Chapter 2 Metric Units
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Foot-Candles: Photometric Units
UPDATED EXTRACT FROM CREG JOURNAL. FILE: FOOT3-UP.DOC REV. 8. LAST SAVED: 01/02/01 15:14 PHOTOMETRICS Foot-Candles: Photometric Units More footnotes on optical topics. David Gibson describes the confusing range of photometric units. A discussion of photometric units may the ratio of luminous efficiency to luminous The non-SI unit mean spherical candle- seem out of place in an electronic journal but efficiency at the wavelength where the eye is power is the intensity of a source if its light engineers frequently have to use light sources most sensitive. Unfortunately, however, this output were spread evenly in all directions. It and detectors. The units of photometry are term can be confused with the term efficacy, is therefore equivalent to the flux [lm] ¸ 4p. some of the most confusing and least which is used to describe the efficiency at standardised of units. converting electrical to luminous power. Luminance Photometric units are not difficult to The candela measures the intensity of a understand, but can be a minefield to the Illumination, Luminous Emittance. point source. We also need to define the uninitiated since many non-SI units are still The illumination of a surface is the properties of an extended source. Each small in use, and there are subtle differences incident power flux density measured in element DS of a diffuse reflective surface will between quantities with similar names, such lumens per square metre. A formal definition scatter the incident flux DF and behave as if as illumination and luminance. would be along the lines of: if a flux DF is it were an infinitesimal point source. -
An Atomic Physics Perspective on the New Kilogram Defined by Planck's Constant
An atomic physics perspective on the new kilogram defined by Planck’s constant (Wolfgang Ketterle and Alan O. Jamison, MIT) (Manuscript submitted to Physics Today) On May 20, the kilogram will no longer be defined by the artefact in Paris, but through the definition1 of Planck’s constant h=6.626 070 15*10-34 kg m2/s. This is the result of advances in metrology: The best two measurements of h, the Watt balance and the silicon spheres, have now reached an accuracy similar to the mass drift of the ur-kilogram in Paris over 130 years. At this point, the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to use the precisely measured numerical value of h as the definition of h, which then defines the unit of the kilogram. But how can we now explain in simple terms what exactly one kilogram is? How do fixed numerical values of h, the speed of light c and the Cs hyperfine frequency νCs define the kilogram? In this article we give a simple conceptual picture of the new kilogram and relate it to the practical realizations of the kilogram. A similar change occurred in 1983 for the definition of the meter when the speed of light was defined to be 299 792 458 m/s. Since the second was the time required for 9 192 631 770 oscillations of hyperfine radiation from a cesium atom, defining the speed of light defined the meter as the distance travelled by light in 1/9192631770 of a second, or equivalently, as 9192631770/299792458 times the wavelength of the cesium hyperfine radiation. -
Toolkit 1: Energy Units and Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis
Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals Toolkit 1: Energy Units and Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis 1 Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals Table of Contents 1. Key Concepts: Force, Work, Energy & Power 3 2. Orders of Magnitude & Scientific Notation 6 2.1. Orders of Magnitude 6 2.2. Scientific Notation 7 2.3. Rules for Calculations 7 2.3.1. Multiplication 8 2.3.2. Division 8 2.3.3. Exponentiation 8 2.3.4. Square Root 8 2.3.5. Addition & Subtraction 9 3. Linear versus Exponential Growth 10 3.1. Linear Growth 10 3.2. Exponential Growth 11 4. Uncertainty & Significant Figures 14 4.1. Uncertainty 14 4.2. Significant Figures 15 4.3. Exact Numbers 15 4.4. Identifying Significant Figures 16 4.5. Rules for Calculations 17 4.5.1. Addition & Subtraction 17 4.5.2. Multiplication, Division & Exponentiation 18 5. Unit Analysis 19 5.1. Commonly Used Energy & Non-energy Units 20 5.2. Form & Function 21 6. Sample Problems 22 6.1. Scientific Notation 22 6.2. Linear & Exponential Growth 22 6.3. Significant Figures 23 6.4. Unit Conversions 23 7. Answers to Sample Problems 24 7.1. Scientific Notation 24 7.2. Linear & Exponential Growth 24 7.3. Significant Figures 24 7.4. Unit Conversions 26 8. References 27 2 Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals 1. KEY CONCEPTS: FORCE, WORK, ENERGY & POWER Among the most important fundamentals to be mastered when studying energy pertain to the differences and inter-relationships among four concepts: force, work, energy, and power. Each of these terms has a technical meaning in addition to popular or colloquial meanings. -
Building the Bridge Between the First and Second Year Experience: a Collaborative Approach to Student Learning and Development STEP
Building the bridge between the first and second year experience: A collaborative approach to student learning and development STEP Introductions STEP Agenda for Today • Share research and theory that shapes first and second year programs • Differentiate programs, interventions, and support that should be targeted at first year students, second year students, or both • Think about your own department and how to work differently with first and second-year students • Review structure of FYE and STEP at Ohio State and where your office can support existing efforts STEP Learning Outcomes • Participants will reflect on and articulate what services, resources, and programming currently exist in their department for first and/or second year students. • Participants will articulate the key salient needs and developmental milestones that often distinguish the second year experience from the first. • Participants will be able to utilize at least one strategy for curriculum differentiation that will contribute to a more seamless experiences for students between their first and second year. Foundational Research that Informs FYE and STEP STEP Developmental Readiness and Sequencing • Developmental Readiness: “The ability and motivation to attend to, make meaning of, and appropriate new knowledge into one’s long term memory structures” (Hannah & Lester, 2009). • Sequencing: The order and structure in which people learn new skill sets (Hannah & Avolio, 2010). • Scaffolding: Support given during the learning process which is tailored to the needs of an -
Second Time Moms & the Truth About Parenting
Second Time Moms & The Truth About Parenting Summary Why does our case deserve an award? In the US, and globally, every diaper brand obsesses about the emotion and joy experienced by new parents. Luvs took the brave decision to focus exclusively on an audience that nobody was talking to: second time moms. Planning made Luvs the official diaper brand of experienced moms. The depth of insights Planning uncovered about this target led to creative work that did a very rare thing for the diaper category: it was funny, entertaining and sparked a record amount of debate. For the first time these moms felt that someone was finally standing up for them and Luvs was applauded for not being afraid to show motherhood in a more realistic way. And in doing so, we achieved the highest volume and value sales in the brand’s history. 2 Luvs: A Challenger Facing A Challenge Luvs is a value priced diaper brand that ranks a distant fourth in terms of value share within the US diaper category at 8.9%. Pampers and Huggies are both premium priced diapers that make up most of the category, with value share at 31, and 41 respectively. Private Label is the third biggest player with 19% value share. We needed to generate awareness to drive trial for Luvs in order to grow the brand, but a few things stood in our way. Low Share Of Voice Huggies spends $54 million on advertising and Pampers spends $48 million. In comparison, Luvs spends only $9 million in media support. So the two dominant diaper brands outspend us 9 to 1, making our goal of increased awareness very challenging. -
LEP 2.4.04 Lambert's
R LEP Lambert’s law 2.4.04 Related topics Problems luminous flux, light quantity, light intensity, illuminance, lumi- 1. The luminous flux emitted reflected by a diffusely reflecting nance. surface is to be determined as a function of the angle of observation. Principle and task 2. Lambert’s law (cos-law) is to be verified using the graph of the measurement values. Visible light impinges on a diffusely reflecting surface. The luminance of this surface is determined as a function of the angle of observation. Set up and procedure The stand tube is introduced into the articulated radial holder, Equipment which is fitted with an angular scale, until it goes no further. The articulated radial holder is then attached to the tripod Housing for experiment lamp 08129.01 1 base, after which the tripod rods are clamped each with an Halogen lamp, 12 V/50 W 08129.06 1 edge facing upward. The luxmeter probe is attached to the Holder G 6.35 f. 50/100 W halo.lamp 08129.04 1 short support rod using the universal clamp in such a way that Double condenser, f 60 mm 08137.00 1 it points to the pivoting centre whilst being aligned with the Lens holder 08012.00 1 rod. The rest of the set up is shown in Fig. 1. The distances of Lens, mounted, f +200 mm 08024.01 1 the components from the pivot centre are shown in Fig. 2. Zinc sulfide screen 08450.00 1 Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 4 On the luminous screen, the surface of which is directed per- Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 1 pendicularly to the optical axis to start with, a circular surface B Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 1 ( approx. -
Conversion Factors for SI and Non-SI Units
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units To convert Column 1 To convert Column 2 into Column 2, into Column 1, multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units multiply by Length 0.621 kilometer, km (103 m) mile, mi 1.609 1.094 meter, m yard, yd 0.914 3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304 6 1.0 micrometer, mm (10- m) micron, m 1.0 3.94 × 10-2 millimeter, mm (10-3 m) inch, in 25.4 10 nanometer, nm (10-9 m) Angstrom, Å 0.1 Area 2.47 hectare, ha acre 0.405 247 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 acre 4.05 × 10-3 0.386 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 square mile, mi2 2.590 2.47 × 10-4 square meter, m2 acre 4.05 × 103 10.76 square meter, m2 square foot, ft2 9.29 × 10-2 1.55 × 10-3 square millimeter, mm2 (10-3 m)2 square inch, in2 645 Volume 9.73 × 10-3 cubic meter, m3 acre-inch 102.8 35.3 cubic meter, m3 cubic foot, ft3 2.83 × 10-2 6.10 × 104 cubic meter, m3 cubic inch, in3 1.64 × 10-5 2.84 × 10-2 liter, L (10-3 m3) bushel, bu 35.24 1.057 liter, L (10-3 m3) quart (liquid), qt 0.946 3.53 × 10-2 liter, L (10-3 m3) cubic foot, ft3 28.3 0.265 liter, L (10-3 m3) gallon 3.78 33.78 liter, L (10-3 m3) ounce (fluid), oz 2.96 × 10-2 2.11 liter, L (10-3 m3) pint (fluid), pt 0.473 Mass 2.20 × 10-3 gram, g (10-3 kg) pound, lb 454 3.52 × 10-2 gram, g (10-3 kg) ounce (avdp), oz 28.4 2.205 kilogram, kg pound, lb 0.454 0.01 kilogram, kg quintal (metric), q 100 1.10 × 10-3 kilogram, kg ton (2000 lb), ton 907 1.102 megagram, Mg (tonne) ton (U.S.), ton 0.907 1.102 tonne, t ton (U.S.), ton 0.907 Yield and Rate 0.893 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 -
Second Amendment Rights
Second Amendment Rights Donald J. Trump on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms The Second Amendment to our Constitution is clear. The right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed upon. Period. The Second Amendment guarantees a fundamental right that belongs to all law-abiding Americans. The Constitution doesn’t create that right – it ensures that the government can’t take it away. Our Founding Fathers knew, and our Supreme Court has upheld, that the Second Amendment’s purpose is to guarantee our right to defend ourselves and our families. This is about self-defense, plain and simple. It’s been said that the Second Amendment is America’s first freedom. That’s because the Right to Keep and Bear Arms protects all our other rights. We are the only country in the world that has a Second Amendment. Protecting that freedom is imperative. Here’s how we will do that: Enforce The Laws On The Books We need to get serious about prosecuting violent criminals. The Obama administration’s record on that is abysmal. Violent crime in cities like Baltimore, Chicago and many others is out of control. Drug dealers and gang members are given a slap on the wrist and turned loose on the street. This needs to stop. Several years ago there was a tremendous program in Richmond, Virginia called Project Exile. It said that if a violent felon uses a gun to commit a crime, you will be prosecuted in federal court and go to prison for five years – no parole or early release. -
Accounting Recommended Four-Year Plan (Fall 2010)
Anisfield School of Business Accounting Recommended Four-Year Plan (Fall 2010) This recommended four-year plan is designed to provide a blueprint for students to complete their degrees within four years. These plans are the recommended sequences of courses. Students must meet with their Major Advisor to develop a more individualized plan to complete their degree. This plan assumes that no developmental courses are required. If developmental courses are needed, students may have additional requirements to fulfill which are not listed in the plan and degree completion may take longer. NOTE: This recommended Four-Year Plan is applicable to students admitted into the major during the 2010-2011 academic year. First Year Fall Semester HRS Spring Semester HRS GenEd: INTD 101-First Year Seminar 4 School Core: ECON 101-Microeconomics 4 GenEd: ENGL 180-College English 4 GenEd: Science w/ Experiential 4 GenEd/School Core: BADM 115-Perspectives 4 GenEd: History 4 of Business & Society GenEd: MATH 101, 110 or 121-Mathematics 4 Major: INFO 224-Principles of Information 4 Technology Total: 16 Total: 16 Second Year Fall Semester HRS Spring Semester HRS Major: ACCT 221-Principles of Financial 4 Major: ACCT 222-Principles of Managerial 4 Accounting Accounting Major: MKTG 290-Marketing Principles & 4 GenEd: AIID 201-Readings in Humanities 4 Practices Major: BADM 225-Management Statistics 4 Major: FINC 301-Corporate Finance I 4 School Core: ECON 102-Macroeconomics 4 Major: BADM 223-Business Law 1 4 Total: 16 Total: 16 Third Year Fall Semester HRS Spring -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Chapter 1, Section
Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations 1.3 Units of Measurement Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Measurement You make a measurement every time you • measure your height. • read your watch. • take your temperature. • weigh a cantaloupe. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 Measurement in Chemistry In chemistry we • measure quantities. • do experiments. • calculate results. • use numbers to report measurements. • compare results to standards. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 Measurement In a measurement • a measuring tool is used to compare some dimension of an object to a standard. • of the thickness of the skin fold at the waist, calipers are used. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 Stating a Measurement In every measurement, a number is followed by a unit. Observe the following examples of measurements: Number and Unit 35 m 0.25 L 225 lb 3.4 hr 5 The Metric System (SI) The metric system or SI (international system) is • a decimal system based on 10. • used in most of the world. • used everywhere by scientists. 6 The 7 Basic Fundamental SI Units Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Mass kilogram kg Length meter m Time second s Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd 7 Units in the Metric System In the metric and SI systems, one unit is used for each type of measurement: Measurement Metric SI Length meter (m) meter (m) Volume liter (L) cubic meter (m3) Mass gram (g) kilogram (kg) Time second (s) second (s) Temperature Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K) 8 Length Measurement Length • is measured using a meter stick. -
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You Used Metric Units
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You used metric units. You’ll measure and estimate So you can estimate the mass using metric units. of a bike, as in Ex. 20. Themetric system is a decimal system of measurement. The metric Word Watch system has units for length, mass, and capacity. metric system, p. 80 Length Themeter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system. length: meter, millimeter, centimeter, kilometer, Three other metric units of length are themillimeter (mm) , p. 80 centimeter (cm) , andkilometer (km) . mass: gram, milligram, kilogram, p. 81 You can use the following benchmarks to estimate length. capacity: liter, milliliter, kiloliter, p. 82 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 1 meter thickness of width of a large height of the a dime paper clip back of a chair 1 kilometer combined length of 9 football fields EXAMPLE 1 Using Metric Units of Length Estimate the length of the bandage by imagining paper clips laid next to it. Then measure the bandage with a metric ruler to check your estimate. 1 Estimate using paper clips. About 5 large paper clips fit next to the bandage, so it is about 5 centimeters long. ch O at ut! W 2 Measure using a ruler. A typical metric ruler allows you to measure Each centimeter is divided only to the nearest tenth of into tenths, so the bandage cm 12345 a centimeter. is 4.8 centimeters long. 80 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations Mass Mass is the amount of matter that an object has. The gram (g) is the basic metric unit of mass.