Accès À L'eau En Périphérie

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Accès À L'eau En Périphérie Accès à l’eau en périphérie : petits opérateurs privés et pauvreté hydraulique domestique. Enjeux de gouvernance dans les zones périurbaines de Mumbai, Inde Anastasia Angueletou-Marteau To cite this version: Anastasia Angueletou-Marteau. Accès à l’eau en périphérie : petits opérateurs privés et pauvreté hydraulique domestique. Enjeux de gouvernance dans les zones périurbaines de Mumbai, Inde. Economies et finances. Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II, 2009. Français. tel-00441281 HAL Id: tel-00441281 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441281 Submitted on 15 Dec 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PIERRE MENDES FRANCE – GRENOBLE II UFR ECONOMIE-STRATEGIES-ENTREPRISE LABORATOIRE D’ECONOMIE DE LA PRODUCTION ET DE L’INTEGRATION INTERNATIONALE (CNRS – LEPII) ACCES A L’EAU EN PERIPHERIE : PETITS OPERATEURS PRIVES ET PAUVRETE HYDRAULIQUE DOMESTIQUE. ENJEUX DE GOUVERNANCE DANS LES ZONES PERIURBAINES DE MUMBAI, INDE Thèse pour l’obtention du Doctorat ès Sciences Economiques (Arrêté du 30 mars 1992) présentée et soutenue publiquement le 1 décembre 2009 ANASTASIA ANGUELETOU-MARTEAU Membres du jury : M. Barraqué Bernard Directeur de recherche au CNRS – ENGREF Rapporteur M. Giraud Pierre Noël Professeur à l’Ecole nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris Rapporteur M. Gerbier Bernard Professeur des Universités, Université Pierre Mendès France de Grenoble Directeur de thèse M. Criqui Patrick Directeur de recherche au CNRS – LEPII Mme Zérah Marie-Hélène Chargée de recherche à l’Institut de recherche pour le développement et au Centre des Sciences Sociales de New Delhi Remerciements A l’origine de cette aventure, il y a René Arrus. Sans ses encouragements et sa persévérance, ce projet n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Une pensée particulière et ma profonde reconnaissance. Je remercie Bernard Barraqué et Pierre-Noël Giraud d’avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de ce travail de recherche, ainsi que les autres membres du jury de m’avoir accordé une partie de leur temps, pour lire et évaluer cette recherche. Je tiens à remercier Bernard Gerbier qui a bien voulu suivre et diriger ce travail qui me tenait à cœur. Un grand merci à Marie-Hélène Zérah ; tout au long de ce travail, ses conseils précieux et ses critiques m’ont été un encouragement permanent. La thèse est un long travail solitaire, mais je voudrais ici exprimer ma gratitude à toutes les personnes qui m’ont soutenue et m’ont encouragée. Véronique Dupont et toute l’équipe du Centre de Sciences Humaines de New Delhi qui m’ont accueillie grâce au soutien financier du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères. Linda et Julie, pour m’avoir transmis leur passion de l’Inde. Shilpa qui m’a aidée à mener à bien mon étude de terrain. Effi, pour m’avoir offert un second « chez-moi ». Je remercie également Patrick Criqui et l’équipe du LEPII qui, pendant quatre ans, m’ont offert un cadre agréable et enrichissant pour mon travail. Merci à Catherine, Céline, Danièle, Mehdi, Odile pour vos conseils, votre soutien et votre patience. Merci à Arnaud et à Yvan pour vos encouragements et nos échanges stimulants. Je voudrais enfin exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à mes amis d’ici et d’ailleurs, et plus particulièrement à Mélanie, Delphine, Murielle, Virginie, Achraf, Stella, ainsi qu’aux membres de la Gaïa Team. Enfin, c’est ma famille et ma belle-famille que je souhaite remercier pour leur soutien et la confiance qu’ils m’ont manifestée. Merci, Stéphane, pour avoir toujours cru en moi. A mon grand-père Aristophanis A René Avertissement L’université n’entend donner ni approbation, ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse Sommaire Introduction générale 7 Chapitre 1. Le contexte institutionnel du service d’approvisionnement en eau dan les villes indiennes 15 Section 1. L’environnement institutionnel 16 Section 2. Les institutions de l’eau 29 Section 3. L’évolution de l’approvisionnement domestique 39 Conclusion du chapitre 1 47 Partie I Arrangements institutionnels et territoires périurbains de Mumbai 48 Chapitre 2 Le service public d’approvisionnement : enjeux et limites 50 Section 1. Présentation de la méthodologie et de l’étude de terrain 51 Section 2. Les dynamiques de périurbanisation de la mégalopole de Mumbai 60 Section 3. La remise en cause de l’approvisionnement par le service public 75 Conclusion du chapitre 2 89 Chapitre 3. L’émergence de nouveaux arrangements institutionnels : une réponse à l’inefficacité du service public 90 Section 1. Les opérateurs informels : une lecture théorique 91 Section 2. Revue de la littérature 103 Section 3. Présentation et caractéristiques des arrangements institutionnels complémentaires d’approvisionnement en eau potable 114 Conclusion du chapitre 3 132 Conclusion de la partie I 133 Partie II Les stratégies des ménages face à la pauvreté hydraulique domestique 134 Chapitre 4. Vers une meilleure compréhension de la pauvreté hydraulique domestique : proposition d’une définition et d’un nouvel indicateur 137 Section 1. Les fondements de la pauvreté 138 Section 2. Variations autour de la notion de la pauvreté hydraulique 142 Section 3. Construction d’un indicateur alternatif de la pauvreté hydraulique domestique 149 Section 4. La perception de la pauvreté hydraulique domestique sur les villes étudiées 164 Conclusion du chapitre 4 171 Chapitre 5. Le comportement hydraulique des ménages 172 Section 1. Caractérisation de la demande en eau domestique 173 Section 2. Les stratégies compensatoires des ménages 188 Conclusion du chapitre 5 204 Conclusion de la partie II 205 Partie III La gouvernance urbaine de l’eau : limites et perspectives 206 Chapitre 6. Une gouvernance de l’eau basée sur des rapports de force 208 Section 1. La gouvernance urbaine de l’eau 208 Section 2. Les enjeux dans les territoires périurbains de Mumbai 218 Section 3. La corruption comme institution informelle 230 Conclusion du chapitre 6 240 Chapitre 7. Des recommandations pour sortir du blocage de la gouvernance urbaine de l’eau 241 Section 1. L’évolution des institutions de l’eau 243 Section 2. Le rôle de l’Etat face aux petits opérateurs privés 251 Section 3. Le renforcement du rôle de l’Etat 263 Conclusion du chapitre 7 277 Conclusion de la partie III 278 Conclusion générale 279 Bibliographie 285 2 Cartes Carte 1.1. Carte des Etats de l’Inde 24 Carte 2.1. Usages du sol de l’Aire Métropolitaine de Mumbai (AMM) 53 Tableaux Tableau 1.1. Proposition de disponibilité de fonds (2007-12) 21 Tableau 1.2. Evolution de la population urbaine dans les Etats les plus urbanisés en Inde 25 Tableau 1.3. L’organisation de l’approvisionnement par les opérateurs publics en Inde 37 Tableau 1.4. Demande en eau en Inde pour tous les secteurs 44 Tableau 1.5. Accès à l’eau dans les villes indiennes 44 Tableau 1.6. Normes d'accès à l'eau en Inde 46 Tableau 2.1. Evolution de la population dans l’aire métropolitaine de Mumbai (1971-2011) 63 Tableau 2.2. Evolution de l’offre et de la demande en eau sur la région de Vasai-Virar 76 Tableau 2.3. L’approvisionnement de la région de Vasai-Virar 77 Tableau 3.1. Arrangements institutionnels alternatifs d’approvisionnement en eau potable dans les villes des pays en développement 110 Tableau 3.2. Les arrangements institutionnels complémentaires d’approvisionnement dans les villes de Vasai-Virar 114 Tableau 3.3. Les caractéristiques des arrangements complémentaires dans la région de Vasai Virar 126 Tableau 4.1. Population indienne et maharastienne en dessous du seuil de pauvreté (en %) 139 Tableau 4.2. Accès à l’eau des ménages de l’échantillon selon les normes de l’OMS et les normes indiennes 143 Tableau 4.3. Répartition des ménages selon le niveau de consommation à Mumbai et dans les villes de Vasai-Virar 153 Tableau 5. 1. Perception de la qualité de l’eau selon les usages 176 Tableau 5.2. Prix de l’eau sur la région de Vasai-Virar (en Rs) 178 Tableau 5.3. Nombres de sources d’approvisionnement selon les villes 180 Tableau 5.4. Revenu moyen selon le nombre de sources d’approvisionnement 181 Tableau 5.5. Confiance des ménages envers les sources d’approvisionnement 182 Tableau 5.6. Normes indiennes de quantité d’eau par usage et données de l’enquête (lppj) 186 Tableau 5.7. Stratégies compensatoires des ménages dans la région de Vasai-Virar 190 Tableau 5.8. Caractéristiques de la stratégie de collecte selon les sources 196 Graphiques Graphique 1.1. Couverture par une source améliorée selon les régions dans le monde en 2004 42 Graphique 3.1. Répartition de la population (en %) selon les sources d’approvisionnement 124 Graphique 4.1. Répartition des ménages en fonction de leur consommation individuelle en eau, selon la ville de résidence (lppj) 152 3 Graphique 4.2. Répartition des ménages en fonction de leur consommation individuelle en eau, selon le nombre de sources d’accès (lppj) 154 Graphique 4.3. Répartition des ménages en fonction de leur consommation individuelle en eau par type d’habitat (lppj) 155 Graphique 4.4. Consommation journalière individuelle (en lppj) selon le revenu individuel. 156 Graphique 4.5. Répartition des ménages selon la part du revenu consacrée à l’eau 159 Graphique 4.6. Répartition des ménages selon la part du revenu consacré à l’eau et le lieu de résidence 159 Graphique 4.7.
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