Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

October 2003

Prepared by:

GSG Architecture Civitas, Inc.

This plan has been prepared by Civitas, Inc. and GSG Architecture for the State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division.

GSG Architecture 606 South David Street Casper, Wyoming 82601 307-234-8968 phone 307-234-2132 fax www.gsgarchitecture.com

Civitas, Inc. 1200 Bannock Street Copyright © 2003 Denver, Colorado 80204 Civitas, Inc. and GSG Architecture. All rights reserved. 303-571-0053 phone 303-825-0438 fax This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purpose of private research, criticism, or reviews, www.civitasinc.com as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recording or otherwise, State of Wyoming without the written permission of Civitas, Inc. and GSG Department of Administration & Information Architecture. General Services Division 615 West 20th Street Disclaimer The content of this document is furnished for Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 informational use only, is subject to change without 307-777-6106 phone notice, and should not be construed as a commitment 307-632-5684 fax by Civitas, Inc. and GSG Architecture. Every effort has www.State.wy.us been made to ensure that the information contained herein is correct. Civitas, Inc. and GSG Architecture State of Wyoming Project Manager assume no responsibility or liability for any errors or John Mahoney inaccuracies that may appear in this document. [email protected] The suggestions and recommendations made in this report are for the purposes of discussion and debate in regard to the Wyoming State Capitol District. Some Project Team of the ideas contained herein have regard to private GSG Architecture, Lisa Hubbard, AIA and public lands. These ideas have been developed as Civitas, Inc., Tom Hester, Rachel Scarborough a professional service without the full consultation of BenchMark of Cheyenne, P.C., Scott Larson property owners.

Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

CONTENTS

Introduction...... 1 • Project Description • Organization of this Report • Study Area • Public Process • Project Goal • Historical Development of Cheyenne and the Capitol District

Vision ...... 11

Summary of Existing Conditions ...... 13 • Existing Base Map • Street Block Analyses • State Owned Facility Matrix Recommendations...... 21 • Streetscape and Civic Character • Signage and Wayﬁ nding • Open Space and Recreation • Circulation, Access and Parking • Land Use and Redevelopment

Implementation...... 43 • Project Priorities and Phasing • Organization and Management

Appendix...... 49 • Street Block Analyses • State Owned Facility Matrix • Summary of Interviews • Population and Growth Data • Preliminary Estimate of Costs for Capitol Improvements

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ii State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

INTRODUCTION

The Wyoming Capitol District is located in the heart of Cheyenne and is composed of the State Capitol Building and surrounding buildings and grounds. The Capitol District is a civic destination attracting businesses and visitors both locally, regionally and nationally. While the District boasts many assets that any civic destination needs to be successful, it also faces many challenges that will need to be addressed to ensure its successful future. In recent years the Capitol District has been stressed by additional parking needs, increased tourism and departmental expansion. These pressures have led to unorganized development decisions that are not based on a collective long-term vision.

Project Description

In July of 2002, GSG Architecture and Civitas, Inc. were commissioned by the State of Wyoming to undertake a 12-month study to develop short and long-term strategies to improve the image, safety and growth of the Capitol District that reinforce the goals of the City and State.

The purpose of this strategic Vision 2020 Plan is to provide recommendations that will help guide capital investment decisions and improvements within the Capitol District with respect to land use, public space and parking, prioritized over a fi fteen year period. This Vision 2020 Plan is the fi rst stage implementation of the “Wyoming Capitol District Framework Plan: Extending the Civic Legacy for Future Generations”. The recommendations in this plan build on the strengths of the existing neighborhoods and businesses, and provide improvements that make the State government uses interact better in the broader community. The recommendations also identify the market opportunities for additional retail, offi ce, civic, and residential uses, and the type of physical and public policy improvements necessary to achieve the desired development.

Organization of this Report

This plan is presented in four sections. The Vision section represents the four character vision themes from the “Wyoming State Capitol District Framework Plan” to provide a core foundation to this plan. The Summary of Existing Conditions section presents the team’s key ﬁ ndings that provide a foundation for recommendations. The Recommendations section provides recommendations for streetscapes and civic character, recreation and open space, circulation, parking and access, and land use and redevelopment. The

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Implementation section presents recommendations for project priories and phasing, funding sources and strategies, organization and management, and policy revision. The Appendix section includes study area analyses, public participation summaries, growth projections and preliminary cost estimates for capital improvements.

Study Area

The area of focus includes the Capitol District, the immediate area of between Pioneer Avenue to the west, West 27th Street to the north, Warren Avenue to the east, and East 20th Street to the south. The Plan will also address other State owned property located in Cheyenne outside of the Capitol District area.

Public Process

The goal for the public involvement process for the Vision 2020 Plan is to include all appropriate stakeholders and listen to people to glean the most critical issues to be addressed in the Plan. The resulting issues were then used to create the project goal and objectives. This process was designed to understand the range of opportunities and challenges facing the Capitol

Study Area

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District and the surrounding neighborhoods, including the downtown, medical and residential communities. To properly address concerns in the Capitol District, interview sessions were held with groups and individuals representing the range of State departments, and federal, county, city and community agencies.

In addition to these individual interviews, a web site was hosted throughout the plan process with feedback obtained and integrated into the Plan. To present the draft plan to the public, exhibits were presented in key State and City buildings to provide information.

The public involvement process proved to be a key component in designing the Plan with the stakeholders. From the beginning, the stakeholders helped to draft the major vision themes of the “Wyoming State Capitol District Framework Plan” and established the goals and objectives that would determine success for the project. Throughout the process, State and community issues surfaced, and ideas were tested by the stakeholders to ensure community support for each of the recommended implementation strategies of the plan.

Key Findings from the Public Process

The overriding concerns and issues throughout the public process were: Character and Image

More deﬁ ned environments for outdoor activities and shaded sitting areas;

Consistent signage and wayﬁ nding;

Amenities for tourists, such as restrooms and a visitor center;

Flower beds incorporated in focal areas;

More maintenance investment is needed in addition to a more systematic approach to maintenance;

Improvements and repairs are needed to the Herschler Plaza, including more shade and shelter from winds; and

The State, City, and Downtown Development Authority need to collaborate to achieve common goals.

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Parking, Access and Transportation

City shuttle system and the Cox parking garage located downtown are not being well utilized by State employees;

Employees park in 2-hour on-street spaces and rotate spaces throughout the day; and

More employee parking needs to be provided closer to State buildings.

Security and Safety

Concerns due to the lack of security in all buildings and the tunnel system;

Pedestrian crossings are needed from the new garage to the Capitol and surrounding buildings; and

Lighting improvements are needed throughout Capitol District.

Staff Amenities

State employee day-care is desired;

Tunnel system is highly valued in winter months;

More bike lockers for commuters are desired; and

Smoking areas need to be better deﬁ ned at some State buildings.

Buildings and Departments

Many buildings are overcrowded; closets and conference rooms are being made into ofﬁ ces and cubicles;

Information technologies and telecommunications need to be centrally located;

More conference space and storage space is needed;

Several buildings need updated mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems;

State Health Laboratories request to be in a separate central location due to the nature of their work;

Department of Education is a growth agency and needs more space;

The departments of the Attorney General and the Division of Criminal Investigations should be located together in a new “Justice Center”, possibly outside the Capitol District; and

Department of Corrections should be in a separate facility, possibly outside of the Capitol District.

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Project Goal

The goal for the Vision 2020 Plan has been determined through the public process described above, and the consultant team’s analysis of the Capitol District. The overarching goal for this project is to improve the functionality and image of the State Capitol District so it performs better for the State, city and community.

Several objectives have been identiﬁ ed to achieve this goal:

Strengthen the Capitol District as a vital area of the city. The Capitol District is a valued area of Cheyenne. It provides a connection with the history of the City and physically is linked with the downtown and the surrounding neighborhoods.

Enhance the Capitol District’s unique identity. Build improvements that strengthen the identity of the Capitol District yet compliment the surrounding context of the city. Ensure that future improvements reﬂ ect the dignity and importance of the District’s daily proceedings.

Expand opportunities for public and civic places. Transform open spaces into active public places for the State employees, for visitors and tourists, and the general public. Encourage the provision of programmed activities and vendors where possible.

Preserve the historic character. Build on the original landscape aesthetic established by important civic buildings centered in a lawn area. Preserve the historic Capitol Avenue axis, building height limits, and the Randall Avenue view of the Capitol.

Promote safety and security throughout the Capitol District. Incorporate safety and security into public realm elements, and improve the function of these elements within the Capitol District.

Maximize opportunities for parking and vehicular access. Manage parking in a manner that limits surface parking and maximizes street parking for visitors and State employees.

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Historical Development of Cheyenne and the Capitol District

On July 4, 1867, the fi rst tents were pitched by pioneers in what is now known as Cheyenne. The fi rst residents were men who moved west to work on the Union Pacifi c Railroad. By 1869 Cheyenne was home to variety of residences, including railroad gangs, soldiers from Fort D.A. Russell (which is now F.E. Warren Air Force Base) and employees from Camp Carlin, a supply camp for all of the northern posts on the Indian frontier. The Union Pacifi c, one of the most heavily traversed railroads, passed through Cheyenne, providing direct access to the East. This enabled the city to receive the latest fashion, furniture, publications and entertainment. By 1886 Central Park and St. Mary’s School 1875 the population had grown to 5,000. are built northeast of the park

The birds-eye view of Cheyenne in the 1882 map (shown below) depicts a thriving town, with an active railroad supporting shops, saloons, and hotels. Central park, often referred to as City Park, once encompassed four square blocks between Capitol and Warren Avenues, and 22nd and 24th Streets. Carriages were driven through the park, as did horseback riders and cyclists. Band concerts were held weekly from the round wooden bandstand in the center of the park. People strolled the walks and rested in lattice shelter houses and benches as children played on swings and slides. Central Avenue was the main street for the town. In 1885, the Society of the Holy Child Jesus built their school on the parcel just north of the park on the eastern side. This was an early instance in Cheyenne of a public building being located along a park edge. 1890 The State Capitol and Depot are built on axis anchoring Capitol Avenue

Map of 1882. Central Park can be seen in the topright corner. 1927 Central Avenue became a through Photo Credit: Denver Public Library, Western History Collection street, bisecting Central Park 6 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

In 1886 two very signiﬁ cant buildings were planned; the Wyoming State Capitol and the Union Paciﬁ c Depot. Construction of the Depot began in 1886 and was the largest and most unique station between Omaha and San Francisco for the period. Realizing the symbolic importance of the Capitol, the State located the building on two city blocks. With the St. Mary’s school to the east of the park, the Capitol was located off-center to the west of the park, adjacent to the school, symmetrically on axis with Hill Avenue. The cornerstone of the Wyoming State Capitol was laid on May 18, 1887. The 1936 The addition of the Supreme location of these two buildings directly affected the urban form of the city Court/State Library Building in the last century. Central Avenue, terminating at the Central Park became secondary to Capitol Avenue. The axial relationship between the Depot and the Capitol formed Cheyenne’s downtown new main street.

Central Avenue became a through street when the City Park was turned over to the State in the early 1930’s. The most western block became home to the Supreme Court/State Library Building in 1936 and later the Barrett Building in 1952. Each building footprint sits in the center of a superblock surrounded by open lawns.

1952 The addition of the Barrett Building

1975 The additions of the Hathaway, Smith and Hunt buildings and the acquisition of Emerson School

1987 The addition of the Herschler and Current Map of the Capitol District and the Core area Rogers buildings State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 7 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Establishment of the Capitol Core within the Capitol District The development of the State Capitol, Supreme Court/State Library and Barrett buildings created a unique character within the Capitol District with each building being centered within a landscaped park. Building on this theme, later development including the Hathaway and Herschler buildings, contributed to establish a park-like “Capitol Core” within the Capitol District bound by 22nd and 26th Streets, and Carey and Central Avenues. This concept of differentiating the Capitol Core as a component within the Capitol District is important in distinguishing the civic character throughout the Capital District, and is used to describe the geographic area for some improvements presented in the recommendations section of this plan.

Past Planning Frameworks within the Capitol District The landscape architect and planner, S.R. DeBoer came to Cheyenne between 1920 and 1930 and developed a plan for a “State and City Public Center”. DeBoer strengthened the Capitol Avenue axis through the introduction of a mall, expanded the Central Park west of Capitol Avenue, and introduced a minor cross axis. The civic mall, which included fl ower beds, pools and fountains, was framed by a State offi ce building, an S.R. DeBoer’s Plan, 19201930 auditorium, and a public offi ce building. To the north, a romantic park was Photo Credit: Denver Public Library, Western History Collection designed to act as a backdrop to the Capitol.

In 1970, Kellogg and Kellogg Architects prepared a study that considered several site locations for what would become the Hathaway building. This study proposed a scheme that also built on the DeBoer Plan by respecting the long axis, expanding the park west, and preserving a minor cross axis along 23rd Street. (Scheme 1). However, this scheme was not realized and the Hathaway building was built directly opposite the Supreme Court/State Library Building, therefore eliminating West 23rd Street as a through street and blocking the view of the Supreme Court/State Library Building (Scheme 2). Unlike the preceding civic buildings, the Hathaway Building does not Kellogg and Kellogg Plan, 1970 Scheme 1 sit in the center of the superblock, rather it established a strong street edge along Capitol Avenue. The limited setback of the building encroaches on the Capitol front lawn and pinches the view of the Capitol from Downtown.

Later in 1976, these same concepts were emphasized again in the Ostgren and Associates Plan, which proposed a mall to establish an exterior environment sympathetic to the seat of government. The concept was to develop a continuous site area for a mall, therefore closing 24th and 25th Streets to vehicular trafﬁ c and converting it to pedestrian use only. This master plan was not established, however later in 1984, 25th Avenue was

Kellogg and Kellogg Plan, 1970 Scheme 2

8 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division closed to through trafﬁ c in order to accommodate the Herschler Building and Plaza.

While all the plans contain different details, the planning frameworks are clear:

Strengthen the axes and symmetry within the core of the Capitol District;

Expand the civic park space west of Capitol Avenue; and

Build civic buildings symmetrically within a park landscape.

State and Civic Ownership within the Capitol District Since the Capitol was built, the State has acquired additional land immediately adjacent to the Capitol Core buildings including the new parking garage lot, the properties for the Smith, Hathaway, Hunt and Kendrick buildings, the properties for the Rogers and Herschler buildings. Taken together, the State owns approximately 78% of the land between 26th and 22nd Streets, and Pioneer and Warren Avenues. South of the Capitol Core the State also acquired the Emerson Building. Outside of State ownership, there exist many public and civic buildings within the Capitol District with a concentration along Capitol Avenue. These include federal and city buildings, and two churches. Ostgren Plan, 1976

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Framework Concept

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VISION

The framework concept below is represented from the “Wyoming State Capitol District Framework Plan” for the purpose of providing a clear and consistent foundation for the recommendations that follow.

Framework Concept: Capitol in the Park

The Capitol Framework builds on the established frameworks and expands them to address future change that will evolve the Capitol District into a more functional and memorable civic place. Four vision themes have been developed based on adopted public policies and a thorough public process involving State, federal, county and city ofﬁ cials and staff. They are Statements of intent that reﬂ ect the character of the Capitol District and identify elements that should be employed in any future design work or policy adoption.

Vision Themes

Accommodating change in the Capitol District will require building on and expanding the historic vision as a foundation for the future.

Enhancing the Capitol District as a memorable civic place and regional destination will require the creation of authentic and diverse civic spaces, while expanding the range of attractions and economic development Framework Diagram opportunities.

Integrating the Capitol District with the adjacent community will require addressing the needs of the State while integrating a mix of uses, open spaces and local services for neighbors.

Achieving a more uniﬁ ed and equitable Capitol District will require an improved transportation system that minimizes circulation and parking barriers for vehicles and pedestrians and provides better access to downtown businesses.

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Existing Base Map

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SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS

The appendix includes a thorough documentation of urban design and planning analysis conducted for the study area. To provide a clear foundation for the recommendations that follow, a summary of the existing conditions is provided here.

Existing Base Map

The following base map was prepared to locate the major urban design components within the Capitol District including: buildings, streets, sidewalks, paths, signiﬁ cant landscape, and signiﬁ cant public domain elements. This base map does not attempt to locate major utilities or engineering facilities. However, this information will need to be documented to prepare construction documents intended to implement the recommendations in this plan.

Street Block Analyses

An urban design block analysis was prepared for each of the twenty-three blocks in the Capitol District (see following page). These analyses were prepared using base maps, aerial and site photography, and through site visits and inspections. Each analysis documented sixteen criteria regarding use, ownership, zoning, quality of area, land utilization, urban form, historic character, site furniture, public art, signage and wayﬁ nding, parking, access to public transportation, smoking amenities, weather and landscaping. Each block analysis concluded with key recommendations for each block. Those recommendations are represented here.

BLOCK 1 - Residential Neighborhood

This is a special block as it includes a historic pocket park and an axis linking Fort D.A. Russell to the Capitol. This view from Randall Avenue to the Capitol shall be preserved and strengthen by streetscape treatments. To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

BLOCK 2 - Residential Neighborhood

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exist opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

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BlockbyBlock Diagram

BLOCK 3 - Residential Neighborhood To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

BLOCK 4 - Residential Neighborhood To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

BLOCK 5 - Residential Neighborhood

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build inﬁ ll development.

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BLOCK 6- Herschler Building The Herschler building occupies most of the block and dominates the Capitol District. It has cut-off the views of the Capitol from the neighborhood to the north. The opportunity exists in the future that when the life of the Herschler Building expires that this block will be redeveloped as a park and an open space that celebrates the Capitol and provides an amenity to the neighborhood.

BLOCK 7 - Residential Neighborhood To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments.

BLOCK 8 - State Parking Garage There exists an opportunity in the future to incorporate mixed uses on the ground level of the garage. To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue additional streetscape treatments are recommended.

BLOCK 9 - Wyoming State Capitol To highlight the most historic building in the State, the Capitol, the opportunity exists to organize the landscape around the Capitol that maintains the views of the building, while emphasize focal points. It is recommended to remove the random tree planting surrounding the building and keep plantings to the edges and corners. The two mature pines in the front are overgrown and blocking the architectural features of the Capitol. When the lives of these trees expire it is recommended to replace them with smaller ornamental trees. Flower beds are recommended to remain in the focal areas, such as the front door. Additional streetscape improvements along 24th Street are suggested to strengthen the character along this special street.

BLOCK 10 - St. Mary’s School The opportunity exists to acquire the St. Mary’s School and redevelop the entire block. Under this scenario, the State could provide high quality buildings, use what is needed and then sell or lease any remaining space to the private sector.

BLOCK 11 – Wyoming School Board, Church, The Egg and I. To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build inﬁ ll development.

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BLOCK 12 – Hathaway, Hunt, Smith, and Kendrick Building The Hathaway Building blocks the historical axis to the Supreme Court/ State Library Building. It’s location is too close to Capitol Avenue, therefore pinching the historic view of the Capitol Building from downtown. There exists an opportunity to redevelop the Hunt and Smith properties for other State uses and potential private uses. Since Capital Avenue is the ceremonial axis and arrival to the Capitol, there exists a long-term opportunity to strengthen the symmetry of the block, and provide a building within a similar character to the Supreme Court/State Library Building; a building that is placed in a landscape with large setbacks from the street. If this were to occur, the use of this building should be a civic building, such as a museum, or other civic based program, or continue to be used as State ofﬁ ces.

BLOCK 13 – Supreme Court and State Library Building The Supreme Court and State Library Building is a complement to both the State Capitol and the Barrett building. To strengthen the character of the landscape surrounding the building, there exists an opportunity to remove various random trees and vegetation within the lawn areas and concentrate the tree clusters at the corners of the block, and incorporate street tree improvements.

BLOCK 14 – Barrett Building To maximize visibility and to create a more consistent landscaped treatment within the Capitol Core, there exists an opportunity to remove selected pine trees along the length of 24th Street and replace them with tree clusters, with a high canopy, at the corners of the block, as this is the historic landscape typology for planting within the Capitol District. To strengthen the open landscape character in blocks on either side of Capitol Avenue, there exists an opportunity to more densely plant the north and south lawns of this block, while allowing for active and passive activities in the interior of these areas, and providing trees with high canopies to maximize views throughout the complex. To further strengthen this character, visitor parking could be located in back of the building or located on the State owned parking lot east of Warren Avenue.

BLOCK 15 – Rogers Building and Taco John’s To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to build inﬁ ll development along Carey Avenue and to orient access from other streets. When the useful life of the Rogers building is completed, there exists an opportunity for the State to consider acquisition of the Taco

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John’s property and provide redevelopment over the entire block. Under this scenario, the State could provide high quality buildings, use what is needed and then sell or lease the remaining space to the private sector.

BLOCK 16 – Federal Building and Research and Title Services To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build inﬁ ll development.

BLOCK 17 – Federal Building To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

BLOCK 18 – Catholic Church and State Leased Parking To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments along Central Avenue and provide a higher quality streetscape along 22nd Street to create a higher quality edge along the State leased surface parking on the block. In the longer-term, there exists an opportunity for the construction of a multi-story parking garage to replace the existing surface parking. This site is a good location for Capitol core parking since it is along the edge of the core and will allow denser development within the core. Increased parking supply at this location could relieve parking demand issues related to the Supreme Court/State Library Building and the Barrett Building.

BLOCK 19 – Wyoming Education Association To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

In the longer-term, to create a stronger street edge, the existing uses could be redeveloped into a single or multiple mixed-use buildings with the same uses incorporated into buildings with better street frontage, minimal setbacks and rear or mid-block parking.

BLOCK 20 – Wyoming Financial Center To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments along Carey Avenue. In the longer-term, if on-site parking can be accommodated for the Wyoming Financial Center, there exists opportunities to build inﬁ ll development along Carey Avenue. A parking structure could be provided in the middle of the block with street oriented commercial development along Carey Avenue.

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BLOCK 21 – City Police Department and American National Bank To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape along the street edges.

BLOCK 22 – Emerson Building To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape along the street edges. Surface parking along Central Avenue could be screened to improve the streetscape character.

BLOCK 23 – Bank, Ofﬁ ce, Leased State Parking and Residences To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

In the longer-term, when the useful life of the buildings fronting on Central Avenue is complete, the existing uses could be redeveloped into a single or multiple mixed-use buildings with the same uses incorporated into buildings with better street frontage, minimal setbacks and rear or mid-block parking.

State Owned Facility Matrix

A matrix was prepared to perform a comparative analysis of State owned buildings within the Capitol Core (See Appendix). The matrix presents a status ranking per category by building, and should be used as a tool to assist in long-term decision-making for capital investments on existing buildings.

The key to using this matrix is to reference column 1 – Signiﬁ cance and Importance, as this is the category that carries the heaviest weight with a factor of 5. Then reference the last column, 18 – Overall Ranking. As the State makes decisions on which building needs improvements, a building that has a low overall ranking score (column 18) and a high signiﬁ cance/ importance score (column 1) should receive a high level of attention as to capital investment concerning repairs, upgrades and enhancements.

Using the method explained above, the key ﬁ ndings are that the Supreme Court/State Library Building, with a Signiﬁ cance and Importance score of 5 and an Overall Ranking of 103 should be a priority for receiving capital investment. Using the same principal, the next building in line is the Capitol Building.

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Overall Plan of Recommendations

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are based on several questions that surfaced from the analysis, consultation with State, staff and community input. The issues cover a range of physical improvements, policy changes, and opportunities for capital investment. The recommendations fall under ﬁ ve categories: streetscape and civic character, signage and wayﬁ nding, open space and recreation, circulation, parking and access, and land use and redevelopment.

Streetscape and Civic Character

The public streets within and surrounding the Capitol District form its strongest visual and civic character. Today, these streets contain inconsistent landscape and streetscape treatments thereby providing inconsistent security treatments and a confused character. Within the Capitol District, streetscapes should establish a hierarchy and contain consistent treatments to present a civic character and present the clarity and conﬁ dence of State government. Furthermore, the streets within the Capitol District require greater security treatments to reduce the threat of terrorist acts against the State. This section outlines security issues and recommendations, and establishes a hierarchy of streetscapes and treatments within the Capitol District.

Streetscapes and Security A separate security study was prepared by the State government after the September 11 attacks of 2001. Due to the nature of the material, the consultant team was granted limited access to the data. The implementation of this security plan is recommended. The implementation of the security plan should integrate and incorporate the recommendations in this plan. The following recommendations introduce overall security concepts to be incorporated into streets where security risk has previously been estimated.

Security Treatments within the Capitol District The Capitol District should integrate security measures to help protect citizens, elected ofﬁ cials, and the broader community. However, security should not be overbearing, or dominate the appearance of the Capitol or its accessibility. The intent of the Vision 2020 Plan is not to determine which buildings are at risk, rather to suggest urban design features that aid in security while creating monumental and memorable streetscapes. For instance, a bench can serve many purposes. It is a street amenity that can be quite attractive, comfortable to sit on, and be strong enough to withstand

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 21 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan the force of a moving vehicle. The appropriate materials and treatments for trees, lighting, signage and furniture can give the Capitol District character while adding a level of security.

In order to establish how much or how little security measures are needed each agency must determine their appropriate level of protection and level of risk. Each agency should consult and coordinate with State government to review the previously mentioned security study. Not all buildings will require the same levels of treatments. Barriers to prevent vehicles from entering buildings will be designed differently depending on the standoff distances from buildings and the speed and weight of possible vehicles. “The National Capital Urban Design and Security Plan” drafted by the National Capital Planning Commission in July 2002, identiﬁ es security zones located between a building and the street.

The Building Yard Zone is deﬁ ned by the building face and the sidewalk. Pedestrian access and unloading typically occur in this area. It is important that the security feature in this zone compliment the architecture and Installing security stations throughout the Captiol landscape. An example of a security barrier would be a raised planter or District will increase safety plinth wall.

The Sidewalk Zone is deﬁ ned by the building yard and the curb. The sidewalk is not only serves a function for circulation, it is the area that promotes active public uses and should be treated with careful design. This area should remain open and streetscape elements kept to the edges. Curb side parking and trafﬁ c lanes do not need to be eliminated when this zone can be treated with security elements.

Heavily constructed seating can act as a barrier to vehicles entering sidewalk zones

Security Zones

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The Curb Lane Zone is the lane closest to the sidewalk and is used for street parking, passenger drop-off, servicing and loading. This lane should only be removed if the building requires an additional standoff distance.

Streetscape Security Elements

The following streetscape elements should be considered for improvements to the character and security within the Capitol District.

Hardened street furniture Light poles and signage Bollards Seat bollards/walls Fence wall Bollard fence Plinth wall Planters/seat walls

Integrated streetscape elements can enhance Care should be taken when specifying speciﬁ c elements to ensure consistency character while providing security throughout the Capitol District. Many manufacturers can provide a family of elements, with similar character, that contain a variety of levels security protection. It is recommended that the State prepare a streetscape and security technical manual to coordinate the long-term improvements of streetscapes throughout the Capitol District.

Street Hierarchy To strengthen the framework concept of providing a “Capitol in the Park” the following streetscape hierarchy has been established and contains three levels of street character: special streets, edge streets, and transition streets. All Planters can act as a barrier to vehicles entering three street types should be built from a consistent palette of treatments, sidewalk zones materials, and colors, and vary by quality of ﬁ nishes and quantity of treatments. For instance, paving materials located in special streets should be of higher quality than paving materials provided in transition streets. Moreover, the amount of quality of materials used in special street treatments should be more than the amount used in transition street treatments.

The following recommended streetscape improvement areas are presented by street type. Each street type contains design objectives followed by recommended strategies to achieve these objectives.

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Street Types: Red=Special Streets Blue= Edge Streets Yellow=Transition Streets

Special Streets

Special streets include Capitol Avenue, 24th Street, and Randall Avenue. Capitol Avenue is the gateway to the State Capitol from Downtown and establishes a strong civic symmetry. 24th Street is the front door to the State Capitol and bisects the conceptual “park” within the Capitol Core. These streets should provide the highest level of quality within the streetscape hierarchy.

24th Street

24th Street is the Capitol’s main access and front door. It should be the most celebrated street in the Capitol District.

24 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Objectives:

− Manage the temporary closure of the street for vehicles for large civic events.

− Accommodate staging for events, parades and festivals.

− Reinforce the “park-like” character established in the Capitol Core.

− Establish a digniﬁ ed and welcoming entrance to the Capitol.

− Establish a pedestrian precinct in front of the Capitol.

24th St. Streetscape Improvements − Facilitate safe pedestrian connections to a new State building on the St. Mary’s block, and to the new State parking structure.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build a linear plaza in the street with special pavement to indicate it as a pedestrian street.

Install removable bollards at the ends of the street to manage vehicular access for special events.

Install a rhythm of decorative lighting, bollards, benches and planters along both sides of the street.

Build prominent pedestrian crossings at Carey and Central Streets. Focal point elements should include: sculpture, art, walls and ornamental trees.

24th Street Section

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 25 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Capitol Avenue Capitol Avenue is another monumental street due to the historic axis to the Union Paciﬁ c Depot and the direct connection with Downtown. Recently street improvements have incorporated the Downtown standards with the addition of trees, paving, street lighting, benches and pedestrian crossings. However there should be additional improvements in the block from 23rd to 24th Streets.

Objectives:

− Establish a gateway into the Capitol District at 22nd Street through the provision of monumental and civic elements.

− Reinforce the “park-like” character of the Capitol Core by minimizing the presence of the street.

− Strengthen the civic character within the Capitol District though improved connections between the Supreme Court/State Library Building with the Hathaway Building.

− Encourage consistent streetscape treatments on the east and west sides of the street to eliminate inconsistent streetscape character.

Artist’s rendering of streetscape improvements along Capitol Avenue

26 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build consistent streetscape treatments along the east and west sidewalks. Provide a double alee tree lawn and attached sidewalk on each side of the street.

Build special treatments at 23rd Street including walls, art and ornamental trees.

Build mid-block pedestrian crossings and special pavement plazas to connect the Supreme Court/State Library and Hathaway entrances. Flower beds should be considered to highlight these two entrances.

Randall Avenue

Although this street is located outside the Capitol Core, it is a very important gateway to the Capitol District. The axis from the State Capitol to Fort D.A. Russell, now the F.E. Warren Air Force Base, is a historic view that should be strengthened with streetscape treatments. It is recommended that the State to work with the City in improving the streetscape along the blocks leading up to the State Capitol. This should include additional street trees, historical lighting, and signage.

Edge Streets

Edge streets include Carey and Central Avenues and are the edges between the Capitol Core and the Capitol District. These streets should provide the second highest level of quality within the streetscape hierarchy.

Carey and Central Avenues Both Carey and Central Avenues are major arterial streets for Cheyenne. Both are one-way streets with two drive lanes and street parking on either side. Carey traffi c runs north while Central runs south. It is also important to note that Central Avenue is Wyoming State Highway 85. The traffi c moves rather quickly and is very diffi cult for pedestrians to cross safety.

Objectives:

− Reinforce the “park-like” character of the streetscape by creating two characters: A park edge on the Capitol Core side, and an urban edge on the Capitol District side.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 27 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

− Facilitate safe pedestrian crossings by creating better pedestrian connections from the adjacent State Building blocks to the District Core area.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build detached sidewalks with double rows of trees on the park edge sides of these streets.

Build attached sidewalks with single rows of trees in grates on the urban edge sides of these streets.

Install a consistent rhythm of street furniture and amenities on both sides of these streets to tie together different tree and sidewalk treatments.

Install street light poles that include taller lights for vehicular safety and lower pedestrian lights for pedestrian safety. Light Poles should also incorporate banners and ﬂ ags to provide color and information regarding State and community events.

Build trafﬁ c-calming at each intersection consisting of either neck- downs or wider crosswalks.

Carey and Central Avenues Section

28 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Transition Streets

Transition streets include the remaining streets in the Capitol District since each street provides a transition between the above mentioned street types, or a transition between the Capitol District and neighboring community streets. These streets should provide the third highest level of quality within the streetscape hierarchy.

Objectives:

− Establish consistent streetscape treatments throughout the transition type streets.

− Facilitate safe pedestrian crossings by creating better pedestrian connections throughout the Capitol District and adjacent neighborhood blocks.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Install consistent treatments for all transition street types including: consistent tree species and placement; street lighting; sidewalk types, sizes and materials; and street furniture.

Install crosswalks and pedestrian curb ramps at each intersection in the Capitol District.

Signage and Wayfinding

The State buildings contained within Wyoming, including the various counties, and the city of Cheyenne, are visited by people to serve a full range of needs. In concept, State buildings should be the most publicly accessible buildings in Wyoming since the departments serve its citizens. Users to State buildings include tourists, State employees, business persons, students and the general public. All public users need an easy and user-friendly manner in which to navigate to all publicly accessible State buildings. While this is a large task to accommodate all the State buildings in Wyoming, it can be

Consistent State building signage should be used more easily implemented for the State buildings and departments located for all State buildings in Capitol District within the Capitol District.

Currently, signage and wayﬁ nding are inconsistently located and treated. Signs that identify the names of buildings are inconsistent throughout the district, and there is not an easy and clear manner for the general public to locate State departments within the district.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 29 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Objectives:

− Establish a wayﬁ nding system to accommodate all users to the district arriving by all travel modes.

− Allow people to easily locate publicly accessible State departments within the Capitol District.

− Use a consistent palette of colors, materials and treatments to integrate signage and wayﬁ nding systems.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Design a digitally-based kiosk wayﬁ nding system that can be accessed from an internet-capable computer, public areas within State buildings. Install this system at strategic locations along streets and public open spaces.

Design a hierarchical signage-based wayﬁ nding system consistent in graphic character as a digitally based wayﬁ nding system. Install this system at regional access locations to the Capitol District, within the Cheyenne communities, and throughout the Capitol District.

Design a hierarchical signage system to identify building departments Example of directional signage for all State and cultural buildings in the Capitol District and building names. Install this system within public spaces of buildings and in consistent locations at the main entrances of State buildings.

Open Space and Recreation

Wyoming is known for its wide open spaces. A landscape aesthetic was established at the time the Capitol was built in 1887: State buildings centered within a landscape. The edges were well deﬁ ned by street trees, yet the interior lawn remained open. This landscape concept can still be seen today within the super-blocks that contain the Supreme Court/State Library building, the Barrett Building, and the Capitol Building. However, over time new buildings, surface parking and overgrown trees have encroached into the open “park-like” character of the original Capitol District grounds. Buildings, parking and the location of trees have been added without a clear vision or plan. Today, the clarity of the historic landscape character within the district is challenged by buildings that block views of the Capitol, surface parking, and inconsistent plantings, which do not add aesthetic value to the district.

Example of a nondigital Directory

30 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

The Capitol District is also challenged by public open spaces that do not function well, including Herschler Plaza, and passive open spaces adjacent to the Capitol, Supreme Court/State Library Building, and the Barrett Building.

While land use and parking recommendations are presented later in this document, recommendations for Trees within the Capitol Core, Improvements to Herschler Plaza, and Provision of Recreational Open Space are presented here. Each issue contains design objectives followed by recommended strategies to achieve these objectives.

Trees within the Capitol Core The open lawn areas in the Capitol Core, primarily around the Capitol and Supreme Court/State Library buildings, historically remained open in order to communicate the civic importance of these monumental buildings. Over time additional unplanned trees have been planted in these open areas.

Objectives: This diagram indicates the areas of plantings that should remain open and visually permeable (light − Preserve the historic landscape of the Capitol Core containing open green) compared to areas that should be enclosed (dark green). The enclosed plantings create an lawns with buildings located in the center of these lawns. edge along the perimeter of the Capitol Core − Minimize the location of trees next to buildings to reduce possible structural damage to buildings foundations, and maximize the visual presence of these civic buildings.

− Consider denser locations of trees within the lawn areas surrounding the Barrett Building to emphasize the openness of the three primary buildings located within the Capitol Core.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Remove or relocate trees closer than ten feet from any State building in the Capitol Core to minimize possible foundation damage and maximize the visual presence of these buildings.

Remove or relocate trees in the historic open lawn areas and maintain only specimen trees.

Plant additional trees along the edges of the Barrett Building block, while maintaining open lawns to the north and south through the planting of high canopy trees.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 31 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Improvements to Herschler Plaza

Currently the plaza between the Herschler Building and the Capitol Building is in need of repair and improvements. The structural integrity of the plaza above the underground parking structure is challenged and plant material is under stress. The space is composed of hard materials that are light in color, producing high amounts of glare. The space contains plant material located in planters that are not coordinated with seating and therefore offer minimal shade and wind breaks during times of high heat, and provides little winter protection from cold winds and storms. With minimal formal seating, the plaza does not attract many visitors. With a creative design this area has the potential to become a very active area for the Herschler Plaza existing conditions general public and for State employees.

Objectives:

− Establish an active plaza that is comfortable for all persons during all seasons.

− Integrate plant materials to manage sun, wind and noise.

− Accommodate a variety of spaces for large gatherings and small groups.

− Allow for outdoor vendors.

− Create a focal point for the termination of Randall Avenue and 25th Street.

Artist’s rendering of proposed improvements to Herschler Plaza

32 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division − Consider the location of a visitor center structure to accommodate tourists and groups and provide exhibition/gallery space.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build an iconic structure for the center of the plaza that compliments the character of the Herschler and the Capitol buildings.

Design and build the plaza to provide shade in the summer and block wind in the winter.

Build softscapes and hardscapes to accommodate large group events and small group gatherings.

Design and install weather-protective areas with tables and chairs for outdoor dining.

Install infrastructure, including electrical outlets and drainage connections, to serve vendor carts and outdoor dining services.

Design and install additional lighting and seating.

Provision of Recreational Open Space

The Capitol Core currently contains many areas that are used for informal passive recreation. People sitting on the lawn areas while eating a bag lunch or reading a book are common sites. However, there exist few amenities for passive recreation, including the lack of seating.

Additionally, the Capitol Core should contain civic gathering spaces to accommodate a range of events, including demonstrations, media events, presentations and performances. Since Herschler Plaza offers a large-sized civic open space composed primarily of hard materials, this space is adequate to accommodate many events. However, there exists an opportunity to create a civic gathering space that could offer the State a complimentary character and accommodate more intimate events such as performances and small-sized presentations. This kind of civic space could be similar in function to an outdoor amphitheater. The location of such a civic space should be adjacent to the Capitol Building to offer an appropriate counterpoint location to Herschler Plaza. Based on the existing land uses, areas to be consider could include locations on the Capitol Building grounds, the Supreme Court/State Library Building grounds, the possible acquisition of St. Mary’s school site, and the grounds of the Barrett Building.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Objectives:

− Accommodate for a variety of modes of passive recreation including walking and sitting within the lawn areas of the Capitol Core.

− Facilitate a complete range of outdoor civic activities and events, including large-scale and small-scale gatherings, presentations and demonstrations.

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Install additional amenities, to accommodate more modes of passive recreation in the Capitol Core lawn areas, including seating, pedestrian paths and lighting.

Build an outdoor gathering space, to provide functions similar to an amphitheater, which will provide for civic activities less suited for Herschler Plaza. This civic space should accommodate State, city and community events, such as State Museum lectures and events, City sponsored performances and events, and health fairs.

The Capitol District serves both active gatherings Circulation, Access and Parking and passive recreation

The circulation patterns surrounding the Capitol District consist of one- ways streets running north and south, and two-way streets running east and west. While more trafﬁ c can be accommodated utilizing this manner of circulation system, this can be an inefﬁ cient system for access as it does not allow for U-turns, and sometimes requires circling many blocks if a desired destination is missed.

The Capitol Core is located between two one-way streets, Carey and Central Avenues. Central Avenue also holds the designation of Wyoming State Highway 85. The posted speed limit is 35 miles per hour. However, the travel lanes are approximately twelve-feet wide and accommodate traffi c at much higher speeds. During site visits, the consultant team estimated traffi c commonly traveling between speeds of 45 and 55 miles per hour. Additionally, the quantity of traffi c is projected to increase as Cheyenne grows. To create a pedestrian safe environment throughout the Capitol District will require reducing the actual speed of traffi c and minimizing the amount number of travels lanes pedestrians are required to cross between areas of pedestrian refuge. Safe pedestrian crossings and traffi c calming devices will be required to ensure pedestrian safety throughout the Capitol District.

34 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

State facilities within the Capitol District have not offered adequate off-street parking for employees. State employees have historically parked at on-street locations in residential neighborhoods and at long-term parking meters. While the recently completed State employee parking lot across from the Capitol Building has reduced the amount of on-street State employee parking, many State employees still do not have adequate access to parking within a desirable distance to their destinations. To respond to this issue, requests for new surface parking lots have increased with a recent surface lot replacing lawn area south of the Hathaway Building.

The paving of open space for the creation of surface parking is a short-term solution that carries long-term impacts. Parking needs to be managed through a comprehensive parking management system. Such a system will identify thresholds for new parking creation and identify appropriate locations and types to fulﬁ ll parking needs. Moreover, the conversion of open space within the Capitol District to parking and other uses has greatly reduced the amount of usable open space for the general public, and is not consistent with the historical character image of the Capitol District.

The State has many surface parking areas that are signed as State parking only. However, the State does not have a means to enforce the restricted parking within the Capitol District. Improvements need to be made to ensure that parking that has been reserved for the State employees and visitors is used effectively.

As Cheyenne grows, and trafﬁ c becomes more congested, a mass transit commitment will play a more signiﬁ cant role in accessing the Capitol District. While a city managed transit system does exist, it is not well utilized. A successful transit system must be affordable to ride and accommodate frequent stops. A revised partnership with the city should be established to improve the transit system between downtown businesses and the Capitol District.

Objectives:

− Ensure safe pedestrian crossings throughout the Capitol District.

− Accommodate State employee and State visitor parking needs.

− Manage existing State parking areas.

− Minimize surface parking within the Capitol Core.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 35 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

− Minimize the creation of new surface parking lots within the Capitol District.

− Promote and accommodate alternative transportation modes and bicycle commuting.

− Improve the mass transit system and establish frequent stops in the Capitol District.

− Partner with City to promote a trolley system along Capitol Avenue.

Parking and Pedestrian Circulation Diagram Black long dashes: Proposed or reconfigured parking lots Red arrows: Major and minor street crossings Red dotted lines: Proposed walkways

36 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build additional pedestrian paths throughout the Capitol District to facilitate pedestrian movement and access to all buildings in the Capitol District. These paths should be incorporate desired movements with a design that emphasizes the civic quality of the Capitol District.

Prepare and adopt a comprehensive parking management study. The study should consider quantity and location demands based on the number of employees and visitors located at each facility. The study

Trolley system should be promoted and enhanced should consider multiple parking typologies including above-ground within the Capitol District and below-grade parking structures, and the study should review current parking facilities. New State buildings should be considered for the provision of additional parking to supplement the overall parking shortage throughout the Capitol District. This study should also include management techniques for existing State parking areas to ensure that State employees and visitors maintain maximum access to State parking lots. Without active patrolling on behalf of the State, consideration should be given to key-activated parking gates.

Prepare and adopt Design Standards and Guidelines for parking within the Capitol District. These guidelines should provide design strategies to minimize parking impacts within the Capitol District.

Rebuild access and parking behind the Supreme Court/State Library Building. To maximize the parking, provide one-way diagonal parking bays directly behind the building and build an additional exit onto Central Avenue. The length of parking bays should be less than the length of the building. Shrubs and trees should be designed to screen Structured parking should be incorporated in new the views of parked cars, and minimize street noise. mixeduse buildings Remove parking north of the Barrett Building, reconﬁ gure parking behind the Barrett Building, and utilize parking on corner of 24th Street and Warren Avenue. The redevelopment of the St. Mary’s Block should provide supplemental parking for the Barrett Building. Once built, the parking north of Barrett building should be removed and returned to open space. Parking behind the Barrett Building, similar to the Supreme Court/State Library Building, should be better utilized by incorporating one-way access with diagonal parking bays with an additional curb cut onto Warren Avenue.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 37 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Remove Hunt and Smith buildings and reconfi gure parking and access behind the Hathaway Building. Based on the fi ndings from the State Owned Facility Matrix presented earlier in this document, these building’s systems are ineffi cient and the buildings are less adaptable for reuse. Once the St. Mary’s Block is redeveloped these two buildings should be removed and a temporary use of additional surface parking could be provided to accommodate lack of parking for the State employees in the Hathaway Building. To achieve a more civic axis along Capitol Avenue, curb cuts along Capitol Avenue should be eliminated and parking access to the Kendrick Building should be incorporated with the parking behind the Hathaway Building. Direct walks and crosswalks should be provided to primary entrances to the Hathaway Building and other buildings in the Capitol District.

Work with the City of Cheyenne to design and adopt a parking management plan for the city streets within the Capitol District. While there is a need to provide some amount of short-term parking for visitors to the area, there is also a need to accommodate longer-term parking for employees working in the area. The plan should consider the provision of longer-term on-street parking meter limits for streets located within and surrounding the Capitol District. The plan should identify residential areas where long-term parking meters are not desirable, and identify areas where long-term parking meters will not Decorative shelters at bus stops should be adversely impact residences. incorporated in the Capitol District

Land Use and Redevelopment

Even with the trend for leaner State government, as Wyoming’s population grows some departments will grow as well. Currently some departments lack appropriate types of space and lack an appropriate amount of space to conduct public service. Several State departments are housed in inadequate buildings. Closets have been transformed into ofﬁ ce space, and conference rooms have been divided into cubicles. The need for adequate storage and proper information technology provisions is increasing.

Several State departments lease space outside of State owned property. Many of these departments receive funds allocated for commercial rent, while it is possible that some departments that receive funds allocated for commercial rent utilize space within State owned buildings. While the State does utilize a lease manager to organize State department leases outside of State owned buildings, these efforts need to be coordinated with a State architect/planner

38 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

to review and recommend when new buildings should be acquired or built to meet the goals of the State for housing it’s departments and employees.

Conclusions from the street block analysis have identiﬁ ed several blocks within the Capitol District that have the potential for redevelopment. Some of these blocks contain parcels of State owned land and privately held land. The future redevelopment of these blocks could be accomplished in the following three ways. The State could redevelopment only the existing State owned land. Alternatively, the State could acquire remaining privately owned land to realize larger State redevelopment. Finally, the State could enter into a joint venture with the private sector to minimize costs while achieving Stated goals.

Objectives:

− Plan for the future space needs for the State within the Capitol District.

− Accommodate the space and functional needs of all State departments within and surrounding the Capitol District.

− Direct future State growth within the Capitol District.

Artist’s rendering of proposed redevelopment of St. Mary’s Block at the corner of Central Avenue and 24th Street

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 39 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Recommended Strategies and Components:

Build a new public building on the former St. Mary’s school site. The State has started the process to acquire the former St. Mary’s school site located directly east of the Capitol Building. A public street edge should be created to the side facing the State Capitol along Central Avenue. The west side of the block should include uses accessible to the general public, such as a library, museum, or educational use. A broader mix of uses, which could be achieved through a public and private joint venture partnership, could also include retail shop fronts and dining establishments.

Consider future redevelopment on the Rogers (DCI) site. The Rogers Building is currently used by the Department of Criminal Investigations and is inadequate for their existing use and future needs. The building has had many renovations and does not function well as an integrated building. The State owns the majority of the block where the building is located. When the useful life of the Rogers Building is over and redevelopment is eminent by State government, the private use, Taco Johns, should be acquired and new development should address the entire block with a public street edge along Carey Avenue. The possibility of a joint venture with the County to build a public library should also be considered. The presence of an active community building in the Capitol District will strengthen the civic environment.

Design and adopt redevelopment design standards and guidelines. To ensure that future redevelopment within the State Capitol occurs in a coordinated and consistent high quality manner, design standards and guidelines should be established and adopted by the State. These guidelines should address issues including: site planning, building entrances, building massing and scale, architecture, landscape, open space, signage, lighting and parking. Other areas should be added as needed to guide future development within the Capitol District.

Consider public and private joint ventures for future redevelopment. Public private partnerships may allow the State to create additional space for existing departments with minimal capitol expenditure. These types of developments may include a State component and a private sector development component including retail, ofﬁ ce, or residential.

Redevelop underutilized land currently owned by the State. Currently the State owns many properties within the Capitol District. Many of

40 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

these properties contain low-rise and low-density buildings which have resulted in a general underutilization of land. To utilize the State’s existing land assets better, the State should redevelop these properties with more dense development, when the useful life of these buildings are complete.

Consider the purchase of additional properties within the Capitol District. While the State owns many properties within the Capitol District, these properties are currently utilized for State needs and the State does not maintain undeveloped land within the District. While some future population growth of the State and the need to expand State departments is inevitable, the State will need to acquire additional property for expansion. Much of this growth should occur within the Capitol District and can be achieved through redevelopment of existing State owned assets in combination with acquisition of new land within the District. To strengthen the civic character and function of the Capitol District, land that should be considered for purchase are those parcels directly adjacent to all sides of the Capitol Core.

Prepare and adopt a State department space needs study for all State departments within the Capitol District and surrounding locations.

Artist’s rendering of proposed redevelopment of Rogers Building Block at the corner of Carey Avenue and 23rd Street

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 41 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

This study should identify the various space needs for each State department, including, offi ce space, meeting space, storage space, and other space needs that are unique to each department. This study should also identify the ability and amount of department dislocation can occur for the department to function effi ciently. For instance, some departments may operate fi ne located in multiple locations, while some departments require constant personal coordination that is challenged by multiple locations. This study should also be coordinated with the recommended comprehensive parking management study for the Capitol District. This study should be used to consider the reorganization of State departments to create more effi ciency throughout the State departments.

Hire a State architect/planner to coordinate and manage long-range planning for State owned real estate. This position will require State department space management and organization throughout the Capitol District, management of leases for State departments outside of the capitol district, review of land acquisition and planning, and enforcement of design standards and guidelines.

A study on the Supreme Court and State Library Building has been completed recently in August 2003. It is recommended that this plan be implemented.

A Condensate System and Ventilation Study was completed in October 2002 for the Wyoming State Capitol Building. It identiﬁ ed life safety issues to be addressed. It is recommended that this report be taken in consideration for improvements to the Capitol Building.

42 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

IMPLEMENTATION

The implementation of this Vision 2020 Plan will require leadership of the State and the willingness for the community, business owners and the City to share in the broader vision of the Capitol District. The success of this plan will be achieved primary through funding appropriations, and management and policy reform. Signiﬁ cant effort will be required to balance the needs of the State and city authorities, and achieve support from local neighborhoods and the private sector. The recommended strategies and components in this plan are separated into priority projects and phasing and organization and management.

Priority Projects and Phasing

The capital improvements presented in this plan have been prioritized based on stakeholder input and preliminary cost-beneﬁ t analysis. The recommendations in this plan should be completed by 2020, with many recommendations starting in the ﬁ rst year for policy reform.

2004-2009

Prepare and adopt a Capitol District comprehensive parking management study. $70,000

Prepare and adopt Capitol District design standards and guidelines. $100,000

Work with the City of Cheyenne to prepare and adopt a parking management policy for city streets within the Capitol District. $25,000

Hire a state architect/planner to coordinate and manage long-range planning for state owned real estate. $50,000- $80,000 annually

Prepare and adopt a State department space needs study for all within the Capitol District and surrounding locations. $35,000

Build repairs and improvements to Herschler Plaza. $2,500,000 - $5,000,000

Build a new public building on the former St. Mary’s school site. $10,000,000 - $15,000,000

Build new walkways and pedestrian connections throughout the Capitol District. $300,000

Remove and relocate trees as described in this plan. $400,000

2010-2015

Design and build streetscape improvements along 24th Street. $1,760,000 Design and build streetscape improvements along Central and Carey Avenues. $575,000

Design and build streetscape improvements along Capitol Avenue. $320,000

Design and build signage and wayfinding system. $1,000,000 - $2,000,000

2016-2020

Reconfigure parking behind the Supreme Court and State Library Building. $120,000

Remove Hunt and Smith buildings and reconfigure parking lot behind Hathaway building as an interim use. $230,000

Remove parking north of Barrett building and reconfigure parking behind the Barrett building. $70,000

Build an outdoor gathering space and amphitheater north of Barrett building. $1,230,000

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 43 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Funding Sources and Strategies The State has two primary means of receiving funding: general funding though appropriations, and bonding. All applications for capital improvements require approval from the State Building Commission prior to the appropriation of project funds. Based on the preliminary estimate of costs for the above mentioned capital improvements, it is recommended that annual funds be appropriated and used to implement the recommendations in this plan. In addition to the appropriation of funds, bonds can be issued by the State to pay for improvements within the Capitol District.

Another possible funding strategy is to enter into public and private partnerships with the private sector. The State currently owns many properties within the Capitol District. The State could contract with the private sector to build a State building on State owned land, and the State could enter a lease-back agreement to purchase the building within a desirable time-frame. This could be consisted as an alternative to the issuance of bonds.

Organization and Management

Leadership at all levels of government is critical to realize the implementation of this Vision 2020 Plan. The organization structure within the State can be simpliﬁ ed into two levels: the State Building Commission owns all State assets, and the Department of Administration and Information (A&I) manages all State assets for the Commission. All improvements and applications for State funding must be brought before and approved by the State Building Commission Board, and all improvements are implemented through the Department of Administration and Information.

The following recommendations provide strategies to coordinate State organization efforts, improve management of State owned assets, and create new policies to implement this plan.

Organization There exist many State and non-State organizations that represent interests within the Capitol District which should be coordinated better to achieve the best results for the district, and to minimize conﬂ icts brought before the State Building Commission for approval.

44 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Expand the Capitol Building Foundation to include the entire Capitol District. The Capitol Building Foundation is an organized interest group that advocates for improvements to the Wyoming State Capitol Building. To reduce the number of competing organizations and interest groups, this group should be encouraged to expand their interest to cover the entire Capitol District, and become the Capitol District Foundation, whose charter is to advocate for the implementation of this Vision 2020 Plan.

Based of the size of the Capitol District and the number of interests that could be represented, the reformed Capitol District Foundation could establish separate subcommittee groups to focus on discrete issues. This foundation could also reach outside of State departments and organize the resources of federal, city and county governments, private businesses, neighborhood groups, and other foundations.

With the organizational structure established which requires the Capitol District Foundation to petition before the State Building Commission, with all approved improvements being managed by the Department of Administration and Information, it is recommended to include the Administrator of the General Services Division on the board of the Foundation. The administrator of the General Services Division also serves as the Secretary of the State Building Commission, and therefore may facilitate the interests of the Foundation.

Management

As described in the circulation, access and parking, and land use and redevelopment sections of this plan, the Department of Administration and Information could beneﬁ t from better and more coordinated practices for parking management, State department space management, and the management of design quality for redevelopment. The key recommendations to address these management issues are summarized below, and consistent with previous recommendations presented in this plan.

Hire a State architect/planner to coordinate and manage long-range planning for State owned real estate.

Prepare and adopt a comprehensive parking management study for the Capitol District.

Work with the City of Cheyenne to design and adopt a parking management plan for the city streets within the Capitol District.

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 45 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

Prepare and adopt a State department space needs study for all State departments within the Capitol District and surrounding locations.

Design and adopt redevelopment and design standards and guidelines.

As presented above in the priority projects section of this plan, it is recommended that these studies, plans, and standards and guidelines be prepared and adopted as ﬁ rst phase priorities to guide all capital improvement projects to follow. To manage and organize these projects and resulting changes and capital improvements, a State architect/planner should be hired and managed through the Department of Administration and Information.

46 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 47 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

48 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

APPENDIX

Street Block Analyses

State Owned Facility Matrix

Summary of Interviews

Population and Growth Data

Preliminary Estimate of Costs for Capital Improvements

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 49 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

50 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

STREET BLOCK ANALYSES

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 51 Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Street Block Analyses

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Block Analyses 1 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 1 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences and public open space

2. OWNERSHIP: Private and City

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P, MUR, MR1, Capitol North Historic District.

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Well kept homes and property, very busy one way street traffic on Carey Avenue, mature trees, poor sidewalks along 27th Street.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 50% Residential, 25% Public Open Space, 25% vacant lot.

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, oneway streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Public open space – 1928 Statue of Robert Burns, park is on National Register of Historic PlacesWyo Place No. 15.

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches

9. PUBLIC ART: Statue of Robert Burns – 1928, Architect – William Dubois

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: N/A

11. PARKING: Private driveways and 2 hour street parking on one way streets

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Winter storms from the northwest

15. VIEWS: Views of Capitol, Herschler Building and open space

16. LANDSCAPING: Cluster of mature pines and spruces surround the Robert Burns Statue in the park. Minimal street trees along Randall Avenue and 27th Avenue. Mature street trees line Carey Avenue.

2 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

This is a special block as it includes a historic pocket park and an axis linking Fort D. A. Russell to the Capitol. This view from Randall Avenue to the Capitol shall be preserved and strengthen by streetscape treatments. To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

Block Analyses 3 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 2 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences and Church

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MR1, Capitol North Historic District

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Well kept homes and property, very busy oneway street traffic on Carey Avenue, mature trees, portion of narrow sidewalk along Carey (pedestrians forced too close to street).

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 40% Church, 25% parking lot (shared by State and church), 35% residential.

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, oneway streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Historic District

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: N/A

11. PARKING: 2 hour parking along streets, private driveways

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): N/A

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building

16. LANDSCAPING: Mature street trees line Carey Avenue and 27th Street. Smaller street trees line Capitol Avenue and no street trees exist along 26th Street.

4 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

Block Analyses 5 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 3 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MR1, Capitol North Historic District

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Very busy oneway street traffic on Central Avenue, well kept homes and property, majority of sidewalks are in bad shape (cracked and heaved).

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 100% residential

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, oneway streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Sidewalks along Capitol stamped “1912”, Historic District

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: N/A

11. PARKING: Private driveways and 2 hour parking along streets

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Large mature trees act as a windbreak on the west side of this block.

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building

16. LANDSCAPING: Mature street trees line Capitol Avenue and 27th Street. Minimal street trees along 26th Street and Central Avenue.

6 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

Block Analyses 7 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 4 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences and Offices

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MR1, Capitol North Historic District

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Very busy street traffic along oneway streets Central and Warren Avenues, mix of moderate to well cared for homes and property.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 10% office, 90% residential

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, 1 and 2 story offices, oneway streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Historic District

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: N/A

11. PARKING: 1 and 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): N/A

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building

16. LANDSCAPING: Random plantings of street trees. No street trees along Central Avenue.

8 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments as a gateway to the Capitol District.

Block Analyses 9 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 5 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences, Church, Apartment Building, Offices

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MUB

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Very busy oneway street traffic on Carey and Pioneer Avenues, well cared for homes and businesses.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 30% offices, 70% residential

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, 3 story offices, 2 story apartments, oneway streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Historic light pole on island corner (not in use)

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: City owned concrete lighthouse (beacon)

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING:

11. PARKING: 1 and 2 hour street parking, private driveways and off street business parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Winter storms funnel through from Northwest towards Herschler Building.

15. VIEWS: Safeway, Herschler Building, Capitol, State Parking Structure

16. LANDSCAPING: Street trees along Carey Avenue and 25th Street Minimal street trees along Pioneer Avenue and 26th Street. A well maintained deciduous hedge borders the triangular island.

10 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build infill development.

Block Analyses 11 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 6 Herschler Building

1. USE: State Office Building – Herschler Building

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Plaza space between the Herschler Building and the State Capitol is in need of repair or other remedial work to control leaking into tunnel/basement area. Landscaping is minimal at Plaza’s planters.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 60% building, 30% landscaping, 10% parking and driveway. Foundation for the Herschler building expansion exists north of the building.

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Street access to building is good (from each side of building), three story building, connected to Capitol building below grade through tunnel/gallery.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Adjacent to historic Capitol; Herschler Building form and materials oppose the historic character.

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches on east and west

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: State Building monument sign

11. PARKING: Underground for state employees and A&I maintenance vehicles, 11/2 hour on north, 2 hour on east and west streets.

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: No smoking in building, only in designated areas outside entrances and in underground parking areas.

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Stark and hot on plaza on summer days, full sun on south; very windy in plaza area and on north side.

15. VIEWS: Good views of Capitol, Parking Structure, Residences, Street. Mary’s, good views of Historic Districts from upper floors.

16. LANDSCAPING: Various sizes and species of street trees line Carey Avenue, 26th Street and Central Avenue . Lawn surrounds the Herschler building with a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. The planters in the plaza area include a mix of pine and flowering trees with a juniper groundcover. An open lawn exists north of the Herschler over the existing foundation for building expansion.

12 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

The Herschler building occupies most of the block and dominates the Capitol District. It has cutoff the views of the Capitol from the neighborhood to the north. The opportunity exists in the future that when the life of the Herschler Building expires that this block will be redeveloped as a park and an open space that celebrates the Capitol and provides an amenity to the neighborhood.

Block Analyses 13 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 7 Residential Neighborhood

1. USE: Residences and apartment buildings

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MR1, Capitol North Historic District

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Well kept homes and property, very busy traffic on oneway Warren and Central.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 100% residential

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Uniform street easements and property setbacks, 1 and 2 story homes, 1 story apartment building, one way streets, alley access.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: In historic district

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING:

11. PARKING: 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Herschler Building on the west blocks some wind and winter storms.

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building and Capitol

16. LANDSCAPING: Minimal street trees along Central and Warren Avenues and 25th and 26th Streets.

14 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments.

Block Analyses 15 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 8 State Parking Garage

1. USE: State Employees Parking Garage

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Good – new construction in 2003, very busy one way street

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 100% elevated parking

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Access good to Herschler Building and Capitol building

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING:

11. PARKING: 600 spaces

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: No smoking in building, only in designated areas outside entrances

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Northwest winds and winter storms will impact the west side of the parking structure.

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building, Capitol, Hathaway Building, Supreme Court and State Library Building

16. LANDSCAPING: Newly planting street trees along Carey Avenue and 24th Street. New landscape around parking structure.

16 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

There exists an opportunity in the future to incorporate mixed uses on the ground level of the garage. To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue additional streetscape treatments are recommended.

Block Analyses 17 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 9 Wyoming State Capitol Building

1. USE: State Capitol

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P, National Historic Landmark (Building and Grounds)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Viewed as the most important building in the State. Night lighting poor.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 50% open landscape, 50% building

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Access from all four sides of building and property, connection to Herschler Building through on grade plaza and lower tunnel/gallery.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: 1887 original construction, located at the end of Capitol Ave., opposite depot.

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches at 24th Street corners and in front of building near sidewalk

9. PUBLIC ART: Spirit of Wyoming, Esther Hobart Morris, Liberty Bell, Spanish American War Statue, Bison

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: State building monument sign

11. PARKING: Underground parking for state vehicles; ADA parking on street; dropoff parking spaces on northwest side; 6 VIP parking spaces on Northeast side

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: No smoking in building, only in designated areas outside entrances

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Northwest winter storms funnel into the north side of Capitol Building.

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building, new parking structure, Supreme Court and State Library Building, Hathaway Building, Barrett Building; historically significant view down Capitol Avenue to Depot.

16. LANDSCAPING: Various sizes and species of street trees line Carey and Central Avenues and 24th Street. Cluster of pines at the corners of Carey and 24th and Central and 24th. Random planting of flowering tress along the front of the Capitol. Two mature pines at the entrance of the Capitol. Various sizes and species of trees along the back of the Capitol. Formal flower beds on the West and a “W” mound and flower bed on the East.

18 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To highlight the most historic building in the State, the Capitol, the opportunity exists to organize the landscape around the Capitol that maintains the views of the building, while emphasize focal points. It is recommended to remove the random tree planting surrounding the building and keep plantings to the edges and corners. The two mature pines in the front are overgrown and blocking the architectural features of the Capitol. When the lives of these trees expire it is recommended to replace them with smaller ornamental trees. Flower beds are recommended to remain in the focal areas, such as the front door. Additional streetscape improvements along 24th Street are suggested to strengthen the character along this special street.

Block Analyses 19 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 10 Saint Mary’s School

1. USE: Catholic K8 School

2. OWNERSHIP: St. Mary’s Church

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MR1

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Minimal landscaping along street, pavement directly up to buildings, and hard edges

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 70% structures, 30% open space (courtyards)

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: No uniform setbacks

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Old convent on Central and 24th

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Banners

11. PARKING: On site around buildings, 2 hour parking along Central and Warren Avenues, no parking on 24th Street.

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): North and west sides of block receive winter storms.

15. VIEWS: Herschler Building, Capitol, Barrett Building, Supreme Court and State Library Building and grounds

16. LANDSCAPING: Limited mature street trees

20 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

The opportunity exists to acquire the St. Mary’s School and redevelop the entire block. Under this scenario, the State could provide high quality buildings, use what is needed and then sell or lease any remaining space to the private sector.

Block Analyses 21 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 11 – Wyoming School Board, Church, The Egg and I.

1. USE: Residences, Office, Restaurant, Church

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MUB

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Sidewalks are in poor condition, typical street lighting, poor night lighting, no landscaping at Schrader parking lot – very stark, very busy one way street

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 25% church/parking, 25% restaurant/ parking, 10% office, 15% residential, 25% parking lot

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: No uniform setbacks or easements, alley access, 1 and 2 story homes, 2 story church. Weak street edge on 24th Street and Carey Avenue.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING:

11. PARKING: Offstreet private business/church parking, 2 hour along streets

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route at the corner of 24th Street and Carey Avenue and along Pioneer Avenue.

13. AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Winter storms come from the northwest.

15. VIEWS: New parking structure, Herschler Building, State Capitol, back of Hathaway, Smith, Hunt buildings.

16. LANDSCAPING: Tree lawns along part of Pioneer Avenue. Some street trees exist along Pioneer Avenue and 24th street.

22 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build infill development.

Block Analyses 23 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 12 – Hathaway, Hunt, Smith, and Kendrick Buildings

1. USE: Funeral home, State Arts Council, State Offices, Church

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming and private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: MUB, P, CBD, National Register of Historic Places (Kendrick Building).

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Utilitarian west of Hathaway Building (Hunt and Smith Buildings), good quality and well maintained at Schrader’s funeral home and Presbyterian Church, good preservation with Arts Council, very busy one way street

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 15% church, 45% state buildings, 10% funeral home, 5% landscape, 25% parking

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: 6 story Hathaway building – close to street, church and 1 story Hunt/Smith Buildings close to street, access all streets. Block includes alleys on north and south side of Hathaway building, thereby proving good access to the block.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: 1916 Arts Council Buildings (Kendrick Building) – National Register of Historic Places, 1923 First Presbyterian Church

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches (in front of Hathaway) and planters along Capitol Ave.

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Monument signs at state buildings

11. PARKING: Offstreet parking at church, small lots at state buildings and 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route along 24th Street.

13. AMENITIES: Designated areas outside state buildings for smoking with ashtrays provided, but no shelters.

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Drifting snow occurs at structures along west side of this block.

15. VIEWS: Hathaway Building blocks long distance view of Capitol, good to Supreme Court/State Library building. Views along 23rd Street terminate to back of Hathaway building and surface parking. This is along the eastwest axis of the Supreme Court/ State Library building.

16. LANDSCAPING: The streetscape has been enhanced along Capitol Avenue as part of the recent improvements. Minimal street trees exist along 24th Street.

24 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

The Hathaway Building blocks the historical axis to the Supreme Court/ State Library building. It’s location is too close to Capitol Avenue, therefore pinching the historic view of the Capitol Building from downtown. There exists an opportunity to redevelop the Hunt and Smith properties for other state uses and potential private uses. Since Capital Avenue is the ceremonial axis and arrival to the Capitol, there exists a longterm opportunity to strengthen the symmetry of the block, and provide a building within a similar character to the Supreme Court building; a building that is placed in a landscape with large setbacks from the street. If this were to occur, the use of this building should be a civic building, such as a museum, or other civic based program, or continue to be used as state offices.

Block Analyses 25 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 13 – Supreme Court and State Library Building

1. USE: State of Wyoming Supreme Court and State Library, open landscape areas

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P, National Historic Landmark (1882 park location)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Open landscape space – used for public gatherings, poor night lighting (security and safety concerns).

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 20% building, 10% parking, 70% landscape

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Supreme Court/State Library Building three stories, centered in block

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Significant, but not on the State Historic Register.

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches in front along Capitol Avenue and at corners of 24th/Central and 24th/Capitol.

9. PUBLIC ART: Monument to CheyenneFt. Laramie Historic Trail on 22nd and Capitol; unusual Statue of Liberty on east side of building with a crumbling base.

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: State building monument sign

11. PARKING: Minimal on site parking – poor ingress and egress, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route along 24th Street.

13. AMENITIES: Designated outdoor area at the rear of the Supreme Court/State Library Building.

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Winter storms directed toward main doors to building

15. VIEWS: Capitol Building, Barrett Building, Hathaway Building, landscaped grounds

16. LANDSCAPING: Landscape includes many different tree species located randomly throughout the lawn area. Tree clusters are located on 3 of the corners with the southwest block corner without a consistent treatment. Street trees are not consistent around the block.

26 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

The Supreme Court/State Library building is a complement to both the State Capitol and the Barrett building. To strengthen the character of the landscape surrounding the building, there exists an opportunity to remove various random trees and vegetation within the lawn areas and concentrate the tree clusters at the corners of the block, and incorporate street tree improvements.

Block Analyses 27 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 14 – Barrett Building

1. USE: State of Wyoming Barrett Building (State Museum, State Archives, Offices)

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P, National Historic Landmark (1882 park location)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Recently renovated, poor night lighting around block (security and safety concerns). Weak street edge on Warren Avenue due to offstreet parking access and minimal screening treatments.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 30% building, 20% parking, 50% landscape

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Four stories, centered in block

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: 1950’s original construction with responsible additions/renovations, historic landscape and sidewalks (last addition/renovation in 1996)

8. SITE FURNITURE: Benches on 24th and Central.

9. PUBLIC ART: Monument to Army and National Guard on 24th and Central, Our Wyoming Heritage sculpture on 23rd and Central

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: State building monument sign

11. PARKING: State employee and maintenance parking in rear of building, visitor parking to the north (one of very few visitor parking lots), 2 hour street parking.

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route at the corners of Central and Warren Avenues.

13. AMENITIES: Designated areas at the rear of the Barrett building.

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Northwest storms funnel toward front door of building, southern open space protected from weather

15. VIEWS: Supreme Court Building, landscaped grounds, United Medical Center

16. LANDSCAPING: Large Mugho pine trees with ground canopy minimize views across the street and to the Capitol. Security issues related to the low canopy of these trees and lack of adequate lighting. Historic pathway located on south end of block. Numerous large trees located throughout the block.

28 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To maximize visibility and to create a more consistent landscaped treatment within the Capitol Core, there exists an opportunity to remove selected pine trees along the length of 24th Street and replace them with tree clusters, with a high canopy, at the corners of the block, as this is the historic landscape typology for planting within the District.

To strengthen the open landscape character in blocks on either side of Capitol Avenue, there exists an opportunity to more densely plant the north and south lawns of this block, while allowing for active and passive activities in the interior of these areas, and providing trees with high canopies to maximize views throughout the complex. To further strengthen this character, visitor parking could be located in the back of the building or on the State owned parking lot east of Warren Avenue.

Block Analyses 29 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 15 – Rogers Building and Taco John’s

1. USE: State Office Building (Rogers – DCI), Fast Food Restaurant (Taco Johns), Parking

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming and Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P, MUB

4. QUALITY OF AREA: No character, very barren and stark, DCI building is in poor visual condition. Very busy one way street along Carey Avenue.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 40% buildings, 60% parking

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: no setbacks at Rogers Building – close to street

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Building identification sign on Rogers, Taco John’s signage

11. PARKING: State parking lot and Taco John’s customer parking onsite, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route along Pioneer Avenue.

13. AMENITIES: Allowed outside state owned buildings within designated areas

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Building entrances subject to winter storms

15. VIEWS: Church, back of Federal Building/lot, development lot, back of Hathaway, Hunt and Smith Buildings

16. LANDSCAPING: Minimal street trees and no onsite landscape treatments.

30 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to build infill development along Carey Avenue and to orient access from other streets. When the useful life of the Rogers building is completed, there exists an opportunity for the State to consider acquisition of the Taco John’s property and provide redevelopment over the entire block. Under this scenario, the State could provide high quality buildings, use what is needed and then sell or lease the remaining space to the private sector.

Block Analyses 31 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 16 – Federal Building and Research and Title Services

1. USE: Federal Office Building, Residence, Private Office, leased State parking, current development

2. OWNERSHIP: Federal and private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD, P, National Register of Historic Places (Federal Office Building)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Prominence with Federal Building, well maintained converted home to office on corner, well utilized and very busy post office drop boxes along Carey Avenue, and a very busy one way street.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 30% buildings, 25% in development, 45% parking

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: 2 story office, 5 story Federal Building

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Office (converted home) is of historic character, 1932 Federal Office Building on National Register of Historic Places

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: No signage with regard to the capitol core.

11. PARKING: Private parking onsite, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route at the corner of 22nd Street and Pioneer Avenue.

13. AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.):

15. VIEWS: Back of Federal Building, Wyoming Financial Center

16. LANDSCAPING: No significant landscaping of streetscape character.

32 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve the streetscape treatments and build infill development.

Block Analyses 33 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 17 – Federal Building

1. USE: Federal Office Building (O’Mahoney Building) and Post Office

2. OWNERSHIP: Federal

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Minimal landscaping, poor public parking. Very busy one way street.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 70% building, 30% parking/open frontage

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Lot is maximized with building and parking, 9 story tower with 3 story wing (building built close to street), security high around entire block

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Federal Building signage

11. PARKING: Onsite private parking/loadingdelivery, reserved police parking on street on 21st, no street parking along Carey, 2 hour street parking otherwise

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route located along Pioneer Avenue.

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): Very windy on Northeast side of building

15. VIEWS: View of capitol district from 8 story tower, Federal Office Building, Cathedral Square, Police Department Building

16. LANDSCAPING: Nice flowering trees on east side of Post Office in grass planter areas. No significant landscaping or streetscape character.

34 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

Block Analyses 35 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 18 – Catholic Church and State Leased Parking

1. USE: Church, leased State parking

2. OWNERSHIP: Catholic Church

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD, National Register of Historic Places (Street. Mary’s Catholic Cathedral)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Prominent Cathedral Square

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 70% buildings, 30% parking

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Good urban form along 21st Street and Capitol Avenue. Surface parking weakens street edges along 22nd Street and Central Avenue.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: 1907 St. Mary’s Catholic Cathedral on National Register of Historic Places

8. SITE FURNITURE: Planters and bench along Capitol Street and Central Avenue

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Private church signage

11. PARKING: Shared state/church lot onsite, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.):

15. VIEWS: Federal Building, Emerson Building

16. LANDSCAPING: The streetscape has been enhanced along Capitol Avenue as part of the recent improvements. No significant landscaping or streetscape character on other streets.

36 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments along Central Avenue and provide a higher quality streetscape along 22nd Street to create a higher quality edge along the State leased surface parking on the block.

In the longerterm, there exists an opportunity for the construction of a multistory parking garage to replace the existing surface parking. This site is a good location for Capitol core parking since it is along the edge of the core and will allow denser development within the core. Increased parking supply at this location could relieve parking demand issues related to the Supreme Court/State Library building and the Barrett building.

Block Analyses 37 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 19 – Wyoming Education Association

1. USE: Residences, Office, Fast Food Restaurants

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD, Rainsford Historic District (east half of block)

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Well kept homes, poor night lighting

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 40% residential, 40% business/fast food, 20% private parking lots

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: No consistency to established neighborhood with fast food or offices, 1 and 2 story homes, 2 story office, single story fast food. Commercial buildings have long setbacks from the street edges and contribute to a weak street character along Central Avenue.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Homes have historic character. Sidewalks are original slate/stone along Warren Avenue

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Private business signage

11. PARKING: Private parking lots separate the residential and nonresidential uses, and contain private drives. 2 hour onstreet metered parking.

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route at 22nd Street and Pioneer Avenue.

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): N/A

15. VIEWS: Barrett Building and grounds, Supreme Court/State Library Building and grounds, Cathedral Square, New First National Bank

16. LANDSCAPING: Good residential streetscape quality Warren Avenue. No significant landscaping of streetscape character on other streets.

38 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Carey Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

In the longerterm, to create a stronger street edge, the existing uses could be redeveloped into a single or multiple mixeduse buildings with the same uses incorporated into buildings with better street frontage, minimal setbacks and rear or midblock parking.

Block Analyses 39 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 20 – Wyoming Financial Center

1. USE: Office Building/Bank

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Maintained as office plaza consistent with downtown business. Very busy one way street along Carey Avenue.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 40% building, 60% parking/plaza

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: 8 story prominent bank/office tower with 3 story wing

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: Private picnic table

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Private signage

11. PARKING: Off street private lot, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route at 22nd Street and Pioneer Avenue.

13. AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.):

15. VIEWS: Federal Office Buildings, overview of city from upper floors

16. LANDSCAPING: Good quality streetscape treatments along 21st Street and Pioneer Avenue. Low quality streetscape treatments on Carey Avenue and 20th Street. Minimal parking lot landscaping.

40 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments along Carey Avenue.

In the longerterm, if onsite parking can be accommodated for the Wyoming Financial Center, there exists opportunities to build infill development along Carey Avenue. A parking structure could be provided in the middle of the block with street oriented commercial development along Carey Avenue.

Block Analyses 41 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 21 – City Police Department and American National Bank

1. USE: City Police Dept., Retail, Bank/Office Building

2. OWNERSHIP: City and Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Congested with police dept and vehicles, no significant landscaping, high traffic with driveup bank, very busy one way street.

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 80% buildings, 20% parking/pavement

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: maximized use of property, 2 story police/transit building, single story retail and driveup bank. The existing drug store and bank have poor street character with large setbacks.

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Private signage

11. PARKING: Designated police parking on 21st street, retail parking lot, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route along 22nd Street.

13. AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.):

15. VIEWS: Federal Buildings, Wyoming Financial Center, Emerson Building

16. LANDSCAPING: The streetscape has been enhanced along Capitol Avenue as part of the recent improvements. No significant landscaping of streetscape character on other streets.

42 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape along the street edges.

Block Analyses 43 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 22 – Emerson Building

1. USE: State Office Building (Emerson Building)

2. OWNERSHIP: State of Wyoming

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: P

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Fairly well maintained building and grounds, consistent landscaping to other state property, good access to AT&T/Qwest building across 20th Street

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 75% building, 25% parking/landscape

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: Reuse of former elementary school, set back from street with landscape buffer, 3 stories

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: Preservation of old school character

8. SITE FURNITURE: City owned benches and planters all along Capitol Avenue

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: State building monument sign

11. PARKING: State employee parking lot, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route along 22nd Street.

13. AMENITIES: Designated area outside state building

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): City building west of this block provides a screen for winter storms at the Emerson entrance.

15. VIEWS: Cathedral Square

16. LANDSCAPING: The streetscape has been enhanced along Capitol Avenue as part of the recent improvements. No significant landscaping of streetscape character on other streets.

44 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape along the street edges. Surface parking along Central Avenue could be screened to improve the streetscape character.

Block Analyses 45 State of Wyoming

BLOCK 23 – Bank, Office, Leased State Parking and Residences

1. USE: Residences, Bank/Office Building, Offices, Retail, leased State parking

2. OWNERSHIP: Private

3. ZONING CLASSIFICATION: CBD

4. QUALITY OF AREA: Recently built bank/office with landscaping, moderate to poor quality of homes

5. LAND UTILIZATION: 40% business/office, 20% residential, 20% parking/open space

6. URBAN FORM/DENSITY: New 2 story office/bank building, 1 and 2 story homes, 1 and 2 story offices

7. HISTORIC CHARACTER: None

8. SITE FURNITURE: None

9. PUBLIC ART: None

10. SIGNAGE AND WAYFINDING: Private signage

11. PARKING: Offstreet parking for businesses, private drives, 2 hour street parking

12. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Cheyenne Transit Program (CTP) City Bus Downtown Route

13. SMOKING ALLOWED AND AMENITIES: N/A

14. WEATHER (EXPOSURE, WIND, SNOW DRIFTING, ETC.): This block is exposed to snow drifting from northwest winter storms.

15. VIEWS: Emerson Building, Cathedral Square

16. LANDSCAPING: No significant landscaping of streetscape character exists on streets.

46 GSG Architecture • Civitas Capitol District Vision Plan 2020

Recommendations

To strengthen the character along Central Avenue, there exists opportunities to improve streetscape treatments.

In the longerterm, when the useful life of the buildings fronting on Central Avenue is complete, the existing uses could be redeveloped into a single or multiple mixeduse buildings with the same uses incorporated into buildings with better street frontage, minimal setbacks and rear or midblock parking.

Block Analyses 47 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

52 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

STATE OWNED FACILITY MATRIX

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 53 State Owned Facility Matrix Individual Ranking is 1 worst and 5 best Weighting Factor is 1 least and 5 most

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Building Significance & Overall Overall Historic Meets Need Visitor Employee Security Amenities Amenities ADA HVAC Plumbing Electrical Life IT Overall Importance Structure Interior Value Program for Visitor Parking Parking for for Access. Safety Ranking (Building) (Finishes) Needs Access Bicycles Smoking Total of all Weighting Factor 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 3 WF x Rank

Barrett Building 4 5 4 2 5 5 4 2 2 3 1 4 5 5 5 5 152 The weight each category carries in comparison to Capitol Building each other 5 4 3 5 4 5 1 4 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 118

Central Mail 1 4 4 1 4 1 1 5 3 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 106

Emerson Building 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 84

Forestry Buildings 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 62

Governor's Residence 2 4 4 1 5 2 3 5 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 117

Hathaway Building 3 4 2 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 4 3 4 3 5 113

Herschler Building 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 3 1 4 3 4 4 4 103

Historic Governor's Mansion & Carriage House 3 2 2 5 4 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 100

Hunt Building 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 4 4 3 3 94

Kendrick Building & Gallery 3 2 3 5 5 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 4 119

Liquor Commission 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 81

Motor Vehicle Management (MVMS) 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 4 3 4 2 2 81

Pacific Building/Supply Warehouse 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 2 1 1 2 5 3 3 5 96

Parking Garage 2 5 5 1 5 1 0 5 3 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 152

Corrections (PSC Building) 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 4 3 3 2 81

Rogers Building 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 93

Smith Building 1 3 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 101

Supreme Court and State Library Building 5 4 2 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 103

Surplus Property 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 3 82

Woodson Building 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 5 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 69

Woodson Garage 1 4 4 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 4 103

Wyott Building 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 73

Column Descriptions:

1. As compared to all State owned facilities, how significant and important is the facility - as a building, as a symbol, it's function and purpose? 10. Are there amenities provided for employee's to securely park bicycles? 2. All aspects of the structure - roof, exterior walls, floor structure, and foundation. 11. Are there appropriate provisions for smokers, understanding that there is a policy of no smoking within State owned facilites? 3. Interior finish systems - ceilings, wall finishes (drywall, painting, wallcoverings), flooring, door and frame condition, interior window condition. 12. Does the facility meet all of the criteria for ADA accessibility? 4. Is there historical value and worth to preserving the building? 13. Overall quality of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system(s). 5. Does the function of the facility perform to it's prescribed needs? 14. Overall quality of the plumbing system. 6. Is there a need for visitor access? 15. Overall quality of the electrical system. 7. Is there dedicated visitor parking? 16. Overall compliance of the facility as to the life safety systems - fire alarm, automatic fire sprinkler system, exiting system (corridors, stairwells, exits). 8. Is there dedicated parking for employees? 17. Overall condition and adequacy of the information technology systems (IT) and telecommunications. 9. Is the level of security appropriate and adequate for the facility and occupants? 18. Overall Ranking - this number indicates the total sum of the weighting factors multiplied by the individual ranking number. Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

54 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 55 CAPITOL DISTRICT MASTER PLAN SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS

To properly address concerns in the Capitol district neighborhoods and to uncover, analyze, study and refine all reasonable options for use and configuration, interview sessions with State, City, County and Community agencies were held on September 4, 5, 6 and October 15, 2002.

Discussions at each interview session included comments on:

Character and image of the District Parking Security and safety Function – uses, agency relationships, access Needs and goals Issues and concerns

ADMINISTRATION AND INFORMATION Participants: Frank Galeotos, Director of Administration and Information Doug Cook, Administrator of Administration and Information

Key Issues: 1. Security is big – should pull critical functions away from complex and keep growth limited. For state buildings, the vision is to have a “smart” card access control system. DCI should be on the edge of town 2. The Emerson Building should house only IT and telecommunications – pull all other departments out. The auditoriums are not well used, but would make good IT department head offices. 3. Need to create a Wyoming Industrial Complex – consolidate like functions of each department, such as forestry-state lands, A&I, Motor Pool. 4. Need a day care and wellness center for state employees

GENERAL SERVICES DIVISION, A&I Participants: Doug Cook, Administrator of Administration and Information Joe Williams, Facilities Planning and Construction Joe McKee, Facilities Planning and Construction Mike Doan, Facilities Planning and Construction Chuck Allen, Facilities Planning and Construction Bill Weaver, Facilities Planning and Construction Nancy McCalla, Leasing Manager Mike Phaffenhauser, Accessibility Steve Kenyon, Accessibility

Key Issues: 1. They are expertise rich and resource poor! Currently lack a systematic approach to maintenance, but have developed a database with all facility maintenance operations. There is no maintenance dollars for new buildings when built. 2. Agree that consolidation of like activities to a service building makes sense. 3. Concerned that there is no general ownership of users of state buildings and no followed plan for maintenance.

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 1 4. Nancy needs help with “in-house” moves – suggests another position. 5. ADA issues – goal is to get both owned and leased facilities into better compliance

BARRETT BUILDING Participants: John Keck, Director of State Parks and Cultural Resources Wendy Bredehoft, Administrator of Cultural Resources Division

Key Issues: 1. Barrett Building is full and recent moves will take over the 4th floor conference room. The entire campus needs more conference space. 2. More storage space is needed. Will outgrow the museum collections storage in 3 to 4 years. Not all storage can be off-site. 3. Would like a art/sculpture park on campus. 4. Would like to have tunnel reopened – for archives daily use, convenience to get to other state buildings, wellness. 5. Historic Governor’s Mansion – do not charge fee (need statute change), could use for maintenance. Carriage House could be used as interpretive center and offices.

TOURISM, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, WYOMING BUSINESS COUNCIL

Wyoming Business Council Participants: Diane Moser, Accounting & Compliance

Cheyenne Leads Participants: Pete Illoway, Vice President

Greater Cheyenne Chamber of Commerce Participants: Larry Atwell, President

Wyoming Travel & Tourism Participants: Anita Withers

Downtown Development Authority Participants: Christian Cherek, Downtown Development Authority

Key Issues: 1. DDA would like to keep the Wyoming Business Council and encourage other state agencies to locate in the downtown district (possibly upper floors for offices and lower for street front retail)j. 2. One goal of DDA is to beautify their environment – would like possibly incorporate the state complex into DDA. Maintenance would be a good reason to have state buildings in the DDA. 3. The DDA and State should work together – get to know each other’s counterparts. 4. State should acquire St. Mary’s property. 5. Capitol complex can only be a city center if Capitol Avenue is re-developed and revitalized. 6. Concerned with parking at and around complex. 7. Look at a trolley vs. city transit buses.

WYOMING ART COUNCIL & CAPITOL ARTWORKS COMMITTEE Participants: John Coe, Arts Council Joe Williams, Capitol Artworks Committee

Key Issues:

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 2 1. Concerned that the 1% for Art program is not working. There have been recent projects that are exempt, such as the new parking garage. 2. Would like to have a defined environment for outdoor activates (exterior theatre, performing arts area), outdoor picnic areas, suggest keeping the area south of the Barrett Building open. 3. Access to Carriage House art gallery behind the Kendrick Building is awkward by having to go through office first. Tour busses park in front of property and block access. 4. There should be a defined signage/wayfinding plan – define a palette. Incorporate interactive kiosks throughout the complex.

SUPREME COURT BUILDING Participants: Joann Stockdale, Supreme Court Building Holly Hansen, Supreme Court Building

Key Issues: 1. Supreme Court would like to have occupancy of the entire building, although they are not a growth agency. 2. Essential systems in the building need updated (HVAC, electrical, plumbing). Security is very minimal. 3. State employees, in general, will not use the city shuttle bus system – would rather be inconvenienced by rotating in and out of the 2 hour street parking spaces. 4. Parking is a big concern – not enough spaces and access is bad.

HATHAWAY BUILDING Participants: Jerry Bronnenberg, Deputy Director, Dept. of Health Susan Lehman, Director of Dept. of Family Services & Dept. of Workforce Services Leeds Pickering, Dept. of Education Health & Safety Unit

Key Issues: 1. State Health Lab should be in a central location (all together) – first choice would be to take the entire Hathaway Building. 2. Comments from both Family Services and Dept. of Education are that the building’s HVAC system is bad (high rate of cancer and illness). There is a concern about being located in the same building as the lab (cross traffic). 3. The Dept. of Education is a growth agency and space should be thought of for growth. 4. A state day care is desired.

HERSCHLER BUILDING Participants: Jim Elias, Deputy Director of Dept. of Workforce Services Rory Horsley, Administrator of Dept. of Revenue, Administrative Services Division Earl Atwood, Director of Dept. of Revenue Jon Wade, Administrator for Water Development Commission Danna Williams, Personnel Officer, State Engineer’s Office Jim Noel, State Fire Marshal, Dept. of Fire Prevention & Electrical Safety Mike Geesey, Dept. of Audit Olen Snider, Office of the Attorney General

Key Issues: 1. Build a state day care facility and make designated smoking areas. 2. Maintenance and HVAC in building is not adequate. 3. Safety, security and confidentiality is concern of all interviewed departments – can’t secure departments, no central check-in. 4. AG’s office is located in too may locations and possibly should be together with DCI in a new “justice center”.

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 3 CAPITOL BUILDING Participants: Max Maxfield, State Auditor Judy Sargent, Capitol Information Specialist

Key Issues: 1. All top offices in the Capitol are too crowded. The Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Auditor need to be in the Capitol. The Superintendent of Public Instruction needs to be adjacent to Capitol. If any key people move out of the Capitol, they must have assigned parking spaces adjacent to the Capitol. 2. Concern for security in the tunnel and all public buildings. 3. The expectation is that the Capitol is a “showcase”. There needs to be amenities for the public: parking, restrooms, visitor’s center, improved wayfinding.

ROGERS BUILDING Participants: Steve Miller, Director of Dept. of Criminal Investigation

Key Issues: 1. DCI is a growth agency and should move from the Capitol complex area to larger site on outskirts of city where security can be managed. 2. Rogers, Hunt and Smith buildings should go away! 3. Want State day care.

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION BUILDING (PSC) Participants: Douglas Shope, Facility Operations Manager, Dept. of Corrections

Key Issues: 1. Dept. of Corrections needs to be in separate facility and entire dept. together – does not have to be in complex, but must be in Cheyenne. 2. Security is a concern in existing facility. 3. Current facility does not have enough space for people, storage, parking.

STATE AGENCIES OUTSIDE OF CAPITOL COMPLEX Participants: Wyoming State Forestry Mark Hughes, Community Forestry Coordinator

Key Issues: 1. Current facilities are falling apart and need maintenance or replacement. 2. Interested in enhancing landscape at State Capitol complex and managing tree maintenance, historical significance of trees. 3. Likes bike lockers, but need more. 4. Disgusted at smoking outside building entrances. 5. Important to have flower beds – public expects them.

Participants: Dept. of Revenue Liquor Division Lisa Burgess, Administrator

Key Issues: 1. Current location is good – access to I-80, room for large semi’s, railroad 2. Security is concern 3. Building is inadequate for HVAC – pulls in bad sulphur smelling air from refinery.

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 4 Participants: Wyo. Workers’ Safety and Compensation Division Steve Foster

Key Issues: 1. Likes being located at Cheyenne Business Center

LEGISLATIVE SERVICE OFFICE Participants: Dan Pauli, Director Mark Quiner, Assistant Director – Administration

Key Issues: 1. Thinks that Treasurer, Auditor and AG’s offices could move out of Capitol to free up space for larger and more committee rooms. 2. The Herschler Plaza is too hot, too windy, too cold! People don’t use the campus on off hours – breaks, lunch hours, etc. 3. Need to have more restrooms. 4. Wayfinding needs improvement – have a campus plan and individual plans for each building

STATE LIBRARY Participants: Lesley Boughton, State Librarian Jerry Krois, Deputy State Librarian

Key Issues: 1. Library doesn’t need more space, just more efficiency – space saver storage systems. 2. Their location on campus is good. 3. Parking is concern. 4. Would like to have tunnel back for accessing other agencies and for wellness.

SELECT COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATIVE FACILITIES Participants: Senator Jayne Mockler

Key Issues: 1. Creating Wyoming Legislative Foundation – hoping Pat Nagel with champion. 2. Create a Super Building Commission – SBC, Legislative Commission, Select Committee on Legislative Facilities, Foundations from Legislative, Executive, Judicial. 3. Tear down Hathaway Building. 4. Buy St. Mary’s property for a legislative building.

CITY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

City Planning Office Participants: Mike Able, Planning Services Director Jan Spires

Office of the Mayor Participants: Judi Gore

Key Issues: 1. City and county work together with GIS system. 2. The city is developing a master plan with 5 of the 7 major neighborhoods completed. Downtown area is next.

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 5 3. Concerned for parking and feel that state garage will alleviate some of the problem. Intent is to remove all 10 hour meters. 4. City bus in not widely used. Cox parking garage is only 50-60% full.

COUNTY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

County Planning Office Participants: Mark Reid, County Planner

Key Issues: 1. Fiberoptic system now connects city and county networks. 2. Would like to see all county buildings shown on our master plan map.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

GSA Public Buildings Service Region 8 Participants: Laura Robinson Tom Burke

Key Issues: 1. Parking is a big problem, especially with the 10 hour meters removed. 2. Security is concern – federal regulations may prevent co-mingling and partnering with the state, city, and county.

PRIVATE BUSINESSES

St. Mary’s Catholic Church and School Participants: Father Gary Ruzicka Kris Giger, Principal Mark Giger Will Kallal Douglas Coates

United Medical Center Participants: Mel Muldrow

Key Issues: 1. Have a good relationship and partnership with State – share parking, expansion plans. 2. Security at UMC is better than state’s. 3. UMC is always growing and will be expanded as necessary.

606 S. David Street, Casper, WY 82601 Phone 307-234-8968 Fax 307-234-2132 E-mail - [email protected] 9/02 Page - 6 Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

56 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

POPULATION AND GROWTH DATA

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 57 OUTLOOK 2000: JOINT ECONOMIC & DEMOGRAPHIC FORECAST TO 2008

February 2000

Outlook 2000: Joint Economic & Demographic Forecast to 2008

Wyoming Department of Employment Beth Nelson, Acting Director

Wyoming Department of Administration and Information Frank Galeotos, Director

Division of Economic Analysis Buck McVeigh, Administrator Internet address - http://eadiv.state.wy.us/

Research and Planning Section Thomas Gallagher, Manager Internet address - http://lmi.state.wy.us/

Prepared by: Justin Ballard Dave Black Dave Bullard Gregg Detweiler Mike Evans Rick Gallinger Tony Glover Craig Henderson Wenlin Liu

Desktop Publishing by: Valerie Davis Edited by: Carol Kjar and Sharon Lamb

Submitted for Printing February 2000

Department of Employment Nondiscrimination Statement The Department of Employment does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or disability. It is our intention that all individuals seeking services from our agency be given equal opportunity and that eligibility decisions be based upon applicable statutes, rules and regulations.

Research and Planning Division of Economic Analysis Box 2760 327 E. Emerson Building Casper, Wyoming 82602 2001 Capitol Avenue Phone: (307) 473-3807 Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 Fax: (307) 473-3834 Phone: (307) 777-7504 Fax: (307) 777-5852

Contents Page

Introduction I-1 I. Results in Brief 1 A. National Forecast Compared to Wyoming 2 B. Relationship Between the National Economy and Wyomings Economy 3 C. Gross Domestic Product and Gross State Product 3 II. Labor Demand and Job Growth 5 A. Agriculture 6 B. Mining 7 C. Construction and Real Estate 8 D. Finance and Insurance 9 E. Manufacturing 10 F. Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities 11 G. Wholesale Trade 12 H. Retail Trade 13 I. Services 13 J. Total Government 15 K. Local Education 17 L. Wages and Income 17 III. Labor Supply 20 A. Population 20 B. Labor Force 24 C. Number of Employed Persons in Wyoming 24 D. Unemployment 25 IV. Conclusion 26 Endnotes 29 Appendices Appendix A: Derivation of Gross State Product (GSP) A-1 Appendix B: Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes B-1 Appendix C: Methodology C-1 Tables and Figures Page

Tables Table 1: Gross State Product 4 Table 2: Total Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment by Industry 5 Table 3: Occupational Growth in the Agriculture Sector 7 Table 4: Occupational Growth in the Mining Sector 8 Table 5: Occupational Growth in the Construction Sector 9 Table 6: Occupational Growth in the Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Sector 10 Table 7: Occupational Growth in the Manufacturing Sector 11 Table 8: Occupational Growth in the Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Sector 12 Table 9: Occupational Growth in the Wholesale Trade Sector 12 Table 10: Occupational Growth in the Retail Trade Sector 14 Table 11: Occupational Growth in the Services Sector 15 Table 12: Total Government Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment 15 Table 13: Occupational Growth in the Government Sector 16 Table 14: Personal Income and Industry Earnings 18 Table 15: Average Annual Wages, in Nominal Dollars, by Major Industry 19 Table 16: Labor Force and Unemployment 20 Table 17: Population and Demographics 21 Table 18: 1998 Average Annual Unemployment Rate by Industry for Wyoming 25 Figures Figure 1: Total Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment 2 Figure 2: Gross State Product 4 Figure 3: Total Employment Shares by Sector 6 Figure 4: Total Wyoming and Construction Employment 9 Figure 5: Federal Expenditures and Federal Employment in Wyoming 16 Figure 6: Total Personal Income 19 Figure 7: Population by Age 22 Figure 8: Total Population 23 Introduction by: Tom Gallagher and Buck McVeigh

The objective of Outlook 2000 is to provide state and local policy makers, businesses, economic development groups, interest groups, and the citizens of Wyoming with a consolidated and comprehensive almanac of information describing key economic, demographic and employment trends.

Traditionally, both the Department of Employment/Research and Planning Section and the Department of Administration and Information/Division of Economic Analysis have produced outlook publications focusing, respectively, on occupational demand and economic and demographic trends. There has always been one common link, however, between these two publication endeavors--employment by industry.

For years, the existence of multiple forecasts for employment data has made it confusing and complicated for both the data user and provider. "Which data series is correct?" or "Which series should I use?" are frequently asked questions. It is time that the forecasting efforts of the two agencies be consolidated into one. Outlook 2000 brings both of these efforts together in one document.

Historically, the Research and Planning Section (R&P) has developed detailed industry projections as an essential first step in the production of occupational projections.1 Occupational projections are useful to both counselors and students in making more practical career decisions and are also used by dislocated workers and training staff to help make efficient transitions to new work opportunities. Industry projections and occupational staffing patterns are also used by those developing and evaluating new training programs and Community College curriculums.

The Division of Economic Analysis has forecast population and employment since 1977. Beginning in 1991, the Division produced a comprehensive annual economic forecast, entitled the "Wyoming Economic Forecast Report," that provided data on population, employment, earnings by industry, total personal income, and mineral price and production. The main focus of the report was to provide a tool for long-range economic and policy-related planning.

The synthesis of these two efforts is possible and is evident in this report. The partnership that exists between the two agencies has enabled us to produce this report, and will likely enable us to produce future joint publications, depending on the level of usage and feedback we receive endorsing the usefulness of Outlook 2000.

The focus of this report is on long-term economic activity and structural outcomes, as opposed to a short-term outlook. Short-term economic analysis focuses on issues related to fluctuations in levels and composition of economic variables. Long-term trend analysis focuses on the probable growth path of economic variables assuming equilibrium dynamics. Long-term trend forecasts, which are absent of external shocks (e.g., a major regional war), can miss crucial turning points in the economy, where short-term analysis might depict them. But, it is very difficult to predict the exact timing and magnitude of potential external shocks. Additionally, short-term statistical series can exhibit the "random walk." In a random walk, data changes (e.g, employment data) are serially independent and produce short-run patterns outside the scope of the long-term overall trend.

I- 1 Wyoming's Outlook at a Glance

As Outlook 2000 makes clear early on, Wyoming's position in the national economy is influenced by forces which play a far greater role in this state than in most others. Integral to understanding the direction of Wyoming's economy are energy prices, tourism, federal domestic spending, and international trade policies.

While the national economy suffered through the recession of late 1990 and early 1991, Wyoming's economy remained healthy. Strong energy prices brought about by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait buoyed Wyoming's economy and slowed the national economy. The rate of growth in federal expenditures in Wyoming increased dramatically in 1990 and 1991, providing a further boost to the state economy. At the same time, Wyoming experienced net in-migration as a result of the weak national economy, especially in California. Moving into the mid-part of the 1990s, the national economy recovered, while Wyoming's rate of growth began to wane at mid-decade under depressed commodity prices, slower growth in federal spending, and a decline in migration into the state.

It is these structural shifts in federal funding, the oil and gas markets, and, to a lesser degree (although not unimportantly), GDP's influence on tourism and domestic spending that play such a large role in the Outlook 2000. Our approach in this publication is to project the impacts of basic structural elements into the future. One element of that structure that is becoming an increasingly important element of consideration is the demographics of labor supply. Structural factors (e.g., Wyoming's population size, resource base, employment diversification, relationship with the balance of the nation and world) change slowly over time. But, the aging of the baby boom generation is entering a period of relatively rapid demographic and sociological change, which may have substantive consequences in a number of arenas, chiefly in the area of labor supply.

The dilemma facing Wyoming's labor market is demand. Labor demand is dominated by the relatively lower wage Services and Retail Trade sectors, while an aging population and labor supply depend upon more substantial income opportunities. As a result, people are leaving the state in search of better income opportunities. This is supported by the most recent estimate of the state's population, which declined 0.1 percent from 1998 to1999 to a level 479,602. Employment and wages may well grow as described in this forecast, but retention of the population continues to be problematic. When employment, unemployment rates, earnings levels, and wage rates are considered independently of one another, measuring the demand for labor can lead to mistaken interpretations about the market's overall trend. For example, total net employment growth of 27,450 Wyoming jobs is expected over the forecast period of 1998-2008. While growth of this magnitude is encouraging, it is necessary to examine the underlying quality of the jobs created. A purpose of Outlook 2000 is to bring the key economic, demographic and employment pieces together and present them in their mutual context.

A Note on the Data

The two state agencies responsible for this report are participants in State-Federal cooperative statistical programs.

The employment numbers presented in this publication originate through collection of the data from employers and households in Wyoming. R&P, through cooperative agreements with the U.S. Department of Labor/Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and other federally funded programs, collects several types of employment and compensation information from employers. Each

I- 2 quarter, R&P compiles the employment and earnings of all employers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI). Five to six months after the end of each quarter, these UI tax data are enhanced through editing and quality control measures and are released as total payroll, average wage, and a count of jobs worked. These data also form the bulk of the Personal Income series and serve as the basis for the computation of Gross State Product. More current establishment-based estimates of the number of jobs worked are published each month from a sample of Wyoming employers (later benchmarked to UI tax records) on a one-month lag basis. R&P also publishes labor force estimates on a one-month lagged basis. The labor force is an estimate of the number of persons working and the number of persons not working and actively seeking work. Used to compute the monthly estimate of the unemployment rate, the statistical process involves a household survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census under contract to BLS, R&P administrative data, and the monthly establishment survey. Finally, this report also contains occupational information. Occupational staffing patterns and associated wage rates are estimated from a sample-based survey of Wyoming employers.

The Division of Economic Analysis is the lead agency for the U.S. Census Bureau State Data Center (SDC) program, a State-Federal program that was established for the purpose of supporting and promoting the Census Bureau and its programs. The SDC also serves as the central repository for Census Bureau products and reports. Population estimates are developed in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census, through the Federal-State Cooperative Program for Local Population Estimates (FSCPE). The Division was designated the official State FSCPE agency by Governor Mike Sullivan in 1990. The FSCPE was established for the purpose of developing consistent and jointly prepared county and subcounty estimates with complete statewide coverage through the use of established methods, comprehensive data review, and thorough testing.

I- 3

I. Results in Brief

The performance of the U.S. economy in the 1990's has been nothing short of astonishing and has been arguably the best decade in U.S. economic history. But, this will slow in the future, as will Wyomings economy after 2000 to 2008. The forecast of employment and population in Outlook 2000 span the period 1998 through 2008.

The Mining sector has played a vital role in the progress of Wyoming's economy in the past. However, future contributions are forecast to have less significance on Wyoming's overall economy and employment growth, as the state changes from a goods-producing to a service- producing economy. This change is indicative of the change in the national economy. Employment in the Mining sector is expected to decline 8.2 percent over the forecast horizon to the year 2008.

The Services sector has seen the major job growth within Wyoming's economy during the 1990's, with an average annual growth rate of 3.62 percent. Although the increase slowed the past three years to 1.3 percent in 1996, 1.9 percent in 1997, and 2.9 percent in 1998, employment growth in the Services sector has consistently been above the increase in total employment. The Services sector is the second largest employing sector in Wyomings economy and has the second fastest growth rate of the 1990's. Only the Construction sector has a faster growth rate. Except for a small decline in 1996, the health services sub-sector has experienced annual average job growth of 3.0 percent since 1990. A large portion of the increase in this sector is related to the aging of the population and an overall increase in the demand for health care.

The Services sector is the only sector forecast to increase at a rate of more than 2.0 percent through the forecast horizon. As a result of the high growth, the Services sector surpasses the Government sector in 2005 as the largest employing sector in Wyoming.

Employment growth in state government has been relatively flat in the 1990s and is expected to decline slightly by the year 2000. Growth in the local and state government sectors is expected to remain flat throughout the forecast period, having an estimated 52,740 jobs by 2008.

Employment in the local education sector continues to grow at a slow but steady rate despite decreasing school enrollments. Student enrollment in primary and secondary schools during 1991 was approximately 98,226 and rose to 100,899 in the 1993-1994 school year. Enrollment has been declining since that time and during the 1998-1999 school year held at 94,420 statewide. It is likely that Wyoming's school enrollments will remain flat over the next few years. Employment in this sector is expected to grow by 1.0 percent per year, rising to 25,800 by 2008. Funding is a stronger driver of employment in local education than enrollments.

Population in Wyoming grew over 1.0 percent each year from 1991 to 1994, as the annual net in-migration exceeded 2,000 persons. The state has experienced net out-migration since 1995. Out-migration increased to over 2,500 in 1997. Net migration is forecast at a negative level each year from 1999 to 2008. This means that the number of people who leave the state is expected to exceed the number of people who move into Wyoming. The out-migration flows slow over the ten-year projection period (see Appendix C).

The main population segment participating in the labor force (age 25-44) gradually declined from 148,446 in 1990 to 134,480 persons in 1998. This age group is projected to continue declining at a decreasing rate through the forecast, and level off in 2008 at 126,560 persons. The population ages 45-64 includes the early post-World War II baby boom. This segment posted a remarkable increase of 36.0 percent, making it the most rapidly growing population segment

1 from 1990 to 1998. By the year 2008, this age segment is forecast to reach 134,100 persons. This represents an increase of 22.0 percent from the 1998 level. An increasingly older population will greatly impact many areas of our economy, from supply of labor force to demand of health and social services. Slow and steady population growth is expected throughout the ten- year forecast period.

The number of employed persons is expected to increase by 22,560 individuals and nonagricultural wage and salary employment increases by 27,450 jobs over the forecast horizon (see Figure 1). In other words, the number of nonagricultural wage and salary jobs will grow much

Figure 1: Total Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment Forecast 280

260

240

220

200

180 (Thousands) 160

140

120

100 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

faster (11.4%) than the number of employed persons in Wyoming (6.3%). This is due to increased commuting into Wyoming, increased multiple job holding, and a decrease in self- employment and agricultural employment opportunities. The unemployment rate is expected to rise slowly from 4.6 percent in 1999 to 5.7 percent in 2008. Part of this increase is related to the different growth rates of industries. Construction, Retail Trade and Services are forecast to grow faster than average and are high layoff industries.

National Forecast Compared to Wyoming

The performance of the U.S. economy in the 1990's has been nothing short of astonishing and has been arguably the best decade in U.S. economic history. The questions become: what is driving the national economy, how long can it last, and will the Wyoming economy catch up? There are two main schools of thought on the national economy. First, the national economy's performance is mainly attributed to good luck. The luck argument cites lower import and energy prices due to overseas economic problems as the main reasons for the good economy and lower inflation despite nationally tight labor markets. As Asia recovers and commodity prices rebound, the argument states, the good times experienced in the U.S. economy will end. However, even

2 as energy prices have rebounded and the overseas economic problems have subsided, the U.S. economy has continued to perform quite well.

The second school of thought on the outstanding performance of the U.S. economy argues that the economy has undergone a structural transformation. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has dubbed these changes the "X-factors," which include an acceleration in the pace of technological change and the continuing globalization of the economy, with both of these factors helping to raise the economy's underlying rate of productivity. In addition, this has caused increased competitive pressures that have allowed the economy to expand at a quicker pace with low unemployment and without the usual accompanying inflationary pressures. If the "X-factor" school of thought holds true and there are no major shocks to the economy, the good times will continue to last.

It is likely that both schools of thought are at least partially correct. The national economy has undoubtedly benefited from the Asian crisis and the accompanying decline in commodity prices, but Wyomings economy has suffered from these same changes. There is also evidence that productivity growth in the U.S. has increased, and just as the country is reaping the benefits of the information technology revolution, Wyoming will also benefit from the technology revolution. However, even with the increase in productivity, the recent torrid rate of growth in the national economy is not sustainable. In short, the national economy will slow in the future, as will Wyoming's economy after 2000 for the forecast period.

Relationship Between the National Economy and Wyoming's Economy

The relationship between Wyoming's economy and the national economy is quite weak. In fact, the Wyoming economy differs the most of any state from the national economy.3 We estimated that only 3.0 percent of the change in employment in Wyoming is related to changes in employment at the national level.4

Given the reliance on commodities both mineral and agricultural, within Wyomings economy, this conclusion is not startling. If commodity prices for goods are high, Wyomings economy benefits while the national economy suffers. Conversely, low commodity prices hurt Wyomings economy while they benefit the national economy. In fact, much of the demand for Wyoming's commodities is influenced by worldwide developments such as the recent Asian economic crisis.

Despite the seemingly small impact of the national economy on Wyoming's economy, it is important to understand what is occurring with the national economy as a background against which our economy can be compared. Direct impacts on Wyomings economy from the national economy can occur through things such as interest rates, financial markets, population migration, and tourism. For instance, during the national recession of the early 1990's, a large number of people migrated from California and other states to Wyoming, which boosted the state's population growth rate considerably. Since the national economy has recovered, migration has turned negative which has, in turn, hurt the growth rate of Wyoming's economy.

Gross Domestic Product and Gross State Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) identifies the value of goods and services produced within the U.S. GDP grew by 3.9 percent in 1998 to $7.6 trillion, and is expected to grow by only a slightly lesser amount (3.7%) in 19995 in real dollars (see Appendix A). Year 2000 GDP growth is forecast at only 1.7 percent, picking up to almost 3.0 percent in 2001.

3 Total employment in 1999 is expected to grow by 1.8 percent to 128.1 million, and year 2000 total employment is forecast at 129.4 million, an increase of 1.1 percent. The U.S. unemployment rate was 4.5 percent in 1998 and is expected to be 4.3 percent in 1999 and 4.7 percent in the year 2000. U.S. citizens saw personal income grow at a pace of 5.0 percent in 1998. Personal income is forecast to grow at a rate of 4.9 percent in 1999 and 4.8 percent in the year 2000.

Gross State Product (GSP) is defined by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) as the sum of gross state product originating in all industries in the state or the value of all goods and services produced. In concept, an industry's GSP, or "value added," is equal to its gross outputs (sales or receipts and other operating income, commodity taxes, and inventory changes) minus intermediate inputs (consumption of goods and services purchased from other industries or imported).

Because of the normal delay in releasing GSP data, 1997 is the most current year available. GSP for Wyoming in 1997 was $18.3 billion (see Table 1). Real dollar GSP (adjusted to 1992-dollar

Table 1: Gross State Product 1995-2008

Historical Forecast (Billions of Dollars) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Gross State Product 15.6 16.9 18.3 18.8 19.4 20.0 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8 24.9 25.9 27.0 28.2 Percent Change 7.9% 8.5% 2.7% 3.5% 2.9% 4.2% 4.8% 4.6% 4.4% 4.4% 4.2% 4.3% 4.4% Gross State Product (1992 Dollars) 15.7 15.9 16.8 17.2 17.7 17.9 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.8 Percent Change 0.7% 5.9% 2.6% 2.7% 1.4% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% terms) was $16.8 billion. For 1998, the forecast puts GSP at $18.8 billion, an increase of 2.7 percent from 1997. Real GSP for 1998 is expected to increase 2.6 percent to $17.2 billion. GSP is forecast to increase 3.5 percent to $19.4 billion in 1999, and real GSP is forecast to climb by 2.7 percent to a level of $17.7 billion (see Figure 2). Year 2000 GSP is expected to reach $20.0 billion, an increase and peak growth rate of 2.9 percent, while real GSP is expected to grow by

Figure 2: Gross State Product

Forecast $30

$25

$20

$15

$10 Billions of Dollars

$0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Gross State Product Gross State Product (Real $)

4 1.4 percent to $17.9 billion. For the remainder of the forecast, GSP grows at an average annual rate of 4.4 percent, and is expected to reach $28.2 billion in 2008. Real GSP is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent and is forecast to hit a level of $20.8 billion in 2008.

II. Labor Demand and Job Growth

Labor demand depends on total labor costs for a particular skill level and total output the firm is capable of producing to meet customer needs for profit maximization. Each industry (see Appendix B) and occupation has various levels of labor demand. This section covers the change in the number of jobs over the forecast horizon. The total nonagricultural wage and salary employment increases by 27,450 jobs (11.4%) over the forecast horizon (see Table 2). Three out of four jobs created through 2008 will be in the Services and Retail Trade sectors (see Figure 3, page 6). Personal income levels between 1999-2008 are projected to increase for all industries, with total personal income growing by 4.7 percent.

Table 2: Total Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment 1995-2008

Historical: Forecast: ( in Thousands) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment 219.4 221.1 224.4 227.9 229.1 232.3 235.0 237.8 240.9 244.0 247.1 249.8 252.7 255.3 Percent Change 0.8% 1.5% 1.5% 0.5% 1.4% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% Mining 17.0 15.9 16.8 17.0 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.6 Percent Change -6.8% 5.4% 1.1% -9.2% -0.5% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.7% -0.1% -0.2% -0.1% Construction 14.2 14.2 15.1 15.8 16.8 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.1 Percent Change -0.2% 6.0% 4.8% 5.7% 5.1% 0.8% 0.9% 1.5% 1.1% 0.6% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% Manufacturing 9.7 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.0 Percent Change 9.5% 0.2% 1.0% 0.5% 0.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% 1.2% 0.9% 0.6% 0.5% Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities (TCPU) 13.7 13.9 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 14.0 13.8 13.8 13.8 Percent Change 1.8% -0.2% 0.1% 0.8% 0.6% -0.6% 0.0% -0.6% 0.0% 0.3% -1.3% 0.0% 0.0% Wholesale Trade 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.8 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.3 Percent Change 0.1% 4.2% 1.0% 0.6% 2.2% 1.6% 2.3% 2.5% 2.0% 1.8% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Retail Trade 44.2 44.8 44.8 44.9 45.1 45.7 46.5 47.3 48.2 49.0 49.8 50.5 51.2 52.0 Percent Change 1.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 1.2% 1.6% 1.9% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% Finance, Insurance & Real Estate (FIRE) 7.9 7.9 8.2 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 Percent Change 0.2% 2.9% 5.0% 1.3% -0.5% 0.4% 0.2% 0.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% Services 47.5 48.1 49.1 50.5 52.0 53.2 54.5 55.8 57.1 58.6 60.1 61.5 63.0 64.4 Percent Change 1.3% 1.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2.2% 2.3% 2.4% 2.4% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% Total Government 57.8 58.1 58.1 58.4 58.1 58.4 58.7 58.8 59.0 59.2 59.4 59.7 59.9 60.1 Percent Change 0.6% -0.1% 0.6% -0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2% Federal Government 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Percent Change -2.9% -2.9% 0.6% -0.7% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% State & Local Government 50.3 50.9 51.0 51.3 50.9 51.1 51.4 51.5 51.7 51.9 52.1 52.4 52.6 52.7 Percent Change 1.2% 0.3% 0.6% -0.7% 0.3% 0.6% 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% State Government 13.6 13.5 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.5 Percent Change -1.0% 0.9% 0.1% -0.5% -0.3% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% Local Government 36.7 37.4 37.4 37.7 37.4 37.6 37.9 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.3 Percent Change 2.0% 0.1% 0.7% -0.8% 0.5% 0.8% 0.2% 0.8% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3%

5 Figure 3: Total Employment Shares by Sector

30%

20%

10%

0% 1988 1998 2008

Mining Construction Manufacturing TCPU Wholesale Trade Retail Trade FIRE Services Government

One distinction between short- and long-term forecasts needs clarification. In the short term, job growth can change dramatically due to price changes or supply and demand shocks, such as oil prices or droughts, which are difficult to predict. Long-term forecasts show the general trend of job growth, and whether or not structural changes are occurring in the economy.

Agriculture

No projections for Agriculture are given because of its small portion of total employment (1.5% of total employment in 19986), but it is still an important sector and can effect other industries like Manufacturing. For example, the sugar beet industry dramatically increases employment levels in the Manufacturing sector during harvesting season, lowering unemployment rates in counties where sugar beet farming and processing exist. The covered Unemployment Insurance (UI) employment growth in Agriculture is a result of the commercialization of agricultural business; the shifting from family-owned businesses towards company ownership. As a result, more agricultural workers are covered by UI. Wyoming has a higher rate of self-employment (22.7%) than the nation (16.4%), with a large portion of the workforce employed in Agriculture positions that are not covered under UI.7

Occupational growth in the Agriculture sector (see Table 3, page 7) is greatest among landscape laborers, farm equipment operators, and veterinary technicians. Table 3 gives the base and forecast job growth or loss from 1998 to 2008, along with the amount and percent difference between the forecast horizon.

Since Agriculture is the smallest sector in total covered employment, it does not have an important direct effect on total employment changes, except for the seasonal factor.8 From 1990 to 1998, by percentages, the Construction and Agriculture sectors gained the most jobs, at 43.0 percent and 42.5 percent, respectively, followed by Services at 32.9 percent.

6 Table 3: Occupational Growth in the Agriculture Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

79041 Laborers, Landscp/Groundskeep 399 508 27.3 109 79021 Farm Equipment Operators 397 441 11.1 44 32951 Veterinary Techs/Technols 83 123 48.2 40 74002 Farm Wkrs, Ex Agri Serv 380 419 10.3 39 32114 Vets & Vet Inspectors 77 102 32.5 25 79017 Animal Caretakers, Exc Farm 82 106 29.3 24 79806 Veterinary Assistants 78 101 29.5 23 55305 Reception/Information Clks 46 65 41.3 19 71005 Farm Managers 180 198 10.0 18 79033 Pruners 44 55 25.0 11

Mining

The Mining sector has played a vital role in the progress of Wyoming's economy in the past. However, future contributions are forecast to be less significant on Wyoming's overall economy and job growth as the state changes from a goods-producing to a service-producing economy. Also, technology and productivity will decrease job growth, as the sector becomes more capital intensive.

In 1998, there were 17,000 jobs in Wyomings Mining sector (see Table 2, page 5). However, Wyoming's 1999 annual average employment is forecast at 15,600 jobs--a drop of 1,400 jobs from 1998. The sub-sectors contributing to the loss were oil & gas extraction (-1,000), nonmetallic minerals & quarrying (-300) and coal mining (-100). This large decline in employment started in the first quarter of 1999, and is considered an anomaly to many analysts. For example, the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS), and Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) statistical series did not catch this significant decline in jobs in preliminary estimates. This large decline in employment was unexpected since UI claims from the Mining sector and monthly reports from employers included in the CES sample, at the time, suggested much smaller job losses.9

After reviewing the Mining employment data produced by the UI employer tax records, analysts were able to confirm the large job losses by using wage records and social security numbers to track individual employees. This involved the detailed matching of individual wage records for employer accounts from first quarter 1998 through second quarter 1999. The results proved that within a six-month period, approximately 1,000 individuals from the Mining sector left Wyoming's job market.

Despite predictions of oil and gas prices remaining strong through the year 2000 and increases in the production of coal, trona and methane gas by the Consensus Revenue Estimating Group10 (CREG), Wyoming's Mining sector is expected to remain stable through the year 2008. The increase in the number of drilling applications for coal-bed methane and the number of completed wells is expected to have minimal upward effect on employment because coal-bed methane drilling is less labor intensive than standard oil and gas drilling.

Table 4 (see page 8) shows the top ten employing occupations within the Wyoming Mining sector. Overall employment in Mining is expected to decline 8.2 percent by the year 2008.

7 Table 4: Occupational Growth in the Mining Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

87917 Service Unit Operators 1,043 1,204 15.4 161 81005 First Line Superv: Const,Extrac 747 878 17.5 131 93914 Welders & Cutters 218 312 43.1 94 87914 Derrick Operators, Oil 371 429 15.6 58 87921 Roustabouts 904 952 5.3 48 97911 Well Head Pumpers 285 330 15.8 45 98319 Construct Trades Helpers, NEC 362 402 11.0 40 95005 Gas Plant Operators 234 271 15.8 37 87911 Rotary Drill Operators 233 269 15.5 36 97908 Oil Pumpers, Ex Well Head 231 266 15.2 35

Construction and Real Estate

The Construction sector is defined as building construction-general contractors; heavy construction other than building construction-traditionally highway; and special trade contractors, such as electricians, carpenters, plumbers, etc. The average annual wage for the Construction sector rose from $22,826 in 1990 to $26,844 in 1998 (see Table 15, page 19). The percentage of Construction employment as a share of total employment increased from 5.5 to 7.0 percent during the period from 1990 to 1998. Statewide, employment forecasts show Construction increasing in 2000, and slowing down thereafter (see Table 2, page 5). By 2008, the number of Construction jobs is expected to increase to 19,130 jobs from 15,850 jobs in 1998. Building construction and special trade contractor employment gain the most due to increases in total population, while heavy construction employment is expected to slow down due to slower growth in federal expenditures on highways.

New construction building permits are often used as a leading economic indicator to forecast the general direction of the economy.11 Permits fluctuate rapidly with the demand for housing. Housing starts (see Figure 4, page 9) and home sales are directly correlated with employment, the purchase of construction materials, the eventual purchase of household appliances, furniture and other household items. For example, Casper's economy has seen substantially increased requests for permits and new business formations12 causing total and Construction employment to increase dramatically in 1999. Housing activity also increases with favorable interest rates. As interest rates fluctuate, housing starts, costs, and sales will move up and down causing employment in the Real Estate and Construction industries to fluctuate. Traditionally, interest rate changes influence the Real Estate sub-sector first, and then six to 12 months later effect the Construction sector.

Housing starts and home sales are correlated with the seasonal weather factors in Wyoming, with the second and third quarters having the largest number of housing permits issued. Construction and Real Estate employment and wages peak in the summer and drop to the lowest levels in the winter. Other contributors to fluctuations in housing starts and home sales include changes in income levels and household formations (see page 18). As average income levels go up beyond inflation, consumer-spending power goes up as well, increasing housing starts and sales.

Employment in the Construction sector also includes heavy construction, particularly in road and airport construction. Looking at the dollar amount the Wyoming Transportation Department (WDT) projects let to contract, it is evident the amount spent by WDT will also effect

8 Figure 4: Total Wyoming and Construction Employment Number of Building Permits (Units)

250

200 Building Permits

150 Total Employment

Construction 100 Employment

Employment in Thousands 50

0 1/92 1/93 1/94 1/95 1/96 1/97 1/98 Month/Year

Construction employment levels. The aggregated time series data for past employment and wage interaction in heavy construction has increased considerably. This increase in 1999 is due to the increase in federal expenditures13 for highway construction of $26 million over 1998 levels.

Growth occupations in the Construction sector are carpenters, electricians and plumbers (see Table 5). Many other factors effect the Construction sector and can also be useful as economic indicators: demographic factors (i.e., age composition of the population, net domestic migration patterns, and household formations), rental prices, and wood prices.

Table 5: Occupational Growth in the Construction Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

87102 Carpenters 1,699 2,171 27.8 472 87202 Electricians 813 1,078 32.6 265 87502 Plumbers/Pipefittrs/Steamfitrs 597 766 28.3 169 87311 Concrete & Terrazzo Finishers 494 660 33.6 166 15017 Construction Managers 543 673 23.9 130 81005 First Line Superv: Const,Extrac 529 651 23.1 122 97102 Truck Drivers, Heavy 525 642 22.3 117 19005 General Mgrs & Top Execs 464 568 22.4 104 87402 Painters & Paperhangers 265 362 36.6 97 87808 Roofers 241 317 31.5 76

Finance and Insurance

The Finance, Insurance & Real Estate (FIRE) sector is one of the smallest employing sectors in Wyoming. In 1990, the sector had 7,178 jobs, about 3.7 percent of total jobs in Wyoming. In 1998, FIRE represented about 3.8 percent of total jobs. The percentage of total FIRE jobs in 2008 is expected to be about 3.6 percent. The increased use of technology, as well as the

9 consolidation and/or restructuring of some financial institutions, will initiate this decrease (i.e., Internet and automatic teller machines - ATM). Depository institution employment lost 572 jobs over the past eight years and is projected to drop in the future, while employment in other Finance sub-sectors is expected to increase. This is also a general trend at the national level. Due to the development of financial market and financial innovations, direct financing is playing a bigger role in the U.S. financial markets, so the decline and restructuring in depository institutions are unavoidable.

The securities brokerage and dealing sub-sector is the only industry with a six-digit average annual wage ($104,689) and largest percentage gains at 163.8 percent (nearly 12.9% per year) in the past eight years. This phenomenon is due to the booming of the securities market and direct financing in the financial markets. Another explanation is the financial risk premium. Securities businesses are usually considered risky and high wages are needed to attract people to work in this area. Experience, demand, and licensing requirements may also contribute to the high wages (see Table 6). Other growth occupations in the FIRE sector are insurance adjusters, insurance policy processing agents, loan officers, and credit clerks.

Table 6: Occupational Growth in the Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

53314 Insurance Policy Process Clerks 320 455 42.2 135 53121 Loan & Credit Clerks 283 405 43.1 122 85132 Maintenance Repairers, Gen Util 294 365 24.1 71 19005 General Mgrs & Top Execs 581 652 12.2 71 43002 Insurance Sales Workers 290 339 16.9 49 43014 Securities/Financial, Sales 173 218 26.0 45 53302 Insur Adjusters, Examiners 75 118 57.3 43 13002 Financial Managers 290 330 13.8 40 15011 Property & Real Estate Mgrs 148 178 20.3 30 67005 Janitors & Cleaners 140 169 20.7 29

Manufacturing

Manufacturing makes up only a small part of Wyoming's economy. The sector averaged 10,900 covered jobs or 4.8 percent of all jobs in 1998. Between 1990 and 1999, the Manufacturing sector experienced modest gains in employment especially during 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1996. The slow growth is due to the close relationship of this sector to the Agriculture and Mining sectors, which are not expected to increase significantly over the forecast horizon. More than 80.0 percent of the employment growth between 1990 and 1996 was caused by non-economic code changes. Non-economic code changes are based on a company changing its primary business activity from one sector to another.14 For example, in 1991 and 1993, two individual companies changed their primary business industry classification from the Wholesale Trade and Mining sectors to the Manufacturing sector. From 1990 to 1998, Wyoming's Manufacturing sector increased by 1,500 jobs; however, 1,200 jobs were added by the way of non-economic code changes. These types of changes in Wyoming's economy can show artificial growth in employment levels and often are misinterpreted.

Nationally, Manufacturing's share of total jobs is expected to decline, as a decrease of 350,000 Manufacturing jobs is projected through the year 2006. However, Manufacturing is expected to

10 maintain its share of total output, as productivity in this sector is projected to increase. Accounting for 14.0 percent of employment in 1996, Manufacturing is expected to decline nominally to a level of 12.0 percent in 2006.

Unlike the national level, Wyoming's Manufacturing is projected to remain stable through the year 2008.15 This sector is expected to grow 10.3 percent by the year 2008. Even though the level of employment is projected to increase by 1,100 jobs by the year 2008, the relative share of total employment in the sector remains at 4.7 percent.

Table 7 shows the top ten employing occupations within the Wyoming Manufacturing sector.

Table 7: Occupational Growth in the Manufacturing Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

93956 Assemb & Fabricatrs, NEC 418 455 8.9 37 97102 Truck Drivers, Heavy 197 231 17.3 34 91714 Metal Fabricators, Structl Metal 87 114 31.0 27 91911 Metal Molding Mach Oprs/Tndrs 46 63 37.0 17 91914 Fndry Mold Assembly, Shakeout 43 58 34.9 15 98102 Mechanic & Repairer Helpers 68 80 17.6 12 93953 Grinders & Polishers, Hand 78 90 15.4 12 97938 Grader/Dozer/Scraper Oprs 35 43 22.9 8 97956 Operating Engineers 40 47 17.5 7 91508 Combin Mach Tool Oprs/Tndrs 8 14 75.0 6

Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities (TCPU)

The Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities (TCPU) sector includes: railroad transportation; motor freight transportation; electric, gas & sanitary services; as well as other transportation and communication related companies. Employment in this sector in 1998 was 13,920 and is expected to rise to 14,110 by the year 2000. Employment is forecast to dip to 14,030 in 2001 and continue to decline to approximately 13,810 in 2008. This drop in employment is mainly due to technology replacing labor. The annual wage was $34,437 in 1998. In 2000, the annual wage is expected to be $36,618. By 2008, the annual wage for the TCPU sector is expected to be $51,724, a growth rate of roughly 4.0 percent annually for the forecast period (see Table 15, page 19).

Within the TCPU sector, the electric, gas & sanitary services sub-sector is also projected to decline by 11.0 percent due to technology efficiencies. A sub-sector expected to grow substantially within the TCPU sector is transportation by air. This group is expected to grow by approximately 25.0 percent over the forecast period. The relatively small number of individuals currently employed in this sector account for a higher growth rate with increased demand for air transportation.

The fastest growing occupations within the TCPU sector are pilots and flight engineers (see Table 8, page 12). These occupations are expected to grow by about 43.0 percent over the projection period. The increased demand for these occupations within this industry are highly valued with larger increases in wages and can be seen locally. In a recent article in the Casper-Star Tribune,16 Great West Airlines reported having difficulty recruiting pilots and flight engineers to operate their flights. However, the company expects the 60 pilots they have sent for training will

11 Table 8: Occupational Growth in the Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

97702 Aircraft Pilots/Flight Engrs 196 280 42.9 84 58011 Transportation Agents 187 263 40.6 76 97108 Bus Drivers, Ex School 222 254 14.4 32 85702 Telephone/Cable TV Instlr/Rprs 390 418 7.2 28 53117 Credit Checkers 78 101 29.5 23 43021 Travel Agents 126 144 14.3 18 83008 Transportation Inspectors 50 66 32.0 16 85905 Precision Instrum Repairers 36 48 33.3 12 87202 Electricians 53 65 22.6 12 97114 Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs 153 165 7.8 12 alleviate their dilemma. Transportation agents and parts salespersons are also expected to grow about the same rate.

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation are expected to grow by approximately 18.0 percent over the forecast period, along with increases in the total population. Transportation inspectors and agents are expected to grow by approximately 41.0 percent and 32.0 percent, respectively.

Wholesale Trade

Employment growth in the Wholesale Trade sector in 1998 slowed to 1.0 percent after increasing by 4.2 percent in 1997. Employment totaled 7,770 jobs in 1998. Since 1990, employment in the Wholesale Trade sector has increased by an average of 1.7 percent annually. The growth, however, has tended to occur in spurts, with gains in 1994 and 1997 above 4.0 percent and much lower increases in all other years.

For the forecast period, employment in the Wholesale Trade sector is projected to increase by 1.9 percent annually, reaching 9,260 jobs in 2008. Growth in this sector is driven by increases in population and the continued shift in the economy from the goods-producing sectors to the Services and Retail Trade sectors. Occupations within the Wholesale Trade sector which increase employment the most over the forecast horizon are driver and sales workers, heavy truck drivers, light truck drivers, sales representatives, and clerical supervisors (see Table 9).

Table 9: Occupational Growth in the Wholesale Trade Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

97117 Driver & Sales Workers 463 531 14.7 68 97102 Truck Drivers, Heavy 442 506 14.5 64 97105 Truck Drivers, Light 393 450 14.5 57 49008 Sales Representatives, NEC 548 597 8.9 49 51002 Clerical Supervisors 71 104 46.5 33 85311 Bus, Truck, Diesel Eng Mechs 205 233 13.7 28 49014 Salespersons, Parts 253 274 8.3 21 49005 Sales Reps, Science 213 231 8.5 18 55108 Secretaries, Ex Legal or Med 119 135 13.4 16 85314 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechs 128 144 12.5 16

12 Retail Trade

The Retail Trade sector is the third largest sector in Wyoming in terms of employment, with a total of 44,920 jobs in 1998. Growth in this sector was quite high during the early part of the decade, with increases averaging over 3.0 percent from 1990 to 1995. However, the growth rate began to slow in 1996, and significantly lagged increases in total employment realized over the past two years, growing by only 0.1 percent in 1997 and by 0.2 percent in 1998.

The largest sub-sector within the Retail Trade sector is eating & drinking places, comprising just over one-third of total Retail Trade sector employment. From 1990 to 1995, this sub-sector grew in excess of 4.0 percent annually. Significant slowing occurred in 1996, with an increase of only 1.3 percent. During the next two years, employment within the sub-sector declined by 1.3 percent in 1997 and by 2.2 percent in 1998.

Two other major sub-sectors have also been losing jobs recently in the Retail Trade sector. The first is the general merchandise stores sub-sector which followed the same general pattern as eating & drinking places, with large gains early in the decade, followed by declines after 1994. Growth averaged 5.7 percent from 1990 to 1994. Since then, declines have averaged 0.9 percent, with decreases of 1.8 percent realized in 1997 and 0.6 percent in 1998. The apparel & accessory stores sub-sector gained jobs at an average rate of 1.4 percent from 1990 to 1995, but losses in employment in both 1996 and 1997 were 4.4 percent. This sub-sector experienced employment growth in 1998, suggesting a possible turn around.

Building materials, hardware, garden supply & mobile homes is one of the smaller sub-sectors within the Retail Trade sector, but has experienced the fastest growth within the sector. Growth rates averaged 7.5 percent from 1990 to 1995 and 4.2 percent from 1995 to 1998. Employment within the food stores sub-sector decreased through 1995, but grew by 1.9 percent annually thereafter, despite significant ownership changes in the sector within Wyoming.

The automobile dealers & gasoline service stores sub-sector realized consistently positive growth averaging 2.4 percent annually since 1990. The home furniture, furnishings & equipment stores sub-sector grew by a rate of over 5.0 percent annually, and the miscellaneous retail sub-sector increased by 2.7 percent annually.

For the year 2000, forecast employment in the Retail Trade sector increases by 1.2 percent, slightly slower than the overall growth in employment, but nonetheless, a significant improvement over 1997 and 1998. After 1999, employment in the Retail Trade sector increases faster than the overall level of employment growth. From 1999 to 2008, the Retail Trade sector grows by an average of 1.6 percent, the third fastest increase of any sector, behind only the Services and Wholesale Trade sectors. In 2008, the Retail Trade sector is forecast to have 51,960 jobs, comprising one-fifth of total employment. Growth in the Retail Trade sector is primarily driven by increasing population, tourism, and disposable income.

Within the Retail Trade sector, occupations projected to increase the most are retail salespersons, cashiers, food preparation workers, restaurant cooks, and combination food preparation/service workers (see Table 10, page 14).

Services

The Services sector is primarily engaged in providing a wide variety of services for individuals, businesses and government establishments and has seen major job growth within Wyomings

13 Table 10: Occupational Growth in the Retail Trade Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

49011 Salespersons, Retail 5,909 7,343 24.3 1434 49023 Cashiers 4,789 5,461 14.0 672 65038 Food Preparation Workers 2,117 2,419 14.3 302 65026 Cooks, Restaurant 1,796 2,038 13.5 242 65041 Comb Food Prep/Serv Wkrs 2,540 2,752 8.3 212 49021 Stock Clerks, Sales Floor 2,126 2,298 8.1 172 65008 Waiters & Waitresses 4,363 4,523 3.7 160 85302 Automotive Mechanics 733 873 19.1 140 65032 Cooks, Fast Food 1,300 1,428 9.8 128 41002 Marketing/Sales Supervisors 2,023 2,131 5.3 108 economy during the 1990's, with an average annual growth rate of 3.6 percent. Although the increases slowed during the past three years to 1.3 percent in 1996, 1.9 percent in 1997, and 2.9 percent in 1998, employment growth in the Services sector has consistently been above the increase in total employment. In addition to the second fastest growth rate of the 1990's, behind only the Construction sector, Services is the second largest employing sector in Wyomings economy.

Except for a small decline in 1996, the health services sub-sector has enjoyed rapid and nearly continuous increases with an average job growth of 3.0 percent since 1990. A large portion of the increase in this sub-sector is related to the aging of the population and an overall increase in the demand for health care in general.

The business services sub-sector grew faster than any other Services sub-sector, with average annual increases of 6.9 percent. The gains in this sub-sector are indicative of the change going on in the national and Wyoming economies, as the shift from a goods-producing economy to a service- and information-producing economy continues.

The hotels, rooming houses, camps & other lodging places sub-sector also grew more slowly than the other large sub-sectors, with average gains of only 1.9 percent annually. Almost all of the gains occurred in the first half of the decade, when the sector grew at an annual rate of 2.6 percent, while the last three years' growth has averaged only 0.8 percent annually. This sub- sector is largely dependent on tourism and is one measure of tourism's impact on Wyoming's economy.

The Services sector is projected to have the fastest growth rate of any sector through 2008 at 2.4 percent annually. Additionally, this sector is the only sector forecast to increase at a rate of more than 2.0 percent through the forecast horizon. As a result of the high growth, the Services sector surpasses the Government sector in 2005 as the largest employing sector in Wyoming.

Within the Services sector, business services are expected to continue leading all other sub- sectors in employment growth due to the increased number of new businesses.17 Health services should maintain a solid growth rate due to the aging population, while the other service sub- sectors will grow at somewhat slower rates.

Occupations expected to add the greatest number of jobs in the Services sector are: registered nurses, general managers and top executives, janitors and cleaners, and general utility maintenance repairers (see Table 11, page 15).

14 Table 11: Occupational Growth in the Services Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

32502 Registered Nurses 2,968 3,763 26.8 795 31308 Teachers, Secondary School 3,908 4,508 15.4 600 19005 General Mgrs & Top Execs 1,646 1,934 17.5 288 67005 Janitors & Cleaners 3,217 3,461 7.6 244 85132 Maintenance Repairers, Gen Util 1,372 1,608 17.2 236 65038 Food Preparation Workers 1,166 1,378 18.2 212 27307 Residential Counselors 585 750 28.2 165 13002 Financial Managers 715 871 21.8 156 32505 Licensed Practical Nurses 763 918 20.3 155 68038 Child Care Workers 661 814 23.1 153

Total Government

Total Government consists of federal, state, and local government (see Table 12). The annual wage in 1998 for the Government sector was $26,305 and is expected to rise to $27,975 by the

Table 12: Total Government Nonagricultural Wage & Salary Employment 1990-1998 (Federal, State and Local Government, including Education)

(Thousands) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Total Government 55.3 55.8 56.8 57.2 58.2 57.8 58.1 58.1 58.4 Percent Change 0.9% 1.8% 0.7% 1.7% -0.7% 0.5% 0.0% 0.5% Federal Government 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.1 Percent Change -2.6% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -3.1% -2.3% 0.0% State & Local Government 47.7 48.4 49.4 49.7 50.7 50.3 50.9 51.0 51.3 Percent Change 1.5% 2.1% 0.6% 2.0% -0.8% 1.2% 0.2% 0.6% State Government 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.9 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.6 13.6 Percent Change 2.2% -0.7% 0.7% -0.7% -1.4% -0.7% 0.7% 0.0% Education - State Govt 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 Percent Change 0.0% 0.0% 1.9% 0.0% 1.9% -1.9% 0.0% 0.0% Local Government 34.1 34.5 35.6 35.8 36.9 36.7 37.4 37.4 37.7 Percent Change 1.2% 3.2% 0.6% 3.1% -0.5% 1.9% 0.0% 0.8% Education - Local Govt 18.6 19 19.3 19.5 19.8 19.8 19.9 20.2 20.2 Percent Change 2.2% 1.6% 1.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.5% 0.0%

Source: Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. year 2000. It is estimated to increase 4.0 percent per year through 2008 to a level of $37,560. The forecast annual wage for state government mirrors the annual wage state pattern for the entire Government sector, with education increasing the fastest. Both federal and local government wages increased rapidly, too. However, compared to the sector as a whole, the annual wage is traditionally higher for the federal government and slightly lower for local government.

Local and state government employment in 1998 was 51,320 jobs. Employment growth in state government has been relatively flat in the 1990s, and both sub-sectors are expected to decline slightly to 51,100 by the year 2000. Growth in these sub-sectors is expected to remain flat

15 throughout the forecast period, having an estimated 52,740 jobs by 2008, although local government has shown growth and should continue during the forecast horizon. In 1998, the federal government payroll numbered 7,100 jobs in Wyoming. By the year 2000, federal employment is expected to drop to a level of 7,050 jobs. Employment in 2001 is expected to rise to 7,190 and remain steady through 2008.

Primarily, the low growth in the Government sector reflects current and projected spending cuts. Figure 5 compares the percentage change in federal expenditures to the percentage change in federal employment for the years 1989 to 1997 for the State of Wyoming. As the level of federal spending increases or decreases, employment levels rise or fall commensurately.18

Figure 5: Federal Expenditures and Federal Employment in Wyoming 1989-1997 15.0%

10.0% % Change in Expenditures

5.0% % Change in 0.0% Employment Percent Change 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 -5.0% Year

In the Government sector, technology-related occupations show the highest projected net change in terms of growth over the forecast horizon (see Table 13). The number of database administrators and system analysts is expected to grow by about 70.0 percent each, along with

Table 13: Occupational Growth in the Government Sector 1998-2008

OES Base Projected Percent Net Code Occupational Title 1998 2008 Change Change

32502 Registered Nurses 451 551 22.2 100 55108 Secretaries, Ex Legal or Med 947 1,028 8.6 81 25102 Systems Analysts 93 158 69.9 65 87711 Highway Maintenance Workers 605 645 6.6 40 28302 Law Clerks 50 74 48.0 24 25103 Database Administrators 30 51 70.0 21 25108 Computer Programmer Aides 31 50 61.3 19 13014 Administrative Services Mgrs 162 175 8.0 13 22126 Electrical & Electronic Engineer 18 23 27.8 5 32505 Licensed Practical Nurses 137 142 3.6 5 higher wages.19 Computer programming aides are expected to show a growth percent change of about 61.0 percent. Law clerks are expected to show a gain of 48.0 percent and marketing/sales supervisors, a gain of 36.0 percent. These numbers are misleading, since these occupations represent relatively few of the total positions currently available, and a small increase in the number of positions translates into a large percentage increase. System analysts are an exception to this observation. This occupation is expected to increase by 65 jobs. Other occupations expected to show the greatest increases in actual jobs include registered nurses and secretaries.

16 Local Education

Employment in the local education sub-sector continues to grow at a slow but steady rate despite decreasing school enrollments. Student enrollment in primary and secondary schools during 1991 was 98,226 and rose to 100,899 in the 1993-1994 school year. Enrollment has been declining since that time and during the 1998-1999 school year held at 94,420 statewide.20

In 1990, local education had 18,600 jobs. Between 1991 and 1999, employment in local education steadily increased. By 1997, employment had grown to 20,200 jobs statewide, and is expected to remain unchanged through 1999. Employment in this sub-sector is expected to grow by 1.0 percent per year, rising to 25,800 jobs by the year 2008. Funding is a stronger driver of employment in education than enrollments. Expenditures for local education have risen since 1992; however, expenditure levels are uncertain at this time due to school finance litigation and could change in the future.

Wages & Income

Personal income levels between 1999 and 2008 are projected to increase for all industries, with total personal income growing by 4.7 percent annually over the ten-year forecast horizon (see Table 14, page 18).

Per capita personal income levels are also projected to increase, but at a lower rate of 4.2 percent over the same time.

Despite these expectations for growth, more modest gains in median household income (3.7%) and other measures reflect the concentration of new jobs in the Retail Trade and Services sectors- -currently the two lowest paying sectors in the state.21 Between 1990 and 1998, two out of three jobs created in Wyoming were in these same sectors. In the face of strong labor market competition from neighboring states, retention of the state's population and future labor force is problematic. From 1990 to 1998, total employment covered by UI increased by 15.7 percent, or by 30,017 jobs.22 The bulk of these jobs were in Retail Trade paying $13,783 and Services paying $19,396 annually, compared to $29,054 statewide in 1998. In 1997, Wyoming's statewide average weekly wage was 21.2 percent below the national average.23 The more rapid growth of lower wage jobs in the context of higher earnings elsewhere is associated with slow population growth.

Projections for 1999 to 2008 indicate an employment growth of 7.5 percent, or about half of the 15.7 percent rate of growth for the period 1990-1998. The largest components of growth, Retail Trade and Services employment, are a function of population and personal income growth, the commercialization of functions formerly performed by family and community, and the functioning of Services as an export base sector (e.g., tourism, education, and financial services).

With regard to projections for personal income by sector for the period 1999-2008, the Services sector climbs 6.4 percent over the period, while Trade (Retail & Wholesale combined) grows by 5.0 percent. The traditionally higher paying sectors of Mining, TCPU, and Government are projected to grow by smaller percentages (3.7%, 4.1%, and 3.6%, respectively, over the forecast period).

Average annual wages for nonagricultural covered employment (see Table 15, page 19) are projected to increase for all industries over the period 1999-2008, with Construction expected to show the lowest percent change (9.8%) and Services to experience the highest percentage gain

17 Table 14: Personal Income and Industry Earnings 1995-2008

Historical Forecast (Millions of Dollars unless otherwise noted.) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total Personal Income $9,895.00 $10,332.75 $10,846.25 $11,141.00 $11,475.16 $12,006.49 $12,554.16 $13,192.12 $13,865.51 $14,542.33 $15,185.09 $15,884.30 $16,558.02 $17,296.51 Percent change 4.4% 5.0% 2.7% 3.0% 4.6% 4.6% 5.1% 5.1% 4.9% 4.4% 4.6% 4.2% 4.5% Real Personal Income (1992 Dollars) $9,199.58 $9,415.28 $9,701.19 $9,885.59 $10,064.00 $10,345.82 $10,562.37 $10,771.24 $11,006.77 $11,230.57 $11,414.31 $11,627.69 $11,803.22 $12,005.43 Percent change 2.3% 3.0% 1.9% 1.8% 2.8% 2.1% 2.0% 2.2% 2.0% 1.6% 1.9% 1.5% 1.7% Population (Thousands) 478.62 480.06 480.04 480.91 481.95 484.10 486.24 488.48 490.81 493.23 495.63 498.02 500.38 502.78 Percent change 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Per Capita Personal Income (Dollars) $20,674 $21,524 $22,594 $23,167 $23,810 $24,801 $25,819 $27,006 $28,250 $29,484 $30,638 $31,895 $33,091 $34,401 Percent change 4.1% 5.0% 2.5% 2.8% 4.2% 4.1% 4.6% 4.6% 4.4% 3.9% 4.1% 3.8% 4.0% Real Per Capita Personal Income (1992 Dollars) $19,221 $19,613 $20,209 $20,556 $20,882 $21,371 $21,723 $22,051 $22,426 $22,770 $23,030 $23,348 $23,589 $23,878 Percent change 2.0% 3.0% 1.7% 1.6% 2.3% 1.6% 1.5% 1.7% 1.5% 1.1% 1.4% 1.0% 1.2% Median Household Income (Dollars) $31,529 $30,952 $33,420 $34,608 $35,522 $36,701 $38,093 $39,554 $41,052 $42,656 $44,169 $45,902 $47,530 $49,337 Percent change -1.8% 8.0% 3.6% 2.6% 3.3% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.9% 3.5% 3.9% 3.5% 3.8% US CPI-U (Index Number - 1982-84=100) 152.49 156.95 160.62 163.13 166.52 170.43 175.06 180.21 185.37 190.44 195.42 200.46 205.65 211.00 Percent change 2.9% 2.3% 1.6% 2.1% 2.3% 2.7% 2.9% 2.9% 2.7% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% Derivation of Total Personal Income Earnings by Place of Work $6,791.75 $6,938.00 $7,325.75 $7,531.50 $7,821.94 $8,201.03 $8,586.98 $9,024.04 $9,502.32 $10,006.63 $10,469.97 $10,990.60 $11,476.30 $12,033.17 Percent change 2.2% 5.6% 2.8% 3.9% 4.8% 4.7% 5.1% 5.3% 5.3% 4.6% 5.0% 4.4% 4.9% less: Contributions for Social Insurance $472.50 $483.75 $508.75 $528.75 $545.42 $573.00 $599.34 $629.24 $663.55 $699.18 $732.24 $770.17 $804.94 $843.98 Percent change 2.4% 5.2% 3.9% 3.2% 5.1% 4.6% 5.0% 5.5% 5.4% 4.7% 5.2% 4.5% 4.9% plus: Residence Adjustment -$23.50 -$21.25 -$20.25 -$18.25 -$18.23 -$18.64 -$19.38 -$20.04 -$20.63 -$21.21 -$21.81 -$22.50 -$22.98 -$23.27 Percent change -9.6% -4.7% -9.9% -0.1% 2.2% 4.0% 3.4% 2.9% 2.8% 2.8% 3.2% 2.1% 1.3% equals: Net Earnings by Place of Residence $6,295.75 $6,433.00 $6,796.75 $6,984.50 $7,258.29 $7,609.38 $7,968.26 $8,374.76 $8,818.14 $9,286.24 $9,715.93 $10,197.93 $10,648.38 $11,165.92 Percent change 2.2% 5.7% 2.8% 3.9% 4.8% 4.7% 5.1% 5.3% 5.3% 4.6% 5.0% 4.4% 4.9% plus: Dividends, Interest & Rents $2,039.50 $2,239.25 $2,317.50 $2,361.25 $2,368.24 $2,432.23 $2,517.08 $2,642.99 $2,767.54 $2,867.77 $2,970.07 $3,074.32 $3,180.70 $3,284.66 Percent change 9.8% 3.5% 1.9% 0.3% 2.7% 3.5% 5.0% 4.7% 3.6% 3.6% 3.5% 3.5% 3.3% plus: Transfer Payments $1,559.75 $1,660.50 $1,732.00 $1,795.25 $1,848.63 $1,964.87 $2,068.82 $2,174.37 $2,279.84 $2,388.32 $2,499.09 $2,612.05 $2,728.94 $2,845.93 Percent change 6.5% 4.3% 3.7% 3.0% 6.3% 5.3% 5.1% 4.9% 4.8% 4.6% 4.5% 4.5% 4.3% Earnings by Place of Work Components of Earnings Wages & Salaries $5,255.75 $5,405.25 $5,706.25 $5,976.25 $6,204.41 $6,523.34 $6,829.53 $7,177.25 $7,552.78 $7,956.21 $8,315.25 $8,726.40 $9,099.35 $9,543.12 Percent change 2.8% 5.6% 4.7% 3.8% 5.1% 4.7% 5.1% 5.2% 5.3% 4.5% 4.9% 4.3% 4.9% Income: Other Labor $558.25 $544.00 $549.75 $554.50 $559.77 $589.65 $619.84 $654.84 $694.92 $734.43 $775.28 $817.53 $861.12 $905.21 Percent change -2.6% 1.1% 0.9% 1.0% 5.3% 5.1% 5.6% 6.1% 5.7% 5.6% 5.4% 5.3% 5.1% Proprietors Income $977.75 $988.75 $1,069.75 $1,000.75 $1,057.76 $1,088.04 $1,137.61 $1,191.95 $1,254.63 $1,315.98 $1,379.44 $1,446.67 $1,515.83 $1,584.84 Percent change 1.1% 8.2% -6.5% 5.7% 2.9% 4.6% 4.8% 5.3% 4.9% 4.8% 4.9% 4.8% 4.6% Wage & Salary Disbursements by Industry Farm and Agricultural Services $86.51 $87.41 $97.36 $103.31 $115.40 $124.56 $106.22 $90.56 $75.50 $77.67 $86.11 $98.36 $111.93 $124.89 Percent change 1.0% 11.4% 6.1% 11.7% 7.9% -14.7% -14.7% -16.6% 2.9% 10.9% 14.2% 13.8% 11.6% Mining $742.87 $716.06 $794.32 $832.73 $800.41 $840.83 $887.43 $941.14 $995.57 $1,045.11 $1,083.05 $1,125.38 $1,156.09 $1,202.18 Percent change -3.6% 10.9% 4.8% -3.9% 5.0% 5.5% 6.1% 5.8% 5.0% 3.6% 3.9% 2.7% 4.0% Construction $356.41 $369.88 $404.67 $442.74 $486.87 $528.61 $555.49 $592.47 $633.75 $670.34 $694.48 $726.30 $761.28 $797.66 Percent change 3.8% 9.4% 9.4% 10.0% 8.6% 5.1% 6.7% 7.0% 5.8% 3.6% 4.6% 4.8% 4.8% Manufacturing $259.00 $318.00 $331.50 $353.26 $384.75 $414.78 $441.32 $470.29 $500.78 $529.98 $562.41 $592.88 $615.93 $646.34 Percent change 22.8% 4.2% 6.6% 8.9% 7.8% 6.4% 6.6% 6.5% 5.8% 6.1% 5.4% 3.9% 4.9% TCPU* $527.75 $527.25 $547.75 $543.98 $566.69 $593.22 $618.22 $646.64 $672.64 $701.38 $731.70 $754.94 $785.34 $816.85 Percent change -0.1% 3.9% -0.7% 4.2% 4.7% 4.2% 4.6% 4.0% 4.3% 4.3% 3.2% 4.0% 4.0% Trade $761.25 $790.25 $833.75 $880.17 $920.33 $966.51 $1,012.43 $1,069.05 $1,126.67 $1,194.98 $1,248.89 $1,315.08 $1,368.83 $1,439.44 Percent change 3.8% 5.5% 5.6% 4.6% 5.0% 4.8% 5.6% 5.4% 6.1% 4.5% 5.3% 4.1% 5.2% FIRE** $210.25 $225.75 $245.25 $264.09 $285.87 $298.44 $311.09 $326.64 $344.88 $364.58 $379.48 $398.68 $412.95 $431.96 Percent change 7.4% 8.6% 7.7% 8.3% 4.4% 4.2% 5.0% 5.6% 5.7% 4.1% 5.1% 3.6% 4.6% Services $879.88 $921.16 $972.21 $1,032.67 $1,111.99 $1,177.81 $1,253.92 $1,330.09 $1,420.44 $1,518.36 $1,602.99 $1,711.37 $1,805.11 $1,922.41 Percent change 4.7% 5.5% 6.2% 7.7% 5.9% 6.5% 6.1% 6.8% 6.9% 5.6% 6.8% 5.5% 6.5% Government $1,299.75 $1,317.00 $1,347.00 $1,388.81 $1,394.79 $1,438.04 $1,499.06 $1,561.76 $1,629.70 $1,696.77 $1,765.01 $1,838.12 $1,912.31 $1,987.41 Percent change 1.3% 2.3% 3.1% 0.4% 3.1% 4.2% 4.2% 4.3% 4.1% 4.0% 4.1% 4.0% 3.9% Military $132.08 $132.49 $132.44 $134.51 $137.31 $140.53 $144.35 $148.60 $152.85 $157.03 $161.14 $165.29 $169.58 $173.98 Percent change 0.3% 0.0% 1.6% 2.1% 2.3% 2.7% 2.9% 2.9% 2.7% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6%

* Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities. ** Finance, Insurance & Real Estate.

18 Table 15: Average Annual Wages, in Nominal Dollars, by Major Industry 1995-2008

Historical Forecast 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mining $43,671 $44,926 $47,064 $47,675 $49,621 $51,079 $52,281 $53,486 $54,692 $55,901 $57,112 $58,325 $59,541 $60,759 Percent Change 2.9% 4.8% 1.3% 4.1% 2.9% 2.4% 2.3% 2.3% 2.2% 2.2% 2.1% 2.1% 2.0% Construction $23,801 $24,634 $25,513 $26,844 $28,574 $29,258 $29,583 $29,888 $30,173 $30,442 $30,695 $30,934 $31,160 $31,374 Percent Change 3.5% 3.6% 5.2% 6.4% 2.4% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% Manufacturing $26,557 $29,474 $30,725 $32,197 $31,938 $33,235 $34,461 $35,663 $36,842 $38,001 $39,142 $40,265 $41,373 $42,468 Percent Change 11.0% 4.2% 4.8% -0.8% 4.1% 3.7% 3.5% 3.3% 3.1% 3.0% 2.9% 2.8% 2.6% TCPU* $31,612 $31,664 $33,283 $34,437 $34,590 $36,618 $38,426 $40,245 $42,088 $43,958 $45,856 $47,782 $49,738 $51,724 Percent Change 0.2% 5.1% 3.5% 0.4% 5.9% 4.9% 4.7% 4.6% 4.4% 4.3% 4.2% 4.1% 4.0% Trade $14,136 $14,550 $15,277 $16,234 $16,684 $17,108 $17,417 $17,716 $18,006 $18,287 $18,559 $18,824 $19,083 $19,334 Percent Change 2.9% 5.0% 6.3% 2.8% 2.5% 1.8% 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% FIRE** $25,406 $27,247 $28,956 $29,326 $31,279 $32,462 $33,431 $34,378 $35,307 $36,217 $37,111 $37,988 $38,850 $39,699 Percent Change 7.2% 6.3% 1.3% 6.7% 3.8% 3.0% 2.8% 2.7% 2.6% 2.5% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% Services $17,660 $18,048 $18,710 $19,411 $20,034 $21,054 $22,162 $23,450 $24,962 $26,758 $28,908 $31,502 $34,653 $38,497 Percent Change 2.2% 3.7% 3.8% 3.2% 5.1% 5.3% 5.8% 6.5% 7.2% 8.0% 9.0% 10.0% 11.1% Government $24,309 $24,708 $25,391 $26,305 $26,894 $27,975 $29,020 $30,105 $31,232 $32,403 $33,620 $34,883 $36,196 $37,560 Percent Change 1.6% 2.8% 3.6% 2.2% 4.0% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8%

Total $25,894 $26,906 $28,115 $29,054 $29,952 $31,099 $32,098 $33,116 $34,163 $35,246 $36,375 $37,563 $38,824 $40,177 Percent Change 3.9% 4.5% 3.3% 3.1% 3.8% 3.2% 3.2% 3.2% 3.2% 3.2% 3.3% 3.4% 3.5%

* Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities. ** Finance, Insurance & Real Estate.

(92.2%, averaging 7.1% annual growth). By 2008, the Mining and TCPU sectors should continue to lead other sectors in average annual wages ($60,759 and $51,724, respectively). The Services sector is expected to surpass Government and Construction in average annual wages, but Trade is projected to lag far behind other industries in the year 2008, at $19,334, more than $10,000 behind its nearest rival, the Construction sector ($31,374). These trends in average annual wages reflect the transformation in the opportunity structure of Wyoming's labor market as it continues to shift from goods producing to services producing (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: Total Personal Income

Forecast $20,000 $18,000 $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000

(Thousands) $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Total Personal Income Total Personal Income (Constant 92$)

19 III. Labor Supply

This section covers the expected increase in population and labor force, along with the factors influencing the labor supply. It also covers the number of individuals living in Wyoming that are employed and unemployed over the forecast horizon.

Slow and steady population growth is expected throughout the ten-year forecast period. Total population in Wyoming is expected to increase less than 2,200 persons per year with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.5 percent. Out-migration is forecast to surpass in-migration based on the assumption that the Wyoming economy will continue to be outperformed by other states in the west and south. However, net out-migration is reduced to 700 persons in 1999 and averages approximately 300 each year for the remainder of the forecast period.

Labor force is the sum of the number of employed and unemployed persons. As seen in Table 16, the labor force is expected to increase 7.5 percent during the ten-year forecast period. Labor force levels are expected to rise from an estimated 260,870 in 1999 to a projected 280,530 in 2008. This represents an increase of 19,660 individuals who are either working or available and looking for work.

Table 16: Labor Force and Unemployment 1995-2008

Historical: Forecast: ( in Thousands) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Civilian Labor Force 255.3 256.2 251.3 258.0 260.9 263.4 265.5 267.0 268.6 271.0 273.5 276.0 278.3 280.5 Percent Change 0.3% -2.0% 2.6% 1.1% 1.0% 0.8% 0.5% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% Number of Employed 243.1 243.3 238.5 245.6 248.8 250.2 251.4 252.4 253.9 256.1 258.3 260.5 262.6 264.5

Percent Change 0.1% -2.0% 2.9% 1.3% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% Number of Unemployed 12.2 12.8 12.8 12.4 12.1 13.2 14.1 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 Percent Change 5.2% -0.7% -3.3% -2.3% 8.8% 6.1% 3.5% 1.1% 1.5% 1.6% 1.5% 1.7% 1.9% Unemployment Rate 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7

The number of persons employed in Wyoming is forecast to increase by 6.3 percent from 1999 to 2008, reaching 264,460 persons. The number of unemployed persons in Wyoming is expected to increase by almost one-third from 12,080 in 1999 to 16,070 in 2008. The unemployment rate is expected to rise slowly from 4.6 percent in 1999 to 5.7 percent in 2008.

Population

Population growth in Wyoming since 1995 has been largely a function of the number of births being greater than the number of deaths. Between 1995 and 1998, growth averaged less than 0.2 percent and fell by 0.1 percent to 479,602 in 1999.24

Population change is a function of three processes: births, deaths, and migration. This involves births "into" a population, deaths "from" a population, and migration either into (net in-migration) or out of (net out-migration) a population. Both births and deaths are biological and physiological processes. However, migration is most often a direct result of processes such as employment, income, and other socioeconomic opportunities. The impact from the process of natural increase (combined effects of births and deaths) is usually long term in the areas of employment, housing, and the demand for goods and services. On the other hand, migration

20 tends to have immediate impacts, reducing demand with net out-migration and creating demand with net in-migration.

The level of migration tends to change according to the local economic conditions with migration occurring most often among young adults, among persons with higher educational attainment, higher income, and greater socioeconomic resources.

Both in-migration and out-migration numbers were slightly over 20,000 annually for the state in recent years. In the early 1990's, the national economy was performing poorly, as was the economy in California due partially to the cut backs in the defense industry. Thus, many Californians relocated to neighboring states and in the Rocky Mountains.25 As a result, the population in Wyoming grew more than 1.0 percent each year from 1991 to 1994. Annual net in-migration exceeded 2,000 persons during these years. However, as the overall economy for the nation, and Californias economy, became stronger, Californian out-migrants diminished. Net in-migration (in-migration minus out-migration) to Wyoming from California amounted to only 111 persons during the period of 1996-1997, compared to the 1993-1994 level of 1,820. Wyoming experienced net out-migration after 1995, increasing to over 2,500 in 1997. These out-migrants moved mainly to western states (Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, and Texas)26 whose economies were growing faster than Wyoming's.

Net migration is forecast as negative each year from 1999 to 2008 (see Table 17). This means that the number of people who leave the state is expected to exceed the number of people who move to Wyoming. Out-migration flows slow over the ten-year projection period. Table 17 shows a net migration of -2,680 people in 1997, but net out-migration is expected to decrease gradually to -100 persons in 2008.

Table 17: Population and Demographics 1995-2008

Historical Forecast (Thousands) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total Population 478.6 480.1 480.0 480.9 482.0 484.1 486.2 488.5 490.8 493.2 495.6 498.0 500.4 502.8 Percent Change 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Population: 00-04 31.8 31.2 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.5 33.7 33.9 34.1 Percent Change -1.95% 0.05% 0.80% 0.96% 1.28% 0.91% 0.90% 0.86% 0.80% 0.72% 0.59% 0.54% 0.47% Population: 05-19 118.7 118.2 116.1 114.2 112.6 111.0 109.9 109.0 108.2 107.8 107.5 107.3 107.3 107.5 Percent Change -0.4% -1.8% -1.6% -1.4% -1.4% -1.0% -0.9% -0.7% -0.3% -0.3% -0.2% 0.0% 0.1% Population: 20-24 34.6 34.8 35.3 35.8 36.2 36.7 37.0 37.1 37.2 36.9 36.6 36.1 35.5 35.0 Percent Change 0.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.0% 1.4% 0.9% 0.4% 0.2% -0.6% -1.1% -1.1% -1.7% -1.6% Population: 25-44 140.3 138.3 136.3 134.6 132.8 131.7 130.4 129.3 128.4 127.7 127.2 126.8 126.6 126.6 Percent Change -1.4% -1.4% -1.3% -1.3% -0.9% -1.0% -0.9% -0.7% -0.6% -0.3% -0.3% -0.2% 0.0% Population: 45-64 100.1 103.7 106.6 109.7 112.8 115.9 119.0 122.0 124.7 127.2 129.5 131.6 133.3 134.1 Percent Change 3.6% 2.8% 2.9% 2.9% 2.8% 2.6% 2.6% 2.2% 2.0% 1.8% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% Population: 65 and older 53.2 54.2 54.9 55.6 56.2 57.0 57.8 58.7 59.7 60.7 61.8 62.8 64.1 66.0 Percent Change 1.9% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.6% 1.4% 1.5% 1.6% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 2.0% 2.9% Net Migration -0.1 -1.7 -2.7 -1.3 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 Percent Change 1680.5% 57.5% -52.5% -45.1% -29.9% -20.3% 13.2% -22.1% -21.5% -12.4% 10.3% -25.3% -47.2% Households 181.5 183.7 183.8 184.4 185.3 186.4 187.4 188.4 189.4 190.5 191.6 192.7 193.7 194.7 Percent Change 1.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5%

Generally, when a state's economic conditions are less favorable than other nearby states, net out-migration occurs. This is because people tend to move where employment opportunities are best (employment growth is highest and unemployment rates are lowest). Some readers may wonder how total population can continue to increase, when more people are moving out of the

21 state than moving in. The answer lies in the fact that more people are born than die each year in Wyoming. The total number of newborn babies in the state ranged from 6,720 in 1992 to 6,248 in 1998. The number of deaths totaled 3,152 in 1991 and 3,847 in 1998.

Population age structure has profound implications for business leaders, planners, marketers, and public policy makers. The state has experienced a substantial decrease in the pre-school (age 0- 4) group in the early 1990s. However, this cohort is expected to grow by 0.7 percent annually throughout the forecast period, eventually reaching 34,070 persons by the year 2008. This is due to an increasing number of women in the middle childbearing years. The 5-19 year age group declined after 1996, resulting in the drop of K-12 school enrollments in the state from 100,899 in 1993 to 94,420 in 1998. This decline in school age population is expected to continue through 2006, dropping from the current level of 116,110 to 107,300 persons in 2006, and slowly increasing thereafter to 107,470 in 2008. Therefore, it is likely that Wyomings school enrollments will remain flat over the forecast horizon. The young adult group (age 20-24) expanded rapidly in the 1990s, at an annual rate of 3.6 percent, to 35,790 persons in 1998. This group, children of those born between 1946 and 1964 (the baby boom), is expected to continue to increase during the earlier years of the forecast and start to taper off in 2004.

The main population cohort participating in the labor force (age 25-44) declined from 148,446 in 1990 to 134,480 persons in 1998 (see Figure 7). To a certain degree, out-migration contributed to the decline of this cohort. This age group is projected to continue declining through the

Figure 7: Population by Age

Forecast 160

140

120

100

60 (Thousands) 40

0 1988 1998 2008

Ages 00-04 Ages 05-19 Ages 20-24 Ages 25-44 Ages 45-64 Ages 65+ forecast, as the baby boomers continue to age and are replaced in the cohort by generation X. The 25-44 age cohort is expected to fall to a level of 126,560 persons in 2008. The decline in this age segment could reduce the availability of labor.

The population ages 45-64 includes the early post-World War II baby boom. From 1990 to 1998, this group posted a remarkable increase of 36.0 percent, making it the most rapidly

22 growing age group. By the year 2008, this age group is forecast to reach 134,100 persons. This represents an increase of 22.0 percent from the 1998 level.

Nationally and in Wyoming, the average age has been increasing for some time. In 1998, there were 55,560 residents age 65 and over in Wyoming. With an annual growth rate of 2.3 percent since 1990, this population cohort expanded much more rapidly than the total population. The growth rate in Wyoming was also higher than the national average of 1.4 percent for this population cohort. In the meantime, the proportion of persons age 65 and older in the state increased to 11.6 percent in 1998, slightly below the national average of 12.7 percent. Rapid growth for this cohort is projected to continue, reaching 65,970 persons by 2008. This represents a growth of 18.7 percent over the forecast period. The age 65 and older cohort will increase to 13.1 percent of total population in 2008, from 11.6 percent in 1998.

Increases in life expectancy contributed to the growth of the older population, especially those at the oldest ages. A more numerous older population will greatly impact many areas of our economy, from the labor supply to demand for health and social services. Those aged 65 and over at the end of the forecast will be better educated, expect to live longer, and be healthier. If the unemployment rate in Wyoming remains moderately low as forecasted, combined with continued net out-migration, should result in increased employment opportunities in Wyoming for experienced people in this age group.

Slow and steady population growth is expected throughout the ten-year forecast period (see Figure 8). Total population in Wyoming is expected to increase less than 2,200 persons per year, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.5 percent. An out-migration is forecast to surpass

Figure 8: Total Population Forecast 550

500

450

400 (Thousands)

350

300 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

in-migration based on the assumption that the Wyoming economy will continue to be outperformed by other states in the west and south. However, net out-migration is reduced to

23 700 persons in 1999, and averages approximately 300 each year for the remainder of the forecast period.

Labor Force

Labor supply is based upon the decisions individuals make about whether or not to participate in the labor force, that is whether or not to look for paid employment. In addition, population growth and migration impact the labor supply. People decide if they wish to seek work in the local market, move elsewhere for better opportunities, or to not actively seek work.

Labor force is the sum of the number of employed and unemployed persons. As seen in Table 16 (see page 20), the labor force is expected to increase 7.5 percent during the ten-year forecast period. Labor force levels are expected to rise from an estimated 260,870 in 1999 to a projected 280,530 in 2008. This represents an increase of 19,660 individuals who are either working, or available and looking for work. At least two factors help explain the increase in labor force: population and participation rate.

First, Wyoming's population is projected to increase by 4.3 percent or 20,830 people by 2008. Second, due to increased labor force participation by women, overall labor force participation will increase. Labor force participation is defined as the percentage of the working-age population employed or looking for work. For the past 20 years, labor force participation rates in Wyoming27 exceeded the national level. Wyomings high participation rate may be related to high levels of educational attainment and numerous opportunities for agricultural self- employment.

Number of Employed Persons in Wyoming

The number of persons employed in Wyoming is forecast to increase by 6.3 percent over the next ten years. Table 2 (see page 5) shows that while the number of employed persons increases by 22,560 individuals, nonagricultural wage and salary employment increases by 27,450 jobs. In other words, the number of nonagricultural wage and salary jobs will grow much faster than the number of employed persons in Wyoming (11.4% compared to 6.3%). There are several possible explanations for this apparent anomaly.

First, the number of employed is based on place of residence; that is, only Wyoming residents are included, while nonagricultural wage and salary employment is based on place of work. Three out of four jobs created by 2008 will be in the Services and Retail Trade sectors (see page 5). Employment in these sectors includes large numbers of seasonal jobs. We expect that many of these jobs will be held by non-residents.

Part of the difference can be explained by interstate commuting patterns, where more residents of other states commute to work in Wyoming. The Census 2000 will allow us to measure how interstate commuting has changed since 1990. Some analysts suggest that the fast employment growth in Teton County has resulted in increased commuting from Idaho. Unemployment Insurance (UI) covered employment in Teton County increased 36.5 percent from 1990 to 1997, but population grew at a slower rate of 26.8 percent. Just across the border in Idaho's Teton County, population grew by 59.6 percent from 1990 to 1998, leading some analysts to suggest that a large part of these 2,049 new residents may be working in Wyoming. Other examples of interstate commuting exist in the Cheyenne and Evanston areas. Evanstons proximity to the expanding labor markets of Salt Lake City-Park City provides ample opportunity for Wyoming

24 residents to take advantage of work in Utah. In addition, commuting to and from Cheyenne and the Denver-Boulder-Greely-Ft. Collins area occurs daily in both directions. Thus, increased interstate commuting is likely a partial explanation for the differing growth rates of nonagricultural employment and the number of persons employed.

In summary, the number of employed persons is expected to grow at a slower rate than nonagricultural employment. This is due to increased commuting into Wyoming and increased multiple job holding.

Unemployment

Unemployed persons are those individuals actively seeking work, but not currently working. The number of unemployed persons in Wyoming in the 1990s peaked at 13,639 in 1992. Since then, the number of unemployed persons fell to 12,361 in 1998. With the decline in the number of unemployed persons, the unemployment rate in Wyoming also dropped. The unemployment rate fell from 5.7 percent in 1992 to 4.8 percent in 1998. For the past four years, the unemployment rate has remained between 4.8 and 5.1 percent.

The number of unemployed persons in Wyoming is expected to increase by almost one-third from 12,080 in 1999 to 16,070 in 2008. The unemployment rate is expected to rise slowly from 4.6 percent in 1999 to 5.7 percent in 2008. Part of this increase can be related to the different industry growth rates (see Table 18). Workers in some sectors have a greater likelihood of losing their jobs on a seasonal basis than the average for all sectors. With a higher proportion of total employment in the "high seasonal layoff" sectors, overall unemployment is expected to increase. Construction, Retail Trade, and Services are forecast to grow faster than average and are "high seasonal layoff" sectors. These three sectors will account for 82.0 percent of all the new jobs through 2008. Conversely, Government and TCPU Table 18: 1998 Average Annual are expected to grow much slower than average Unemployment Rate and are typically "low seasonal layoff" sectors. by Industry for Wyoming Construction employment will increase 13.8 Unempl percent, while total nonagricultural employment Industry Ra increases 11.4 percent during the forecast period 1998 to 2008. Construction work in Wyoming is Total 4.5% highly seasonal. Cold winter weather makes many Agriculture 3.5% construction projects difficult or impossible in the Construction 14.4% first and fourth quarters, leaving many construction Manufacturing 4.1% workers unemployed in the winter months. TCPU* 3.0% Trade 5.4% Similarly, employment in the tourism industry tends FIRE** 1.4% to be seasonal.28 Employment in the Services sector Services 5.8% is expected to grow 23.7 percent, and Retail Trade is Government 2.4% expected to grow 15.1 percent. Due to a higher proportion of the work force employed in seasonal Source: Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment, industries, average unemployment is expected to 1998. Bureau of Labor Statistics grow.

The projections show Government employment increasing a meager 3.5 percent over the ten- year forecast period. Government employment tends to be more stable and government employees typically face a smaller chance of seasonal job loss than employees in other

25 industries. Therefore, a smaller proportion of employment in Government tends to increase unemployment.

Finally, employment in the TCPU sector is expected to decrease over the next ten years in both absolute and relative terms. Specifically, TCPU is forecast to lose 80 jobs in 2001, 90 jobs in 2003, and 180 jobs in 2006. A decline in the relative importance of jobs with low seasonal unemployment increases the overall rate of unemployment during the forecast period.

IV. Conclusion

Wyoming's Mining sector has played a vital role in the progress of Wyoming's economy in the past. However, future contributions will have less significance on Wyoming's overall economy and employment growth, as the state changes from a goods-producing to a service-producing economy that is indicative of the change going on in the national economy. Employment in the Mining sector is expected to decline 8.2 percent by the year 2008.

The percentage of Construction employment as a share of total employment increased from 5.5 percent to 7.0 percent during the period from 1990 to 1998, due to the increase in federal expenditures in 1999 for highway construction. By percentages, the Construction and Agriculture sectors gained the most, at 43.0 percent and 42.5 percent respectively, followed by services at 32.9 percent from 1990 to 1998.

Depository institution employment lost 572 jobs over the past eight years, and is projected to drop in the future, while employment in other finance sub-sectors is expected to increase. The securities brokerage and dealing sub-sector is the only industry with a six-digit average annual wage ($104,689) and largest percentage gain at 163.8 percent (nearly 12.9% per year) in the past eight years.

Manufacturing makes up only a small part of Wyoming's economy. Over the last nine years, the Manufacturing sector experienced modest gains in employment especially during 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1996. From 1990 to 1998, Wyoming's Manufacturing sector increased by 1,500 jobs; however, 1,200 jobs were added by the way of non-economic code changes. Unlike the nation, Wyoming's Manufacturing sector is projected to remain stable through the year 2008.

Employment in TCPU is forecast to dip to 14,030 in 2001 and continue to decline to approximately 13,810 in 2008. This drop in employment is mainly due to technology replacing labor.

The Retail Trade sector is the third largest sector in Wyoming in terms of employment, with a total of 44,920 jobs in 1998. Growth in the sector was quite high during the early part of the

26 decade, with increases averaging over 3.0 percent from 1990 to 1995. The growth rate began to slow in 1996, and significantly lagged behind the increases in total employment in the state over the past two years, growing by only 0.1 percent in 1997 and by 0.2 percent in 1998.

The Services sector has been a major strength within Wyoming's economy during the 1990's, with an average annual growth rate of 3.6 percent. Although the increases slowed the past three years to 1.3 percent in 1996, 1.9 percent in 1997, and 2.9 percent in 1998, employment growth in the Services sector has consistently been above the increase in total employment. In addition to the second fastest growth rate of the 1990's behind only Construction, the Services sector is the second largest employing sector in Wyomings economy.

Since 1990, the health services sub-sector has experienced annual average growth of 3.0 percent, except for a small decline in 1996. A large portion of the increase in this sub-sector is related to the aging of the population, and an overall increase in the demand for health care in general. The gains in the business services sub-sector are indicative of the change going on through the national and Wyoming economies as the shift from a goods-producing economy to a service- and information-producing economy continues.

The Services sector is the only sector that is forecast to increase at a rate of more than 2.0 percent. As a result of the highest growth rate in the forecast, the Services sector becomes the largest employing sector within the Wyoming economy in 2005, surpassing the Government sector.

Employment growth in state government has been relatively flat in the 1990's and is expected to decline slightly by the year 2000. Growth in the local and state government sectors is expected to remain flat throughout the forecast period, having an estimated 52,740 jobs by 2008.

Employment in local education continues to grow at a slow but steady rate despite decreasing school enrollments. Student enrollment in primary and secondary schools during 1991 was 98,226 and rose to 100,899 in the 1993-1994 school year. Enrollment has been declining since that time and during the 1998-1999 school year held at 94,420 statewide. It is likely that Wyoming's school enrollments will remain flat over the next few years. Employment in this sector is expected to grow by 1.0 percent per year, rising to 25,800 by 2008. Funding is a stronger driver of employment in education than enrollments.

The population in Wyoming grew over 1.0 percent each year from 1991 to 1994, as the annual net in-migration exceeded 2,000 persons during these years. The state has experienced net out- migration since 1995, increasing to over 2,500 in 1997. Net migration is forecast to be negative each year from 1999 to 2008. This means that the number of people who leave the state is expected to exceed the number of people who move to Wyoming. Out-migration flows slow over the ten-year projection period.

The main group participating in the labor force (ages 25-44) endured a gradual decline from 148,446 in 1990 to 134,480 persons in 1998. This age group is projected to continue to decline through the forecast, but at a decreasing rate. In 2008, the age 25-44 cohort will number 126,560 persons. The population ages 45-64 includes the early post-World War II baby boom. This group posted a remarkable increase of 36.0 percent, making it the most rapidly growing age group from 1990 to 1998. By the year 2008, this age segment is forecast to reach 134,100 persons. This represents an increase of 22.0 percent from the 1998 level. An increasingly older population will greatly impact many areas of our economy, from supply of labor force to demand of health and social services. Slow and steady population growth is expected throughout the ten- year forecast period.

27 The number of employed persons is expected to increase by 22,560 individuals, and nonagricultural wage and salary employment increases by 27,450 jobs. In other words, the number of nonagricultural wage and salary jobs will grow much faster than the number of employed persons in Wyoming (11.4% compared to 6.3%). This is due to increased commuting into Wyoming and increased multiple job holding. The unemployment rate is expected to rise slowly from 4.6 percent in 1999 to 5.7 percent in 2008.

28 Endnotes

1 Wyoming Department of Employment, Research and Planning, Wyoming Industry & Occupational Projections 1996 - 2006; The Future of Wyoming's Labor Market, (July 1998).

2 Wyoming Department of Employment, Wyoming Office of Workforce Development, The Wyoming Unified Title I Plan. http://wydoe.state.wy.us/wrkforce/unified/default.htm.

3 Tim R. Smith, "The Relationship between the Tenth District Economy and the National Economy", Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review Fourth Quarter 1996, 81, no. 4 (1996): 77-90.

4 State Edition, Regional Forecast Analysis 6, no. 12 (1999).

5 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Product by Industry for the U.S. and States, (June 1999).

6 Wyoming Department of Employment, Research & Planning, Where Are the Jobs? What do They Pay?, Annual Covered Employment and Wages 1998, Casper, WY, (2000).

7 Carol Toups, Self-Employment as a Work Option in Wyoming, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 35, no. 11 (1998): 1-5.

8 Mike Evans, Job Turnover and Hire Rates in Wyoming, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 36, no. 6 (1999): 1-5.

9 David Bullard, Covered Employment and Wages for First Quarter 1999, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 36, no. 10 (1999): 6-8.

10 Consensus Revenue Estimating Group, State Revenue Forecast, (October 1999).

11 Mike Evans, Wyoming Housing and Home Improvement Markets: An Economic Indicator, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 32, no. 12 (1995): 1-4.

12 Sherry Yu, A Study of Wyomings New Business Formation, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 34, no. 4 (1997): 1-7.

13 David Bullard,Federal Expenditures in Wyoming: A Partial Explanation of our Stagnant Economy, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 34, no. 6 (1997): 5-7.

14 Wyoming Department of Employment, Research & Planning, Where Are the Jobs? What do They Pay?, Annual Covered Employment and Wages 1998, Casper, WY, (2000).

15 State Edition, Regional Forecast Analysis 6, no.12 (1999).

16 Casper Star Tribune, (August 27, 1999) and (October 19, 1999).

17 Sherry Yu, Update: New Business Formation in Wyoming Wyoming Labor Force Trends 36, no. 1 (1999): 1-6.

18 David Bullard, Federal Expenditures in Wyoming Revisited: Growth in 1997, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 35, no. 6 (1998): 1-4.

29 19 Wyoming Department of Employment, Research & Planning, Wyoming Wage Survey III. Casper, WY, (February 2000).

20 Wyoming Department of Education, Statistical Report #2, 1998 School District Fall Report of Staffing and Enrollments, (March 1999).

21 Wyoming Office of Workforce Development, The Wyoming Unified Plan, (December 1999): 55.

22 Wyoming Office of Workforce Development, "Table 4," The Wyoming Unified Plan, (December 1999).

23 Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Earnings Annual Averages," BLS Bulletin 2511 (December 1998).

24 U.S. Bureau of Census, Population Division, Population Estimates Program, Resident Population and Component Change of U.S. and States: 1990 to 1998, Census Bureau Publication ST-98-3, (December 1998).

25 Phil Brooks and Mike Evans, Population Migration Flows Among the Mountain & Plains States, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 35, no. 9 (1998): 6-8.

26 1997-1998 State to State Migration Flows: Inflow to and Outflow from Wyoming, Wyoming State Data Center Bulletin X, no. 2 (July 1999) and David Bullard, Explaining Employment Growth in 20 Western States, Wyoming Labor Force Trends 35, no.11 (1998): 6-9.

27 David Bullard, Wyomings Labor Force Participation Rate: What does it imply about Labor Supply in the State? Wyoming Labor Force Trends 36, no. 8 (1999): 1-5.

28 The tourism industry is not broken out separately. However, most employment in the tourism industry is found in the Services and Retail Trade sectors.

30 Appendix A. Derivation of Gross State Product (GSP)

In practice, GSP estimates are measured as the sum of distributions by industry of the components of gross domestic income. The components of gross domestic income include compensation to employees, indirect business tax and non-tax liability, and property-type income. For the 1997 GSP, the compensation of employees' component made up 39.6 percent of total GSP. The indirect business tax and non-tax liability component contributed 10.8 percent to total GSP, and the property-type income component contributed most to the total GSP at 49.7 percent.

Compensation to employees includes employee wages and salaries as well as supplements to wages and salaries such as employer contributions for social insurance and other labor income (i.e., employer contributions to private pension and profit-sharing plans). Indirect business tax and non-tax liabilities mainly include the sum of state and local non-personal property taxes, licenses, non-tax liabilities, and sales and gross receipt taxes. Federal non-tax liabilities and excise taxes on goods and services are also included.

Property-type income on the proprietor's side comprises income of unincorporated establishments, rental income of persons, proprietors inventory valuation adjustment, and non- corporate capital consumption allowance (CCA). On the corporate side, property-type income includes corporate profits before taxes, net interest, corporate inventory valuation adjustment, corporate CCA, business transfer payments, and subsidies. In short, the distributions by industry of the components of gross domestic income are the sums of costs incurred (such as compensation of employees, net interest and indirect business taxes) and the profits earned in production.

A-1 Appendix B: Two and Three-Digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes

NEC Indicates Not Elsewhere Classified List of Short SIC Titles

CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

A. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING 12 COAL MINING 122 Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mining 01 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION - CROPS 123 Anthracite Mining 011 Cash Grains 124 Coal Mining Services 013 Field Crops, Except Cash Grains 016 Vegetables and Melons 13 OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION 017 Fruits and Tree Nuts 131 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas 018 Horticultural Specialties 132 Natural Gas Liquids 019 General Farms, Primarily Crop 138 Oil and Gas Field Services

02 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION-LIVESTOCK 14 NONMETALLIC MINERALS, EXCEPT FUELS 021 Livestock, Except Dairy and Poultry 141 Dimension Stone 024 Dairy Farms 142 Crushed and Broken Stone 025 Poultry and Eggs 144 Sand and Gravel 027 Animal Specialties 145 Clay, Ceramic & Refractory Minerals 029 General Farms, Primarily Livestock and 147 Chemical and Fertilizer Minerals Animal Specialties 148 Nonmetallic Minerals Services 149 Misc. Nonmetallic Minerals 07 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES 071 Soil Preparation Services C. CONSTRUCTION 072 Crop Services 074 Veterinary Services 15 GENERAL BUILDING CONTRACTORS 075 Animal Services, Except Veterinary 152 Residential Building Construction 076 Farm Labor and Management Services 153 Operative Builders 078 Landscape and Horticultural Services 154 Nonresidential Building Construction

08 FORESTRY 16 HEAVY CONTRACTORS, EXCEPT BUILDING 081 Timber Tracts 161 Highway and Street Construction 083 Forest Products 162 Heavy Construction, Except Highway 085 Forestry Services 17 SPECIAL TRADE CONTRACTORS 09 FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING 171 Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning 091 Commercial Fishing 172 Painting and Paper Hanging 092 Fish Hatcheries and Preserves 173 Electrical Work 097 Hunting, Trapping and Game Propagation 174 Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering 175 Carpentry and Floor Work B. MINING 176 Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work 177 Concrete Work 10 METAL MINING 178 Water Well Drilling 101 Iron Ores 179 Misc. Special Trade Contractors 102 Copper Ores 103 Lead and Zinc Ores D. MANUFACTURING 104 Gold and Silver Ores 106 Ferroalloy Ores, Except Vanadium 20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS 108 Metal Mining Services 201 Meat Products 109 Misc. Metal Ores 202 Dairy Products

B-1 Appendix B: (continued) CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

203 Preserved Fruits and Vegetables 26 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 204 Grain Mill Products 261 Pulp Mills 205 Bakery Products 262 Paper Mills 206 Sugar and Confectionery Products 263 Paperboard Mills 207 Fats and Oils 265 Paperboard Containers and Boxes 208 Beverages 267 Misc. Converted Paper Products 209 Misc. Food and Kindred Products 27 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING 21 TOBACCO PRODUCTS 271 Newspapers 211 Cigarettes 272 Periodicals 212 Cigars 273 Books 213 Chewing and Smoking Tobacco 274 Miscellaneous Publishing 214 Tobacco Stemming and Redrying 275 Commercial Printing 276 Manifold Business Forms 22 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 277 Greeting Cards 221 Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Cotton 278 Blankbooks and Bookbinding 222 Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Manmade 279 Printing Trade Services 223 Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool 224 Narrow Fabric Mills 28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 225 Knitting Mills 281 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals 226 Textile Finishing, Except Wool 282 Plastics Materials and Synthetics 227 Carpets and Rugs 283 Drugs 228 Yarn and Thread Mills 284 Soap, Cleaners, and Toilet Goods 229 Miscellaneous Textile Goods 285 Paints and Allied Products 286 Industrial Organic Chemicals 23 APPAREL AND OTHER TEXTILE PRODUCTS 287 Agricultural Chemicals 231 Mens and Boys Suits and Coats 289 Misc. Chemical Products 232 Mens and Boys Furnishings 233 Womens and Misses Outerwear 29 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 234 Womens and Childrens Undergarments 291 Petroleum Refining 235 Hats, Caps, and Millinery 295 Asphalt Paving and Roofing Materials 236 Girls and Childrens Outerwear 299 Misc. Petroleum and Coal Products 237 Fur Goods 238 Misc. Apparel and Accessories 30 RUBBER AND MISC. PLASTICS PRODUCTS 239 Misc. Fabricated Textile Products 301 Tires and Inner Tubes 302 Rubber and Plastics Footwear 24 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS 305 Hose and Belting and Gaskets and Packing 241 Logging 306 Fabricated Rubber Products, NEC 242 Sawmills and Planing Mills 308 Misc. Plastic Products, NEC 243 Millwork, Plywood, and Structural Members 244 Wood Containers 31 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS 245 Wood Buildings and Mobile Homes 311 Leather Tanning and Finishing 249 Miscellaneous Wood Products 313 Footwear Cut Stock 314 Footwear, Except Rubber 25 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES 315 Leather Gloves and Mittens 251 Household Furniture 316 Luggage 252 Office Furniture 317 Handbags and Personal Leather Goods 253 Public Building and Related Furniture 319 Leather Goods, NEC 254 Partitions and Fixtures B-2 Appendix B: (continued) CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

32 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND 37 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CONCRETE PRODUCTS 371 Motor Vehicles and Equipment 321 Flat Glass 372 Aircraft and Parts 322 Glass and Glassware, Pressed or Blown 373 Ship and Boat Building and Repairing 323 Products of Purchased Glass 374 Railroad Equipment 324 Cement, Hydraulic 375 Motorcycles, Bicycles, and Parts 325 Structural Clay Products 376 Guided Missiles, Space Vehicles, Parts 326 Pottery and Related Products 379 Misc. Transportation Equipment 327 Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products 328 Cut Stone and Stone Products 38 INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 329 Misc. Nonmetallic Mineral Products 381 Search and Navigation Equipment 382 Measuring and Controlling Devices 33 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES 384 Medical Instruments and Supplies 331 Blast Furnace and Basic Steel Products 385 Ophthalmic Goods 332 Iron and Steel Foundries 386 Photographic Equipment and Supplies 333 Primary Nonferrous Metals 387 Watches, Clocks, Watchcases, and Parts 334 Secondary Nonferrous Metals 335 Nonferrous Rolling and Drawing 39 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING 336 Nonferrous Foundries (Castings) INDUSTRIES 339 Misc. Primary Metal Products 391 Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware 393 Musical Instruments 34 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 394 Toys and Sporting Goods 341 Metal Cans and Shipping Containers 395 Pens, Pencils, Office, and Art Supplies 342 Cutlery, Hand Tools, and Hardware 396 Costume Jewelry and Notions 343 Plumbing and Heating, Except Electric 399 Miscellaneous Manufactures 344 Fabricated Structural Metal Products 345 Screw Machine Products, Bolts, Etc. E. TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, 346 Metal Forgings and Stampings ELECTRIC, GAS & SANITARY SERVICES 347 Metal Services, NEC 348 Ordnance and Accessories, NEC 40 RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION 349 Misc. Fabricated Metal Products 401 Railroads

35 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 41 LOCAL AND INTERURBAN 351 Engines and Turbines PASSENGER TRANSIT 352 Farm and Garden Machinery 411 Local and Suburban Transportation 353 Construction and Related Machinery 412 Taxicabs 354 Metalworking Machinery 413 Intercity and Rural Bus Transportation 355 Special Industry Machinery 414 Bus Charter Service 356 General Industrial Machinery 415 School Buses 357 Computer and Office Equipment 417 Bus Terminal and Service Facilities 358 Refrigeration and Service Machinery 359 Industrial Machinery, NEC 42 TRUCKING AND WAREHOUSING 421 Trucking and Courier Services, Except Air 36 ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRIC 422 Public Warehousing and Storage EQUIPMENT 423 Trucking Terminal Facilities 361 Electric Distribution Equipment 362 Electrical Industrial Apparatus 43 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE 363 Household Appliances 431 U.S. Postal Service 364 Electric Lighting and Wiring Equipment 365 Household Audio and Video Equipment 44 WATER TRANSPORTATION 366 Communications Equipment 441 Deep Sea Foreign Trans. of Freight 367 Electronic Components and Accessories 442 Deep Sea Domestic Trans. of Freight 369 Misc. Electrical Equipment and Supplies 443 Freight Trans. on the Great Lakes B-3 Appendix B: (continued)

CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

444 Water Transportation of Freight, NEC 514 Groceries and Related Products 448 Water Transportation of Passengers 515 Farm-Product Raw Materials 449 Water Transportation Services 516 Chemicals and Allied Products 517 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 45 TRANSPORTATION BY AIR 518 Beer, Wine, and Distilled Beverages 451 Air Transportation, Scheduled 519 Misc. Nondurable Goods 452 Air Transportation, Nonscheduled 458 Airports, Flying Fields, and Services G. RETAIL TRADE

46 PIPELINES, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS 52 BUILDING MATERIALS AND 461 Pipelines, Except Natural Gas GARDEN SUPPLIES 521 Lumber and Other Building Materials 47 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES 523 Paint, Glass, and Wallpaper Stores 472 Passenger Transportation Arrangement 525 Hardware Stores 473 Freight Transportation Arrangement 526 Retail Nurseries and Garden Stores 474 Rental of Railroad Cars 527 Mobile Home Dealers 478 Misc. Transportation Services 53 GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES 48 COMMUNICATIONS 531 Department Stores 481 Telephone Communications 533 Variety Stores 482 Telegraph and Other Communications 539 Misc. General Merchandise Stores 483 Radio and Television Broadcasting 484 Cable and Other Pay TV Services 54 FOOD STORES 489 Communications Services, NEC 541 Grocery Stores 542 Meat and Fish Markets 49 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES 543 Fruit and Vegetable Markets 491 Electric Services 544 Candy, Nut, and Confectionery Stores 492 Gas Production and Distribution 545 Dairy Products Stores 493 Combination Utility Services 546 Retail Bakeries 494 Water Supply 549 Miscellaneous Food Stores 495 Sanitary Services 496 Steam and Air Conditioning Supply 55 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERS AND 497 Irrigation Systems SERVICE STATIONS 551 New and Used Car Dealers F. WHOLESALE TRADE 552 Used Car Dealers 553 Auto and Home Supply Stores 50 WHOLESALE TRADE - DURABLE GOODS 554 Gasoline Service Stations 501 Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies 555 Boat Dealers 502 Furniture and Homefurnishings 556 Recreational Vehicle Dealers 503 Lumber and Construction Materials 557 Motorcycle Dealers 504 Professional & Commercial Equipment 559 Automotive Dealers, NEC 505 Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum 506 Electrical Goods 56 APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES 507 Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating Equipment 561 Mens and Boys Clothing Stores 508 Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies 562 Womens Clothing Stores 509 Miscellaneous Durable Goods 563 Womens Accessory and Specialty Stores 564 Childrens and Infants Wear Stores 51 WHOLESALE TRADE - NONDURABLE GOODS 565 Family Clothing Stores 511 Paper and Paper Products 566 Shoe Stores 512 Drugs, Proprietaries, and Sundries 569 Misc. Apparel and Accessory Stores 513 Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions B-4 Appendix B: (continued)

CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

57 FURNITURE AND HOMEFURNISHING STORES 65 REAL ESTATE 571 Furniture and Homefurnishing Stores 651 Real Estate Operators and Lessors 572 Household Appliance Stores 653 Real Estate Agents and Managers 573 Radio, Television, and Computer Stores 654 Title Abstract Offices 655 Subdividers and Developers 58 EATING AND DRINKING PLACES 581 Eating and Drinking Places 67 HOLDING AND OTHER INVESTMENT OFF. 671 Holding Offices 59 MISCELLANEOUS RETAIL 672 Investment Offices 591 Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores 673 Trusts 592 Liquor Stores 679 Misc. Investing 593 Used Merchandise Stores 594 Misc. Shopping Goods Stores I. SERVICES 596 Nonstore Retailers 598 Fuel Dealers 70 HOTELS AND OTHER LODGING PLACES 599 Retail Stores, NEC 701 Hotels and Motels 702 Rooming and Boarding Houses H. FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 703 Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks 704 Membership-Basis Organization Hotels 60 DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS 601 Central Reserve Depositories 72 PERSONAL SERVICES 602 Commercial Banks 721 Laundry, Cleaning, and Garment Services 603 Savings Institutions 722 Photographic Studios, Portrait 606 Credit Unions 723 Beauty Shops 608 Foreign Bank and Branches and Agencies 724 Barber Shops 609 Functions Closely Related to Banking 725 Shoe Repair and Shoeshine Parlors 726 Funeral Service and Crematories 61 NONDEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS 729 Misc. Personal Services 611 Federal and Federally-Sponsored Credit Agencies 614 Personal Credit Institutions 73 BUSINESS SERVICES 615 Business Credit Institutions 731 Advertising 616 Mortgage Bankers and Brokers 732 Credit Reporting and Collection 733 Mailing, Reproduction, Stenographic 62 SECURITY AND COMMODITY BROKERS 734 Services to Buildings 621 Security Brokers and Dealers 735 Misc. Equipment Rental and Leasing 622 Commodity Contracts Brokers, Dealers 736 Personnel Supply Services 623 Security and Commodity Exchanges 737 Computer and Data Processing Services 628 Security and Commodity Services 738 Misc. Business Services

63 INSURANCE CARRIERS 75 AUTO REPAIR, SERVICES, AND PARKING 631 Life Insurance 751 Automotive Rentals, No Drivers 632 Medical Service and Health Insurance 752 Automobile Parking 633 Fire, Marine, and Casualty Insurance 753 Automotive Repair Shops 635 Surety Insurance 754 Automotive Services, Except Repair 636 Title Insurance 637 Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds 76 MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR SERVICES 639 Insurance Carriers, NEC 762 Electrical Repair Shops 763 Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair 64 INS. AGENTS, BROKERS, AND SERVICE 764 Reupholstery and Furniture Repair 641 Ins. Agents, Brokers, and Service 769 Misc. Repair Shops

B-5 Appendix B: (continued) CODE SHORT TITLE CODE SHORT TITLE

78 MOTION PICTURES 87 ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 781 Motion Picture Production and Services SERVICES 782 Motion Picture Distribution and Services 871 Engineering and Architectural Services 783 Motion Picture Theaters 872 Accounting, Auditing, and Bookkeeping 784 Video Tape Rental 873 Research and Testing Services 874 Management and Public Relations 79 AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES 791 Dance Studios, Schools, and Halls 88 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS 792 Producers, Orchestras, Entertainers 881 Private Households 793 Bowling Centers 794 Commercial Sports 89 SERVICES, NEC 799 Misc. Amusement, Recreation Services 899 Services, NEC

80 HEALTH SERVICES J. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 801 Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors 802 Office and Clinics of Dentists 91 EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND 803 Offices of Osteopathic Physicians GENERAL GOVERNMENT 804 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 911 Executive Offices 805 Nursing and Personal Care Facilities 912 Legislative Bodies 806 Hospitals 913 Executive and Legislative Combined 807 Medical and Dental Laboratories 919 General Government, NEC 808 Home Health Care Services 809 Health and Allied Services, NEC 92 JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY 921 Courts 81 LEGAL SERVICES 922 Public Order and Safety 811 Legal Services 93 FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONETARY POLICY 82 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 931 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy 821 Elementary and Secondary Schools 822 Colleges and Universities 94 ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES 823 Libraries 941 Admin. of Educational Programs 824 Vocational Schools 943 Admin. of Public Health Programs 829 Schools & Educational Services, NEC 944 Admin. of Social and Human Resource Programs 945 Admin. of Veterans' Affairs 83 SOCIAL SERVICES 832 Individual and Family Services 95 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HOUSING 833 Job Training and Related Services 951 Environmental Quality 835 Child Day Care Services 953 Housing and Urban Development Programs 836 Residential Care 839 Social Services, NEC 96 ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS 961 Admin. of General Economic Programs 84 MUSEUMS, BOTANICAL AND 962 Regulation, Admin. of Transportation ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 963 Regulation, Admin. of Utilities 841 Museums and Art Galleries 964 Regulation of Agricultural Marketing 842 Botanical and Zoological Gardens 965 Regulation, Misc. Commercial Sectors 966 Space Research and Technology 86 MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS 861 Business Associations 97 NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTL. AFFAIRS 862 Professional Organizations 971 National Security 863 Labor Organizations 972 International Affairs 864 Civic and Social Associations 865 Political Organizations K. NONCLASSIFIABLE ESTABLISHMENTS 866 Religious Organizations 869 Membership Organizations, NEC 99 NONCLASSIFIABLE ESTABLISHMENTS 999 Nonclassifiable Establishments B-6 Appendix C. Methodology

The state forecast was constructed jointly by the Department of Administration and Information/ Division of Economic Analysis (EAD) and the Department of Employment/Employment Resources Division/Research & Planning Section (R&P). The Mining production and price forecast was taken from the Consensus Revenue Estimating Group (CREG) revenue forecast of October 15, 1999.

The national forecast was provided by Regional Financial Associates (RFA) to the Division of Economic Analysis in June of 1999. In addition, we compared the assumptions and results of the RFA forecast with one from Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute released in January of 1999. Both forecasts projected similar growth paths for the national economy.

The forecasting process began with two employment by industry forecasts, one from EAD and one from R&P. An econometric model was used by EAD to construct its employment forecasts, while the forecasts from R&P were constructed using time series analysis. The two forecasts were examined by EAD and R&P analysts. After careful review, a "best" forecast for each industry was chosen from the two methodologies. Estimates for job growth were finalized in November, 1999. Job growth in 1999 actually occurred at a higher level than our estimates but should not change the overall trend to 2008.

Once the employment forecast was agreed upon, the employment variables were set as exogenous in the EAD econometric model which was then used to generate the income, GSP, and population forecasts. One interpretation of the decrease in out-migration is Wyomings economic performance will improve relative to other states over the ten-year projection period, while another interpretation is that older people are least likely to migrate and the population is aging. These forecasts were further reviewed by EAD and R&P analysts, and some minor adjustments made to these forecasts.

C-1 STATE POPULATION RANKINGS SUMMARY SOURCE OF DATA: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division, Population Paper Listing #47, Population Electronic Product #45.

WYOMING'S POPULATION PROJECTIONS: 1995 TO 2025

OVERVIEW

* Wyoming had a population of 480 thousand people in 1995. Among the 50 states and District of Columbia, the state ranked as the 51st most populous. By 2000, it is projected to be the 50th most populous with 525 thousand people. By 2025, it is projected to be the 49th most populous with 694 thousand people.

* Over the three decades, Wyoming's total population is expected to increase 214 thousand people. Among the 50 states and District of Columbia, the state's net gain ranks as the 42nd largest. Its rate of population change, at

44.6 percent, ranks as the 11th largest. From 1995 to 2000, the state would have a net increase of 45 thousand people, which would rank as the 43rd largest net gain in the nation.

* 0.2 percent of the nation's population resided in

Wyoming in 1995 (ranked 51st largest among the 50 states and District of Columbia), compared with 0.2 percent in 2000

(ranked 50th) and 0.2 percent in 2025 (ranked 49th).

* Wyoming is expected to gain 2 thousand people through international migration between 1995 and 2025, placing it

51st largest among the net international migration gains among the 50 states and District of Columbia.

* Wyoming is projected to rank 22nd largest among

http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt the 50 states and District of Columbia in the number of persons gained through net internal migration between 1995 and 2025, gaining 111 thousand persons.

* During the 1995 to 2025 period, Wyoming could have 244 thousand births and 160 thousand deaths. Among the 50 states and District of Columbia, the state could rank 50th largest in births and 50th largest in deaths. It could rank 42nd largest in terms of its natural increase (birth minus deaths).

AGE GROUPS

* The number and proportion of Wyoming's population that is aged 18 and over is expected to increase from

344 thousand or 71.6 percent in 1995 to 386 thousand or 73.6 percent in 2000. This population is expected to increase to 525 thousand or 75.6 percent in 2025.

* All states and the District of Columbia are projected to show a decline in the proportion of youth (under 20 years old) in their populations. The percentage of Wyoming's population classified as youth is projected to decrease from 31.7 percent in 1995 to 27 percent in 2025. Its rank among the 50 states and District of Columbia is expected to be the 7th largest proportion of youth in 1995 and the 12th largest proportion of youth in 2025.

* As the Baby Boom generation (those born between 1946 and 1964) reaches retirement age, the growth of the elderly population (65 and over) is expected to accelerate rapidly. The size of the elderly population is projected to increase in all states and the District of Columbia over the 30 year period. The http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt proportion of Wyoming's population classified as elderly is expected to increase from 11.1 percent in 1995 to 20.9 percent in 2025. Among the 50 states and District of Columbia, the state is projected to have the 44th highest proportion of elderly in

1995 and the 18th highest proportion of elderly in 2025.

* Wyoming's dependency ratio, the number of youth

(under age 20) and elderly (ages 65 and over) there would be for every 100 people of working ages (20 to 64 years of age), could rise from 74.7 in 1995 to 91.7 in 2025. The 1995 and 2025 ratios rank the state as the 16th largest and 7th largest, respectively, among the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS

* By 2025, non-Hispanic Whites would comprise 83.7 percent of Wyoming's population, down from 90.8 percent in

1995. Non-Hispanic African Americans would comprise 1 percent of the state population in 2025, up from 0.7 percent in 1995.

Non-Hispanic American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleut would comprise

2 percent of the 1995 state population and 3.6 percent of the

2025 state population. Non-Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders would increase from 0.7 percent of the 1995 state population to

1.4 percent of the 2025 state population. Persons of Hispanic origin, who may be of any race, is projected to increase from

5.9 percent of the 1995 state population to 10.3 percent of the

2025 state population.

* Between 1995 and 2025, the number of non-Hispanic

Whites residing in Wyoming is projected to increase by

http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt 146 thousand, compared to a gain of 4 thousand for non-

Hispanic African Americans, a gain of 15 thousand for non-

Hispanic American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleut, a gain of 6 thousand for the non-Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders, and a gain of 43 thousand for persons of Hispanic origin.

* The numeric change in Wyoming's non-Hispanic

White population from 1995 to 2025 ranks as the 30th largest gain among the 50 states and District of Columbia. In the same period, the non-Hispanic African American population change ranks as the 46th largest gain, while the non-Hispanic American Indian,

Eskimo, and Aleut population change ranks as the 15th largest gain. The non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander population change ranks as the 48th largest gain, while the Hispanic population change ranks as the 37th largest gain.

* During the 30 year period, Wyoming's non-

Hispanic White population grew by a rate of 33.4 percent. The non-Hispanic African American population grew by 105.4 percent, the non-Hispanic American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut population grew by 161.8 percent, the non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific

Islander population grew by 198.7 percent, and the Hispanic population grew by 152.8 percent. Among the 50 states and

District of Columbia, the rate of growth for non-Hispanic Whites ranks 3rd largest. The non-Hispanic African American growth rate ranks 3rd largest, while the non-Hispanic American Indian,

Eskimo, and Aleut growth rate ranks 1st largest. The non-

Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander growth rate ranks 2nd largest, while the Hispanic growth rate ranks 17th largest.

http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt * The number and proportion of Wyoming's voting age population that is non-Hispanic White is projected to be 351 thousand or 90.8 percent in 2000. Comparable figures for the other race and ethnic groups are 3 thousand and 0.8 percent for non-Hispanic African Americans, 7 thousand and 1.8 percent for non-Hispanic American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleut,

3 thousand and 0.8 percent for non-Hispanic Asians and

Pacific Islanders, and 22 thousand and 5.8 percent for persons of Hispanic origin.

Source: Figures are from Series A (the Preferred Series) as reported in Campbell, Paul R., 1996, "Population Projections for States, by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2025," Report PPL-47, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division. Most of these data are available in files found on the Population Projections section of the World Wide Web's Census Bureau Home Page (http://www.census.gov). http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt

http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/9525rank/wyprsrel.txt Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

58 State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division Wyoming State Capitol District Vision 2020 Plan

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF COSTS FOR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS

State of Wyoming, Department of Administration & Information, General Services Division 59 24th Street

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Concrete and Asphalt Sawcut 380 Ln.Ft. $3.21 $1,219.80 Curb and Gutter 1508 Ln. Ft. $10.18 $15,351.44 Concrete Sidewalk 23215 Sq. Ft. $1.54 $35,751.10 Concrete Approaches 1 Each $1,320.00 $1,320.00 Asphalt Paving 38230 Sq. Yd. $7.50 $286,725.00 Concrete curb and seat wall 700 Cu.Ft. $18.75 $13,125.00

Improvements Integral colored concrete cross walks 3645 Sq. Ft. $4.43 $16,147.35

Integral colored concrete - corners at intersections 15683 $4.43 $69,475.69 2'-0" Curb and Gutter 1970 Ln. Ft. $10.85 $21,374.50 Integral Colored Concrete Sidewalk 17750 Sq. Ft. $4.43 $78,632.50 Integral Colored Concrete Street Paving - including street section 19300 Sq.Ft. $11.17 $215,581.00 Interlocking Paving at Entrance to Capitol 12375 Sq. Ft. $9.90 $122,512.50

4" concrete paving under interlocking pavement 7800 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $24,882.00 9" concrete paving under interlocking pavement in street section 4575 Sq.Ft. $10.45 $47,808.75

18" C.I.P. Concrete Wall 300 Ln.Ft. $82.50 $24,750.00 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 27 Each $1,980.00 $53,460.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 27 Each $522.50 $14,107.50 Street Tree Irrigation 27 Each $137.50 $3,712.50 New 4" dec. tree 8 Each $495.00 $3,960.00 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 200 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $5,500.00 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 100 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $3,960.00 Underdrainage System - 4" ADS perforated pipe w/ sock 2500 Ln. Ft. $5.50 $13,750.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (single) 8 Each $3,080.00 $24,640.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 3 Each $3,740.00 $11,220.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (quad) 16 Each $5,280.00 $84,480.00 Site Furniture - Bench - 6' length 30 Each $990.00 $29,700.00 Concrete Planter 32 Each $2,750.00 $88,000.00 Concrete Planter - Irrigation and underdrainage connection 32 Each $165.00 $5,280.00 Concrete Urn - Plantings 32 Each $88.00 $2,816.00 Annuals at Main Entrance 1500 Sq.Ft. $7.15 $10,725.00 Irrigation (annual plantings) 1500 Sq.Ft. $0.72 $1,080.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 16 Each $495.00 $7,920.00

Sub-Total $1,338,967.63 10% Cont. $133,896.76 Soft Cost 20% $294,572.88 Total $1,767,437.27 Carey Avenue

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Misc. demolition - to be accomplished during block improvements

Improvements 4" Concrete sidewalk 4800 Sq.Ft. $3.43 $16,464.00 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 19 Each $1,980.00 $37,620.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 19 Each $522.50 $9,927.50 Street Tree Irrigation 47 Each $137.50 $6,462.50 New 4" dec. tree 47 Each $495.00 $23,265.00 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 800 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $22,000.00 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 225 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $8,910.00 Underdrainage System - 4" ADS perforated pipe w/ sock 628 Ln. Ft. $5.50 $3,454.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (single) 12 Each $3,080.00 $36,960.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 28 Each $3,740.00 $104,720.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 3 Each $495.00 $1,485.00

Sub-Total $271,268.00 10% Cont. $27,126.80 Soft Cost 20% $59,678.96 Total $358,073.76

Central Avenue

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Concrete and Asphalt Sawcut 40 Ln.Ft. $3.21 $128.40 Curb and Gutter 40 Ln. Ft. $10.18 $407.20 Concrete Sidewalk 9658 Sq. Ft. $1.54 $14,873.32 Concrete Approaches 1 Each $1,320.00 $1,320.00 Asphalt Paving Sq. Yd. $7.50 $0.00

Improvements 4" Concrete sidewalk 2300 Sq.Ft. $3.43 $7,889.00 Street Tree Irrigation 38 Each $137.50 $5,225.00 New 4" dec. tree 47 Each $495.00 $23,265.00 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 650 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $17,875.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 23 Each $3,740.00 $86,020.00 New sod 633 Sq.Yd. $3.59 $2,272.47 Irrigation at sod areas 5700 Sq.Ft. $0.72 $4,104.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 3 Each $495.00 $1,485.00

Sub-Total $164,864.39 10% Cont. $16,486.44 Soft Cost 20% $36,270.17 Total $217,620.99 Capitol Avenue Improvements Central Plaza Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Concrete and Asphalt Sawcut 72 Ln.Ft. $3.21 $231.12 Curb and Gutter 74 Ln. Ft. $10.18 $753.32 Concrete Sidewalk 5610 Sq. Ft. $1.54 $8,639.40 Asphalt Paving 325 Sq. Yd. $7.50 $2,437.50

Improvements 2'-0" Curb and Gutter 74 Ln. Ft. $10.45 $773.30 12" wide concrete band 108 Interlocking Paving 8410 Sq. Ft. $9.90 $83,259.00 4" concrete paving under interlocking pavement 5600 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $17,864.00 9" concrete paving under interlocking pavement in street section 2800 Sq.Ft. $10.85 $30,380.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 2 Each $495.00 $990.00

Street Scape Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Concrete and Asphalt Sawcut 210 Ln.Ft. $3.21 $674.10 Concrete Sidewalk 4750 Sq. Ft. $1.54 $7,315.00 Concrete Approaches 2 Each $1,320.00 $2,640.00 Asphalt Paving 825 Sq. Yd. $7.50 $6,187.50

Improvements Integral colored concrete cross walks 825 Sq. Ft. $4.43 $3,654.75 4" Thick colored concrete sidewalk 5350 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $17,066.50 18" C.I.P. Concrete Wall 44 Ln.Ft. $82.50 $3,630.00 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 11 Each $1,980.00 $21,780.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 1 Each $522.50 $522.50 Street Tree Irrigation 5 Each $137.50 $687.50 New 4" dec. tree 5 Each $495.00 $2,475.00 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 125 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $3,437.50 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 60 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $2,376.00 New sod 700 Sq.Yd. $3.59 $2,513.00 Irrigation at sod areas 700 Sq.Ft. $0.72 $504.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (quad) 4 Each $5,280.00 $21,120.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 2 Each $495.00 $990.00

Sub-Total $242,900.99 10% Cont. $24,290.10 Soft Cost 20% $53,438.22 Total $320,629.31 North Barrett Amphitheater

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Concrete and Asphalt Sawcut 100 Ln.Ft. $3.21 $321.00 Curb and Gutter 48 Ln. Ft. $10.18 $488.64 Concrete Sidewalk 1451 Sq. Ft. $1.54 $2,234.54 Concrete Approaches 3 Each $1,320.00 $3,960.00 Asphalt Paving 4444 Sq. Yd. $7.50 $33,330.00 Concrete curb and seat wall 652 Cu.Ft. $18.75 $12,225.00 18 Each $465.00 $8,370.00

Improvements Amplitheater 1 Lump Sum $750,000.00 $750,000.00 Parking lot 32 Stalls $650.00 $20,800.00 2'-0" Curb and Gutter 800 Ln. Ft. $10.85 $8,680.00 Concrete approach 2 Each $4,500.00 $9,000.00 4" Thick colored concrete sidewalk 9621 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $30,690.99 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 8 Each $1,980.00 $15,840.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 2 Each $522.50 $1,045.00 Street Tree Irrigation 2 Each $137.50 $275.00 New 4" dec. tree 26 Each $495.00 $12,870.00 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 100 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $2,750.00 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 5 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $198.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (single) 5 Each $3,080.00 $15,400.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 4 Each $3,740.00 $14,960.00 Site Furniture - Bench - 6' length 2 Each $990.00 $1,980.00 Concrete Planter 4 Each $2,750.00 $11,000.00 Concrete Planter - Irrigation and underdrainage connection 4 Each $165.00 $660.00 Concrete Urn - Plantings 4 Each $88.00 $352.00 New Sod 5172 Sq,Yds. $3.59 $18,567.48 Irrigation 46553 Sq.Ft. $0.72 $33,518.16 H.C. Curb Cuts 4 Each $495.00 $1,980.00

Sub-Total $1,011,495.81 10% Cont. $101,149.58 Soft Cost 20% $222,529.08 Total $1,335,174.47 Former St. Mary's School Site

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Demolitions is assumed to be included in building cost

Improvements 2'-0" Curb and Gutter 40 Ln. Ft. $10.85 $434.00 Concrete approach 2 Each $4,500.00 $9,000.00 4" Thick colored concrete sidewalk 28635 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $91,345.65 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 30 Each $1,980.00 $59,400.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 29 Each $522.50 $15,152.50 Street Tree Irrigation 29 Each $137.50 $3,987.50 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 50 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $1,375.00 New 4" dec. tree 30 Each $495.00 $14,850.00 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 350 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $13,860.00 Underdrainage System - 4" ADS perforated pipe w/ sock 1066 Ln. Ft. $5.50 $5,863.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (single) 14 Each $3,080.00 $43,120.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 8 Each $3,740.00 $29,920.00 Site Furniture - Bench - 6' length 4 Each $990.00 $3,960.00 Concrete Planter 4 Each $2,750.00 $11,000.00 Concrete Planter - Irrigation and underdrainage connection 4 Each $165.00 $660.00 Concrete Urn - Plantings 4 Each $88.00 $352.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 6 Each $495.00 $2,970.00

Sub-Total $307,249.65 10% Cont. $30,724.97 Soft Cost 20% $67,594.92 Total $405,569.54

Rogers Block

Demolition Quantity Unit Cost Sub-Total Demolitions is assumed to be included in building cost

Improvements 2'-0" Curb and Gutter 200 Ln. Ft. $10.85 $2,170.00 Concrete approach 2 Each $4,500.00 $9,000.00 4" Thick colored concrete sidewalk 36000 Sq. Ft. $3.19 $114,840.00 Cast Iron Tree Grate w/ 6" concrete band 18 Each $1,980.00 $35,640.00 Tree Well - 4" dec. tree 15 Each $522.50 $7,837.50 Street Tree Irrigation 15 Each $137.50 $2,062.50 Irrigation bores - 4"-6" sleeve 100 Ln. Ft. $27.50 $2,750.00 New 4" dec. tree 15 Each $495.00 $7,425.00 Cornel Structural soil -includes excavation 180 Cu. Yd. $39.60 $7,128.00 Underdrainage System - 4" ADS perforated pipe w/ sock 604 Ln. Ft. $5.50 $3,322.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (single) 4 Each $3,080.00 $12,320.00 Pedestrian Light Standard (double) 5 Each $3,740.00 $18,700.00 H.C. Curb Cuts 8 Each $495.00 $3,960.00

Sub-Total $227,155.00 10% Cont. $22,715.50 Soft Cost 20% $49,974.10 Total $299,844.60