Exploring Standardized Nursing Languages: Moving Toward a Faith Community Nursing Intervention Deborah J
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International Journal of Faith Community Nursing Volume 4 | Issue 1 Article 2 April 2018 Exploring Standardized Nursing Languages: Moving Toward a Faith Community Nursing Intervention Deborah J. Ziebarth Herzing University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijfcn Part of the Health Information Technology Commons, and the Public Health and Community Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Ziebarth, Deborah J. (2018) "Exploring Standardized Nursing Languages: Moving Toward a Faith Community Nursing Intervention," International Journal of Faith Community Nursing: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijfcn/vol4/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Faith Community Nursing by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ziebarth: Exploring Standardized Nursing Languages Standardized Nursing Language Standardized nursing language is a "…common language, readily understood by all nurses, to describe care" (Keenan, 1999, p. 12). Standardized nursing languages are used to describe assessments, interventions, and outcomes of nursing care. One of the benefits of using a standardized nursing language is that nurses from different specialties, geographic areas, or countries use understood terminologies. Other benefits are increased visibility of nursing interventions, improved patient care, enhanced data collection to evaluate nursing care outcomes, greater adherence to standards of care, and facilitated assessment of nursing competency (Rutherford, 2008). The aim of this review is to examine three standardized nursing languages with specific interest in how faith community nursing has been described. This integrative literature review is in preparation for a research study describing transitional care interventions as implemented by faith community nurses using a standardized nursing language. Research questions are: 1. What are general descriptions, recognitions, populations, translations, reliability/validation/utility, and components of the Omaha System, the Nursing Intervention Classification, and the International Classification for Nursing Practice? 2. What standardized nursing language(s) have been used to describe the practice of faith community nursing? The standardized nursing languages examined in this integrative review of literature are the Omaha System (Martin, Elfrink, & Monsen, 2005), the Nursing Intervention Classification (Bulechek, Butcher, Dochterman, &Wagner, 2013), and the International Classification for Nursing Practice (Ruland, 2001). The Nursing Intervention Classification has two complementary parts that are often linked: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (2005) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (Moorhead, 2006). The North American Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Outcomes Classification will not be included as part of this work being that the focus is on nursing interventions. The Omaha System (Martin et al., 2005), the Nursing Intervention Classification (Bulechek et al., 2013) and the International Classification for Nursing Practice System (Ruland, 2001) are all recognized by the American Nurses Association (ANA) as standardized nursing languages. In addition, they are included in the Metathesaurus of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) of the US National Library of Medicine (Rutherford, 2008). History The first standardized nursing language, the North American Nursing Diagnosis (NANDA), was introduced in 1973 (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, 1996). The ANA asserts that since then, several more languages have been developed. The Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) was developed in 1988 (Prophet & Delaney, 1998). It was followed by the Nursing Management Minimum Data Set (NMMDS) in 1989 (Huber, Schumacher, & Delaney, 1997). The Home Health Care Classification (HHCC), also referred to as the Clinical Care Classification was developed in 1991 (Saba, Hovenga, Coenen, McCormick, & Bakken, 2003) and the Omaha System (OS) was developed in 1992 (Martin & Scheet, 1992). The Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) was also published in 1992 (McCloskey & Bulechek, 1996b). It was followed by the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) (Johnson & Maas, 1998) and the Published by TopSCHOLAR®, 2018 2 International Journal of Faith Community Nursing, Vol. 4, Iss. 1 [2018], Art. 2 Patient Care Data Set (PCDS) (Hyun & Park, 2002). The International Council of Nurses developed the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) in 1993 (Clark, 1999). Evaluation and Recognition In 1992, a committee of the ANA, Nursing Practice Information Infrastructure (NPII), was formed (Rutherford, 2008). Its mission was to evaluate and recognize nursing languages using certain criteria. The language provides a rationale for its development and supports the nursing process by providing clinically useful terminology (Rutherford, 2008). In addition, there must be documentation of utility, validity, and reliability and a “…named group who will be responsible for maintaining and revising the system must exist” (Thede & Sewell, 2010, p. 293). In 1993, ANA recognized the NANDA Taxonomy (Kim, Coenen, Hardiker & Bartz, 2011) as the first standardized language for nursing. The ANA has recognized a total of thirteen standardized languages, one of which has been retired. Two of the languages are data sets, seven are nursing specific, and two are interdisciplinary (Kim et al., 2011). The Nursing Information and Data Set Evaluation Center (NIDSEC) evaluates languages used by information system vendors. These vendors use languages that support documentation on a nursing information system or computerized patient record system. The criteria used by the ANA to evaluate how standardized languages are implemented, includes (a) how the terms can be connected, (b) how easily the records can be stored and retrieved and (c) how well the security and confidentiality of the records are maintained (Rutherford, 2008). The recognition is valid for three years and a new application must be submitted for further recognition. Methodology The method chosen for this study is an integrative literature review. The integrative literature review is a distinctive form of research that generates new knowledge about a topic reviewed (Torraco, 2005). New salient knowledge emerges when literature is examined for what is known. An integrative literature review …addresses emerging topics that benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature to date or to saturation. Because relatively new topics have not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic (Torraco, 2005, p. 357). An integrative literature review was done using the search engines available through the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, which accesses databases such as JSTOR Archival Journals, Wolters Kluwer - Ovid - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, University of Chicago Press Journals, and MEDLINE/PubMed. The keywords used for the initial search were “standardized nursing languages”. Articles were sought from the last 20 years. A total of 292 articles were found. In addition, when keywords: standardized nursing language and faith community nursing were entered, 72 articles were found. After abstracts were read, articles containing pertinent information to answer the research questions were selected. Pertinent information included general descriptions, recognitions, populations, translations, reliability/validation/utility, and components of the Omaha System (OS), the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), and the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP). In addition, the OS, NIC, and ICNP respective websites were visited. Websites provided general information and additional references. A total of 26 articles were selected to answer the research questions. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijfcn/vol4/iss1/2 3 Ziebarth: Exploring Standardized Nursing Languages A descriptive matrix template (Marsh, 1990) was used to conceptualize and synthesize the literature. The matrix is a spatial representation of compacted data. Column headings were OS, NIC, and ICNP. Specific data collected in the template rows included headings of general descriptions, recognitions, populations, translations, reliability/validation/utility, and components. Not every standardized nursing language had information regarding each of the row headings. In addition to the row headings of general descriptions, recognitions, populations, translations, reliability/validation/utility, and components, FCN intervention descriptions were collected in the matrix. The matrix was used to succinctly summarize the literature review that is presented in the result’s section. Results The Omaha System General description, populations, and translations. The OS is a standardized taxonomy designed to document and enhance nursing practice (Martin & Scheet, 1992). It was initially developed for multidisciplinary staff members employed in home care, public health, and school health practice settings, as well as educators (Martin & Scheet, 1992). Current users include nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and language pathologists, social workers/counselors, physicians, registered dieticians, recreational therapists, chaplains, pharmacists, community