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Report of the National Task Force on Privacy, Technology, And… U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Report of the National Task Force on Privacy, Technology, and Criminal Justice Information Law and policy Change drivers Recommendations Privacy, Technology, and Criminal Justice Information U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Report of the National Task Force on Privacy, Technology, and Criminal Justice Information August 2001, NCJ 187669 Report of the work prepared under Cooperative Agreement number 96-BJ-CX-K010, awarded to SEARCH Group, Incorporated, 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831. Contents of this document do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the U.S. Department of Justice. U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Lawrence A. Greenfeld Acting Director Acknowledgments. This report was prepared by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, Kenneth E. Bischoff, Chair, and Gary R. Cooper, Executive Director. The project director was Sheila J. Barton, Deputy Executive Director. Robert R. Belair, SEARCH General Counsel, wrote this report. Kevin L. Coy, Associate, Mullenholz, Brimsek & Belair, assisted in its preparation. Twyla R. Cunningham, Manager, Corporate Communications, and Linda B. Townsdin, Writer/Editor, edited this report, and Jane L. Bassett, Publishing Specialist, provided layout and design assistance. The Federal project monitor was Carol G. Kaplan, Chief, Criminal History Improvement Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Report of work prepared under Cooperative Agreement number 96-BJ-CX-K010, awarded to SEARCH Group, Incorporated, 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831. Contents of this document do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the U.S. Department of Justice. Copyright © SEARCH Group, Incorporated, dba SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, 2001 The U.S. Department of Justice authorizes any person to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use all or any part of the copyrighted material to this publication, except for those items indicating they are copyrighted or printed by any source other than SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics. Page ii Report of the National Task Force on Privacy, Technology and Criminal Justice Information Contents I. Introduction and executive summary .........................................................................................1 II. Report purpose and scope...........................................................................................................8 III. Information privacy standards: Background .........................................................................10 IV. Privacy protections for criminal justice information .............................................................12 A brief overview of the structure of the criminal justice information system .............................12 Constitutional and common law standards with respect to the privacy of criminal history record information ..........................................................................................14 Constitutional standards ........................................................................................................14 Common law standards .........................................................................................................16 Federal criminal history record legislation and regulations.........................................................16 SEARCH Technical Report No. 13 .............................................................................................18 State legislation............................................................................................................................18 Access to criminal history record information in “open,” “intermediate,” and “closed” record States: Three case studies................................................................................21 Florida: An “open records” State ..........................................................................................21 Washington: An “intermediate records” State ......................................................................23 Massachusetts: A “closed records” State ..............................................................................25 V. Change drivers and trend lines: The basis for a new look at privacy and criminal justice information .........................................................................................................27 Information privacy concerns at a historic high level..................................................................28 Public opinion survey results.................................................................................................28 Activity at the Federal and State level to protect privacy .....................................................30 Privacy issues are receiving increasing media attention, often requiring companies and government agencies to modify their practices .........................................31 Other indications of the importance of privacy concerns: The European Union Data Protection Directive, omnibus proposals in the United States, and self-regulatory initiatives............................................................35 The Information Culture ..............................................................................................................36 Changes in technology.................................................................................................................37 Information technologies.......................................................................................................41 Identification technologies ....................................................................................................42 Communication technologies, including the Internet............................................................46 Report of the National Task Force on Privacy, Technology and Criminal Justice Information Page iii Trend toward integrated systems .................................................................................................49 Definition of integration........................................................................................................49 Benefits and privacy risks of integration...............................................................................50 A new approach that closely resembles a “Business Model” for the criminal justice system..............................................................................................................51 More public access, demand for criminal justice records............................................................53 Changes in the marketplace: Growing commercialization of records as private companies sell criminal justice records compiled from public record information..................56 The changing marketplace.....................................................................................................56 The Fair Credit Reporting Act ..............................................................................................58 The Individual Reference Services Group ............................................................................60 Privacy risks posed by changes in the marketplace...............................................................60 Federal and State initiatives .........................................................................................................61 The Security Clearance Information Act of 1985..................................................................62 Sex offender statutes..............................................................................................................62 The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ......................................................................63 The National Child Protection Act........................................................................................64 Juvenile justice reform.................................................................................................................65 A brief history of the philosophy of the juvenile justice system...........................................65 Recent legal trends ................................................................................................................67 Criminal intelligence information systems ..................................................................................69 VI. Task Force recommendations ...................................................................................................71 Background ..................................................................................................................................71 Recommendations and commentary ............................................................................................71 VII. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................82 Appendix 1: Task Force participants .............................................................................................83 Appendix 2: Glossary of criminal justice information terms.......................................................105 Appendix 3: Comparison
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