129 Table 31: Women perception of the level of progress in their status in Upper Egyptian Society…………………………………………………………………….131 Table 32: Women perception of NUE radio role in women's present status in North Upper Egypt Community…………………………………………………………132 Table 33: How did NUE Radio have a Role in the Current Status of Women?.....134 Table 34: Women perception of the level of success of NUE station programs in providing an accurate image of North Upper Egyptian women…………………..136 Table 35: How NUE Radio Has Been Able To Introduce an accurate Image of Women in Upper Egypt?..........................................................................................137 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 7 Table 36: Women perception of the level of representation of rural women in North Upper Egypt radio programs………………………………………………………..139 Table 37: Significant differences between rural and urban women in their perception of NUE radio in enhancing women status and in representing them……………….140 Table 38: Proposals to make women programs more useful…………………...141 Table 39: Deficiencies in NUE radio station……………………………………..142 Table 40: Regional media in the days to come……………………………………143 WOMEN, REGIONAL RADIO AND DEVELOPMENT 8 Chapter One Introduction Electronic media occupy a prominent status in developed and developing societies alike, as a way of taking steps towards advancement at all levels in these communities. This led to the belief that the development and progress of any society is impossible without effective intervention by media. The human mind introduced tremendous intellectual and technological innovation when it invented radio in the early twenties, pulling the rug out from under the feet of the written press and communication patterns which were then prevalent. Indeed, radio was a broad jump on the experiences of each individual. This was one of the meanings of human liberation, where man is no longer tied to the ground. The importance of radio increases in developing countries where there is widespread illiteracy and a lack of domestic media services. Accordingly, radio plays an important role as an instrument of development in these communities because of its ability to penetrate the community and to have access to a large segment of the general population. Radio approached developing countries, along with advantages that were lacking in all other types of media whether preceding or proceeding radio. It gradually became a tool entrusted with contributing largely to enhancing development plans. In contrast to other developing regions, Arab countries knew of radio early on. Less than six years after the launching of the

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