appeal no: 19/99 : 8 September 1999 EARTHQUAKE

THIS APPEAL SEEKS CHF 65,000,000 IN CASH, KIND AND SERVICES TO ASSIST 250,000 BENEFICIARIES FOR 8 MONTHS This appeal replaces the Preliminary Appeal launched on 17 August 1999. After assessment, the confirmed budget is CHF 65,000,000, reflecting the overall revised needs. Taking account of all pledges received to date (CHF 24,500,000), a further CHF 40,500,000 is now sought.

Summary

The earthquake which struck north-western Turkey in the early hours of 17 August 1999, will prove, almost certainly, to be the most devastating of the decade, with the death toll eclipsing similar catastrophes in Japan (Kobe, January 1995) and India (Maharashtra, September 1993).

The launch of this appeal follows an assessment of the most urgent needs in the affected area by the International Federation, in conjunction with the Turkish Red Crescent Society (TRCS) and eight Red Cross Red Crescent Participating National Societies (PNS). Three main components are envisaged:

{ shelter, relief and health/water-sanitation assistance through the coming winter for 250,000 homeless persons, with tens of thousands set for accommodation in 'tent cities' managed by the TRCS; { a rehabilitation phase, starting in November 1999, projected at the refurbishment of schools and hospitals and social welfare activities;

{ strengthening the disaster preparedness capacity of the TRCS. In preparing the appeal, the International Federation has adopted a flexible approach, particularly with regard to medium/longer term proposals, since the changing environment and the speed with which the Turkish Government is able to respond to overall shelter needs are likely to determine further Red Cross Red Crescent initiatives. The response to the International Federation's Preliminary Appeal for 10.52 million launched on the day of the disaster, has been rapid and generous. After taking account of donations already received or firmly pledged in cash, kind and services, a further CHF 40,500,000 is sought to continue and expand Red Cross Red Crescent work on behalf of victims of Turkey's worst earthquake in many years. A further revision, reflecting necessary adjustments in a rapidly evolving situa- tion, can be anticipated before the year-end.

The Disaster appeal no. 19/99

On 17 August at 03h02 local time a massive earthquake measuring between 7.4 and 7.8 on the Richter scale and lasting 45 seconds hit north-western Turkey, across an area twice the size of Switzerland. According to the latest available statistics, there are 15,135 confirmed dead, 23,983 persons injured and

an estimated 300,000 displaced from their homes; significantly, the number of missing persons is at least 10,000. The area affected, some 30% of the Turkish land mass, hosts most of the country's national industry and 45% of the total population. At the epicentre of the damage are the cities and towns of Izmit, Adapazari, Yalova and Gölchük. Since the earthquake hit, hundreds of aftershocks have been reported, one as high as 5.2 on the Richter scale which, almost 13 days after the main occurrence, killed one person, injured 166 and collapsed more buildings both in Izmit and Gölchük. The Seismic Hazards Department at the British Geological Survey in Edinburgh has said that the problem of aftershocks is unlikely to end for many months, compounding the damage, increasing the population's anxiety and fear as well as hampering humanitarian work.

The intensive search and rescue efforts carried out by local and foreign units in the immediate aftermath of the quake has now ceased and the removal of rubble, disinfecting of streets and some early reconstruc- tion plans are underway. In response to the urgent need for temporary shelter, tent cities have been set up throughout the affected areas until longer term solutions are found. Large numbers of people have left the disaster zone, often to live with friends and relatives elsewhere, and these population movements have hampered the efforts of evaluating the exact number of persons in need.

Much of the damage has been caused to housing and general public facilities - mainly hospitals and schools - whereas commercial and industrial infrastructure appears to be largely intact; even so, as a result of the quake, the Turkish economy seems set to contract in 1999, though a construction-led recov- ery in ensuing years is anticipated by some analysts. Hospitals not directly damaged have, however, been overwhelmed and personnel have been overworked as well as traumatised. Despite the fear of epidemic outbreaks, both local health authorities and Red Cross Red Crescent medical teams, as yet have reported only isolated cases of diarrhoea. However the risk still remains if appropriate health and water-sanitation needs are not met, especially within the tented camps. The Response so far appeal no. 19/99

Government Action w Turkish government agencies, including the military and civil authorities have carried out, with the support of international groups, all rescue and relief activities. In order to co-ordinate these activities and relief distributions, crisis management centres (CMC) have been set up in each of the affected cities, these being coordinated by the Prime Minister's CMC in . The TRCS is represented on all CMCs. Several requests for assistance have been launched by the Turkish government seeking support from the international community in order to respond to the overwhelming needs - prefabricated houses apparently being the authorities' priority as a mid-term housing solution. The government has also maintained a firm grip on much of the humanitarian aid entering the country, including some Red Cross Red Crescent consignments.

Red Cross/Red Crescent Action w From the start of the emergency the TRCS worked with the CMCs established throughout the affected area in support of the rescue and relief efforts. The Society was instrumental in the rapid coordination of customs clearance, transport and some deliveries of Red Cross Red Crescent relief consignments, including medical equipment, blankets, kitchen sets, hygiene materials, food and tents. In the days following the catastrophe, around 35,000 tents were distributed either from TRCS stock or procured/donated from abroad, at least providing the homeless with a minimum of shelter; however, it is clear that the various shelter solutions introduced in the early days of the crisis must be upgraded to withstand the colder winter weather, or alternatives sought.

The TRCS quickly established five tent cities to accommodate up to 25,000 homeless and provided hot meals and drinking water in these camps and across the quake area through mobile kitchen facilities. Spontaneous donations of relief goods by the Turkish public have helped the relief effort tremendously, particularly in the first days of the disaster. Over the coming months - through the vital winter period - the Turkish government has assigned the management of all tent settlements to the TRCS, which is currently preparing to carry out this mandate.

On the day of the disaster, the International Federation assigned a Head of Delegation and an information delegate to Turkey (both transferred from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), issued an Alert and then, at the request of the TRCS followed up with the launch of a Preliminary Appeal to support the Society's emergency relief operation. A delegation currently comprising 15 expatriate delegates has since been established in Istanbul. As noted earlier, the response from the international community, particularly PNS, has been strong and positive; particularly encouraging has been the level of support achieved by National Societies from outside the 'regular' group of large donors to Federation appeals.

In the field, over the three weeks since the quake, at least 19 National Societies have assigned personnel to Turkey to undertake a variety of tasks in cooperation with both the International Federation and the TRCS, including search and rescue, needs assessments, relief, health, water-sanitation and family linking activities. Three emergency response units (ERUs) have been deployed - two field hospitals and one water-sanitation - together with various PNS-initiated medical facilities, including Belgium, Greece, Japan and Spain; Israel's also dispatched a medical unit. The number of expatriate delegates in the two field hospitals is reducing rapidly and the facility provided by the in Izmit will be staffed entirely by local teams by the end of September and remain in the disaster zone for a further six months. The hospital will be handed over to the TRCS by the end of November, while the water-sanitation ERU (supported by Oxfam) will continue for at least another two months.

All of this work has been carried out under the umbrella of the International Federation and TRCS, with regular coordination meetings organised. Additionally, some 18 National Societies have dispatched donations of relief supplies and equipment.

Other Agencies’ Action w agencies including OCHA (which deployed UNDAC teams), UNICEF, UNDP and WFP have sent representatives to assess the needs and plan future interventions. UNICEF is launching a appeal no. 19/99

psycho-social assistance programme for children and will further support local organisations with setting up tent schools. Several countries have sent military teams providing medical aid; most are short term emergency programmes. Other international NGOs including Medicins Sans Frontieres, Medicins du Monde, and the Salvation Army are present.

The respected UK agency Oxfam has been working directly with the International Federation, supporting the operation through the donation of much needed water-sanitation items and contributing to the work of the Red Cross Red Crescent assessment mission.

Over 100 Turkish NGOs and voluntary organisations rallied to help their nationals, including search and rescue, medical and psycho-social support groups. Thousands of private individuals and hundreds of businesses brought aid and assistance to the earthquake victims.

Coordination w As indicated above, the International Federation delegation in Istanbul has organised regular/daily coordination meetings for all Red Cross Red Crescent representatives present in the disaster area and has deployed a delegate in a PNS coordination role. During the early stages of the operation, the Federation also assigned a senior liaison officer based in the Ankara headquarters of the TRCS, while in Istanbul, an official from the Society works alongside the Federation's Head of Delegation. In addition, Federation assessment teams and senior officials have been in frequent contact with representatives of the different UN agencies present in Turkey, as well as ECHO, and foreign and local NGOs. The intended operation

Assessment of Needs w Within a very few days of the disaster, the International Federation deployed an assessment team in the field covering logistics, relief and health/water-sanitation. PNS representatives were drawn from Red Cross Red Crescent Societies in America, Austria, Britain, Finland, France, Iran, Spain and Sweden; a water-sanitation specialist from Oxfam was a member of the health team. Based on consultations with government officials, the TRCS and discussions with UN and other agencies, the following beneficiary numbers have been identified: Yalova Gölchük Izmit Adapazari Other areas Total Total homeless persons 28,000 50,000 87,000 75,000 10,000 250,000 Total homeless families 5,600 10,000 17,400 15,000 2,000 50,000 Persons in TRCS tent settlements 5,600 10,000 17,400 15,000 2,000 50,000 Persons in host families, other 22,400 40,000 69,600 60,000 8,000 200,000

Immediate Needs w A key objective of the eight month operation (September 1999 - April 2000) is to support 250,000 homeless people through the winter. As indicated previously, the large numbers departing the disaster area for friends and relatives elsewhere and the inevitable turmoil following a disaster of this magnitude has made it difficult for the Turkish government to arrive at a firm conclusion as to how many people will need to be housed in the coming months - when temperatures in this part of the country can fall to minus 6°C and wet weather is a regularity.

However, mandated by the authorities, the TRCS is preparing to manage tent cities for those individuals unable to find any other form of shelter, including the preferred option of prefabricated homes; for planning purposes resources are being mobilised on the basis of some 10,000 families (50,000 individuals) living through the winter in tents, though it is possible this figure could prove to be a conservative estimate and subject to upward adjustment. It is essential such camps are properly winterised, with adequate health facilities. Volunteers will be sought within the camps to assist with the implementation of the various activities. Shelter items (mainly winterised tents) which may not be put to appeal no. 19/99

immediate use, depending on the exact numbers left with the camps option, will be stored in TRCS warehouses, to prepare for future emergencies. Discussions are currently in progress with a number of agencies regarding the provision of food for the camps. In the event that a sponsor does not materialise, a budget increase in the region of CHF 20 million would be sought to meet this need.

The remaining population in need is expected to live in prefabricated housing, collective centres or with host families; the 'balance' between these groups and the camp population could vary according to circumstances. Health activities will be essentially comprised of day-to-day treatment, the provision of basic medicines, preventive health and the establishment of two winterised 100-150 bed auxiliary hospitals, with x-ray equipment and operating theatres, to support the local health infrastructure. In addition two TRCS mobile health units will assist with health care in remote areas.

In summary, the International Federation's programme for this total target caseload of 250,000 is designed to be a 'framework for flexibility', comprising shelter (winterised tents, though some form of prefabricated housing could be a possibility), health and hygiene assistance, food provision and water-sanitation facilities. The programme could also be extended or redirected to help those moving into housing provided by the government.

Anticipated Later Needs w A social welfare programme targeting the most vulnerable (e.g. elderly, disabled, orphaned children and single mothers) will be gradually implemented by TRCS with the support of the International Federation both in camps and other temporary accommodation. As the operation develops and the Turkish Government establishes a wide-ranging reconstruction programme, the Federation and TRCS will look closely into the possibility of starting a refurbishment programme for community-based facilities, including schools and hospitals; an assessment mission will be undertaken in the coming weeks and PNS are encouraged to contact the Federation to register their interest in participating in this project. Meanwhile, a disaster preparedness programme aimed at increasing the TRCS capacity to respond to future disasters and restocking warehouses will be implemented. This programme will include an emergency information system, a range of training activities for volunteers and a public awareness campaign among communities potentially at risk.

Red Cross Red Crescent Objectives

The Turkish Red Crescent and International Federation delegation (which is charged with coordinating all PNS activity) will work together to:

{ Provide essential shelter, relief and health/water-sanitation assistance for a target population of 250,000, living in camps or collective centres or with host families through the coming winter. { Implement social welfare programmes and refurbishment of community based facilities, as and when appropriate. { Undertake an extensive disaster preparedness programme.

National Society/Federation Plan of Action

Component 1: Shelter, relief and health/water-sanitation projects for 250,000 homeless people, including those in tented camps (September 1999 through April 2000).

Provide for immediate basic needs for up to 50,000 displaced persons living in TRCS tented camps: { improvement of camp sites (grading, heavy-duty gravelling and draining); { strengthening (administrative support and equipment) of medical care facilities established within the camps either by the Red Cross Red Crescent or local health authorities; appeal no. 19/99

{ provision of basic items, including field beds, mattresses, sleeping bags, blankets, plastic sheeting, cooking sets and hygiene parcels;

{ improvement of water treatment, water supply/ storage and sanitation systems; { provision of mobile kitchens and the necessary food items. Preparation of TRCS tented camps for the coming winter weather: { replacement of existing family tents with tents more suitable versions for winter; { provision of heating systems for family tents; { winterisation of community tents; { distribution of cold-weather new clothing, locally purchased; { winterisation of water and sanitation equipment and facilities; { winterisation of health facilities already set up either by Red Cross Red Crescent or local health authorities. Provide for the immediate and longer term assistance to some 200,000 homeless people living in alternative accommodation to TRCS camps: { maintaining and preparing the health facilities established by the Norwegian and German Red Cross Societies for winter in critical locations of the affected areas; { maintaining, strengthening and expanding to more locations the water supply and sanitation systems set up by the Austrian Red Cross water-sanitation ERU with the support of Oxfam; in addition to Gölchük likely locations are Adapazari and Yalova; { set up of two mobile health units to support local structures and to reach beneficiaries in remote areas; { establish two winterised auxiliary hospitals to support the local health infrastructure - likely locations are Izmit and Adapazari; { provision of basic relief items similar to those provided to the TRCS tent cities, including hygiene parcels, baby and new winter clothing.

Component 2: Rehabilitation and social welfare (from November 1999)

To assist with the rehabilitation of facilities that provide services to the community - such as schools and hospitals: { Once Government reconstruction programmes are determined, specific projects will be identified by the TRCS in coordination with local authorities and the International Federation.

Establish and implement a social welfare programme directed towards the most vulnerable persons living in TRCS camps or other temporary accommodation: { conduct a needs assessments covering, inter alia, psycho-social support, home visits, tracing and social welfare activities; { recruitment of a programme coordinator within the TRCS; { recruitment and training of TRCS volunteers.

Component 3: Disaster preparedness (from September 1999)

Increase the capacity of the TRCS to provide immediate assistance in the event of disaster, and strengthen disaster preparedness capabilities across the country: appeal no. 19/99

{ conduct a full review of the operation in response to the 1999 earthquake in the first months of next year; { carry out a national risk, vulnerability and capacity assessment; { review and adapt TRCS disaster preparedness plans, policies and operational guidelines (in consultation with the relevant authorities); { undertake a training programme for staff and volunteers in disaster management, relief administration and logistics; { strengthen TRCS first aid training capacities by updating and improving curriculum for volunteers and the general public; and developing a training module on psychological first aid; { development of public education and awareness materials; { replenishing of emergency stocks and upgrading tent production facilities; { conduct a full needs assessment of TRCS computer and radio networks, ahead of possible upgrade or re-equipment programme. Capacity of the National Society w There are five branches in the disaster zone which will be most directly involved in the Red Cross Red Crescent programme: Istanbul, Izmit, Gölchük, Yalova and Adapazari. Overall, the Society has 1,100 paid staff of whom most are based in Istanbul and Ankara. The present emergency has stretched the current volunteer complement to the limit - many have to return to their normal life and employment soon - and recruitment of programme managers as an integral element of the intended operation is essential, particularly in the sphere of monitoring and reporting.

Present Capacity of the Federation in Turkey w The International Federation has recently opened offices in the TRCS Istanbul directorate building. A delegate complement of 15 - including management, health, water-sanitation, information/reporting, finance, warehousing and logistics - is envisaged through the period of the operation. This group will be supported by up to 18 local staff (interpreter, drivers, administrative etc). The Head of Delegation is expected to travel regularly to Ankara for briefings and follow up with the TRCS leadership and maintain contacts with embassies and international organisations.

Logistics and procurement w Wherever possible, relief items will be procured locally (or at least in adjoining countries) and the detailed list of needs prepared by the Federation in conjunction with TRCS is being segmented accordingly. Federation logisticians will work closely with TRCS staff on warehousing and in-country transport arrangements; vehicles and associated facilities are sought in the appeal. PNS are encouraged to contact the Federation's relief health service before committing to the purchase of medical items. Suppliers have also been identified for the winterised tents and the two auxiliary hospitals, which would be staffed primarily by Turkish medical teams. The establishment of an emergency information system to link the major TRCS centres and warehouses with the disaster zone is envisaged, based on data communications systems, radios and satellite links.

Monitoring and reporting w While it is clear that those distributions undertaken by the TRCS have been effective and well targeted, difficulties have continued in the crucial area of monitoring and reporting of goods for earthquake victims. The TRCS is making every possible effort, in challenging circumstances, to meet these responsibilities and recently concluded an agreement in principle with the Federation's Head of Delegation to this effect. It is essential that the TRCS now deploy sufficient personnel to achieve the required level of monitoring and reporting.

Information w The International Federation will continue to seek opportunities to publicise the TRCS operation in the wake of the disaster, including the work and contributions of PNS, and its delegation. Regular situation appeal no. 19/99

reports will be published and PNS will be encouraged to organise and participate in fund raising campaigns for the operation. Budget summary

See Annex 1 for details. Immediate priority needs include: 10,000 winterised tents, 20 mobile warehouses, 10,000 tarpaulins, 167 rolls of plastic sheeting, 50,000 blankets, 50,000 mattresses, 50,000 field beds, 50,000 sleeping bags, 10,000 kitchen sets, 400,000 hygiene parcels, 10,000 baby parcels, 20,000 jerry cans, 10,000 stoves, 10,000 kitchen sets, 10,000 fuel containers and 960,000 rubbish bags.

Conclusion

The appeal presented in this document provides a flexible framework to enable the Red Cross Red Crescent to respond collectively and coherently as events continue to unfold in the wake of the world's worst earthquake, in human terms, this decade. The media spotlight, so intense in the immediate aftermath of the quake, is now focused elsewhere - but the suffering of those affected by the terrible disaster remains unabated. As those experienced in these types of catastrophe will know, the work of the Red Cross Red Crescent is only just beginning. Donors are urged to support this appeal accordingly.

For further information please contact the following: International Federation, Geneva: Charles Eldred-Evans; tel: +41 22 730 4535; mobile: +41 79 217 3363; email: [email protected] or Penny Elghady; tel: +41 22 730 4319; email: [email protected]. Logistics: Birgitte Stalder-Olsen, + 41 22 730 4245.

Margareta Wahlström George Weber Under Secretary General, Secretary General Disaster Response & Operations Coordination

This and other reports on Federation operations are available on the Federation's website: http://www.ifrc.org appeal no. 19/99 BUDGET SUMMARY Turkey - Earthquake APPEAL No. 19/99 IN CHF

NON FOOD ITEMS Construction & Hardware materials 759,400 Blankets/Tents/Other shelter (prefabs offices/plastic 26,382,293 sheeting /mattresses/beds/sleeping bags) Cooking stoves/Utensils/Fuel for cooking & Heating 5,570,000 Food (MRE, BP5) 248,000 Toys 300,000 Clothing 5,000,000 Other Relief Supplies (covered by In kind donations received) 5,670,000 MEDICAL ITEMS Medical supplies & kits 1,161,300 Clinics/auxilliary hospitals 2,380,500 Hygiene & Sanitation 4,554,400 Spraying & Chemicals 77,200 Drinking Water/Water tanks/Pumps 460,000 ERU's (Water sanitation / 2 field hospitals) 4,115,000 TOTAL RELIEF NEEDS 56,678,093 Capital equipment (Computer/Vehicles/Telecom) 1,630,582 Transport, storage & vehicle costs 1,805,384 Personnel Personnel (15 expat staff/ 9 months) 1,350,000 Personnel (local staff/NS staff) 1,263,310 Administrative, office & general expenses Travel & Communication 125,800 Assessment/Survey/Monitoring/Evaluation 100,000 Printing Costs/Information 65,600 Administrative expenses 288,060 Secretariat operational support 1,693,171 TOTAL OPERATIONAL NEEDS 8,321,907 TOTAL APPEAL CASH & KIND 65,000,000 LESS CASH & KIND ON HAND 24,500,000 NET REQUEST CASH & KIND 40,500,000

All items are going to be purchased locally