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Growth Performance of Calamus Subinermis in Sabah, Malaysia

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Growth Performance of Calamus Subinermis in Sabah, Malaysia Final/Terminal Report 1. Title & number of the project : RPM-6 (Growth performance of Calamus subinermis in Sabah, Malaysia funded under the Rattan Research Grant Program of the ITTO-Philippines-ASEAN Rattan Project (PD 334/05 Rev. 2 (I)” 2. Year of the report: 2008 3. Date the report was completed March 31, 2008 4. Start and end of project March 2007 - March 2008 5. Total budget of project USD7,000.00 6. Logos of the project: implementing agency, ERDB and ITTO Table of Contents Executive Summary This summarizes the findings of the project. Include the financial table below. Budget Headings Annual budgets Total Expenditure Annual Expenditure (in US$) (in US$) as % of Budget RPM-6 (Growth 7,000.00 5,000 100% performance of Calamus subinermis in Sabah, Malaysia Chapter 1. Project Background Rattans are spiny climbing palms which belong to the subfamily Calamoideae and are found in the tropical and subtropical forests of Asia, Africa, Australia and Western Pacific. There are 13 genera and 600 known species of rattan in the old world (Uhl & Dransfield 1987). Rattan is the raw material for the cane furniture industry, and is also used widely in matting, cordage, construction, basketry and thatching. In several parts of East and South-east Asia, several species are cultivated for their edible shoots. Rattan provides sustainable income to some of the most disadvantaged segments of people living in and on the fringes of forests. The global rattan industry is worth over US$7 billion per annum (Sastry 2002). It has been estimated that 0.7 billion of the world’s population use or are involved in the trade of rattan and rattan products (Sastry 2002). Calamus subinermis or locally known as rotan batu is the best large-diameter (18 – 30 mm) rattan native to Sabah (Dransfield 1984). This species produced the best quality cane that is comparable to Calamus manan (Dransfield et al ., 1989). It is a clustering species that occurs in Palawan Island, throughout the coastal region of Sabah and Lawas, in Sarawak (Lee, 1995). This species is recommended for large scale planting due to its favorable growth rate at the natural environment, clustering behaviour and high quality cane (Chia, 1995). However, there is no large scale of plantation established for this species due to the lack of growth and silvicultural information. Therefore, this study was initiated to assess the existing planting trial of Calamus subinermis that was stablished in 1993 in three different sites in Sabah. Chapter 2. Project Objectives 1. To determine the growth performance of Calamus subinermis on different sites and soil type 2. To identify the best provenance of Calamus subinermis Chapter 3. Methodologies Assessment was carried out at the existing provenance cum progeny trial of rotan batu (Calamus subinermis ) in Sabah that was established back in 1993. There are 13, 11 and 14 provenances tested in Sook, Kolapis A and Segaliud Lokan respectively . The geographical location of these provenances and experimental sites namely Kolapis A (5o 44’ N, 117 o 40’E), Segaliud Lokan (5 o 38’ N, 117 o 32’ E) and Sook (5 o 8.567’ N 116 o 17.259’ E) was indicated in Map 3.1. The soil in Kolapis A is loam and clay loam of the Tanjung Lipat Family,that in Segaliud Lokan is sandy loam to sandy clay loam of the Kapilit Family (Acres and Folland, 1975) and that in Sook is gleyic podzol of the Baiayo Family (Bower et al, 1975). The vegetation prior to planting in Kolapis A was burnt logged-over forest whilst in Segaliud Lokan was 3 years old Acacia mangium plantation planted at a spacing of 3m x 3m; whereas in Sook,the vegetation prior planting was scrub dominated by Baeckia frustescens .The planting distance for rotan batu was 3m x 2m; double row system within 7m and 6m cleared planting path in Kolapis A and Segaliud Lokan respectively. In Sook, single- row planting with 3m in distance was implemented. The spacing was decided based on the condition of the forest which provides support to the rattan where in Segaliud Lokan, row thinning of Acacia stand; in Kolapis A, clearing of suitable planting paths in disturbed forest; and in Sook, planting in Berungis scrub. The experiment layout is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Experiment layout Site Sook Kolapis A Segaliud Lokan Planting system Single-row Double-row Double-row Width of forest strip 4 7 6 Planting distance - 3 3 between rows within planting path Planting distance 3 2 2 within rows Number of replicates 4 5 5 Experimental sites Provenances A Kolapis A 1. Kota Belud (KBE) B Segaliud Lokan 2. Kinarut (KIN) C Sook 3. Kota Marudu (KM) 4. Kuala Penyu (KP) 5. Banggi Island (PBA) 6. Penampang (PEN) 7. Gaya Island (PG) 8. Tiga Island (PT) 9. Tamparuli (TAM) 10. Tandek (TAN) 11.Tuaran (TUA) 12. Lawas (LAW) 13. Sipitang (SIP) 14. Brumas (BRU) Map 3.1: Location of the experimental sites and provenances tested Measurements of total stem length, stem diameter, internode length, length of stem covered with dried sheath, length of stem covered with green sheath and number of sucker were made. The stem diameter was measured at the mid region of the 10 th internode with a digital caliper. The internode length was measured based on the mean internode length using three internode i.e the 11 th , 12 th and 13 th internode of the stem. The data collected were analyzed to describe the growth performance of provenances at each site. Analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Ranged Test were used to compare the performance between provenances at each site. Chapter 4. Results and Discussion The growth performance of each provenance was discussed according to study site. 4.1 Sook Table 2: Summary of measurements of Calamus subinermis planted at Sook Parameters N Min Max Mean C.V. Total stem length (m) 539 0.40 46.00 19.11 57.36% Length of stem covered with dried sheath 479 0.40 29.00 12.29 51.73% (m) Length of stem covered with green sheath 532 0.20 30.00 7.96 63.90% (m) Stem diameter (mm) 464 13.95 32.80 23.67 13.13% Internode length (cm) 455 8.00 43.83 26.63 23.59% Number of sucker 318 1.00 27.00 5.52 94.92% Mean total stem length of the 13 years old C. subinermis recorded at Sook was 19.11m (Table 2). The mean annual growth is estimated at 1.47m. A high coefficient of variation of this parameter indicates the high variability in this parameter. This variability could be less uniform environment in this plot. The stem diameter and internode length ranged from 13.95 mm to 32.80mm and 8 cm to 43.83 cm respectively. The mean sucker production at this plot was about 5 suckers per clump. The survival rate and mean of growth parameters measured of the 13 provenances tested at Sook was presented in Table 3. Provenance TAM and PT has the highest survival rate of 91.66% while PEN appeared to have lowest in survival with 75%. The survival of others provenances are more than 80% except PEN provenance. Analysis of variance indicated that the survival rate was not significantly different between provenances Table 3: Mean total stem length, internode length, diameter, no. of sucker and survival at age 14 years in the provenance trial at Sook. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% (DMRTtest). Provenances No. of Surviva Total stem Internode Diameter No. of observ l (%) length (m) length (cm) (mm) sucker ation Sipitang (SIP) 18.00 90.00 11.41 a 24.62 a 24.03 ab 5.89 abc Penampang (PEN) 56.00 75.00 17.42 b 26.58 ab 23.73 a 3.88 a Kinarut (KIN) 49.00 81.67 17.75 bc 28.54 b 22.58 ab 5.58 abc Kota Belud (KBE) 51.00 86.67 18.02 bcd 26.85 ab 22.81 ab 5.00 ab Tamparuli(TAM) 55.00 91.66 18.09 bcd 26.00 ab 23.09 ab 6.38 abc Pulau Gaya (PG) 56.00 93.33 19.56 bcd 24.97 ab 24.38 b 3.52 a Pulau Tiga (PT) 55.00 91.66 19.80 bcd 27.92 ab 24.02 ab 6.13 abc Kuala Penyu (KP) 65.00 90.00 19.83 bcd 26.07 ab 23.99 ab 6.06 abc Tuaran (TUA) 53.00 83.33 20.15 bcd 26.87 ab 24.03 ab 7.87 bc Pulau Banggi (PBA) 36.00 90.00 20.89 bcd 26.72 ab 24.39 b 6.05 abc Tandek (TAN) 33.00 82.50 20.91 bcd 26.94 ab 23.98 ab 5.92 abc Lawas (LAW) 16.00 80.00 22.85 cd 25.35 ab 23.12 ab 9.40 c Kota Marudu (KM) 16.00 80.00 23.67 d 27.68 ab 23.73 ab 3.57 a There were significant differences between provenances for the total stem length (P<0.02) and stem diameter (P<0.05) in Sook. The internode length and number of sucker were not significantly different between provenances. All these traits except internode are highly different between replicates. The interaction between provenance and replicate significantly affected all the parameters measured. This indicates that the performance of all the provenances was affected by the environment. KM provenance outperformed other provenances in total stem length while SIP provenance has the shortest stem length in Sook (Table 3).
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