DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Bonds in Clients' Business Relationships with Professional

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Bonds in Clients' Business Relationships with Professional Social bonds in clients’ business relationships with professional service providers Ewa Krolikowska-Adamczyk A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2013 DECLARATION I certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently being submitted for any degree other than that of Doctor of Philosophy being studied at the University of Greenwich. I also declare that this work is the result of my own investigations except where otherwise indicated by references and that I have not plagiarised the work of others. Student’s Signature: ______________________________Date: _____________________ Supervisor’s Signature: ___________________________ Date: ____________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank the following people who have made the completion of this thesis possible: Dr Sven Kuenzel, my first supervisor, for his advice, encouragement, good humour and patience throughout the process of writing this thesis. I thank also Dr Celia Stanworth, my second supervisor, for her advice, feedback and kind encouragement and Gill Haxell, the Business School’s Research Degrees Administrator, for her excellent support with administrative matters. My sincere thanks go to Robert Adamczyk, Dr Agnieszka Herdan, David Preston and Jon Sibson for their help in facilitating contact with interviewees for my research and to the interviewees themselves who provided me with a valuable insight into their client relationships. Thanks also to Reed Exhibitions for allowing me to collect data at EIBTM in Barcelona in November 2012. I also appreciate the time of everyone who completed a questionnaire during my survey. My deepest appreciation goes to my parents, Elżbieta and Walenty Królikowski, who have supported me in so many ways throughout my life; to my daughter Lara, who always asks good questions and keeps me on my toes; and to my partner, Martin, for his kindness, patience and for keeping me refreshed with many cups of tea during long evenings spent in front of my computer. Finally, to Janet Bohdanowicz, RIP, my friend and mentor – you gave me my first lecturing opportunity, you encouraged me to study at the University of Greenwich and you were always a source of inspiration and good advice. You were not able to finish your own thesis so this one is dedicated to your memory. iii ABSTRACT The emergence of Relationship Marketing around 40 years ago has led to an improvement in our understanding and management of business relationships through the study of relationship constructs such as loyalty. Researchers have also found a number of different bonds in business relationships. One of these is social bonds which develop between individuals and can impact positively on long-term client relationships at an organisational level. However social bonds have suffered from a lack of clarity in definition, identification and measurement. Scale development has been limited as most researchers view the social bond as a unidimensional construct and fail to provide solid theoretical support for their scale. There is a need to define the concept and build a multidimensional scale of social bonds using a comprehensive theoretical framework. Researchers such as Barnes (1994) suggest that marketers can learn from social psychologists who have studied relationships extensively. Indeed social-psychology theories such as social exchange theory have been widely used in relationship marketing studies. Attachment theory is relatively new to business relationships, having emerged from the study of child-parent relationships but has been applied more recently to explain customer attachment. Another promising theory is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love (1986) which can be used to identify potential bonds based on liking. This study uses attachment and liking theories as the theoretical framework for developing a social bond scale in the context of clients’ business relationships with professional service providers. These relationships have been substantially under-researched and provide a relevant context for the research due to the benefits of strong interpersonal bonds in a pure service environment like professional services. A multi-method research design was adopted consisting of qualitative in-depth interviews with professional service providers and a questionnaire survey of senior decision makers in the hotel industry. The study’s contributions include a greater understanding of social bonds, attachment and liking in business relationships. The research found two distinct social bonds thereby confirming that the construct is multidimensional. A number of demographic and contextual variables were found to have an impact on social bond strength. These findings have led to guidelines on managing client relationships for professional service providers and organisations. iv CONTENTS Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Theoretical Overview 1 1.2 Professional Services Business Relationships 5 1.3 Research Question, Aim, Objectives and Research Design 6 1.4 Potential Contributions 7 1.5 Structure of the Thesis 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review 10 Introduction 10 2.1 The Context of the Study 12 2.1.1 Relationship Marketing and Business Relationships 12 2.1.2 Relationship Structure 14 2.1.3 Relationships in Service Organisations 16 2.1.4 The UK Hotel Industry 18 2.1.5 Professional Services 20 2.2 Relationship Bonds and Social Bonds 23 2.2.1 Relationship Bonds 23 2.2.2 Social Bonds 25 2.2.3 Defining Social Bonds 26 2.2.4 Bonds in Professional Services Relationships 31 2.3 Social Bonds: Characteristics, Demographics and Outcomes 32 2.3.1 Characteristics of Social Bonds 32 2.3.1.1 Reciprocal or from the Client’s Perspective 33 2.3.1.2 Social Bonding as a Marketing Activity 34 2.3.1.3 Positive and Negative Bonds 37 2.3.1.4 Strong and Weak Bonds 38 2.3.1.5 Levels of Bonding 39 2.3.1.6 Relationship-specific or Mobile 40 v 2.3.2 Demographic/Contextual Variables and Social Bonds 41 2.3.2.1 Length of Relationship 41 2.3.2.2 Gender, Age and Position 41 2.3.2.3 Culture 42 2.3.2.4 Type of Service and Company Size 43 2.3.3 Outcomes of Social Bonds 44 2.3.3.1 Social Bonds as an Antecedent to Value 44 2.3.3.2 Social Bonds as an Antecedent to Customer Retention 45 2.3.3.3 Social Bonds as an Antecedent to Loyalty and WOM 45 2.3.3.4 Social Bonds as an Antecedent to Trust 46 2.3.3.5 Social Bonds as an Antecedent to Satisfaction 46 2.4 The Theoretical Framework 47 2.4.1 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 48 2.4.1.1. Intimacy 49 2.4.1.2 Passion 49 2.4.1.3 Commitment 50 2.4.2 Attachment Theory 52 2.4.3 Combining Sternberg’s Theory with Attachment Theory 57 2.4.4 Alternative Theories 60 2.4.4.1 Social Exchange Theory 60 2.4.4.2 Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory 61 Conclusion 63 Chapter 3 Preliminary Scale Development 65 Introduction 65 3.1 Existing Scales measuring the Social Bond 68 3.1.1 Social Bonds as a dimension of Relational Bonds (Smith, 1998) 68 3.1.2 Social Bonds as part of Perceived Service Quality (Patterson and Smith, 2001a) 69 3.1.3 Social Bond dimension in a scale of Relational Bonds (Lin et al, 2003) 70 3.1.4 Social Bond as a measure of Buyer-Seller Relationships (Crotts et al, 1998) 72 vi 3.1.5 Social Bond as part of Relationship Bonding (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2002) 72 3.1.6 Social Bonding as part of Relational Bonding (Dash et al, 2009) 73 3.1.7 Social Bond Scale (Venetis and Ghauri, 2004) 74 3.1.8 Social Bonding tactics as part of Relationship Bonding tactics (Liang and Wang, 2007) 75 3.1.9 Social Bonding Scale (Mavondo and Rodrigo, 2001) 75 3.1.10 Social Bond Scale (Peltier and Scovotti, 2004) 76 3.1.11 Social Bonds (Cater and Zabkar, 2009) 77 3.1.12 Social Bonds Scale (Perry et al, 2002) 78 3.1.13 Scales not included in the Analysis 79 3.1.13.1 Social Bonds as part of Customer Bonding (Gounaris and Venetis, 2002) 79 3.1.13.2 Social Bonds as part of Customer Relationship (Theo and Swierczek, 2008) 80 3.2 Stages of Scale Development 81 3.2.1 Stage 1 Defining the Construct to be measured 81 3.2.1.1 Proposed Definition 82 3.2.1.2 Content 82 3.2.1.3 Setting and Population 83 3.2.2 Stage 2 Generating a Sample of Items 84 3.2.2.1 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love scale 84 3.2.2.2 The Social Bond of Intimacy 85 3.2.2.3 The Social Bond of Passion 89 3.2.2.3 The Social Bond of Affective Commitment 92 3.2.2.4 The Social Bond of Security 94 Conclusion 96 Chapter 4 Methodology 99 Introduction 99 4.1 Research Paradigm 99 4.2 Mixed Methods Research 105 4.3 The Effect of Theory on Research Design 106 4.4 Phase 1 Qualitative Research 111 vii 4.4.1 Definitions and Purpose 111 4.4.2 Research Approach 112 4.4.3 Interview Development 114 4.4.3.1 The Semi-Structured Face-to-Face Interview 115 4.4.3.2 The Interview Guide 117 4.4.3.3 The Pilot Study 120 4.4.4 Main Interview Research 121 4.4.4.1 Interview Sample Size 121 4.4.4.2 Sampling Methods 122 4.4.4.3 Interviewee Recruitment and Interview Process 126 4.4.5 Qualitative Research Limitations 128 4.5 Phase 2 Quantitative Research 130 4.5.1 Definition and Purpose 130 4.5.2 Research Strategy 130 4.5.3 Questionnaire Development 131 4.5.4 Mode of Questionnaire Distribution 133 4.5.5 Response Rate and Sample Size 134 4.5.6 Pilot Study 138 4.5.7 Main Survey Research 142 4.5.7.1 Online Survey in E-Newsletter 142 4.5.7.2 Self-Administered Questionnaire Survey at EIBTM 143 4.5.7.3 Postal Survey of the Hotel Industry 144 4.5.8 Quantitative Research Limitations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Constant Connection: College Students' Smartphones Attachment
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Educational Specialist The Graduate School Spring 2018 Constant connection: College students’ smartphones attachment and close relationship attachments across domains Angela M. Pezzella James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019 Part of the Counselor Education Commons Recommended Citation Pezzella, Angela M., "Constant connection: College students’ smartphones attachment and close relationship attachments across domains" (2018). Educational Specialist. 140. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019/140 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Specialist by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Constant Connection: College Students’ Smartphones Attachment and Close Relationship Attachments across Domains Angela M. Pezzella A Research Project submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Educational Specialist Department of Graduate Psychology May 2018 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Lennis Echterling, Ph.D. Committee Members/ Readers: A. Renee Staton, Ph.D. Anne Stewart, Ph.D. Acknowledgments I would like to first thank my committee for their time, efforts, and expertise. To Anne Stewart, for her wealth of knowledge on attachment and her kind and giving spirit, and to Renee Staton for her fierce devotion to her students and social justice as well as her interest in families and development. To Lennie Echterling, for keeping me motivated and holding me accountable, for pushing me to challenge myself, and for his caring and dedication to not just my research, but me as a student and human.
    [Show full text]
  • By Susana Farinha a Thesis Submitt
    Running head: INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT AND EMOTIONAL ATTUNEMENT IN THERAPY To what extent do Attachment and Emotional Attunement influence the Therapeutic Relationship? by Susana Farinha A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Counselling (MC) City University of Seattle Vancouver BC, Canada site May, 2018 APROVED BY: Colin Sanders, Ph.D., MA, RCC, Thesis Supervisor, Counsellor Education Faculty Christopher Kinman, PhD (student), MSc, MDiv, Faculty Reader, Counsellor Education Faculty Division of Arts and Sciences INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT AND EMOTIONAL ATTUNEMENT IN THERAPY ii Abstract The proposed research is intended to demonstrate that attachment and emotional attunement are key elements in forging and maintaining the therapeutic alliance. Therapeutic alliance, the bond between therapist and client, is a powerful factor in the process of emotional and psychological healing. Therefore, initiating and maintaining a good Therapeutic alliance is the foundation of therapy. The focus of this study is to understand the extent which attachment and emotional attunement influence the therapeutic relationship. KEY TERMS Attachment theory; attachment styles; emotional attunement; affect regulation; therapeutic relationship; therapeutic alliance; therapeutic process. INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT AND EMOTIONAL ATTUNEMENT IN THERAPY iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank all my teachers and fellow colleagues of cohort 18 for having generated multiple and deep reflections about counselling and life during these past two years. I would also like to thank all my clients for making this journey of counselling an exploration worth making. Being a witness of their journey has been an amazing adventure. INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT AND EMOTIONAL ATTUNEMENT IN THERAPY iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this Thesis to my dear husband who has been my most dedicated supporter and has encouraged me to always fight/look for what I want.
    [Show full text]
  • Marital Satisfaction Among Newly Married Couples: Associations with Religiosity and Romantic Attachment Style
    MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG NEWLY MARRIED COUPLES: ASSOCIATIONS WITH RELIGIOSITY AND ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT STYLE Jamie L. Haseley, B.S., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2006 APPROVED: Shelley Riggs, Major Professor Tim Lane, Committee Member Mike McGuire, Committee Member Ed Watkins, Committee Member Vicki Campbell, Director of Counseling Psychology Program Linda Marshall, Chair of the Department of Psychology Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Haseley, Jamie L., Marital satisfaction among newly married couples: Associations with religiosity and romantic attachment style. Doctor of Philosophy (Counseling Psychology), December 2006, 112 pp., 12 tables, 5 figures, 185 references. The marriage and family literature has identified a host of factors that contribute to a satisfactory marital union. For example, research on religious congruency has indicated that the more similar partners are in their religious beliefs the higher their reported marital satisfaction. Another construct studied in conjunction with marital satisfaction is adult attachment style. The attachment literature has consistently shown that secure couples tend to report higher marital satisfaction than couples with at least one insecure partner. The purpose of this study was to examine the combined role of religious commitment and attachment in marital satisfaction. Heterosexual couples (N = 184; 92 husbands, 92 wives) without children and married 1-5 years were administered a background information questionnaire, the Religious Commitment Inventory-10, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory. Results indicated that couples with congruent religious commitment reported higher marital satisfaction than couples with large discrepancies in religious commitment.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMENTARIES Attachment, Caregiving, and Parental Investment
    Psychological Inquiry Copyright © 2000 by 2000, Vol. 11, No. 2, 84–123 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. COMMENTARIES Attachment, Caregiving, and Parental Investment David C. Geary Department of Psychology University of Missouri at Columbia Bell and Richard’s position is very similar to Mac- gent on current conditions; for instance, if food is too Donald’s (1992) argument that attachment involves at scarce to ensure the survival or normal development of least two independent systems. The first is a fear-based offspring, then parents will often abandon these off- system that is essentially the same as that originally de- spring (Clutton-Brock, 1991). Stated somewhat differ- scribed by Bowlby (1969), and the second is a ently, from an evolutionary perspective, parental warmth-based system that is very similar to the investment is expected to be expressed contingent on caregiving system described by Bell and Richard. Both social (e.g., population density) and ecological (e.g., systems of attachment, as related to the parent–child availability of food) factors and on parental condition relationship, can be understood in terms of parental in- (e.g., health, social status). When parents invest in off- vestment (Trivers, 1972, 1974), as is described in the spring, some aspects of this investment are obligate, first section. The second section addresses a few mis- that is, essential for offspring survival, and other as- conceptions about evolution and proximate and ulti- pects may be expressed more conditionally, or mate causes. facultatively. For the latter, the investment may not be essential for survival, but if provided, it results in other Parental Investment benefits to offspring, such as an improvement in later social, and thereby reproductive, competitiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Attachment Theory, Self Psychology, and Anti-Oppression Perspectives on Human- Companion Animal Relationships in the Rural West
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2013 New questions, multiple meanings : exploring attachment theory, self psychology, and anti-oppression perspectives on human- companion animal relationships in the rural West Sarah H. Winchester Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Winchester, Sarah H., "New questions, multiple meanings : exploring attachment theory, self psychology, and anti-oppression perspectives on human-companion animal relationships in the rural West" (2013). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/961 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sarah H. Winchester New Questions, Multiple Meanings: Exploring Attachment Theory, Self Psychology, and Anti-Oppression Perspectives on Human-Companion Animal Relationships in the Rural West A Theoretical Study ABSTRACT In spite of burgeoning interest in the significance of human-companion animal relationships in social work and related fields, the theoretical conceptualization of these relationships in the context of mental health remains largely limited to the cross-species and cross-cultural application of Attachment Theory. Further, the literature on human-companion animal relationships through the lens of Attachment Theory reflects a narrow scope of research methodologies and demographic variables, thus leaving the unique, multiple meanings of these relationships – and their intersections with varying and marginalized sociocultural identities – largely unexplored. In order to address these gaps and expand theoretical discourse on the phenomenon, the thesis explores and analyzes human-companion animal relationships through the lenses of Attachment Theory and Self Psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Theories of Attachment
    Theories of Attachment Sample provided by iActiveLearning.com, all rights reserved. Also by Carol Garhart Mooney Reflections on Parenting (New England AEYC) Theories of Childhood Use Your Words Sample provided by iActiveLearning.com, all rights reserved. Theories of Attachment An Introduction to Bowlby, Ainsworth, Gerber, Brazelton, Kennell, and Klaus Carol Garhart Mooney Sample provided by iActiveLearning.com, all rights reserved. Published by Redleaf Press 10 Yorkton Court St. Paul, MN 55117 www.redleafpress.org © 2010 by Carol Garhart Mooney All rights reserved. Unless otherwise noted on a specific page, no portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or capturing on any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a critical article or review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper, or electronically transmitted on radio, television, or the Internet. Photo credits: Photo of Mary Ainsworth courtesy of the Ferdinand Hamburg Archives of The Johns Hopkins University. Photo of John Bowlby courtesy of Sir Richard Bowlby. Photo of T. Berry Brazelton courtesy of the Brazelton Touchpoints Center. Photo of Magda Gerber courtesy of Linda Hinrichs. Photo of John Kennell and Marshall Klaus courtesy of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. All photos used with permission. First edition 2010 Cover design by Mayfly Design Interior illustration by Erin E. Mooney Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Redleaf Press Editorial, Design, and Production Staff Editor-in-Chief: David Heath Managing Editors: Laurie Herrmann and Douglas Schmitz Acquisition/Development Editor: Kyra Ostendorf Creative Director: Jim Handrigan Production Editor: Laura Maki Production Assistant: Carla Valadez Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mooney, Carol Garhart.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-Bristol Attachment and EMDR
    31/01/2020 EMDR intervention for adults with childhood insecure attachment & attachment trauma Bristol 31 st Jan & 1 st Feb Arun Mansukhani. PsyD. EMDR Consultant and Facilitator. 1 www .arunmansukhani .com Part of the information contained in these slides has been published in articles and book chapters that can be downloaded, as well as the slides, from: www.arunmansukhani.com/documentos These slides represents the presenters work. Please reference it if used. Thank you. Contact info: [email protected] +34 607803803. 2 31/01/2020 Contents of Workshop • Attachment theory. • Attachment from childhood to adulthood. • Trauma: evolution of the concept. Present definition of trauma. • Types of trauma: defense, attachment and beyond attachment: other affective systems that can be traumatized. • Assessing attachment issues. • EMDR and attachment: specific interventions and modifications in the standard protocol for individual and couple interventions. www .arunmansukhani .com 3 Attachment Theory B A C K G R O U N D www .arunmansukhani .com 4 31/01/2020 www .arunmansukhani .com Attachment Theory B A C K G R O U N D 5 THE NATURE OF THE CHILD'S TIE TO HIS MOTHER By JOHN BOWLBY , LONDON 1. An abbreviated version of this paper was read before the British Psycho-Analytical Society on 19th June, 1957. 2. Although in this paper I shall usually refer to mothers and not mother-figures, it is to be understood that in every case I am concerned with the person who mothers the child and to whom it becomes attached rather than to the natural mother. The Nature of Love Harry F.
    [Show full text]
  • Caregiver Sensitivity, Contingent Social Responsiveness, and Secure Infant Attachment
    JEIBI VOLUME 5 – NUMBER 1 Caregiver Sensitivity, Contingent Social Responsiveness, and Secure Infant Attachment Carl J. Dunst & Danielle Z. Kassow Abstract Findings from two research syntheses of the relationship between caregiver sensitivity and secure infant attachment and one research synthesis of factors associated with increased caregiver use of a sensitive interactional style are presented. The main focus of analysis was the extent to which different measures of caregiver contingent social responsiveness were important determinants of attachment outcomes. Results showed that caregiver interactional behavior that included some aspect of explicit contingent responsiveness was the best predictor of secure infant attachment, and that behavioral interventions that specifically targeted changes in this type in interactional style were most effective in changing caregiver behavior. Implications for practice are described. Key words: Secure infant attachment, caregiver sensitivity, contingent social responsiveness, interventions. A World Health Organization report (e.g., Richter, 2004) on the importance of caregiver-child relationships as a context for the growth and development of young children throughout the world noted that: Sensitive and responsive caregiving is a requirement for the healthy neurophysiological, physical and psychological development of a child. Sensitivity and responsiveness have been identified as key features of caregiving behavior related to later positive health and development outcomes in young children. (p. 1) One of the developmental consequences of sensitive and responsive caregiving is secure infant/adult attachment (Bowlby, 1988). Secure attachment is generally understood to be an affectional bond between an infant and an adult caregiver1 that has two elements: (1) the infant seeking out the attachment figure in times of distress and need and (2) the infant having the ability and confidence to engage in activities separate from the attachment figure (Ainsworth, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment Theory)
    UNIT 2 RELATIONSHIP IN EARLY YEARS (ATTACHMENT THEORY) Structure 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Relationship with Parents 2.3 Attachment Theory 2.3.1 Concepts and Terminology 2.3.2 Development of Attachment in Early Years 2.3.3 Internal Working Model of Social Relationships 2.4 Attachment Patterns 2.4.1 Secure Attachment 2.4.2 Avoidant Insecure Attachment 2.4.3 Resistant Insecure Attachment 2.4.4 Disorganised Attachment 2.4.5 Significance of Patterns 2.4.6 Factors Promoting Secure Attachments 2.5 Let Us Sum Up 2.6 Unit End Questions 2.7 Suggested Readings 2.0 INTRODUCTION You have probably come across people proclaiming that mothers must have immediate contact with their newborns if they are to become properly bonded with the baby. What is essential in the formation of an early bond is the opportunity for the parents and infant to develop a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours. The baby signals her needs by crying or smiling, giving cues to the mother that she needs to be attended. Mother, in turn, responds with required care giving behaviours in that situation. In other words, mother and infant show distinctive patterns of interactive behaviours. Present unit emphasises that quality of relationship in early years of child gives rise to affectional bonds in which the presence of the caregiver i.e. mother adds a special sense of security, a safe base for the individual. 2.1 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit, you will be able to: identify the significance of child and parent relationship in early years; describe attachment; explain different models of attachment; classify different patterns of attachment; distinguish between secure and insecure attachments; 2 1 Development During Early analyse Judge the significance of patterns of attachment styles in day to day and Late Childhood life situation; and create factors promoting the secure attachment style.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal Representations of Attachment As Affected by Conditions of Proximity and Separation Karen V
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) 2011 Maternal Representations of Attachment as Affected by Conditions of Proximity and Separation Karen V. Monaco Seton Hall University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Monaco, Karen V., "Maternal Representations of Attachment as Affected by Conditions of Proximity and Separation" (2011). Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 1431. https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/1431 MATERNAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ATTACHMENT AS AFFECTED BY CONDITIONS OF PROXIMITY AND SEPARATION BY KAREN V. MONACO Dissertation Committee Olivia Lewis-Chang, Ph.D., Mentor Thomas Massarelli, Ph.D. Cheryl Thompson-Sard, Ph.D. Jill Harris, Ph.D. Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Ofthe Requirements for the Degree Doctor ofPhilosophy Seton Hall University 2011 ABSTRACT MATERNAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ATTACHMENT AS AFFECTED BY CONDITIONS OF PROXIMITY AND SEPARATION The nature of attachment in the human infant has been a topic of interest for some time. Maternal representations ofattachment, which describe the way a mother thinks about her infant, are crucial to the quality ofthe infant's developing attachment to his or her mother. What is known is that poor maternal representations ofattachment are related to poor infant attachment. The separation ofa mother from her infant, as occurs when an infant is admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery, interferes with the natural reciprocity of maternal- infant behaviors. Maternal attachment behaviors have been studied with relation to such variables as the time the baby is held after birth, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, and potential loss ofthe baby.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment and the Development of Personality and Social Functioning
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 98 Attachment and the Development of Personality and Social Functioning MARI FRANSSON ACTA UNIVERSITATIS ISBN 978-91-554-8980-9 UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1652-9030 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-221869 2014 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Universitetshuset Sal IV, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, Wednesday, 4 June 2014 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Rolf Holmqvist (Linköping University). Abstract Fransson, M. 2014. Attachment and the Development of Personality and Social Functioning. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 79 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. According to attachment theory, the establishment of an attachment bond to a caregiver not only provides the infant with protection from danger, but also many other resources presumably beneficial to the child’s general psychological development. Although there is substantial empirical support for a link between attachment security and social functioning in childhood and adolescence, less is known about whether childhood attachment contributes to social functioning beyond adolescence. Similarly, attachment has been found predictive of broad aspects of a person’s functioning, but few attempts have been made to link attachment to the currently dominating perspective on personality, the Five Factor Model (FFM). Results in Study I partially supported our expectations, by showing prospective links from middle childhood security to various aspects of social functioning in young adulthood. Further, security contributed to developmental change in social functioning from middle childhood to young adulthood.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental and Social Antecedents of Stalking
    Developmental and Social Antecedents of Stalking Kristine K. Kienlen, Psy.D. Stalking is generally defined as an individual's persistent unwanted pursuit or obsessional harassment of another person, causing him or her fear of bodily injury. Based on two precursory studies of this population (Meloy & Gothard, 1995; Zona, Sharma, & Lane, 1993), Meloy (1996) coined the clinical term "obsessional follower" to describe "a person who engages in an abnormal or long-term pattern of threat or harassment directed toward a specific individual" (p. 148). While stalking behavior may be manifested by seemingly benign gestures (e.g., gifts, letters) meant to be symbols of the stalker's affection, the victim reacts in fear due to the stalker's inability or unwillingness to accept the reality that the victim is uninterested in a relationship. Even legal interventions, such as restraining orders prohibiting the stalker's contact with the victim, are often ineffective deter- rents to the stalker's behavior. Repeated rejection by the victim may lead to escalation of the stalker's behavior to overt threats or violence (e.g., assault, rape, murder) toward the victim. Sometimes third parties such as friends and family members are perceived as impeding the stalker's relationship with the victim and may also be targets of violence. Although stalkers often pursue a former intimate partner or casual acquain- tance to seek an amorous relationship, other stalkers harass strangers or acquaintances for hostile, paranoid, or delusional reasons (Harmon, Rosner, & Owens, 1995; Kienlen, Birmingham, Solberg, O'Regan, & Meloy, 1997; Meloy & Gothard, 1995). 51 The Psychology of Stalking: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives Copyright 9 1998 by Academic Press.
    [Show full text]