Posición Filogenética Del Género Araracuara Fern-Alons

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Posición Filogenética Del Género Araracuara Fern-Alons Posición filogenética del género Araracuara Fern-Alons. Presentado por: Javier Mauricio Varón López Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas Facultad del medio ambiente y recursos naturales Proyecto curricular de Ingeniería Forestal Bogotá D.C. 2019 Tabla de contenido Introducción ............................................................................................................................ 4 Objetivo general ..................................................................................................................... 7 Objetivos específicos .............................................................................................................. 7 Justificación ............................................................................................................................ 7 Marco Teórico ........................................................................................................................ 8 La familia Rhamnaceae en Colombia ................................................................................. 8 Sistemática de la familia Rhamnaceae ................................................................................ 8 Métodos de reconstrucción filogenética basados en caracteres .......................................... 9 Marcadores moleculares ................................................................................................... 10 Metodología .......................................................................................................................... 11 Datos Morfológicos .......................................................................................................... 12 Análisis de datos ............................................................................................................... 15 Resultados ............................................................................................................................. 16 Análisis de datos de rbcL .................................................................................................. 16 Análisis de datos de trnL-F ............................................................................................... 16 Análisis de datos de ITS ................................................................................................... 17 Análisis de datos de cpDNA ............................................................................................. 17 Análisis molecular (rbcL, trnL-F, ITS) ............................................................................. 17 Análisis morfológico ......................................................................................................... 18 Evidencia total .................................................................................................................. 18 Discusión .............................................................................................................................. 19 Posición filogenética de Araracuara ................................................................................ 20 Conclusiones ......................................................................................................................... 21 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................................... 22 Anexos .................................................................................................................................. 27 Índice de tablas Tabla 1. Clasificación a nivel de tribu de la familia Rhamnaceae. (Richardson et al. 2000b). ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Tabla 2. Primers y programas utilizados para cada marcador molecular. ............................ 11 Tabla 3. Caracteres utilizados en el análisis morfológico para la familia Rhamnaceae. (Richardson et al. 2000b)...................................................................................................... 12 Tabla 4. Matriz morfológica de las especies con secuencias de ADN para los tres marcadores moleculares. ...................................................................................................... 13 Tabla 5. Estadísticas para cada conjunto de datos. ............................................................... 16 Tabla 6. Códigos de acceso de GenBank utilizados en este estudio. ................................... 27 Tabla 7. Modelos empleados para cada uno de los análisis de inferencia bayesiana. .......... 31 Índice de Figuras Figura 1. Árbol consenso del análisis de máxima parsimonia (izquierda) y árbol consenso empleando el método de inferencia bayesiana (derecha) basados en la combinación de los marcadores moleculares (rbcL, trnL-F e ITS) y el análisis morfológico. ............................ 19 Figura 2. Árbol consenso del análisis de máxima parsimonia (izquierda) y de inferencia bayesiana (derecha) basados en el marcador molecular rbcL .............................................. 32 Figura 3. Árbol consenso del análisis de máxima parsimonia (izquierda) y de inferencia bayesiana (derecha) basados en el marcador molecular trnL-F. .......................................... 33 Figura 4. Árbol consenso del análisis de máxima parsimonia basado en el marcador ITS.. 34 Figura 5. Árbol consenso empleando el metodo de inferencia bayesiana con el marcador molecular ITS. ...................................................................................................................... 35 Figura 6. Árbol consenso empleando el método de máxima parsimonia (izquierda) y de inferencia bayesiana (derecha) basados en la combinación de los marcadores moleculares rbcL y trnL-F. ....................................................................................................................... 36 Figura 7. Árbol consenso de los análisis de máxima parsimonia (izquierda) e inferencia bayesiana (derecha) basados en la combinación de los marcadores moleculares rbcL, trnL-F e ITS. .................................................................................................................................... 37 Figura 8. Árbol de máxima parsimonia empleando el marcador molecular rbcL. ............... 38 Figura 9. Árbol MCC empleando el marcador molecular rbcL. .......................................... 39 Figura 10. Uno de los 10.000 árboles de máxima parsimonia empleando el marcador molecular trnL-F ................................................................................................................... 40 Figura 11. 11 Árbol MCC empleando el marcador molecular trnL-F.................................. 41 Figura 12. Uno de los 864 árboles de máxima parsimonia empleando el marcador molecular ITS ........................................................................................................................................ 42 Figura 13. Árbol MCC empleando el marcador molecular ITS. .......................................... 43 Figura 14. Uno de los 720 árboles de máxima parsimonia empleando la combinación de marcadores moleculares del cloroplasto (rbcL, trnL-F). ...................................................... 44 Figura 15. Árbol MCC empleando la combinación de marcadores moleculares del cloroplasto (rbcL, trnL-F). .................................................................................................... 45 Figura 16. Uno de los 17 árboles de máxima parsimonia empleando la combinación de marcadores moleculares (rbcL, trnL-F, ITS) ........................................................................ 46 Figura 17. Árbol MCC empleando la combinación de marcadores moleculares (rbcL, trnL- F, ITS). .................................................................................................................................. 47 Posición filogenética del género Araracuara Fern-Alons. Introducción Rhamnaceae es una familia que incluye más de 900 especies y 54 géneros, que se distribuyen en todos los continentes, siendo más comunes en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Aunque muchas especies crecen en ambientes xerofíticos, hay especies propias de ecosistemas de selva tropical, de bosques de niebla y de sabanas secas (Richardson et al. 2000a, 2000b, Correa et al. 2010). Las especies de Rhamnaceae pueden ser árboles, arbustos y trepadoras principalmente, aunque se presenta una especie herbácea; se caracterizan por los estambres alternos a los sépalos; una característica poco común en las angiospermas (Richardson et al. 2000a). Las hojas en esta familia son simples y alternas, raramente opuestas, se pueden reconocer fácilmente por sus venas secundarias más o menos distantes, paralelas y muy conspicuas, la venación terciaria tiende a ser más o menos paralela y perpendicular a la secundaria. Las flores son pequeñas, hermafroditas o unisexuales, pentámeras o tetrámeras, con un disco bien desarrollado, de ovario supero o ínfero y con un ovulo por lóculo, las flores se encuentran dispuestas en cimas axilares ramificadas y los frutos son pequeños, drupáceos y con un disco redondo en la base (Gentry 1993, Richardson et al. 2000a, 2000b). Las especies propias de climas secos se caracterizan por presentar hábitos tales como arbustos bajos o arboles raquíticos, por poseer hojas reducidas o ausentes, agrupadas al final de las ramas, de consistencia cartácea y con estipulas transformadas en espinas. La clasificación de la familia Rhamnaceae ha sido estudiada
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