Guilty Without Guilt
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The Road to American Participation in the Greek Civil War, 1943-1949
FROM SKEPTICAL DISINTEREST TO IDEOLOGICAL CRUSADE: THE ROAD TO AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE GREEK CIVIL WAR, 1943-1949 by STEPHEN VILLIOTIS B.A. University of Central Florida, 2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2013 © 2013 Stephen Villiotis ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the way in which the United States formulated its policy toward Greece during the Greek civil war (1943-1949). It asserts that U.S. intervention in Greece was based on circumstantial evidence and the assumption of Soviet global intentions, rather than on dispatches from the field which consistently reported from 1943-1946 that the Soviets were not involved in that country’s affairs. It also maintains that the post-Truman Doctrine American policy in Greece was in essence, a continuation of British policy there from 1943-1946, which meant to impose an unpopular government on the people of Greece, and tolerated unlawful violence of the extreme Greek right-wing. iii For my Parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank first and foremost my parents for without whom, this undertaking would not have been possible. I could not imagine how my life would have turned out without your support. To my wife Stephanie, thank you for always believing in me. You are amazing. I would also like to thank my fellow classmates, Dan, Ryan, Andrew, Derek, Lew, Scott, Jennifer, and Shannon. Your friendship and support made this experience worth every second. -
British Perceptions of Eam/Elas Rule in Thessaloniki 1944-45
GEORGE M. ALEXANDER BRITISH PERCEPTIONS OF EAM/ELAS RULE IN THESSALONIKI 1944-45 Since the Second World War there have been numerous scholarly accounts of the Greek civil war of December 1944. As A rule they have focused on events in Athens, where the most important negotiations and eventually the worst of the bloodshed between the British Army and EAM/ELAS* took place. By contrast, events in Salonica during this troubled time have been largely ignored. In the present article use will be made of recently released official British archives to present A brief survey of A turbulent period in the history of the capital of northern Greece**. I. Dictatorship (29 October-5 December 1944) The long awaited evacuation of German troops from Salonica com menced on 29 October 1944. Three days later, on 1 November, the last of the Wehrmacht quit the city’s perimeter. Units of ELAS promptly entered the town, soon followed by A handful of British troops, A few Greek Government officials, and two squadrons of Royal Air Force Spitfires which harassed the retreating enemy into Yugoslavia. To their chagrin the Greek officials found Salonica’s civil administration firmly under the control of EAM. Yet British military reports to Athens during the first fortnight of November indicated that the town was quiet, and that EAM/ELAS was cooperative1. *EAM (National Liberation Front) and its army ELAS (National Popular Liberation Army) constituted the largest Greek resistance movement. EAM was A coalition of Socialists and Communists, in which the Communists predominated. ♦’Indeed, the article will rest exclusively or British sources. -
Britain and the Greek Security Battalions, 1943-1944
VOL. XV, Nos. 1 & 2 SPRING-SUMMER 1988 Publisher: LEANDROS PAPATHANASIOU Editorial Board: MARIOS L. EVRIVIADES ALEXANDROS KITROEFF PETER PAPPAS YIANNIS P. ROUBATIS Managing Eidtor: SUSAN ANASTASAKOS Advisory Board: MARGARET ALEXIOU KOSTIS MOSKOFF Harvard University Thessaloniki, Greece SPYROS I. ASDRACHAS Nlcos MOUZELIS University of Paris I London School of Economics LOUKAS AXELOS JAMES PETRAS Athens, Greece S.U.N.Y. at Binghamton HAGEN FLEISCHER OLE L. SMITH University of Crete University of Copenhagen ANGELIKI E. LAIOU STAVROS B. THOMADAKIS Harvard University Baruch College, C.U.N.Y. CONSTANTINE TSOUCALAS University of Athens The Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora is a quarterly review published by Pella Publishing Company, Inc., 337 West 36th Street, New York, NY 10018-6401, U.S.A., in March, June, September, and December. Copyright © 1988 by Pella Publishing Company. ISSN 0364-2976 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS DAVID GILMORE is professor of anthropology at the State Uni- versity of New York at Stony Brook . MOLLY GREENE is a doc- toral candidate at Princeton University . CLIFFORD P. HACKETT is a former aide to U.S. Representative Benjamin Rosenthal and Senator Paul Sarbanes. He is currently administering an exchange program between the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament and is also executive director of the American Council for Jean Monnet Studies . JOHN LOUIS HONDROS is professor of history at the College of Wooster, Ohio ... ADAMANTIA POLLIS is professor of political science at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Re- search . JOHN E. REXINE is Charles A. Dana Professor of the Classics and director of the division of the humanities at Colgate Uni- versity . -
'Being Traitors': Post-War Greece in the Experience of Jewish Partisans
Southeast European and Black Sea Studies ISSN: 1468-3857 (Print) 1743-9639 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fbss20 ‘Being traitors’: post-war Greece in the experience of Jewish partisans Kateřina Králová To cite this article: Kateřina Králová (2017): ‘Being traitors’: post-war Greece in the experience of Jewish partisans, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2017.1324277 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2017.1324277 Published online: 05 May 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 5 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fbss20 Download by: [The UC San Diego Library] Date: 16 May 2017, At: 03:59 SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2017.1324277 ‘Being traitors’: post-war Greece in the experience of Jewish partisans Kateřina Králová Department of Russian and East European Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY As a result of political developments, silence about Jewish resistance Received 11 December 2015 in post-war Greece persisted for decades. In my article, I focus on the Accepted 16 April 2016 post-war fate of Jewish partisans in the context of the Greek Civil War KEYWORDS and the emerging East–West conflict. After liberation, many partisans Jews; Holocaust; Greece; in Greece were stigmatized and even tried as communists. In the resistance; Israel; persecution 1980s, when Athens shifted towards socialism, Jewish survivors began to speak up regarding their involvement in the left-leaning resistance (EAM/ELAS). -
Challenges to Democratic Representation in the Public Space of Societies in Transition: Case Study of the City of Skopje
The struggle to belong Dealing with diversity in 21st century urban setting. Amsterdam, 7-9 July 2011 Challenges to Democratic Representation in the Public Space of Societies in Transition: case study of the city of Skopje Katerina Mojanchevska Programme Coordinator at Performing Arts Center Multimedia, DTC Mavrovka, Lamela C 1/1, Skopje, Macedonia, e-mail: [email protected] Paper presented at the International RC21 Conference 2011 Session: 5.2 PUBLIC SPACE: GOVERNING DIVERSITY. Abstract Today the reality in most European cities is that they have grown to become places where diverse realities mix, social interaction happen and cultural expressions materialize, generating conflicts related to multiculturalism. Management of cultural diversity at city level positions two dilemmas. The first related to the tension among the cultural expression of the state culture and the recognition of groups with political demands and cultural expression different from those of the majority and the second, the subversion of the equality principle when rights based on group identities are claimed (Tatjer, 2004: 248). How can the cities accommodate cultural difference? What kind of practices of the public domain and shared public space should be developed so that the participation and representation of different ethno-cultural groups and their cultural right are taking part in defining and redefining city`s boundaries, use and management? The paper looks at these questions from the point of view of the city of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and its urban practices which profoundly cut and pasted fragments of its history, image and identity. 1 Introduction Access to publicly shared space and achievement of cultural diversity in shared public spaces pose a great challenge for multicultural post-socialist societies with experience of violent inter- ethnic conflict. -
Меѓународен Годишник International Yearbook
МЕЃУНАРОДЕН INTERNATIONAL ГОДИШНИК YEARBOOK НА ФАКУЛТЕТОТ ЗА БЕЗБЕДНОСТ FACULTY OF SECURITY 2020/1 2020/1 Publisher: Faculty of security – Skopje D-r Sc. Andrej Sotlar, Dean of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, For the Publisher: University of Maribor, Slovenia; D-r Sc. Nikola Dujovski, Dean D-r Sc. Vladimir Cvetkovic, Dean of the Faculty of Security, Beograd, Serbia; International editorial board: D-r Sc. Dane Subosic, University of D-r Sc. Nikola Dujovski, Dean of the Criminal Investigation and Police studies, Faculty of Security - Skopje, UKLO, Beograd, Serbia; North Macedonia; D-r Sc. Krunoslav Borovec, Dean of the D-r Sc. Vesna Stefanovska, Faculty of Higher Police School, Croatia; Security - Skopje, UKLO, North D-r Sc. Irma Deljkic, Faculty of Macedonia; Criminalistics, Criminology and Security D-r Sc. Natasha Peovska, Faculty of Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia Security - Skopje, UKLO, North and Herzegovina Macedonia; D-r Sc. Vesna Nikolic Ristanovic, D-r Sc. Cvetko Andreevski, Dean of Faculty of Special Education and Faculty of tourism and hospitality, Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, UKLO, North Macedonia; Serbia D-r Sc. Aleksandra Gruevska- D-r Sc. Branislav Simonović, Faculty of Drakulevski, Law Faculty Iustinianus Law, University of Kragujevac, Serbia; Primus, UKIM, North Macedonia; D-r Sc. Darko Maver, Faculty of D-r Sc. Strashko Stojanovski, Law Criminal Justice and Security, University Faculty, Goce Delchev University, North of Maribor, Slovenia; Macedonia; D-r Sc. Gorazd Meško, Faculty of D-r Sc. Svetlana Veljanoska, Law Criminal Justice and Security, University Faculty, UKLO, North Macedonia; of Maribor, Slovenia; D-r Sc. Vesna Trajanovska, International Balkan University, North Macedonia; Editorial Board: D-r Sc. -
Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 46
ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 46 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. First published in the UK in 2009 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361 4231 Printed by Windrush Group Windrush House Avenue Two Station Lane Witney OX28 4XW 3 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CB CBE FRAeS Vice-Chairman Group Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary Group Captain K J Dearman FRAeS Membership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA Members Air Commodore G R Pitchfork MBE BA FRAes *J S Cox Esq BA MA *Dr M A Fopp MA FMA FIMgt *Group Captain A J Byford MA MA RAF *Wing Commander P K Kendall BSc ARCS MA RAF Wing Commander C Cummings Editor & Publications Wing Commander C G Jefford MBE BA Manager *Ex Officio 4 CONTENTS OPENING ADDRESS – Air Chf Mshl Sir David Cousins 7 THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN 1943-1945 by Wg 9 Cdr Andrew Brookes AIRBORNE FORCES IN THE NORTH MEDITERRANEAN 20 THEATRE OF OPERATIONS by Wg Cdr Colin Cummings DID ALLIED AIR INTERDICTION -
The Truth About Greek Occupied Macedonia
TheTruth about Greek Occupied Macedonia By Hristo Andonovski & Risto Stefov (Translated from Macedonian to English and edited by Risto Stefov) The Truth about Greek Occupied Macedonia Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2017 by Hristo Andonovski & Risto Stefov e-book edition January 7, 2017 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................6 CHAPTER ONE – Struggle for our own School and Church .......8 1. Macedonian texts written with Greek letters .................................9 2. Educators and renaissance men from Southern Macedonia.........15 3. Kukush – Flag bearer of the educational struggle........................21 4. The movement in Meglen Region................................................33 5. Cultural enlightenment movement in Western Macedonia..........38 6. Macedonian and Bulgarian interests collide ................................41 CHAPTER TWO - Armed National Resistance ..........................47 1. The Negush Uprising ...................................................................47 2. Temporary Macedonian government ...........................................49 -
Dodecanese Campaign from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Dodecanese Campaign From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Dodecanese Campaign of World War II was an attempt by Allied forces, mostly Navigation Dodecanese Campaign British, to capture the Italian-held Dodecanese islands in the Aegean Sea following the Part of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of Main page surrender of Italy in September 1943, and use them as bases against the German- World War II Contents controlled Balkans. The Allied effort failed, with the whole of the Dodecanese falling to Featured content the Germans within two months, and the Allies suffering heavy losses in men and Current events ships.[3] The operations in the Dodecanese, lasting from 8 September to 22 November Random article 1943, resulted in one of the last major German victories in the war.[4] Donate to Wikipedia Contents 1 Background Interaction 2 Initial Allied and German moves — The Fall of Rhodes Help 3 Battle of Kos About Wikipedia 4 Battle of Leros Community portal 5 Naval operations Recent changes 6 Aftermath Map of the Dodecanese Islands (in dark blue) Contact Wikipedia 7 In popular culture Date September 8 – November 22, 1943 8 References Location Dodecanese Islands, Aegean Sea Toolbox 9 Sources 10 External links Result German victory What links here Territorial German occupation of the Dodecanese Related changes changes Background [edit] Upload file Belligerents Special pages Further information: Military history of Greece during World War United Kingdom Germany Permanent link II and Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Kingdom of Italy Republican State of Page information South Africa Italy The Dodecanese island group lies in the south-eastern Aegean Sea, and had been Data item Greece under Italian occupation since the Italo-Turkish War. -
Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia After
ULF/161-182elis 23-11-04 16:12 ™ÂÏ›‰·161 VOLUME 4 (2003-4) HISTOREIN In 2001, when the Albanian extremist National Liberation Army (UCˇK) fought security troops of the Republic of Macedonia, a number of Mace- donian historians offered explanations for the Serving bloodshed. They denounced the claims of the Albanian rebels as well as the Albanian political the Nation: parties by referring to their alleged plans for a Greater Albania, although there is little evidence that this idea was popular among the Albanians Historiography of former Yugoslavia.1 Historians gave inter- views to newspapers and wrote editorials stating in the Republic that Albanian claims for more rights within the state were simply camouflaging their real goal of of Macedonia seceding from Macedonia. They pointed to a presumably long tradition of Albanian national- ism and extremism in the region, expressed, for (FYROM) example, by the annexation of western Macedo- nia by Albania during World War II. They also After Socialism* deplored the demographic Albanization of parts of Macedonia and described it as a deliberate strategy to push out ethnic Macedonians.2 By calling upon certain past events perceived as traumatic and mobilizing deep-rooted stereo- types and prejudices against the country’s largest minority, these historians sought to Ulf Brunnbauer manipulate public opinion and shape political responses to the security crisis. They linked the current security crisis to so-called historical tra- ditions and roots and saw Macedonian national identity jeopardized by Albanian extremists. Events were perceived and explained in such a way that they became part of a mythological narration of victimization. -
EUI Working Papers
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EUI Working Papers SPS 2012/02 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES THE OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR IN GREECE: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP, BRINKMANSHIP, AND DETERRENCE FAILURE Takis S. Pappas EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The Outbreak of Civil War in Greece: Strategic Leadership, Brinkmanship, and Deterrence Failure TAKIS S. PAPPAS EUI Working Paper SPS 2012/02 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1725-6755 © 2012 Takis S. Pappas Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract This article argues against two firmly-established ideas about the 1944 communist insurgency that led to the outbreak of civil war in postliberation Greece: (a) blame attribution to predominantly one actor, who, depending on each author’s ideological perspective, is either the Greek Communists or the British, and (b) outcome inevitability. Instead, the present analysis brings to the fore a set of no less than five distinct actors including, besides the original two, Prime Minister George Papandreou; Greece’s traditional political class; and the Greek monarch. Based primarily on the close reading of original documents, such as the personal accounts left behind by the protagonists of the civil war drama, and using causal inferences derived from counterfactual logic, this analysis shows that the Greek civil war would have been an inevitable outcome only if there were on the scene just two actors, the British and the Communists, directly confronting each other. -
British Perfidy in Greece: a Story Worth Remembering - Ed Vulliamy and Helena Smith
British perfidy in Greece: a story worth remembering - Ed Vulliamy and Helena Smith An account of the time in 1944 when the British Army, at war with Germany switched their allegiance, opening fire upon – and arming Greek collaborators with the Nazis to fire upon – a civilian crowd in Syntagma Square. “I can still see it very clearly, I have not forgotten,” says Titos Patrikios; “the police firing on the crowd from the roof of the parliament at the top of Syntagma Square in Athens. The young men and women lying in pools of blood, everyone rushing down the stairs in total shock, total panic.” And then came the defining moment: the recklessness of jeunesse, the passion of belief in a justice burning bright: “I jumped up on the fountain in the middle of the square, the one that is still there, and I began to shout: “Comrades, don’t disperse! Victory will be ours! Don’t leave. The time has come. We will win!” “I was,” he says now, “absolutely sure, profoundly sure, that we were going to win”. But there was no winning that day; just as there was no pretending that what had happened would not change the history of a country that, liberated from Adolf Hitler’s Reich barely six weeks earlier, was now surging headlong towards bloody civil war. Seventy years may have passed but time has not diminished how Titos Patrikios felt that day. Nor has it dented his recollection of events. Even now, at 86, when he “laughs at and with myself that I have reached such an age”, the poet can remember, scene-for-scene, shot for shot, what happened on the central square of Greek political life, on the morning of December 3, 1944.