Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy
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ISSN 1942-8197 Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy Volume 2, Issue 1 0 Published and Sponsored by: Intellectbase International Consortium Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy Volume 2, Issue 1 Editor-In-Chief Dr. Sloan T. Letman III, American Intercontinental University, USA Contributing Editors Senior Advisory Board Dr. Steven Watts, Associate Editor Dr. James A. Ellzy Pepperdine University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. John Tures, Associate Editor Dr. Werner Heyns LaGrange College, USA Savell Bird & Axon, UK Dr. David King, Associate Editor Dr. James Williams Tennessee State University, USA Kutztown University, USA Ms. Karina Dyer, Managing Editor Dr. Jennifer Bailey Intellectbase International Consortium, Bowie State University, USA Australian Affiliate ISSN: 1942-8189 Print ISSN: 1942-8197 CD-ROM Copyright ©2009 Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC). Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this journal for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial use. All copies must bear this notice and full citation. Permission from the Editor is required to post to servers, redistribute to lists, or utilize in a for-profit or commercial use. Permission requests should be sent to Journal 1of Global Intelligence & Policy (JGIP), 1615 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37208. www.intellectbase.org Published by Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) 1615 7th Ave N., Nashville, TN 37208, USA Editor’s Message I want to thank the Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) Team for their hard work in producing this Issue of the Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy. The articles in this Journal offer intellectual contributions and exemplify our focus on broadening intellectual resources, understanding, development and exchange of ideas among global research professionals. In addition, my sincere gratitude goes to all of the Executive Editorial Board Members, Reviewers‘ Task Panel, Contributing Editors and the Senior Advisory Board for their efforts to make JGIP a great academic Journal. They work hard to review the many papers submitted and provide a level of consistency for JGIP reviews. JGIP seeks international input in all aspects of the Journal, including content, authorship of papers, readership, paper reviews, and Executive Editorial Board Membership. We continue to look for individuals interested in becoming a reviewer for Intellectbase conference proceedings and Journals. Potential reviewers should send a self-nomination to the editor at [email protected]. Reviewers may also be asked to be part of the Executive Editorial Board (EEB) after they have established a positive record of reviewing articles in their discipline. JGIP provides intellectual analysis on global intelligence and administrative policies. Typical papers present arguments, design and illustrations in the following themes: transparencies, immigration, social inequality, local and national security, threat-related concerns as well as environmental protection propositions. The goal of the Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy (JGIP) is to provide relevant data to the business, government, and academic communities by helping to promote the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas on a global scale. Challenges on Vulnerabilities such as effective Knowledge Sharing and Information Transfer (KSIT) and successful Global Policy Implementation (GPI) are recognized. The Journal uncovers conceptual frameworks, empirical data, and qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including triangulation approaches. Data-collection, data-merging, data assessment and cross-examination of both national and international practices are encouraged. COMMITMENT TO ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE Articles published in the Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy (JGIP) have undergone rigorous blind review. Intellectbase is one of the world's leading publishers of high-quality research in both Academia and the industry. IIC has an unwavering commitment to providing methodical Journal content and presenting it in a comprehensible format. In the areas of integrity and journalism excellence, Intellectbase maintains a high editorial standard. Intellectbase publications are based on the most current research information available and are reviewed by members of the Executive Editorial Board (EEB) and Reviewers‘ Task Panel (RTP). When there is lack of research competence on a topic (technical or exploratory), together the EEB and RTP provide extensive feedback (based on what is known and accurate) to author(s). For upcoming Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) conferences, please visit the IIC website at: www.intellectbase.org Reviewers Task Panel and Executive Editorial Board g Dr. David White Dr. Dennis Taylor Roosevelt University, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Danka Radulovic Dr. Harrison C. Hartman University of Belgrade, Serbia University of Georgia, USA Dr. Sloan T. Letman, III Dr. Sushil Misra American Intercontinental University, USA Concordia University, Canada Dr. Jiri Strouhal Dr. Avis Smith University of Economics-Prague, Czech Republic New York City College of Technology, USA Dr. Joel Jolayemi Dr. Smaragda Papadopoulou Tennessee State University, USA University of Ioannina, Greece Dr. Xuefeng Wang Dr. Burnette Hamil Taiyun Normal University, China Mississippi State University, USA Dr. Jeanne Kuhler Dr. Alejandro Flores Castro Auburn University, USA Universidad de Pacifico, Peru Dr. Babalola J. Ogunkola Dr. Robert Robertson Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Southern Utah University, USA Dr. Debra Shiflett Dr. Sonal Chawla American Intercontinental University, USA Panjab University, India Dr. Cheaseth Seng Dr. Jianjun Yin RMIT University, Australia Jackson State Univerrsity, USA Dr. R. Ivan Blanco Dr. Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad Texas State University – San Marcos, USA North-West University, South Africa Dr. Tahir Husain Dr. James D. Williams Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Kutztown University, USA Dr. Jifu Wang Dr. Tehmina Khan University of Houston Victoria, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Janet Forney Dr. Werner Heyns Piedmont College, USA Savell Bird & Axon, UK Dr. Adnan Bahour Dr. Mike Thomas Zagazig University, Egypt Humboldt State University, USA Dr. Mumbi Kariuki Dr. Khalid Alrawi Nipissing University, Canada Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, United Arab Emirates 3 Reviewers Task Panel and Executive Editorial Board (Continued) Dr. Mohsen Naser-Tavakolian Dr. Joselina Cheng San Francisco State University, USA University of Central Oklahoma, USA Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed Dr. Natalie Housel James Cook University, Australia Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Regina Schaefer Dr. Nitya Karmakar University of La Verne, USA University of Western Sydney, Australia Dr. Ademola Olatoye Dr. Anita King Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria University of South Alabama, USA Dr. Dana Tesone Dr. Lloyd V. Dempster University of Central Florida, USA Texas A & M University - Kingsville, USA Dr. Farhad Simyar Dr. Bijesh Tolia Chicago State University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. John O'Shaughnessy Dr. John Elson San Francisco State University, USA National University, USA Dr. Stephen Kariuki Dr. Demi Chung Nipissing University, Canada University of Sydney, Australia Dr. Rose Mary Newton Dr. James (Jim) Robbins University of Alabama, USA Trinity Washington University, USA Dr. Mahmoud Al-Dalahmeh Dr. Jeffrey (Jeff) Kim University of Wollongong, Australia University of Washington, USA Dr. Shahnawaz Muhammed Dr. Dorothea Gaulden Fayetteville State University, USA Sensible Solutions, USA Dr. Brett Sims Dr. Gerald Marquis Grambling State University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Frank Tsui Dr. Jeffrey Siekpe Southern Polytechnic State University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. John Tures Dr. David Davis LaGrange College, USA The University of West Florida, USA Dr. Mary Montgomery Dr. Peter Ross Jacksonville State University, USA Mercer University, USA Dr. Frank Cheng Dr. Van Reidhead Central Michigan University, USA University of Texas-Pan American, USA Reviewers Task Panel and Executive Editorial Board (Continued) Dr. Vera Lim Mei-Lin Dr. Denise Richardson The University of Sydney, Australia Bluefield State College, USA Dr. Robin Latimer Dr. Reza Vaghefi Lamar University, USA University of North Florida, USA Dr. Michael Alexander Dr. Greg Gibbs University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA St. Bonaventure University, USA Dr. Kehinde Alebiosu Dr. Mike Rippy Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Troy University, USA Dr. Rodney Davis Dr. William Ebomoyi Troy University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. Gina Pipoli de Azambuja Dr. Steven Watts Universidad de Pacifico, Peru Pepperdine University, USA Dr. Andy Ju An Wang Dr. Ada Anyamene Southern Polytechnic State University, USA Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria Dr. Edilberto Raynes Dr. Nancy Miller Tennessee State University, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. Dobrivoje Radovanovic Dr. David F. Summers University of Belgrade, Serbia University of Houston-Victoria, USA Dr. George Romeo Dr. Robert Kitahara Rowan University, USA Troy University – Southeast Region, USA Dr. William Root Dr. Brandon Hamilton Augusta State University, USA Hamilton's Solutions, USA Dr. Natalie Weathers Dr. William Cheng Philadelphia University, USA Troy University, USA Dr. Linwei Niu Dr. Taida Kelly Claflin University, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. Nesa L’Abbe Wu Dr. Denise de la