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Estado De Los Bosques De Mexico

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Estado De Los Bosques De Mexico 1 CONSEJO CIVIL MEXICANO PARA LA SILVICULTURA SOSTENIBLE A.C. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo # 103, Álvaro Obregón, Chimalistac, 01070 México D.F. Teléfono: (52)(55) 56-61-85-74 Fax: (52)(55) 56-62-81-57 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] ESTADO DE LOS BOSQUES DE MEXICO Francisco Chapela (Coord.) 2012 2 PRESENTACION “El Estado de los Bosques de México” es un esfuerzo por parte del Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sustentable” A.C. para integrar en un texto, información actual sobre el sector forestal en nuestro país, y principalmente sobre el sector social donde se desarrolla la silvicultura comunitaria. Por ello agradecemos al USAID el financiamiento que se aportó para la realización de esta iniciativa y en especial a Francisco Chapela quien se encargó de coordinar los esfuerzos de los autores que colaboraron en este libro. Con la edición de “El Estado de los Bosques de México” se pretende aportar información actualizada sobre la situación de los ecosistemas forestales de nuestro país, superficie, condición de la vegetación, producción forestal y datos de deforestación; las formas de aprovechamiento y manejo de los recursos forestales; el análisis de las políticas forestales; la situación de competitividad del sector forestal y el papel que juegan los ejidos y comunidades forestales e indígenas. Esta información debe ser considerada sin duda por todos aquellos involucrados en el sector forestal de México y principalmente por quienes se encuentran en los espacios de toma de decisiones y en la operación de las políticas públicas. En el capítulo “Escenario para el Manejo Forestal Sostenible en México”, Francisco Chapela hace un síntesis de los textos que integran este libro y elabora una propuesta para promover el manejo sostenible en nuestro país. El siguiente capítulo “El Estado de los Bosques de México”, Francisco Chapela presenta información sobre la vegetación del país, distribución y datos de producción forestal. Analiza también algunos momentos y procesos de la política pública que se ha seguido hacia el sector forestal. Rosa Amelia Pedraza, Raúl Álvarez y Abelardo Hoyos presentan en un recuadro la situación de la deforestación en el “Cofre de Perote”. Mientras que en otro recuadro, Irma Trejo presenta un análisis de la situación de la vegetación en México y presenta datos de la deforestación en el país a nivel municipal y nacional. Juan Manuel Nuñez, Yosu Rodríguez y Karla Carrillo contribuyen con un análisis de la deforestación en la Cuenca del Río Usumacinta. Enrique Jardel en el capítulo “El Manejo Forestal: Estado actual y perspectivas” presenta un análisis de los principales sistemas de manejo forestal que se aplican en el país tomando como base las características de los ecosistemas forestales de nuestro país. 3 Eckart Boegue en el capítulo de “La Importancia de los Territorios Indígenas y la Cubierta Forestal” nos habla de la relevancia de las comunidades indígenas como propietarias de diversas áreas forestales del país, y como los territorios indígenas son fundamentales en el resguardo de la biodiversidad y para las zonas de captación de agua en beneficio de numerosas ciudades en México. Leticia Merino y Ana Eugenia Martínez en el capítulo de “Derechos, Presiones y Conservación en Regiones Boscosas de México: Condiciones de las Comunidades con Bosques Templados” presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada a comunidades forestales que permite analizar las características de propiedad, de las actividades productivas complementarias, de organización, y gobernanza entre otras. Mientras que Gonzalo Chapela en el capitulo “Conservar Ganando: Competitividad de la Empresas Sociales Forestales” expone las condiciones que se requieren para promover la competitividad en el sector forestal y la situación que guardan las empresas forestales comunitarias en México. Finalmente, Lucía Madrid en el capítulo “La Gestión del Territorio Forestal en México”, analiza los diferentes instrumentos de manejo y gestión forestal que existen en el país como son: las áreas naturales protegidas, las áreas de conservación voluntaria, las unidades de manejo de vida silvestre, los programas de manejo forestal y el pago por servicios ambientales, y como estos en su conjunto permiten abarcar importantes superficies para el manejo y control de territorios con cubierta forestal. Esperamos entonces que el material que se encuentra incluido en este texto, pueda contribuir al debate y análisis del sector forestal en México y contribuir al mejoramiento de la silvicultura comunitaria. Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible en México A.C. 4 Contenido ESTADO DE LOS BOSQUES DE MEXICO ........................................ 1 Escenario para el Manejo Forestal Sostenible en México ......................... 6 Francisco Chapela .............................................................. 6 1. La importancia de los bosques ............................................... 6 2. Ubicación del sector forestal mexicano ........................................ 7 3. Estado de los bosques y selvas ............................................. 12 4. Bases para un manejo forestal sostenible ..................................... 19 5. Retos para el Manejo Forestal Sostenible en México. ........................... 22 El Estado de los Bosques de México ........................................... 28 Francisco Chapela, con contribuciones de Rosa Amelia Pedraza, Raúl Álvarez, Abelardo Hoyos, Irma Trejo, Juan Manuel Núñez, Yosu Rodríguez y Karla Carrillo ............. 28 1. El marco institucional y de la política forestal .................................. 28 2. Características de las áreas forestales de México .............................. 29 3. La mayor parte de los bosques y selvas de México, son propiedad de ejidos o comunidades. ............................................................. 32 4. Los impulsores de la deforestación y del manejo sostenible están evolucionando 35 5. Dependencia mutua de bosques, selvas y comunidades locales ................. 47 El conocimiento sobre el estado actual de las comunidades vegetales en México .. 55 Irma Trejo ................................................................. 55 Dinámica de cambio en las selvas altas perennifolias: el caso de la cuenca del río Usumacinta ............................................................... 60 Juan Manuel Núñez, Yosu Rodríguez y Karla Carrillo ........................... 60 El Manejo Forestal en México: Estado actual y Perspectivas ..................... 69 Enrique J. Jardel Peláez ........................................................ 69 I. Introducción ............................................................... 69 II. Conceptos básicos ......................................................... 70 3. Los paisajes forestales de México ........................................... 72 4. El manejo forestal en México ............................................. 82 5. Métodos silvícolas usados en zonas templadas de México ...................... 94 6. Intervenciones gubernamentales ........................................... 106 7. Planificación económica y asignación de beneficios y costos ................... 109 La importancia de los Territorios de los Pueblos Indígenas y la cubierta Forestal. 116 Por Eckart Boege. ............................................................ 116 I. El contexto ............................................................... 116 II. El agua y la diversidad biológica en los territorios actuales de los pueblos indígenas de México. ................................................................. 119 III. Construyendo las Regiones Bioculturales de Conservación y Desarrollo ......... 129 Derechos, Presiones y Conservación en Regiones Boscosas de México: Condiciones de las comunidades con bosques templados .................... 144 Leticia Merino y Ana Eugenia Martínez .......................................... 144 5 I. Introducción .............................................................. 144 II. Los bosques de México, valores ecológicos y sociales ........................ 145 III. Manejo y políticas forestales en México ..................................... 146 IV. Manejo comunitario del bosque. Potencial y limitaciones. Estudios de caso ...... 148 V. Condiciones actuales de las comunidades forestales en México ................ 151 Conservar ganando. Competitividad de las empresas sociales forestales ........ 168 Gonzalo Chapela ............................................................. 168 I. Introducción .............................................................. 168 II. Rentabilidad y competitividad de las empresas sociales forestales. Consideraciones conceptuales ............................................................... 170 III. Una mirada nacional a las condiciones generales de competitividad ............ 171 IV. El mercado de los productos forestales. ..................................... 179 V. Competitividad desde las empresas locales .................................. 188 Vi. Conclusiones. ........................................................... 193 La Gestión del Territorio Forestal en México ................................... 197 Lucía Madrid Ramírez ......................................................... 197 6 Escenario para el Manejo Forestal Sostenible en México Francisco Chapela1 1. La importancia de los bosques Los bosques de un país son relevantes por su producción maderable, pero también son de una importancia que puede ser mayor para las comunidades locales y para la población en
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