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Naturaleza Y Diversidad Humana Estudios Evolucionistas NATURALEZA Y DIVERSIDAD HUMANA ESTUDIOS EVOLUCIONISTAS EDITORES Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo / Jorge Martínez Contreras / José Luis Vera Cortés Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Polftktt y Sociales UVicente Lombardo Toledano NATURALEZA Y DIVERSIDAD HUMANA ESTUDIOS EVOLUCIONISTAS NATURALEZA Y DIVERSIDAD HUMANA ESTUDIOS EVOLUCIONISTAS CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS FILOSÓFICOS, POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES VICENTE LOMBARDO TOLEDANO DIRECCIÓN GENERAL Marcela Lombardo Otero SECRETARIA ACADÉMICA Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo COORDINACIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN Jorge Martínez Contreras COORDINACIÓN DE SERVICIOS BIBLIOTECARIOS Javier Arias Velázquez COORDINACIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES Y DIFUSIÓN Femando Zambrana Primera edición 2003 © CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS FILOSÓFICOS, POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES "VICENTE LOMBARDO TOLEDANO" Calle V. Lombardo Toledano num. 51 Exhda. de Guadalupe Chimalistac México, D.F. c.p., 01050 tel: 5661 46 79, fax: 5661 17 87 [email protected] http: / / www.centrolombardo.edu.mx SERIE ESLABONES EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA CIENCIA ISBN 968-5721-05-X La edición y el cuidado de este libro estuvo a cargo de las coordinaciones de difusión y de investigación del CEFPSVLT Portada: Femando Zambrana NATURALEZA Y DIVERSIDAD HUMANA ESTUDIOS EVOLUCIONISTAS EDITORES Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo / Jorge Martínez Contreras / José Luis Vera Cortés Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticas y Sociales □Vicente Lombardo Toledano ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN VH CELA-CONDE, C. J.; AGUERRE, E.; AY ALA, F. J.; TOBIAS, P. V.; TURBÓN, D.; AIELLO, L. C.; COLLARD, M.; GOODMAN, M.; GROVES, C. P.; CLARK HOWELL, F.; SCHWARTZ, J. H.; STRAIT, D. S.; SZALAY, F.; TATTERSALL, I.; WOLPOFF, M. H.; WOOD, B. Systematics oí Humankind. Statement from Palma 2000: An International Working Group on Systematics in Human Paleontology 1 CRISTIAN R. ALTABA The conundrum of hominid systematics 7 EMILIANO AGUIRRE Relaciones entre humanos fósiles del Fleistoceno antiguo. Cuestiones pendientes y datos de Atapuerca 19 FRANCISCO JOSÉ AYALA ¿Desde África? Una perspectiva de los elementos poblacionales en la aparición de los seres humanos modernos 55 DOMÉNEC CAMPILLO Anatomic variability in the skull and Paleoanthropology 81 CAMILO JOSÉ CELA CONDE ¿Qué es un homínido? 97 BRUNETTO CHIARELU The evolutíon of Mankind and the origin of global Bioethics 115 MORRIS GOODMAN An objectíve time based phylogenetic dassification of primates that places chimpanzees and humans in the gen us Homo 125 COLIN GROVES Time and taxonomy 143 RAÚL GUTIÉRREZ LOMBARDO Herencia genética y herencia ecológica en la evoludón humana 149 GUILLERMO LORENZO GONZÁLEZ El origen del lenguaje como sobresalto natural. La actualidad de las ideas de Susan Langer sobre la evolución del lenguaje 161 JORGE MARTÍNEZ CONTRERAS Kóhler y Yerkes: La búsqueda experimental de la inteligenda en prim ates no hum anos 185 BIENVENIDO MARTÍNEZ NAVARRO; PAUL PALMQVIST; ALFONSO ARRIBAS; ALAINTURQ La adaptación a una dieta carnívora; Clave de la primera dispersión humana fuera de África en el Pleistoceno inferior 207 JEFFREY H. SCHWARTZ A review of the systematics and taxonomy of Hominoidea: History, morphology, molecules, and fossils 239 LAN TATTERSALL Classification and phylogeny in human evolution 277 PHILLIP V. TOBIAS Orígenes evolutivos de la lengua hablada 285 MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Is there a phylogeny of Homo? 309 BERNARD WOOD; MARK COLLARD The meaning of Homo 329 AUTORES 343 PRESENTACIÓN Los artículos reunidos en este libro fueron casi en su totalidad publicados en Ludus Vitalis. Revista de filosofía de las ciencias de la vida. El objetivo de publicarlos en un volumen especial es el de conformar un compendio general acerca del estado en que se encuentra el estudio de la naturaleza y la diversidad humanas. Estas contribuciones constituyen lo que bien podríamos consi­ derar como el panorama actual del conocimiento que existe sobre la evolución de la especie humana, visto desde las perspectivas de disciplinas científicas como la paleoantropología, la taxono­ mía y la biología evolutiva. Es importante mencionar que la mayoría de los trabajos aquí reunidos pertenece a autores de primerísimo nivel, convocados en dos ocasiones por el profesor Camilo José Cela Conde, director del Laboratorio de Sistemática Humana de la Universidad de las Islas Baleares, España, para participar en dos coloquios interna­ cionales organizados por él. El primero, para rendir homenaje al profesor Phillip V. Tobias (Palma, mayo de 1996) y, el otro, para discutir e intentar dar una solución al problema clasificatorio de los humanos y los simios, puesto de manifiesto por el auge de la genética molecular (Palma, febrero del 2000). El propósito del coloquio Estudios en homenaje a Phillip V. Tobias, de acuerdo con palabras del propio Cela Conde, fue para que "algunos amigos, discípulos, compañeros y lectores fieles de Tobias pudieran poner de manifiesto la amplitud de muchas de sus propuestas. Incluye, por ejemplo, el haber dado nombre a la primera especie de Homo que existió en el planeta, el haber luchado por el sentido evolutivo del Homo habilis y el habernos explicado muchos de sus porqués". X / PRESENTACION El coloquio Systematics of Humankind logró un acuerdo inicial entre varios de los más destacados especialistas del mundo en sistemática y evolución humana, que llamaron el "Consenso de Palma", con el fin de poder someter los resultados al Quinto Congreso Mundial de Paleontología Humana que se celebrará en Barcelona, España, en el año 2004. El Statement from Palma 2000, como lo llamaron en inglés, abrió de hecho una discusión que era imprescindible en la paleontolo­ gía humana y que puede ser el punto de partida para una rein­ terpretación en profundidad de la evolución de nuestra especie. Los editores SYSTEMATICS OF HIJMANKIND. STATEMENT FROM PALMA 2000: AN INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP ON SYSTEMATICS IN HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY CELA-CONDE, C.J.1; AGUIRRE, E.2; AYALA, F. J.3; TOBIAS, P.V. 4; TURBÓN, D .5; AIELLO, L. C.6; COLLARD, M 6; GOODMAN, M.7; GROVES, C. P ®; CLARK HOWELL, F.9; SCHWARTZ, J. H.10; STRAIT, D. S.11; SZALAY, F.12; TATTERSALL, I.13; WOLPOFF, M. H.M; WOOD, B.11 On February 7-9, 2000, an International Colloquium on Human Systematics, as a preliminary event of the V Congress of the IASHP (International Association of Human Paleontology), to be held in Barcelona, Spain (2003), had place in the Baleares Island Univer- sity, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. The authors of these report at- tended the Colloquium, under the presidence of Prof. Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, representing the IASHP, Jordi Serrallonga, coordinator of Hominids (Spanish Association for the Study of Hominid Evolution), Cristian Altaba, of the Imedea (Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies), and Lucrecia Burges, member of the Department of Philosophy of the Baleares Islands University and secretary of the Colloquium, also partici- pated in the discussions. The aim of the Palma Colloquium was that of reaching a consensus capable to put an end to the current confusión of how the human lineage should be classified. Since Goodman's (1963) disagreement with Simpson's (1945) classification of Homi- noidea, the content of the Hominid taxon, as well as the category given to the human clade, changed in the course of time. Some authors (Schwartz, Tattersall, & Eldredge, 1978; Croves, 1986; McKenna & Bell, 1997) gave the category of tribe (Hominini) to humans and their direct ancestors. Others (Bailey el al., 1992; 2 / NATURALEZA Y DIVERSIDAD HUMANA Goodman et al., 1994) placed the human clade in the category of genus, sharing the taxon of Hominina (subtribe) with chimpan- zees. In a later paper, Goodman and collaborators (Goodman et al., 1998) gave the category of only a subgenus (Homo homo) to the human clade, sharing the genus Homo with chimpanzees (Homo pan). Finally, Watson and collaborators (Watson, Esteal, & Penny, 1998) placed gorillas (Homo gorilla) also in the Homo genus. In order to reach an agreement, just principies of classification, not detailed taxonomies, were focused and discussed in Palma Colloquium. The following statements summarize the results of the discussions. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Humans ha ve evolved from non-human ancestors and con­ tinué to evolve. Since their emergence from their ape ancestors, humans diversified into different lineages, of which only one has survived to the present day. All evidence indicates that the hu­ man species is not evolving toward increasingly diverse groups, but rather the opposite. 2. Current human beings, their ancestors not shared with any extant nonhuman species, and the collateral descendants of these ancestors, will be henceforward referred to as the human "clade". 3. Scholars engaged in studying the human clade use a variety of approaches and methods, all of which have a place in human systematics. Different methods may yield different outcomes conceming human systematics. Principies and methods origi- nally devised for classifying living forms often encounter diffi- culties when applied to fossils. 4. Organisms were originally dassified on the basis of mor- phology (induding ontogeny). Molecular, biogeographical, be- havioral, and ecological approaches have added significant new lines of evidence. Morphology retains a preeminent role in sys­ tematics, particularly so in the study of fossils. The time dimen­ sión is notably significant in the assessment of phylogenetic relationships. 5. Phyletics, phenetics, and cladistics, are all used in systemat­ ics. Taxonomic dassifícation should conform, to the extent possi- ble, to phylogenetic relationships. Since the
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