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Exploring the Spatial and Political Legacies of the Republic of New Afrika in Detroit and Jackson

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Exploring the Spatial and Political Legacies of the Republic of New Afrika in Detroit and Jackson “FREE THE LAND!”: EXPLORING THE SPATIAL AND POLITICAL LEGACIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF NEW AFRIKA IN DETROIT AND JACKSON Willie Jamaal Wright A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography. Chapel Hill 2017 Approved by: Altha Cravey Alvaro Reyes Scott Kirsch Sara Smith Akinyele Umoja © 2017 Willie Jamaal Wright ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Willie Jamaal Wright: “Free the Land!”: Exploring the Spatial and Political Legacies of the Republic of New Afrika in Detroit and Jackson (Under the direction of Altha Cravey & Alvaro Reyes) The Provisional Government of the Republic of New Afrika is a Black revolutionary nationalist provisional government formed in Detroit, Michigan, in the wake of the city’s 1967 rebellion. Its goal is to establish a nation-state for New Afrikans in five states (LA, MS, AL, GA, SC) among the former Black Belt. Scholars such as Christian Davenport suggest—using the RNA as an exemplar—that “repression kills social movement organizations.” Grounded in Black geographies and a Black spatial imaginary this presentation will argue that such portrayals erase the ways in which black political formations persist in a world of tremendous anti-black violence. My findings indicate that the RNA lives, and that due to instances of police oppression and the natural maturation of political thought and praxis, its initial objectives morphed into new spatial and political forms. This research study is based on 12 months of multi-site fieldwork conducted in Detroit, Michigan and Jackson, Mississippi, semi-structured interviews, participant observation and archival methods. iii FOR MY PEOPLE For my people everywhere singing their slave songs repeatedly: their dirges and their ditties and their blues and jubilees, praying their prayers nightly to an unknown god, bending their knees humbly to an unseen power; For my people lending their strength to the years, to the gone years and the now years and the maybe years, washing ironing cooking scrubbing sewing mending hoeing plowing digging planting pruning patching dragging along never gaining never reaping never knowing and never understanding; For my playmates in the clay and dust and sand of Alabama backyards playing baptizing and preaching and doctor and jail and soldier and school and mama and cooking and playhouse and concert and store and hair and Miss Choomby and company; For the cramped bewildered years we went to school to learn to know the reasons why and the answers to and the people who and the places where and the days when, in memory of the bitter hours when we discovered we were black and poor and small and different and nobody cared and nobody wondered and nobody understood; For the boys and girls who grew in spite of these things to be man and woman, to laugh and dance and sing and play and drink their wine and religion and success, to marry their playmates and bear children and then die of consumption and anemia and lynching; iv For my people thronging 47th Street in Chicago and Lenox Avenue in New York and Rampart Street in New Orleans, lost disinherited dispossessed and happy people filling the cabarets and taverns and other people’s pockets and needing bread and shoes and milk and land and money and something—something all our own; For my people walking blindly spreading joy, losing time being lazy, sleeping when hungry, shouting when burdened, drinking when hopeless, tied, and shackled and tangled among ourselves by the unseen creatures who tower over us omnisciently and laugh; For my people blundering and groping and floundering in the dark of churches and schools and clubs and societies, associations and councils and committees and conventions, distressed and disturbed and deceived and devoured by money-hungry glory-craving leeches, preyed on by facile force of state and fad and novelty, by false prophet and holy believer; For my people standing staring trying to fashion a better way from confusion, from hypocrisy and misunderstanding, trying to fashion a world that will hold all the people, all the faces, all the Adams and Eves and their countless generations; Let a new earth rise. Let another world be born. Let a bloody peace be written in the sky. Let a second generation full of courage issue forth; let a people loving freedom come to growth. Let a beauty full of healing and a strength of final clenching be the pulsing in our spirits and our blood. Let the martial songs be written, let the dirges disappear. Let a race of [wo]men now rise and take control. — Margaret Walker v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is difficult to development a sufficient acknowledgement of the individuals and institutions that have been instrumental to one’s life. I must first give thanks for my family, who from the beginning, despite fits and starts, have supported and believed in me, in path, and my contributions. To my mother, who continues to hold down the family, even when facing illness, I am grateful for your, your love, and the strength you modeled for a young man in the making struggling through pre-teen angst. It is because of you, your return to collegiate life, that I even know that graduate school existed. To my father, the stubborn Black man from the sugarcane fields of Franklin, Louisiana who has recently grown to openly tell me “I love you, pop,” You were my first model of masculinity and what a man could do for himself and his family. I thrive to take you lessons and build upon them for the betterment of future generations of Black men. To my siblings, at time we seem like a motley crew of blood kin, characters born of the same womb, raised in the same home but of unique constitutions. Many mentors have gotten me to this station in life: Marjorie Burford was one of my first employers, a bright spirit who always encouraged me to elevate my thinking. While at the University of Louisville (UofL) Drs. Clarence Talley, Dr. Theresa Rajack- Talley, Dr. J. Blaine Hudson, Dr. Professor Jan Rynweld Carew, and Dr. Joy Carew modeled a timeless, expansive, brand of scholarship steeped in Pan-Africanism ideals. Through them, I was encouraged to seek out the contributions made by African peoples throughout the world, even those that constituted new worlds all together. Though some of vi you have transitioned since my time in at UofL, your lessons remain and unfold with each new challenge. Relocating to North Carolina following the completion of a Masters in Pan-African Studies at UofL was a seminal transition in my life. Early on, I lived in Eastern North Carolina where I met Gary Grant and Naeema Muhammad, two lifelong warriors for social justice. Through them I became acquainted with the life-changing work of the Black Farmers & Agriculturalists Association (BFFA) and the North Carolina Environmental Justice Network (NCEJN) and how Black farmers, generations following the formal end of Jim Crow are institutionally disenfranchised and how poor people of color, particularly in rural areas are subjected to all manner of environmental degradation. North Carolina is also where my academic interests grew. Joining the Department of Geography at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the fall of 2010, I became a member of a tight-knit cohort of ten bright-eyed first year students. Together, we all became beleaguered Masters and doctoral level graduate students. The presence of Eloisa Berman-Arévalo, Aron Sandell, Scott Sellwood, Amy Braun, Maia Call, and Jim Kuras made a disorienting year more tolerable. I was also fortunate to have been supported and validated by geography students like Yousuf Al-Bulushi, Mike Dimpfl, Pavithra Vasudevan, Stevie Larson, Adam Bledsoe, Nathan Swanson, and Tim Stallman. These brilliant minds and people will make indelible impacts in scholarship and society. I am happy to call you all friends and colleagues. To further generations of graduate students coming up the ranks UNC Geography (Mike “Birdman” Hawkins, Fransciso Laso, Angélica María Gómez and others), you have a large legacy to live up to. I know you are up to the challenge. I must acknowledge the cohort of Brothers with whom I made it vii through graduate school with my mind and my Blackness in tact. I salute to Drs. Brian Foster, Orisanmi Burton, and Robert Reece. We brothers for life! I offer thanks to the many professors and academic institutions on campus that provided intellectual, logistical, and financial support throughout my heralding years. To the Institute for Minority Excellence (IME), the Institute for African American Research (IAAR), and the Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History, your unwavering support carries students of color through different times and spaces on a campus not meant to carry the weight of their bodies, histories, and ideas. Continue to be space of respite and inspiration for Black excellence. And last to my dissertation committee, thank you for allowing me to pursue a topic, though at times out of your wheelhouse, is inherently geographic and necessary for the growth of our discipline. Without your guidance, critique, and support this project could not have been. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……….………………………………………....................................xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………...xiii CHAPTER 1: Geographies of Race and Black Geographies ………………………………1 Introduction and Significance of Study.……………………….………....................1 Geographies of Race and Radicalism………..…………..……………..................15
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