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Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil

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Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology, 2(2):45-54, 2004 Copyright © 2004 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Myxiops aphos, new characid genus and species (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil Angela M. Zanata and Alberto Akama Myxiops aphos, new genus and species, is described from a river in the eastern portion of Bahia State, Brazil. Myxiops is distinguished from all other characid genera by the combination of the following features: infraorbitals fused in a unique fashion, resulting always in less than six autogenous bones; a single tooth row in the premaxilla; presence of somewhat pedunculate teeth, expanded and compressed distally, with cusps similar in shape and perfectly aligned along distal margin; ventral margin of toothed portion of maxillary curved towards ventral margin of premaxilla and maxillary teeth forming a continuous series with premaxillary teeth; margins of pre- and postzygapophyses with projections anteriorly and posteriorly directed; accumulation of epithelial cells forming globular structures distributed over head and scales; and base of anal fin without scales covering basal portion of unbranched and anterior branched rays. The presence of these features in other characids is discussed. Myxiops aphos, novo gênero e espécie, é descrita de um rio do leste do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Myxiops distingue-se de todos os outros gêneros de caracídeos pela seguinte combinação de caracteres: exclusivo modo de fusão dos infraorbitais, resultan- do em menos de seis ossos autógenos; uma única série de dentes no pré-maxilar; presença de dentes comprimidos com cúspides similares em tamanho e alinhadas ao longo da margem distal dos dentes; margem ventral da porção com dentes do maxilar arqueando-se em direção à margem ventral do pré-maxilar e dentes do maxilar formando um eixo contínuo com os dentes do pré-maxilar; margens das pré- e pós-zigapófises com projeções anterior e posteriormente direcionadas; acúmulo de células epiteliais formando estruturas globulares distribuídas sobre a cabeça e escamas; e base da nadadeira anal sem escamas. A presença destas características em outros caracídeos é discutida. Key words: freshwater fish, species description, Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil. Introduction (Weitzman & Fink, 1983; Weitzman & Malabarba, 1998) this subfamily has been restricted only to the genus Tetrago- Problems concerning the traditional definitions of genera nopterus (Reis, 2003; Lima et al., 2003). As a consequence of and suprageneric taxa among characids,PROOFS especially in the such actions, numerous taxa were listed as incertae sedis in subfamilies Cheirodontinae and Tetragonopterinae, have been the Characidae by Lima et al. (2003: 106). the subject of a series of discussions (e.g., Eigenmann, The new characid from the rio Paraguaçu of eastern Brazil 1917:43, 46; Weitzman & Cruz, 1981:999; Weitzman & Fink, described herein represents another case of a supra-specific 1983:344-347; Malabarba, 1998:194; and Lima et al., 2003). taxon distinguished by a combination of characters from all Based on multiple character distribution, Malabarba (1998) other characid genus, but of uncertain relationships. This restricted the Cheirodontinae to 14 genera and shifted 43 new taxon shares some characters with members of the Chei- genera previously allocated to that subfamily into incertae rodontinae (e.g., one row of pedunculated and multicuspidate sedis within the Characidae. The Tetragonopterinae was premaxillary teeth), but lacks most of the synapomorphies similarly traditionally treated as a very large subfamily (e.g., proposed by Malabarba (1998) to define the subfamily. Géry, 1977). More recently, in the absence of evidence that Alternatively, the overall body shape and color pattern of the Tetragonopterinae represents a monophyletic assemblage new form is very similar to those of taxa traditionally allocated Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42594, 04299-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. e-mail: (AMZ) [email protected]; (AA) [email protected]. 45 46 Myxiops aphos, new characid genus and species from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil Fig. 1. Myxiops aphos, holotype, MZUSP 81026, 56.0 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia, rio Lençóis. in the Tetragonopterinae, most notably to Astyanax deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de scabripinnis. São Paulo, São Paulo (MZUSP) and Museu de Ciências e The lack of a hypothesis concerning the phylogenetic Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande relationships of the new species within the Characidae, along do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCP). Osteological terminology is with a series of distinctive characters which exclude it from that used by Weitzman (1962), except for the use of anterior other recognized characid genera lead us to propose a new ceratohyal that follows Nelson (1969). genus, Myxiops, for the new species. Myxiops, new genus Materials and Methods Type species. Myxiops aphos, by monotypy and present Counts and measurements presented in table and/or in designation. the text were taken according to Fink & Weitzman (1974), except for the number of longitudinal scale rows below the Diagnosis. Myxiops is a characid genus of relatively small lateral line, which were counted from the scale row body size (maximum known SL 56.1 mm). The following immediately ventral to the lateral line to the scale row nearest combination of derived features distinguishes Myxiops from to insertion of the pelvic fin. In Table 1 standard length (SL) all other characid fishes: (1) infraorbitals fused in a unique is expressed in mm and all other measurements are expressed fashion, resulting in less than six autogenous bones; (2) as a percent of SL, except subunits of the head that are presence of a single tooth row in the premaxilla; (3) presence recorded as percents of the head PROOFSlength. Counts are of “cheirodontin-like teeth”, somewhat pedunculated, expan- presented in the species description, followed by frequency ded and compressed distally, with cusps similar in shape and in parentheses. Asterisks indicate values for the holotype. perfectly aligned along dorsal margin; (4) ventral margin of Counts of vertebrae, supraneurals and gill-rakers were taken toothed portion of maxillary curved towards the ventral margin from cleared and stained paratypes (c&s), following the of the premaxilla and maxillary teeth forming a continuous method discussed by Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Vertebral series with premaxillary teeth; (5) margins of pre- and counts include the four centra associated with the Weberian postzygapophyses with projections anteriorly and posteriorly apparatus and have the terminal half centrum and associated directed; (6) accumulation of epithelial cells forming globular vertebral elements (PU1 + U1) counted as one element. Skin structures distributed over head and scales; and (7) base of fragments of the dorsal portion of the fish head were used anal-fin without scales covering basal portion of unbranched for histological analysis. This material was processed in and anterior branched rays. historesin (JB-4 glycolmethacrylate; Polysciences), sectioned at 3 µm, mounted in glass slides, and stained with Etymology. Myxiops from the Greek, myxa for slime, and iops hematoxylin/eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff’s (PAS)/ for small fish, in reference to the copious amount of mucous toluidine blue 0. 2% in pH 7.0 (buffer Mc Ivaine), and in covering the body, which makes the fish very slippery when metanil yellow-periodic acid –Schiff’s (PAS) hematoxylin alive and even for some period after fixation in formalin and (Quintero-Hunter et al., 1991). The examined specimens are storage in alcohol. A. M. Zanata & A. Akama 47 Myxiops aphos, new species ventrally positioned. Posterior tip of maxilla extending to Figs. 1-2 vertical slightly anterior to or reaching the center of pupil. Gill-rakers 7+1+10 (2) or 6+1+11 (1). Branchiostegal rays 4 (4). Holotype. MZUSP 81026, 56.0 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia, Lençóis, Premaxilla with 5 (26) teeth arranged in single regular tooth rio Lençóis, tributary of rio Paraguaçu, 3 km upstream of row. Teeth pedunculated, expanded, compressed distally, and Lençóis city, above Cachoeira do Serrano, 12o 34’S 41o 22’W. bearing 5-7 cusps. Cusps compressed, aligned along the distal A. Akama, 22 Feb 1995. tooth margin. Central cusp largest. Maxilla with 2 (16) or 3*(10) compressed teeth, each bearing 5 cusps. Three central cusps Paratypes. MZUSP 81025, 22 specimens, 27.6-56.1 mm SL, 4 largest and of approximately same size. Dentary teeth 10 (6), c&s, 26.4- 46.8 mm SL; MCP 35007, 3 specimens, 41.2-48.3 mm 11 (13), or 12*(7) arranged in single row with anterior 8-9 teeth SL; same data as holotype. largest and pentacuspid, followed posteriorly by 2 tricuspid teeth. Smallest cleared and stained specimen with four Diagnosis. As for the genus. posteriormost teeth conical. Dentary teeth similar in shape to premaxillary ones, although slightly curved towards oral Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body cavity. Central cusp largest. relatively small, maximum observed standard length 56.1 mm, Scales cycloid, circuli absent on exposed area of scales, relatively elongate and transversely rounded, somewhat radii well developed and extending to posterior margin of flattened posterior to terminus of dorsal fin base. Greatest scales parallel or slightly divergent. Lateral line slightly body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head distinctly decurved ventrally, completely pored from supracleithrum to convex from margin of upper lip to region approximately at base of caudal fin, with 36* (16), 37 (8) or 38 (2) perforated vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point scales. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 to posterior tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body (26). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3* slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin (22) or 4 (4). Scales along middorsal line between tip of origin, posteroventrally-inclined along dorsal-fin base, nearly supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 12 (3), 13 (20) straight from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose or 14* (3).
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