DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 392 566 RC 020 435

AUTHOR Foght, Harold Waldstein TITLE The American Rural School: Its Characteristics, Its Future and Its Problems. PUB DATE 10 NOTE 420p.; Xerox copy of original book, reproduced two pages per landscape pages. This book is cited by Mary Phillips Manke in her article "The Rural Teacher in the Early 1900's" (EJ 478 228) as a classic of rural education literature; see also RC 020 215-218, 435, 451-452, 470. Photographs will not reproduce adequately. PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060)

EDRS PRICE MF01/K.17 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; Consolidated Schools; *Educational Change; Educational History; *Educational Practices; Elementary Secondary Education; Futures (of Society); Higher Education; Modernization; One Teacher Schools; 'hulf. of Education; Rural Areas; Rural Education; *Rural Schools; School Administration; School Buildings; *School Role; Teacher Education; Teacher Role; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS Gardens; Nature Study

ABSTRACT Written in 1910, this book was intended to enlighten rural school teachers, superintendents, and school board members as to the changing role of schools in meeting the needs of rural society and the demands of modern life. The contention was that rural schools should not prepare students for life in town, but rather prepare studpnts for rural life. The book begins with an introduction to problems associated with rural schooling, the decline of the rural population, changes in industrial life affecting rural areas, a description of the ideal 20th-century school, and what action should be taken to improve rural schools. The remaining chapters cover the following topics:(1) organization and administration of rural schools;(2) rural school maintenance; (3) rural school supervision; (4) an overview of the rural school teachers' training;(5) salaries and tenure of rural teachers;(6) rural school buildings, their architecture and sanitation;(7) indoor furnishings and art; (8) nature study and school grounds;(9) school gardens;(10) elementary agriculture and industrial clubs;(11) manual training in one-room schools; (12) the library and rural communities;(13) hygiene and physical education; and (14) consolidation of schools. Contains an index, additional readings in each chapter, photographs, data tables, figunes, and a list of additional resources for rural school teachers.(LP)

***.i:***************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ************::**1.,************************************************ THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ITS CHARACTERISTICS, ITS FUTURE AND ITS PROBLEMS BY THE MACMILLANMACMILLANPIRW COMPANY & YORIC CO., LIMITED SAN FRANCISCO BOSTON CHICAGO HAROLD WALDSTEIN FOGHT,PROFESSOR A.M. OF RURAL EDUCATION AND SOCIOLOGY THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. LONDON MELBOURNRBOMBAYTORONTO CALCUTTA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI I`IIcAflwp TIONAL RC SOURCES INFORMATIONU S DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION Rsearch and ImINOwmonI r ,,,e,wod1,,y IC. ument nas Row, ,e1Roduced Is range! Nave 044en /NO. In rnp. yrnpr lOO CFDO,S0,, NTFRIFRICIrlyPly 0,gar,telir^ 4',),IStrf THE MACMILLAN COMPANYnutto op, OSar,i, (04 I rporosp nto Eat* 1.. BOT COPY AVAILABLE All right, ',curved 1917 THE THOUSANDS OF CONSCIENTIOUS HARDWORKING CO WHO ARE CONSECRATINGTO LABOR THEIR IN LIVESRURAL COMMUNITIES TEACHERS Set up and electrotyped. By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. COPYRIGHT, Igto, THE HOME OF THE NORMAL AMERICAN LIFE DEVOTING THEIR BEST ENERGIES January,September, September, xgro; July, 1913; igsr April, ; 1917. Published May, igto.February, April, September, 1912, Reprinted TWELVE MILLION COUNTRY BOYS AND GIRLS FOR USEFUL CITIZENSHIP TO PREPARE OUR IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICAT8D BY THE AUTHORTHIS BOOK J, S. Cushing Co, Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. Nortaiteb reur 04-05 Iterwkk es Smith Ow. THIS book is intended for PREFACE rural school teachers, superin- makeatcircles,tendents, large our normalwhoAmerican and areschoolboard school interested rural training classes, and all members;life for richer teachers'in the and profound its labor movement to the public reading more mentneedseffective is hereof ruralby used society advisedly.So far as the public means of schools adapted and the demandsschool of is concerned the It is not used in the to themodern changing life. term move- destruc- use.lifeconduct,tive andsense. growth. nor does it It aims at fundamental It does not seek On the contrary, it is run counter to established laws harmony byout facing a new the base for school constructive in its rural of whereIndeed,hamperedschool the away theschool the from usefulness the new movement strives to place inherently belongs many artiticirl interests which of this institution in in the midst of the schoolthe past. have lifewholesomenatural of our interests day. lives where it on the farm can prepare thevii youth for the only normal American sane, muchViii public attentionBroadly as is the speaking, movement no otherto organize subject is now engaging PREFACE so templatedmeans placed changes, at totheir fit themdisposal, to make to inspireuse of the them material with a PREFACE IX whichexceptionRooseveltrural life. underlies ofsizes the the itconservation up problem in these of words:of our our rural natural " With life, resources,therethe single is With his usual clearness of vision, President no theandgenuine teachers'many love similar work.for the problems, soil andIt is are, allthe that andauthor's goesmust convictionwith largely it remain, that teachers should be more these, totimetheother investigate American agomaterial appointed and questionpeople." report a commission of its greater needs, importance withof experts recommendations onnow rural before life Our National Executive some theitiesIfconversant educationalthey and were impulses with generally problems rural manifesting school familiar now history look with themselves ing theand toward educationalknow in moreothersolution. activ-aboutrural life.ruralforvoluminous improvement. communities report in theirwhich right sets relation living andto achieving inWhile sensible ar.d suggestive rather than drastic This commission has just made a our national tendentsothersandcommunities, accomplish whose had teachers ainterests strongerbetter couldresults. lie grasp cooperate on the to many better perplexing advantage in the schools. The same is true of all If superin- ofandcommunication,questionings organization, revolutionary, that of all wecooperation,the the may report machinery indeed is ofso look toquickthoroughgoing prevent to seetravel, waste" the of benefits ofswiftin timeits ifofboardsproblems thetheir general realized duties come laity inas from thethey could supervisionadministration should but halfthe surpassingofknow schools; of theschool direimportance affairs; conse- if school Theylife,and effort,"applied have indicated whichto the areentire needed evenThe length socialnow reforms andpart philosophers breadth and suggestedparcel of rural haveof urban life.outlined for us our task. rem- thequences way of of rapid parsimony improvement andThis closefistedness bookwouldif all wasthese be clearedpenned werein school away.inso, the support,many hope of that the earnest stumbling teachers blocks in edies.reformai.ermaterial all, must whomeans mustbegin of bearreform. with the the brunt hearts of theand change. minds and hands They may even induce government to furnish the But it is the rural teachers, The real theandmoremethods questions school of the officersnor set nature yet forth onmight of above. schoolan eoucationalfind management. in it some history, help settingin solving forth It is not a treatise on school It partakes of the rural youth. To make them receptive to the con- what has already been accomplished, indicating what is kJ yetsystems to be done. and suggests, wherever possible, remedies which It points out shortcomings in prevailing PREFACE freefield.can be use applied of the profitably. experienceThe author and conclusions realizes that of he all is such, not the pioneer inOthers have been here before him. He has made this ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS bookadding shall his not own have mite been when in vain and if where he succeed he could. in some The INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED CHAPTER I . PACs tieth-centurysmall measure problems. in sheddingATCHISON, light KANSAS, on this greatest of twen- H. W. F. Disintegrationall rural teachers of not rural inefficientPathetic populationThe city story a ofpositiveChanges the rural menace school to country life "The Causes of these conditions All rural schools not bad ; in industrial life city and July, 1909. istrationidealRuraleminentlycountry twentieth.century schools express agricultural must the be equation schoolbetter organized Theof life complete "The and haveUnited States More money must be spent to provide and maintain The twentieth-century problem The country lifebetter admin- pre- ills.coursesdemandedvisionthe schools must of study be more efficient School exteriorsInstruction must become professionalConsolidation of schools a panacea for existing A twentieth-century school plantSchool interiors Practical Super. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION CHAFTER II . isTownship superiortions organization toto thethe districtdistrict GeneralunitsystemChange statement from district to township system of SchoolRespects district in organization which the townshipGreat system spread of the district system County organization organization Objec. Nec- trainedcuringdependsessary reforms" upongood the" inboard sizethe countyofmembers geographicalTI,- system board of Theunit education community ; system What an active board can accomplish. its function Board members might be Work of the board Difficulty in pro- XII ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE CHAPTER III PAGS 39 intendentteachingsummary CountyC.of whatP. Cary training the on state the schools nor-Wisconsin als in are WisconsinState trainingdoing for schoolCounty agricultural Super- PAGS townshiptaxingsupport unit of taxation public --Iools ConclusionRuralPermanent school drawn. maintenance schor 1 funds ; inadequate State taxation not on the increase Creation of a permanent school fund general statement The state a logical County and Colonial trainingYorknormal high trainin,?,classes. classes in MichiganTraining classes in New hools Other states which maintain high school CHAPTER VI RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION General statement ; the businessCHAPTER side IV City supervision vs. so SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERSbettercan teachers salaries comparedin EuropeGeneral statement Compensation of European and Ameri-SalariesConclusion of teachers drawnand other work- . Reasons for 92 districttendentsruralchusettsIn Connecticutsupervision superintendents systems OriginFrank O. inof New Jonesschool England on boards the Connecticut In and Massachusetts school and superin- Massa- The question of supervision unit In other New England states The county Township and "maintenancemakeers feminizationLow in endsvarious rural meet taxationSuperintendentThe parts" of law the uf of schoolsTeachingthe salary country regulation How0. J. must Kernthe ruralbecome on rural teachers school Education bill vs. drink and smoke bill The threatened countysuperintendencyCountypartyremedies supervisionpolitics The superintendent supervisionRinging aswords mustit often frombe removedis North Carolinafrom The Minnesota Edu- What some states are accomplishingHow for better elected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania Proposed tenurefession for The rural teacher's teachers. social Enlightenrecognition the ; what publicEnact it depends minimum salary lawsA long a pro- on maryconditionscational of whatAssociation's ; a islack being of qualifications doneplan forThe rural Kansas supervision.of superintendents plan of :938 A sum. Present RURAL SCHOOL BuILDINGS: ARCHITECTUREand AND story SANITATION State law toSpiritualization prescribe rules offor rural site lifeThe rural schoolhouse of CHAPTER VII Arrangement song . 116 THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER The perplexing teaching problem CHAPTER V HIS TRAINING " Born" teachers and . . 69 railsventilatingitsof Usesflour spaceLibrary, stove rest room, and cloak roomsBasement New sanitary appliances Proper heating and ventilation Construction of the Correct lighting Blackboards and chalk ; Thealreadythetraining" made school Nebraska in" teachersrural an expression schools Junior The high Normal of calling life onState ofthe the Superintendentfarm teacher Aids to teachers J. B. Professional training Summer schoolsTeachers' institutes Rural teachers must make Academic structionThe pressure must tankcombine and utility sanitary with plumbingSchoolhouse adornment. CHAPTER VIII Outhouses made decent con- schoolsTheAswell N. E.onin A.stateinstitutes Normal normals and School summerReading Report, schoolsTeachers' circles page 29 meetings State normal schools and rural teachers Agriculture in state normals Rural model A INDOOR FURNISHING AND ART L.become B. Evans the rallying on the importancepointThe oldof country school of sesthetic vs.interestsSuperintendent the new environment . The rural school must again. 8 134 I,. XV Walls and woodwork ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS Furniture Necessary equipment TAGS ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XI eAGi TheindividualpicturerealmChoiceSuperintendent School selected Improvementteacher of O. should pictures J.do Kern ? haveWhat League on; educativethrowing the ofpkcky Maine awayvalue teacher Whatgood Plaster can coincan casts theof the things to be considered Every ccom- ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND agricultureObjections toin agricultural EuropeanAgriculture schoolsFrance trend not the dominant interest INDUSTRIAL CLUBS in theinsuperable rural community Belgium and Hol- Elementary. . . 205 plishinsimilar rural Art nature schools.programmes and basket supp-rs Programm What the county superintemlent can do for art of ThelandSouth United States What may reasonably be Denmark Interest of the agricultural colleges Other countries Rapid spread of movement expected of the one-roomWhat school is actually accomplished in The British Empire in the movement North and NATURE STUDY AND SCHOOL GROUNDS . Our school work too formal and bookish CHAPTER IX . Nature study 154 letins,No.theof one-room29, such etc. Pawnee organizations Origin school county, of boys' upon Nebraska andSome objections answered ExampleeducationGeneral of Susie Miller plan of boys' corn girls' industrial clubs Working aids; books, bul- Influence District cationalPreparingEconomicdefined Syllabus How the soilnature of Planningnature study study isandPlaygrounds valuable Platting to the rural child "Esthetic Planting Social and Ethical Religious Edu- Hedges Ideal school grounds Trees Wa".v, and drives Shrubbery clubsTeachingfarmer illustrated Good the fathersinseed the cornliamilton'county, scientificMeetings " Corn boys" in scoring Excursions to Purdue University farming Statewide boys' and contests " Corn boy " vs. Indiana, club Object AmericanpriatehatcheriesVines time school for planting children Flowers A campaign of education Birds and bird houses Toads and toad President Roosevelt'sBooks dealing letter with to the nature study Arbor Day an appro- Bishopgirls'agricultureteachersfor associationsMinnesota on object of and one-room of industrial boysin the Nebraska associations and schoolsBooks clubs. girls StateThis SuperintendentAnnual chapter industrial addressed E. C. contest to dealing with elementary and school grounds. CHAPTER X 1 CHAPTER XII 236 SCHOOL GARDENS peanBritishSweden emigrant Empire France farmersEarly in competition school with native farmers . gardensPurposes of European school gardensRussia The German statesOther European countries The Austria Euro- 179 MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM ruralPhilosophying in communitiesCombination the United of manual StatesManual training training of art defined Growth of manual training ideas Its earlySCII0OLS history Manual train- Aims of manualeducation training The in one-room and manual training ville,agriculturecultiesofHistory city Ontario, school whichof school gardeningschoolmust gardens be gardens met in Training the United teachers States Practical in elementary value Steps preparatory to making the garden Bowes- Rural school gardens Two diffi- Experimental plots and indi- consolidationschoolN.Howard E.How A. and Committee to county,manual begin Indiana trainingon industrial Results The great Case of DistrictHow to win ; a case to the point fromNo. 4, such Monroe informal township, work mistake of waiting for In con- thevidual garden plots BooksSchool dealing gardens with school during gardens. vacation ., How to arrange BEST COPY AVAILABLE clusiontraining. A selected list of books, etc., dealing with manual I L xvi ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS Passing of XVil PAGII THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES GAneral statement ; intimateCHAPTER relation XIII of school to reading Text-books PAWL 254 thethe smallThe " little school South red schoolhouse The WestElsewhere in New England Early history of consolidation Consolidated SchoolVillage" Consolidation type inPartial consolidation The progressive Middle Massachusetts Complete West of mereThe"library School citytrue compendiums childteacher will libraries" do sees for of theeducationfacts child and Earlygeneral in its historyentirety of th The library and the rural child Library advantages at the disposal of the notions - Rural school What thelibrary consolidationintypeconsolidation objectionsthe John Swaney The Wea School John Swaney Consolidated A closing word Burns Consolidated A selectedConsolidation reference list : advantages andSchool School High school workThe purely rural of books, countyprovisionsinglibrariesYoung under twentieth-century WhatPeople's conditional some Reading states library forward Circle are laws accomplishing library States movement having States no librarywork- Library Day in West Virginia The Winnebago The place of the traveling First APPENDIX etc., on consolidation. 335 oneersProgresssmalllibrary shouldhundred Objects by understand states,books To forgleaned furnish librarythe children's from goodeconomy reports literature library. of 1907 To Rural strengthen teach- libraries Rapid spread of the travelingA summary library First HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION Modern conception of education emphasizes care of human CHAPTER XIV . . . 282 teacher'sfectivesbodyRelation Twofold andresponsibility oflow generalemphasis standards for intelligence onhis of Themodernpupils'work teacher's physicalto physical physical place and education educationmentalin the strugglehealth De- The against disease Boston school nurses How diseaseruralGymnasticsagenciesetc. Ruralschoolsgerms of physical teachersare in transmittedevery education their rural own school medical inspqtors The four Physical education and morals. FunctionDrinking cups,of play pencils, Gymnastics books, Gymnastics in European CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS to all " General statement I t; What consolidation contemplates AimCHAPTER of our free XV schools: " Equal. rights Great waste in . 302 ABeach One-room Glen School, Schoolhouse Clay County, of the Modern Kansas Type . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGIII 20 SchoolhouseA \Veil-kept builtRural in School Fillmore in IllinoisCounty, Minnesota, in 1858 . . 34 SchoolhouseSchoolhouseOld Schoolhouse in Clarkin Northeastern at County, Holden, Ohio Logan Ohio County, West Virginia . . 34 A DilapidatedModel Rural Schoolhouse School on the in EasternCampus Kansas of the .Missouri State Normal ...... 34 ModeInterior of of Conveying Country Training Normal School,School StudentsWesternSchool,School, toIllinois the Kirksville atabove StateMacomb Training Normal . 79st Manual Training at the Dunn County SchoolDomesticSchool of Agriculture Economy, andMenomonie, Wisconsin . iii 79 InteriorExteriorSewing atof theRural Dunn Schoolroom,Schoolroom, County School showing illustrating of Fresh Agriculture the AirEconomy "Smith Intake and System"of Domestic Stove of . . . 125III Model Country Schoolroom shown at a RecentHeating Illinois and State Ventilation Fair . . . . 143125 ChildrenIrrigatedSchool atDistrict RuralWork School25,in the Turner GardenGarden County, ofat theGilpin, South Sheridan Colorado Dakota School, Denver . . 163143 ThisThe Remarkable Same Garden Picture at Harvest illustrates Time, School in September GardenMacdonald Work atconsolidated School, Guelph, Canada xix . the . . 193 XX An Average Corn Exhibit at the Annual ContestCounty, of Indiana, the Hamilto Boys' Corn Club LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VAC1IG FAGS 224 GirlsSectional at Work View in of Domestic Pawnee EconomyCounty, Nebraska, Rooms,Cooking Macdonald Corn Contest, Consoli- 1908 . .. Growing and . 224 Boys in Manual Training Department, MacdonalddatedSchool, School, Consolidated Guelph, Guelph, Canada Canada . . . 241 TWENTIETH-CENTURY NEEDS OF LIFE OneManualHeadquarters of the Training Dover at inTownship Topeka, a Small fromRuralSchools, which School, Union many Edgar hundred County, traveling Illinois libra- County, Ohio . . . 275 As discovered by AMERICAN COUNTRY the Country Life Roosevelt in a special message Commission and IllustrationExhibit made showing by the aIllinois large mass State of Board adenoids ofries Health, Stategrowing are annuallyFair, at inthe 1909. the Illinois sent to every County in Kansas . . . . . naso- . 288375 tosummarized Congress by President" First, effective cooperation among in 1909 : farmers, to put with which MicrophotographPneumonia Germs of Decaying from a Public Human School Cells Drinking onpharyngeal a Drinking cavityCup of the throat . . . Cup . . 291 theythem do on business. a level " Second, a new kind of schools with the organized interests much outdoors as in the country, which indoors ConsolidatedGymnastics Schoolat the Dunn at North County Madison, School Madison of AgricultureCounty,Economy, Ohio andMenomonie, Domestic Wisconsin Township, Lake 324297 life,andshall perhapsand teach not, themore, as childrenat present,so as" Third, better means of that they will pvepare mainly for life communication, including in town. for country The John Swaney School, District 532, McNabb, Illinois . 324 aregoodeasily everywhere,people roads preventable in the slavery" To these may well be added and a parcels post, and rightly, unanimousdiseases hold several of continuous ill which the country people better sanitation ; health." in demanding.million country for THE AMERICAN CHAPTER I RURAL SCHOOL the great desideratum ofIT is conceded by students INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM the times is a proper solution of education generally that STATED of theexcellencewithin ruralardization schoolour andcountry have problem. efficiency. wrought have marvelousattained athings satisfactorySecondary for Modernthe anddegreeinternal higher unification of education and stand- developmentprivateandan expression upward philanthropy of movement such of institutions. have so the great material prosperity, peculiar succeededto our present-day in making Amer- the schools Public liberality and and forward leges,icanhave civilization. and acquired professional an educational schools are Graded schools, in city and The universities, denominational momentum sufficient for definitely established and village alike, have col- alt toryreachedpurposes.attention that atheir stage has future of been development is centeredPathetic on or Storiof the Rural School. practically assured. work and plans for the im- evolution so satisfac- While the public , S. B 2 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL LNTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED 3 school.publicprovement weal of has city been schools, sadly a neglected. great factor for or against the All well-informed persons agree that conditions This is the rural efficient.all rural teachers areAll not Rural Schools not Of course, all district Bad ; all Rural Teachersinefficient. schools are not bad and We have, indeed, not In- theschoolgrowingin proper the rural populatTon uptraining schoolsin rural of attendarecommunities. the not twelve the to-day rural million whatschools, they boys which should and are girls be still for One half of our entire there,capable,manythe farm.excellentgiving painstaking the best the7e teachers are Vet the fact remains that a schools in farming is in them for the communities.spending their lives majority of rural children of Many theseinrationcountry the children formative for youth thoughtful never isstage. entitledget andbeyond intelligent to justthe district as thoroughmembership school. a prepa- in the And at least 95 per cent of The jorityschoolsfessionalmen of are ofteachers training.badly equipped are eminence, scholars, statesmen, It is conceded, too, lacking in both academic for school purposes, that a great manyand professional and a ma- and pro- needsbutwillbody itnot politic willof discriminate both. adjust as is itsthe bountiesin city favor youth. of in the a manner one as against equitable the other;to the The state, if it is wise, menthistheirof got cansuch training, their hardly schools. inbe the taken as early training, and in manyMany things conspire to prove old-fashioned district school. proof 91 the general instances all that theseefficiency But initiative;attentionever has from whatever been organized accomplished hasHeretofore, been educational neglected maythe rural beauthority. may credited schools be traced tohave local to received very little What- menmuchcational had on the account conditions of the mustCause not of these Conditions. native ability and talent to district schools as in spite These unsatisfactorybe charged as a reflection succeed not so of them. edu- tionsgeneralItaffairs is of not apathy ourbordering putting broad and facts indifference.land,dangerously in there too strong has close long a on light existed educational to say a state that coma. vastof As a result, in some sec- onTheis the withthey earlycharacter theare settler:wilderness. or on the largely the result of public spirit of our Thenfarm the period of intenseAtlantic seaboard had their unavoidable circumstances. population, struggle battle outnumberspreparedless by purposelessthe of schools for our the rural lifesystematically courses boysstruggle. andof study, girls dwarfed areleaving annuallythrough them more turned poorly or beforeerishedcationalfirst and peoplehardy afterproblem pioneersinthe no staring condition crossed to Revolutionary War kept the them in the face. the Alleghenies on their west. solve effectively the edu- Ever since the impov- ward4and march,plain every like energyconditions has beenhave centeredprevailed. on redeeming THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL On prairie the growtheven moreof cities. INTRODUCTION : THE serious. In the United StatesThe affixed table PROBLEM STATED illustrates graphic- the problem is 5 soileconomic to the cause and social of civilization. effort the rural school has been Under such stress of sorely ally the startling urban tendencies in our URBAN POPULATION NUMBER OF country: PER CENT OP theneglected.are great to all westlkard practical migrationpurposes a is nearing the end, and we But now, with the opening of the new century, settled people. Under such YEARI85o1790 POPULATION23,191,8763,929,214TOTAL OP CITIES OP Soo° 2,897,586 131;472 PLACES 85 6 URBAN TOTAL 12.5 3.4 ofcircumstancesurban conditionsreaching centers. consequences wein rural might communities, soot.; upset with ourreason, such expectations, lookas is for a fixitythe chief But, unfortunately, other factors of far- found in 1870188o19001890 38,558,37150,155,78362,622,25075,468,039 18,272,50311,318,50724,992,1998,071,875 447286226545 20.929.222.633.1 lationbeing,gregarious. andperhaps, influx the to thestartling Disintegrationlarger disintegration cities. of Rural of rural Population. popu- He only follows natural instincts when he Man is by nature hasincrease33.1 increased per cent. to aboutin a little 38A glanceoverper cent. a at these figures Unofficial figures for 1908 shows that the urban century from 3.4 per cent The government reports indicate a further population to seekstribes.tribesa keener the reared large social walledcenters existence. towns of population for defense where against he can predatory enjoy These became the cradles of industrial, commer- In primitive times agricultural takethe8000 intoincreased. total andconsideration upward.per cent of If all incorporated urban growth wouldonly cities with a cities were counted, populationbe materially of thecial,theit beginning wasand growth politicalnot before playedof urbanlife. thean life importantopening at the ofrOleexpense the in lasthistory, of century rural though com- that The city and city state have from of citiesmodern,in manufacturing has labor-saving been Changes in Industrial Life. industries. ,coincident everywheremachinery for the farm, These latter have Suchproduced phenomenal with growth and have growth munitiestheEuropean rapid became increase. countries in any way areFor marked. all a halfexperiencing century the an cityward unexampled movement has been on This is to-day a universal condition. tory-madeconsequentlythe oldendeath-knell wares time reduced flourishedand of many the at every cheap transportation demand forlocal farm industrieshands. which cross-road. have soundedRural crafts- in the Fac- men were formerly in great demand in THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL making and re- theof city city life. assures a INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM The infusion of the sturdy country continuation of city prosperity STATED stock into and 7 nowpairingofupbuilding all,gone, farmuntold and instruments,the numbersthey entire have farmof flockedin farm cabinetplace. youth, to making,the without in whom fact, in the Their occupation is cities. Worst tothus:cine,progress. anthropologist an" City excellent life is authority very in But at what an awful cost! for a long time, and we are now deadly to the young, a fact known this field, speaks editorially American Medi- in a glamourruralfor advancement.communities of city life will and languish, itsFinally, many inare flattering direct drawn ratio thitheropportunities as the by ruralthe population decreases yearsfairout consumersway incountry a to few explain ofgenerations, rural the so families have flocked to the towns,populations. phenomenon. that cities are said to be the A man raised in the coun- For hundreds of to die thanthelongrection size toward hoped of of farms increasinglythe to intensive seeincreases. realized, extensivesmall and farming whichmachine which must farming many be realized haverather The tendency is in the di- tryknowssometimes seemsbred parentsof to these standperish survive disappearing long all before their he the unknown strain, but his city-bredfamilies children." where the country- does. Every physician children sizethatbeforeio forof perthe farmsthe cent.rural twenty for problem the years whole is from finally cOuntry I88o settled. to inc:eased1900 the average almost Figures show sizeof life,here athat weakness " the city in" Theone and memberCity countryAfter and such means Countryexpress forceful express statements it is in placethe Equation to empha- of Life." the ruin of both. the equation towardonehow can far yet say.this larger depletion farming ofThe theunits, City rural and a population Positiveevery indication Menace shall go,points to no Country Life. But this is certain, the present tendency is Just Eachdevitalizingmust must be preserved."supplement, effects of but city not life upon Whatever may be said about that thedestroy, welfare the of other,the one and both the individual from the towarddeteriorates.phereis terribly a stillthe devitalizing.humanfurther organismdecrease in literally population. In its artificial, hot-house atmos- starves and early City life the producesisfarm, productclosely this the inboundtruth return;raw remains, materialup thewith city thatand supplies a demandsof the the other. manufactured market for the farm The farm and girls are thrown annuallytheir by manifesthundreds destiny of thousands to reenforce the ebbing vitality Into this life, then, our best country boys outputWe have and hereexpects the ancienta fable market for its own finished product. of the Body and the Members es 8retold.well nourished and healthy As well might we expect THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL after the " members " had the " body " to remain themust forefathers earn through got for the INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM the sweat of their brow. taking,will expect the sons labor, of theand later intelligent STATED The future day 9 itsasstruckmony. tomembers, expect work theand the refusedcity .,nd to country, There is every reason to body -)olitic to thrive and wax strong supply the stomach with food, failedbelieve to work that thein har- city- while willtolaborit becomenot would atbe that, chary; smaller,seem, by butall the whoshe demandsand competition for industrial keener. labor will would succeed. Profits are sure Gradually, de- wardcityfuture. tide life willand soonrural abate. life must Several factors are quietly Theat city will never resound A state beof equipoisereached in between a not distant withwork a cry to relieveof " back the cline.tohaps his cease own. altogether.The United States is Then the cityward migration Thenpreeminently the agriculturist an agricultural will come na- will lessen and per- tosituation. thenaturenowlife country," will as and aremain perfectman that are member there. doing what theyis can certain to organize ; those who are in But, as we shall see below, in our equation of national the city ruralboth tion.longyetare beengoingunborn. settled, fast, and even While the choicest parts of Drythere farming is room and here irrigation for semi-arid Indian reservations the public domain have hundreds of millions will increase life.ofdent a materialI natureThe now sevelt.ited believesStates preeminently that the most before the American people is Agricultural. pressing question Presi- agricultureagemanifoldfarming will dothe units must as tillable andbecome betterareas scientific infarming, much for the South. the West. the aim.and intensive Twentieth-centurySystematic drain- smaller thetainly conservationplacedproud been at forests ourprodigal of disposal. existour of no the more; vast gas natural resources. We Wehave have cer- been wasteful. storesand oilof fieldsnatural are wealth becom- The TheeducationalIt rural has schoolto deal problem problemwith ainThe great the Rural general many School Problem in our country is not not wholly Educational. subjects besides ordinarymeaning of that term. wholly an exploited.ingdomain, drained; Weand coal havepublic and misused utilities other mineral deposits are generally Now we stand face to facehave with gonethe sacred to the right most of per- eminent schoolroomsion.without.which seek practice, solution school in part in Issues of an economic and administration, and supervi- the school,sociological in part from nature arise, than educational. sistentchanging and craftyconditions. jobber. The natural competencies which The new movement in the The problem is thus more schools must not be looked r ; 14, INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED I I upon10izing as ruralan end life. in THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Hereitself, the ruralbut as teacher a means must to the work end of organ. hand touchingThe subjects the consideredstrictly are these: educational issues with the rest. food; wells and canfieldsIn hand hardly of with activity conceive the socialcoincide and their interests of improving the intellectual and ethi-philosopher. In many ways their blend. One waterhelp. and waste; Home-making.Education. The choice Rural schools;house construction; and preparation ofagricultural and household conveniences and appliances; life; farmers' institutes; sub- caltellectualofversa. without all rural orimprovhig conditions social, material the and material activities, or ethical. whether Indeed, their aim is the same and social, and vice the improvement The main dif- they be in- jects;colleges;ing preparation fruit, extension marketing, of work. etc.;BuyingCommunication. and Selling. Roads; teachers fur country Cooperation in dairying,middlemen, in buying associations.trolley lines; telephones; poultry, in rais- postal service. theTheference socialteacher's lies philosopher in work the point is from ofproceeds attack within, and fromwith methods thewithout child of procedure. inand school; deals farmers' unions, etc.; women'sLand.Organizations.Farm Labor. Tenancy; form of rental. Supply; housing; wages;Farmers' board. clubs; organizations. granges; experiment societies; insurance. clubs; tainparesmainly impulsesource the with children from the without,parent. for the furnished new rural by life; the but reformers without in this high the child mind and child heart The former begins at the foun- and pre- disease.reading clubs; church, schoolhouse,PublicFinance.Social Health. Life. Regulation; water Savings banks; rural credit Public gatherings; festival and other social centers.supplies; the prevention of days; literary clubs; themplaces,slow. of the the work need of of winning change, over would the parents,be both of difficult convincing and itsand formal received questions thousandsThe rbout commission upon held meetings conditions in rural communities. thousands of answersin thirty to different states ruraldeavoredPresident life andto Roosevelt's arrive public atPresident opinionan commission exact in Roosevelt'sunderstanding regard on to rural this Commission of lifelife. American has en- on Rural Life. Once lettersBesidesreport and tothis thespecial it president.gathered reports. a vast All this was embi)died inamount of informationCountry Life ; the Three byits difficultweprehensiveinvestigation, know to conditions indicate and as reaches outlined remedies as intothey by every thereally than commission, corner now.exist, of it rural will is very endeavor,be lesscom- The field of GreatbeirCommissioner Needs.g in the country WalterReport in H. Page,of the Commission on The investigation reveals, general is higher than it ever was " that the level of according to well- 12 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED 13 before;tionand the of that ourproductiveness our rural country population population of its life is better than any equally inis increasingfact, that the its wealthcondi- tocational point tosubjects, the necessity an unrestThe sodemand for good of fundamentalroads comeschanges." from almost every profound and general as This means of trulytrue."largemust efficient.rural be workedpopulation out couldbefore ever modern rural But it reveals many serious problems also which The three which people everywhere em- show before; and this is life can become bettercommunitysionpost. communicationof rural in everyfree delivery section of the country.carries with it a desire and the introduction of a parcels for the exten- phasizedareelsewhereRoosevelt : (t) effectiveand in in clamoredthese his cooperation,special pages. for message are (2) set a tonew Congress, quoted Stated in general terms they forth by President kind of schools, sanitation.showsubject. a marked ignoranceFinally, on the Typhoid fever Altogether too commission finds that and similar diseases now little attention is paid to the subject of health rural communities hold in andthis andaddedand (3) selling, a(4) better better of means eliminating sanitation. ofFarmers communication. certain feel non-essential keenly Tothe theseneedmiddlemen, of is coOperation in buying continualalleasily of them, bethraldom prevented. which Even if not holding out numberlessunder rural effective people organization might the promise of any great diseases, imme- theythatword,of forming whichdo they business. feeltheirnow the ownbelongs need local of to commercialas the thorough city interests exchangesan organization with which as in a diatetainFortant results, tosections fruit.have the promulgated to commission the country In this way modern organization the successful experienceat largehas is begun sure to a remarkable bear impor-will spread of cer-work. the necessitylife, and not, of making as at present,People the schools inchiefly an for exponent city life. of rural rural communities everywhere emphasize " Criti- throughoutwillfactory; be foundthe greater great to make returns agriculturalwillhome come and from social the soillife than communities. the God-given there satis- Means under cismalmostrather ofhow the universal to toschool, trainmake youth as bythe they the soil away nowpeople, more fromexist," productive because the says soil Mr. their than and Page, influence tolife train on itthem ismore " was acrespresentproblem must conditions; : Now, to limit follow. ourselvesthen at length to the a schoollove for side of the i factory. 0 There is, in fact, a universal unrest in edu- The Twentieth-century Problem. The great task of INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED I S twentieth-centurytry14country and all boysthat pertainsand education country to country girls is, then, to instill in the THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL this very love for the coun-life; to fit them, through offarmlittle to-morrow child world, how andmust to live,lead be andit along able to take the child in how to do things. the pathway of life, directing The teacher its own thoroughlyservesaysvantage their Francis practicalof wonderful a rationalW. Parker,courses course of study,of work to receive heritage. " is that it would make a strong, " The tremendous ad- in country schools," and pre- itsment,develop nativeand nature'sand adaptabilities, in in the the intent.child child's breast a The twentieth-centurysentiments, teachermind mustan andunderstanding powers; he ofmust nature sympathy with its environ- odsbindingItinto wouldand the unionthe school,give school of parent the and methods. home and project teacherand the the oneschool, school motive, the into It would bring the farm in the farmcarry- meth- the farm. teachard.andfarmstead notthe tochild judge with to itlove itsby God-given anature mere for acres The teacher must lead the child to see commercial or money stand- nature's own sake the most precious in the old thewouldingof teacher outthe appreciate offarm." which would andboth honor, judge could dignify, fairly heartily the and workjoin. elevate of the The parent the work school, theheartheritage child be that also.that the can farm come isThe histo mortal Completetreasure, man. Country Life. Country life must cease then there will his He must teach theofrural rational work schools of courses reform are making isandThe merely the distinctIdeal teaching begun. Twentieth-century progress of essentials. in the direction School. The old-fashioned, Fortunately, our But tot.ocomplete behave conserve a mere it. in complement itself.that which is best No! let it carry to the country all It is not enough for the new awakening of city life; in the country life as we now it must be made that is best blindInItmatter isthe teachingforeign countrytaught tois,is the thestill soil country borrowed must everchild's from remain theworld city the real alas! very prevalent. The subject- curriculum. the farm. factor. theand causestion.life most attractive. for ennobling the cityward in present-day exodus by Introduce music and art into the Provide against its present social starva- makingcity the life. country schools, and Remove trainingNaturemakereal study essentials.theand farm instructionin its child broadest satisfied in themeaning various with together his crafts lot withinwhich life manual areshall The school of to-morrow will teach the the thenceandinsort. homeour into best thereading, city farm systems ashomes. well beas providedlecture courses for In short, let everything that is really Encourage school libraries the rural school. worth the while of a practical S. L.; 16readydistinct been progress intimated in thattheRequirements our of the Twentieth THE AMERICAN RURAL direction of rational courses country schools are Century. SCHOOL It has al. making and schooltrationpends affairs. and very supervision largely upon as INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM The success or failure it. well as of school supportParadoxical as it may seem, of school adminis.STATED de- I 7 thestrued teachingchapter,or even to meansatisfactory. thatof essentials. thatsome conditions, sections as Indeed, it is true, as shown in a But thisof must the country not be con-are making they now exist, are ideal later Itsuffer,wherever Uponappears andthe the therefore whole,where unit of there it organization is veryis more that the extremes must be largedanger the same from holdsunits tootrue. small is very small.the schools avoided. remarkableaccomplished;andhave are beim to progressbe sadly congratulated though indifferent in theit is just uponto as true directiontheir opportunities of needed reform and have what has already been that other sections thanerallyadoptedlong too beenlarge. unsatisfactory in inthe use Middle in Easternfor West purposes states, The small local district and the West has proved gen- of organization. and whkh later was unit which has Many donetherewhereclaim but is the thatlittlemuch real conditions to stillconditions remedy to be are, or ever done.approach the nearestexisting to school ideal evils. So it. havewould been, be folly satisfactory. to Even toof theandlocal evilssmall indifference partisanship from district. which in and school affairs, makeAs thewejealousy, districtshall seeand anrural in often a schoolslater close-fistedness suffer are traceablechapter, ticalButnor enCthe schools,will movement the it times is upon demand: for us, subside before the reform better rural schools, and more(I) more prac- thorough school organ-north, south, east, and west; is complete. To this inadequateobligationslocalretain school them basis to board in friends foroffice. is tooand administeringSuch school a unit affairs. cannot possiblyoften hamperedneighbors in its who work elect them and afford The by izationsupport;(4) and(6) modern centralization administration; school and (3) professional supervision plant; consolidation of schools. (5) practical course(2) ofgreatly study; increased school and instruction; to ofpaygenerallywith all, for sothe professional small last able worda to unit, dictate in since tax the twoml or supervision. policy of the district, and make ters shouldthree never influential be men are But, most important left Administration.attentionsize of theis school unit of organizationRural Schools must be better organizationThe first phase plays of anthe important subject to andorganized administration. and have better demand rOle in The thiswhichare narrowmany narrow-minded prevails good or broad ones. in thein or South Upon the whole, the township broad-minded. proportion as they themselveshas some bad features and The county unit unit is, tical18at any and rate satisfactury for the East basis and of Middle organization, West, and should THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL the most prac- togetherries. too meager. In many instances our teachers'nalvmmAmoN: Too many teachers do not graspTHE the PROBLEM STATED qualifications are al- Some are too 19 basisbeSchools. encouraged in rural education. by all whoMore are Money interested must in thebe bestspent business to provide and maintain The chief essential in school affairs is unques- realtopoorly is significancepresent it that grounded many the subject-matter.of young thein the teaching men fundamentals, and problem. women who or they dabble lack Most unfortunate of all in teach- skill thetionably schools.Thiscity child's is amplefor schooleducation funds maintenance with for whichevery $13.17 toalone provide andon the andhas rural nothingmaintain child's. to Right now we are spending $33.01 on the stoneatinging all; do isto notto notsomething them expect and teachingnever or better.intend can is hopeto only become to a be professionala profession. Under such conditions teach- makeshift, a stef,ping teachers domentvastlycities, with thanlargerpermanent with rural sumstheir communities. schoolofmuch money investment.smaller in school total buildings valuation, and investequip- This is not giving the In this field the theyteachersfact now will exist. be the first toThe reap great the reward.need is for professionally trained rural school- teachers trained to grapple with problems as The teachers who are first to realize this This will come in Theycomefarm boys awakemust and spend to girls their much a great fair chance.more responsibility money for in theseprofessional matters. The farmers must be- thethetionmensurate shape good for theof behavior materiallywith work the clause time increased orand by money the salaries teachers' expended personal in prepara- choice. and in tenures of office limited only by salaries com- tools,teaching,life.standards etc. for modern demanded buildings, by the for changing equipment, twentieth-century for books, Let every advocate of better rural conditions do what Otherwise, rural schools can never reach the factoryarably system linked ofwi.,h supervision thisSupervision better in instruction. the mustrural schoolsbe more is Efficient. insep- AsA here more under- satis- schoolhetremely can support to importantconvince will be factorfarmers a gilt-edgeInstruction in ruralthat investment. increasedschool must successbecome taxation or Professional. failure for Another ex- teacherstood,superintendents.overseers wein the do of classnot schools mean mom, as thisbut town5hip, asfunction belonging as exertedto such generalby the In the East the geographical unit gen- district, and county is preparation,the teacher himself. (2) longer tenure of office, and (3) better sala- This naturally involves : (I) better erallyVery used often in the school township supervision has proved is the too town small (township). for the main- 4 1 20 THE AMERICAN RTJRAL SCHOOL Sv-,09 ;1"` "1". e tenancebeengivejoin of enacted and ruralexpert orgamze supervision under townshipsupervisors. districts, thus which two orequal more to the best To remedy this, offered in theenabling city themtownships to may laws have %, . I , tobesystems. manyencouraged. states Such consolidation for governmentalin the Middle WestIt might now be applied, for greater efficiency purposes. with great profit, under township In sections should 4., organizationwhercareage more the county county numerous unit superintendent is an and harder to surmount.of supervision official whose time is prevails difficulties The aver- given Beach Glen School, Clay. County, Kansas. kept than the average. A typical rural school, better to drawingtostatistics, hisonce office. warrants, or and performing twice a year, though Incidentally he " calls " upon to issuing circular other clerical duties such visits can scarcely letters, compiling his teachers belonging be 'I. dignifiedeitherwork of moreas which supervision. effective. will be sureA Twentieth-century School Plant Demanded.Several remedies areto make the superintendent's proposed, The through" littletureswill reddignified song soonschoolhouse and live in story, in memory the West by the name " of Eastern localities,and the sounsightlyalone. They are beginning to of schoolhouse,box-car struc- familiar giveadapted wayin school to tomodern, twentieth-centuryarchitecture sanitarywill hardly buildings, be complete in every teaching. But the reform before it way A one-room schoolhousewith every up-to-date appliance, should soonof the modern type. supplant theThis old building, box-car type.which Is fitted becomes incumbent on ka local boards, by law, to use only BEST COPY AVAILABLE publicsuchhealth, plans instruction or as some are approved otherand the specified secretary by the state INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED committee competent to of the state board of superintendent of 21 adjudgedoing goodthese workmatters. must Schoolbe supplied. Exteriors. All the necessary apparatus for the dignified " temple The grounds must for thebeof made vinesLetprofessional learning." curving an and appropriate flowers, walks teacher's andshed setting artrustic over can seats,structure grass Let the grounds be made as possibly make them. and groundsand an shrubbery, attractive as theatmosphere letandrear grounds theof thepracticalof homelikeness. groundsand building in school be a be work the center of attractionplace whereto theLet the the theoretical school garden at shall meet. All in all, wholemonyshould countryside. with sit thelightly uponSchool the room. Interiors. general exterior. The school interior must be in har- AnTinted xsthetic or paperedatmosphere walls, there,appropriateshelvesavarium, neatly full color framed effects, copies touches of the of masters, ofall choice these shbooks, )uld shedplants, a glow and of the artistic here and plastercomfort casts,perhaps and an homelikenessfindstamp.less the dragging irksome over of inthe the school room heavy lifeor feetgive to it a With such a school plant rural disappear, and there will be school. genuine scholastic children will INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM STATED 23 22outsidecourse of study pursuedCourse in of Study must be Practical. from the city. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Itthe has country trained has the come child from away the Hitherto, the ditionschools,opportunities to right what in thefor the studyurban heart under the childof rural gets, communities. consolidation offers mother nature. With these benign influence of field In ad- beginfromofan his the right expression own farm in experience. theand child'sofnot the towards ownThe world subject-matterit. and develop needs of the country community and The new methods must taught must be right out schoolsandseek grove urban at in his the centers own very doors, bosomin questWe the of shall of farm now take up in detail learning. the various phases of our child need no longer main currents of teachingmuststudybooks. render will is what takecountry istheir needed. life place more as coordinate with Training in handwork, and a study of plants and Industrial work and naturesignificant. the study Experienceof educationalsubject.pertain to thehistory rural in schools. our country, at But, first, let us consider the least so far as they givevaluesoilslead systematicand to up country animal to it by life.lifeinstruction awakening will come in intopractical thebe ofchild's almost agriculture, breast a as to The policy shall be not so much to incalculable love for andstatethesiastic, wondersin agricultural time scientific return in nature. school thefarmer. young will continueman to the farm Then it may be expected that the the work here begun, an enthu- ConsolidationThein districts ideal plan most is contemplatesoffered affectedConsolidation as by a remedy disintegration the discontinuance of for Schools the ofills a existing Panacea of for Existing Ills. population. weak schoolsconditionssufficientlygraded and schools arethe large satisfactory consolidation in to every maintain thisrespect ofmeans a gradeda equalnumber the toschool.establishment village of districts and of Where city astates matter are ofstill far ORGANIZATION AND experimentation, of groping from ideal. It hasADMINISTRATION been in great measure about in the un- 25 CHAPTER II known,differentschoolsorganization in our sectionsare effortsthe with following: of to whichthe country. we(I) are provide the best system school district organization, concerned in theThe rural various units of for the ization and General Statement. ORGANIZATION ANDadministration in our The history of ADMINISTRATION country is full rural school organ- of " system of interest community(2)is the smallest system. and mostSchool District Organization.township organization, (3) county democratic of these units of con- The school organization, (4) district tosprung studentsconfusionhigher authority and from chaos," of education. stagnation. than the will of order and progress It tells the storyThe first schools of the community administrative or come out knew no which of trol.ofthehostilities. the wilderness, population, too due distant to It developed in New New communities sprang up on the cessationfromEngland of the early afterparental the centersscattering the edge of Indian of maintainedsupervisoryandas governedmany them. nature was standards of school by local needs. Any policy of an necessarily shaped management asThis meant, in by local opinion there werestandardspractice, quently,populationreachestablished ofthey theto theirorganizedmake centrally own use schools. of located schooltheir ownand wereeducationalthe oldunit town schools. All who lived within easy bandedConse- and atschools; saysall.must or, be more Professor Dexter, " If the peopledemanded as of all properly speaking, " definite schools,a whole and such are can standards of excellenceit meant no to be educated," only be togetherdatedThis organization forall legalits support enactments was at first constitutedpertaining the school to schools, district. and came wholly voluntary; it ante- do maintaineddirectvested the with throughschools authority in thestates process havethe appointment to make soughtdemands, such anduniform competentof making them." of responsible officials stand- to aboutcolonialunder foundedsolely the schools circumstances. because for wellthe it purpose enough,was of It answeredthe only the possibleneedsschool of thing our supply to merely,and had or the to district been toards a morethrough or statuteAll the several less satisfactory enactment, and 24 extent. all have realized Conditions in many them regulateobjection attendance, to its formation. there would certainlyUnfortunately, have been the noorganizers, THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 2 7 26tion.alsojealous the of center what ofthey school deemed support In Massachusetts the Act their inherent rights, made it of 1647 had declared the i.e. the unit of taxa- Yetthem." it cannot be deniedGreat that Spread much of good the Districtcame from System. The district townplanbeen 1789.the worked a basis controlling so of well power that it in From this time until well into our own school organization; but the schoolreceived matters full legalin the sanction state. in day it has district tationward,land,system and whereor spread becausewas it laterat sprang an conditions adoptedearly up dateeither by prevailedto nearly asevery a matter all part similar the of ofstates New pure to thosewest- Eng-imi- Actenactedfortunate of 1789 in law was,the state."on to quotetheObjections subject to the District Unit. The great educator was quickHorace to Mann, " the most un- of common schools ever The Massachusetts whichsoonstatessetts. hadestablished where earlier county calleditself organization as forth the theunit systemisof inschool vogue, in Massachu-organization the district Let this be as it may, if we except the Southern discernlationschoolwhere what indistrict thematters v'e taxing ishave too of longpowerimportance.small to is be experienced; namely,concerned that the intrusted with final legis- Especially is this true a power which tion.continuesand administration in a great majoritythroughoutChange offrom thethe District statescountry, to-day. to Townshipand as such System of Organiza-Massachusetts, which was the first to legalize the wasinferencei8o1. actualliested contribute practice.in the much to make Local jealousy, parsimony, and district by the Massachusetts" In many cases," says the district unsatisfactory individual indif- Professor Act of districtfollowedNewhappened Jersey, unit, suit in was andIndiana, likewise likewise Ohio, changedthe and first Pennsylvania to to the abolish township it. very system. soon 1882. New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, This Dexter,towardvotersand although"within thethe schoolssentiment a singlethe acts or theamong of 1789district too poor district is the opposite of generous and 18ot, and similar laws, the limited number of to do much; TheasshipMore yet changeorganization thannot exercised twenty to the forother township this school statespermission purposes, inhave the lawstoold anyalthough Atlanticpermitting marked they states extent. town- have is Englandpassedtheywas werein the thethe teachingfrequently neighboring not states very ared ' little red schoolhouse ' within their walls of a very high little later, gavefor to want New of paint, nor in great numbers, order. tiontheeasyished in cities to many explain.and left allrural many but communities bereft of the of small population. andschool the districts great influx impover- to The rapid disintegration of the popula- This left no alter. 28enoughnativeof maintenance. except to provide to organize good into THE AMERICAN RURAL These demands the schools and a more equable system larger units SCHOOL township system units strong utilizeship.istration the townshipof the several system school chiefly districts for the within better the town- Thus in Iowa, for example,ORGANIZATION the congressional AND ADMINISTRATION admin- 29 thehas Middlenotapply satisfied. yet eastward. Westand also, perhaps never may feelThe the larger unit is getting a The newer Western states, generally, for the same reasons effects of the city- strong hold on which do that townshipthedirectorswith school its isown constitute dividedaffairs school for into theplant the atownship entirenumber and subdirector.township. ofboard and administer subdistricts, each They fix theThese sub- wardis "less migration,has democratic the advantage will bethanTownship Organization. of forcing the wealthierslower to makethe the district change. organization, The township organization portions of but it ratekindredcide of ontaxation, theduties length ofelect an of teachersadministrative theRespects school and year,in fix whichnature. and performthe Township many System is Superior their salaries, de- the townshipuniformin the poorer standard to contribute communities, of excellence."Care should be taken here not to confuse townshipto theor- supportthus bringing about a more of the schools townshiptoMaintenanceset the forth District system inoverSystem. the theCommittee district systemof Twelve are onso Ruraladmirably Schools in the Report of the Subcommittee on School - The many advantages of the ganizationlocal government. for school purposes The latter pertains to and township system local affairs Township of in (Proceedingsdetail: N.E.A.1. 1897) that I venture to quote them generally,organizationof districts the formerfor lying school usuallyto purposes school matters only.within the political township, is in fact only a merger wherefrom the they township .re needed at large, than schoolhouses under2. the other will system. far more likelyIf the beschools built of a township are under a single board elected townandcommittees, administered meeting. as inby Massachusetts; a Such boards are called, of directors,central board, as in electedIowa. at the boards of education, as variously, school This sys- annual in restricttherespect ability totheir schoolhousesand number, character bringing andof teachers. grounds,3. The together tendency length more of will schoolscholars, not terms,be andtoEquality multiply and thus of schoolschools provision will be much more fully secured unduly, but to temin Ohio;of naturallystates schools and in boards andw ich township enough tends to give rise toit has reached a normal high schools, although several consolidationdevelopment increasingmakingcut can better deal the interestmoreclassification, effectively and enthusiasm grading,4. and easily of and the with teachingpupils. one board possible, in a Bettert,iwn.and supervision c;tn be secured. The county superintend . ship30 than with six, ten, or twelve; THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL while township and township-union leaning towards the township ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION unit. In the South, how- 31 supervisionand the sense will ofbe official greatly6.5. responsibility promoted.The tendency will be to employSimplicity and economy of administration degree, the evilsteachers thatbe flow for enhanced. longerfrom terms, and will be facilitattd, scatteredever,of village conditions population, life, are from large the materially different. firstagricultural called for areas,a unit and a dearth Here, a widely of gov- small, frequenttherebyinfrequent tochanges. restrict, will be in prevented. a considerable8.7. TransfersThe strifes of and pupils from school to contentions between districts that are now not school will be made more ernmentcompactEnglish organization township county became used radically different from theSouth-Atlanticin the North.established. group, including From VirginiaThus it the larger easy.tionall. have already been suggested.9. The reason last toThe relations of the township-unit system to be mentioned is perhaps the strongest The township system does not school consolida- of Texasspreadeverstate andthewent over countyMissouri, forth the entire tosystem and was Oregon, California, and from the frontier of theadopted for general govern- Utah. Where- latter way;tem;necessitate but schools consolidation such will consolidation, not beis consolidated although almost wholly dependent upon that sys- in great numbers ifwork. a plurality it is likely to work that tionment as purposes well. it has It ould seem, everything become the unit of school else being equal, that the administra- of haveprovisiondistrict permissive school for boards township legislation haveAs toorganization. mentioned do on the the above, some eight states subject are: Connecti- The states whichhave made legal countyespeciallyreport,districts. ought is in very to the make sanguineSouth an with its many The Subcommittee of Rural " that this modeideal of unit for school purposes, sparsely populated Schools, in its organization cut,NorthMichigan, Island,Florida, Carolina, South Minnesota,Georgia, Dakota, North Missouri, Tennessee, Dakota, and Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, NewPennsylvania, York, Rhode Wisconsin. tohasoperation prove whicha great this includes future of assertion the before thesystem large it incity it points to the very in theofRichmond UnitedAugusta. States." Wecounty, read: Georgia, satisfactory And the townshipmake use unit of the for townshipschoolCounty purposes Organization.unit for are The states which have adopted general purposes. A the states which sentativesareand treated the urban elected just partsalike. by theof thepeople countyThe of county is the unit area of A board of education, composed organization,the county and forthe therural termdistrict, parts of three as far as practkablq of repre- organizedfew ol the under Central the states district and form, most with here and there aof the Western are schoolyears, one tax thirdis levied retiring at a uniform rate upon each year, manages all the Vs kJ all the property of tilt schools. The 32limitcounty,uted as to towithout the rate schools or revision amount. according by The any county to other the number andauthority state of funds andchildren without are todistribb be any edu THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL againstpurpose. the sparsely populated sections where but slight ORGANIZATIONThis hasAND resulted ADMINISTRATION in serious discrimination 33 sameasquiredcated. nearly salaries. for alike country as the and conditions for city teachers. admit, and they are paid There is no district tax. The schools are in session the same length of time The same qualifications are re- The teachers are treated about the statematerialstateing has the recommends madeold system. a decided strongly change a change, for the bettermaking in the county development has taken Superintend ent Miller of the latter place. The former abandon- in Augustagooddistanceaverage,a year, teacher. nine areofhas a calendarsituated nineschool tenths open fourmonths. ofmiles nine the monthsapart,taxable and inproperty nothe child year, of is andthe out county;taught of by but a One superintendent has charge of all the schools. The country schoolhouses, on the walking theSouthern systemunit of ofdistribution.states school generally administration of some as such is practiced just and in equable counties With the inauguration in the provisions.theruralonly benefit threeparts ofoffourths theone county fourth of the ofpay school it. one population.tenth of the school tax and receive The county would seem to be the natural area unit for For the most part, these are excellent In other words, the factory.ofreason the type to of believe Richmond thatThe thiscounty, Community unit Georgia, System. there is every Before leaving the units ofwill prove highly satis- peculiarpopularsubdivided schools interest theunder countyto the know countyNecessary for that systemwhat the is Reformsofstates termed local whichgovernment. inconvenience the have County not in System. It is of ticalorganizationsystem,Cousins and inhibitive the very wecommunity mustproperly system," dwell system denominates as briefly State of Texas. Superintendentupon it, oneis fortunately additional R. B. con- This " imprac- subdivisionsschoolMaryland administration are are examples made. report of statesless difficulties which do notthan subdivide where Georgia, quoted above, and finedother to person the one interested, state, and mayThe here direct Community greatly a petition System.on to the the decline. county super . Under this "system" any teacher, or theirvirtuallyplete counties. management one large school of the district. schools, including taxation, in Each of which is for school purposes This places the com- areintendentorians to superintendent attend of saidor countythe children, school, judge,who and procurecredits place present thetheon itschool signaturethis the petitionnames of to the the children county judgethe with the state and county of parents and guard- theequable usehands of administration. theof atownship strong countyas a taxing board, unit, and and results West Virginia in very Alabama has until recently made has yearasAtpro athe rata, schoolto end year, and ofeach neverappointsthe is term aadvancing mere thethree schoolexperiment, citizens beyond dissolves to the act intoas trustees its original elements; which must be repeated fromexperimental stage. for one year. employed the so-called " magisterial district " for the same tr: organized34 under this primitiveAt one time system. practically all the schools of the state were THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL But one by one thesostate tworemain that have hundred at onthe transferred the time and community of fifty this themselves oddwriting basis. counties barely to the of a districtthe dozen Lone countiessystem, Star A recent annual report teachers;clusivelyofverylower the state expensivethat than that superintendenttheir that the average forcommunity to themaintain, whole daily contains schools attendance state;costing figures that employ the they is proving statevery theare, muchannuallypoorest besides, con- A well-kept rural school in Illinois. Schoolhouse built in FillmorecentlyMinnesota, used County, forin school purposes. i858, and until re- passingpearsa large that sumwill this bein excesssystemcause for of hasThe fewtheir outlived Boardregrets. share of itsof Education: taxes.usefulness, its and Function. its The admin-It thus ap- oftheboardistration control, administrative " or of usually " our board rural designatedpowersof schools education." of is the byleft old the in New thename hands England of "of school a schoolboard This body has retained Old schoolhouse at building.placedCounty,Holden, with WestLogan a Virginia,splendid modern just re- Schoolhouse in Clark datedrecentlyCounty, school. Ohio,abandoned for a consoli- supervisorslatter'scommitteeschool supervisory board (seeor superintendents. is chapter clearly powers on to have Supervision),provide been the delegated ways although and to meanspaid the The function of the manifestwherebymembers duty to are carry is the to carryrepresentucivesout the out workthe will of of of education. thethis public, public andin edu- their Board Schoolhouse in northca.:terncently abandoned Ohio, n.- for a consolidated A dilapidated schoolhouse in eastern cational matters. In no sense of the word, however, can BEST COPY AVAILABLE school. vaiiety ian-,00m si hook. twwl Kansas. they be considered as rsducators. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION If board members under- 35 taketendenttheought torights dictateto whose be of managed, the methuds chief legally work theyof appointed instructionlies unquestionably in this teacher part or howof and encroachthe the the educational schoolsuperin- upon field.standemphasizedschool that board's their too powersstrongly.chief Inbusiness andview duties, of is the to thisgenerallyprovide matter the prevailing cannot means beof misconception of a Board memben should under- teachers,mentorTheyeducationAn officiousmay and to goenforcethe so teacher,board far attendance as member to but undertake here of has children their not the theauthority ofrole schoolright of helpfulto ends.age. inflict i.e. to secure building and equipment, engage committee,mayhimselfall rightshave upon beenof but supervision. the thatquite teacher was proper before in educationalin itthe voluntarily day of matters. the surrendered The rural teacher should under- old school This rights.stand these matters, and,Work of the Board depends upon the Size of Geograph- The foregoing discussion concerning the size of if necessary, insist upon his ofcientlyuniticalof the Unit. ofthe board organizationclear geographical mustto the depend reader and unit. administration thatupon the the organization size hasand made organization and it suffi-work Where the district unit is in 36 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 37 vogueshipand treasurer,aorganization the board small board, usually three men, director, clerk, administer school affairs. is generally larger, elected at Under town- andceptgether are what thetoo logicalfrequentlyBoard Members might is considered a candidates forsuch the men cannot bethankless Trained. job. beoffice. inducedOur rural to schoolsac- But alto- Iowa,largeorganization(schoolhouse from of as over many thethedistricts) subdirectors township; number in the rangesor astownship. it may be composed, as in there are subdistrictsfrom three upward. Under county Ifare state,the sufferingserve best we to men do cannot should at least assisttheir best.through the incompetence be induced toWe train teachers, those who are willing do their duty by the of school boards. then why not to sometimesSometimesgreat menace from they the are county electedDifficulty at bylarge. commissioner in procuring districts, of the rural school is found in the general " Good " Board Members. A trainto enactthe boardattend great laws members, meetings possibilities which of shall provide good paysuch as members atalso ? Some states are of such enterprise. the regular teachers' alreadyinducement awakeTo illustrate: to thisthehaveweakness needs important had of adequateof the its office schools.boards. educational are usually advantages too busy with to appreciate ThoseVery few who country-bred are capable of persons filling other in- associationsmaythemselvesand by other and take the practical active part be addressed by specialists annual teachers' institutes, school men. in the programme. on school Indeed, they may administration This may be when they terestswhile.cientof honest, men, well-meaningwhose work is, but now ignorant and then, and, further therefore, weakened This results frequentlyor they do in nota board-organization consider the work worth their ineffi- tivecounted petence.force on where to give we now theBoard schools can aAccomplish. progressive have much of apathy administra-andThe incom- school thedividualbythey theideal additionattended ruralwith schoolan of a ax somegeneration toa reflection grind. aggressive, ago of theare self-opinionated kindnot likelyof school that Thrifty farmers who see to make in- boardtheents represents superintendent. : (1) in theWhat an Active community, (2)the educational in the school, interests of its out the wishesand (3) with constitu- togood theagriculturalMen boardtime-magnified whose members. schooleducation virtues have has ofgenerally the taken school thema of to college or the They will be too apt to point back broader view of life, the olden time. oftheir theto further annualwork does notThe members of stimulate school progress among school meeting the board shouldend here. carry which they represent; It is their the very electorsmanifest duty but 38 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL makeandincreasedwho their instruction.put them school revenues in office.the withbest whichpossible. to provideThe In other words, they should be alert They should plan for and members should, the beit plant secure to CHAPTER III superintendenttoofmoreover, progress, interest. encourageand every pupils assistance the by teacherfrequent by visits removing obstacles Above everything else should they lend to mold proper educa- and display the question is ample fundsTIIE with first which essential to provide in the and solution main- of the common school RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE tionalin all thought matters in relating the community, to selection and of then teachers and equip- heed his advice TABLE I. - EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA OF SCHOOL POPULATIONYEAR EXPENDITURE Pr' Capila YEAR EXPENDITUREPer CaPila schoolorganizationment; in policy plans ofof for schooltheir buildings, community. work, grounds, and in shaping theetc.; general in the general 1872-18731871-18721870-1871 $1.75 1.841.83 1891-18921890-18911889-1890 $2.24 2.402.31 1876-18771875-18761874-18751873-1874 1.721.851.911.88 1895-18961894-18951893-18941892-1893 2.622.552.48 188o-18811879-18801878-18791877-1878 1.631.561.67 1899-19001898-18991897-18981896-1897 2.842.702.672.63 1883-18841884-18851882-18831881-1882 1.961.881.70 1903-19041902-19031901-19021900-1901 3.363.152.992.94 1888-18891886-18871887-18881885-1886 2.172.071.97 1906-19071905-19061904-1905 3.903.673.53 tainportance the schools. of school improvements is well illustrated in That the public is awake to the im- 39 Table40for the 1, nationwhich has shows more that than the doubled per capita in thirty-seven expenditure years. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL budgetcalling is fornearly solution. trebled. RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE This is the financial phase now 41 TheEducation annual budget, has assumed as reported surprisingly by the Commissioner large proportions. of T ABLE 2. AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR COMMON SCHOOLS EACH YEAR BETWEEN 1896-1907 ' EXPENDED TOR forThe thecommon year school1906-1907 expenditure in the states of our Union reaches the grand total of YEAR ings,Sites, Furni-Build- ture, etc. and Superin-Teachers'tendents'Salaries All Otherpurposes ET:Ent- TOTAL lion$330,780,809,$5,000,000 in six years. each, an increase eleven moreof more than than $10,000,000 one hundred each, mil- four Seventeen states expended more than 11896-1 8 9 7 -1 89 8 98 7 . 31,229,30831,415,23332,376,476 124,192,270119,310,503129,3451873 38,685,40835,995090 200,154,597194,292,9n187,682,269 moreofeach, the than and 16,820,386 $20,000,000 one more pupils than each, $50,000,000.enrolled three inmore urban and rural schools Statistics show thatthan $30,000,000 1900-19011898-18991901-19021899-1900 a 39,962,86339,872,27835,450,820 154443,6811431378,507137,687,746 39,579,41648,058,44346,855,75544,272,04241,826,052 214,964,618231,457,625238,262,299227,522,827 trictscentersin and1906-1907, (" I (" I,outside villagesj 20,1 5,500,266, of 20, and cities, or towns 67.3 Ortowns, 32.7 ofper 4000 etc.,percent, populationcent, of were 4000 were from and fromand overrural over") urban ").dis- 1906-19071905-19061904-1905I1902-1903 903-1904 a 66,416,16846,289,07465,817,87060,608,35259,453,269 137,110,108196,980,919186,483,664177,462,981167,824,753 67,882,01260,673,84357,737,51155,938,205 330,780,809307,765,659291,616,66c273,216,227 $181,567,632.54,Further,ormaintenance 45.6 per cent, of urban wasor 54 usedschools, per for cent, ruralwhile was schools. only expended $149,113,168.48, for the out of the total annual expenditure,This means, timesquest,Very school frequently or district maintenance schools andColonial town was were taxes wholly Support established were of ofa levied, localPublic by character.private orSchools. tuition be- In early colonial $13.17.child'sin other education, words, that the while countryNow, $33.or child on was the had expended presumption to get alongon the that with city city school expenditures theimposedfees salefish charged. weirsof inspirituous certainall went courts, liquors,for school excise and support. the fees, income poll taxes, from taxespublic on Then, too, fines, penalties, and forfeitures As all these sources aretained,would at the indicate orpresent approximated thattime rural ample beforeschool for all theefficiency purposes, present cannot therural figures school be at- markedwere ainadequate, are subject to correction. the colonistsThis table Is compiledconceived from the the U.S. plan School toCommissioner'. set report for zoo?. Yeart 42indeedapartCompany public almost granted lands as old io,000for as theseour acres history. purposes, in Virginia a THE AM:RICAN RURAL SCHOOL In 1616 the London for the establish-plan which is additionsportSo ofthat education. into 1906-19o7the permanent it reached school afund grand (Appendix total of $218,- A). RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE The states have all made material 43 coloniesmentFifty-threea considerable of an with Indian yearslocal school.area grants.later " Massachusettsto reserved a the perpetualThis was use followedIn of 1733 schools." Connecticutup in several set apart " school theis973,736 a endsgenerous withintended. sum,an annual it is, Permanentincomerelatively of speaking, $16,579,551.School Funds inadequate Inadequate. for It is but a drop in our ocean of school But while this lotestablishedsupport " of 320 of acres common permanent in all schools townshipsCreation school in fundsof of public a Permanent either School Fund. such townships." lands " for the throughOther states ap- alone,expenses,amaintenance. permanent to sayat thefund nothing present of almost about rate of the outlay, country of New at large. By way of illustration, it would require $1,00O,000,000 to defray the York State The priation.portionment1821,i8oi, Virginia and Northand insale 181o,Carolina of land South inor 1825. throughCarolina direct in 1811, state appro- New York established a permanent fund The central govern- Maine in in yearsofearlyhave the friends byvast in our a proportions wayof public this defeated form school which of theendowment system have very been purpose did reached not of even these in dreamrecent men. proportions which thementsixteenth) Ordinanceshould initiated he of designatedits ofeach liberal 1787, township policyit as ordered school of in the "land, that Northwest andone that section the land grants when, under Territoryproceeds (the It andpeciallypermanentis important should in thefunds be at early carefullythis have pointstages served husbanded to of understand aour very educational usefuland that administered, purpose, while endeavor, the es- ofsixthStates itsnearly sale section added 86,000,000should subsequent in additiongo acresto the to hadto support1848 the been havesixteenth. devotedof received public to this the purpose. Up to i9oo schools." th:rty- theyschoolin popularmust revenue necessarily education. is drawn playAn examination froma constantly four sources ofdiminishing Table 3 will part show that the public permanent tributedtreasuryInthe addition funds toaMong the thusto thesea received nountthe grantsthirty-seven of being $42,000,000 surplus generally states funds were, devotedthen in the organized, to the sup- in 1836, dis- national themorefines,funds, income etc.).than state fromdoubled taxes, the local in permanent sixteen taxes, and yr,ars, school other direct sources fund taxes has (bequests, little It appears further as a patent fact that while espe. 44spacecially localof time. taxes THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL On the percentage basis the havepermanent increased manifold in the same thestate sound shall American be made principle, available thatfor educatingthe whole allwealth the youth of the of RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE 45 schoolis,fromin 1890,and fundthis must and thatrepresented continueonly the great .048 .054to sourceper be, percent taxation ofcent inrevenue 1907.of the intotal our income country state and local. It is evident thetions."orremembered stale. state function, that toin bethe supported United States education is a civil Such logical taxingThis is areas both rightare: and necessary, for it must be like other similar func- (1) the state, TABLE 3. 1875 PUBLIC SCHOOL INCOME, BY YEARS 18/s0 1885 1890 taxation(2) the thecounty, state (3) is manifestlytheThe township, State the a (4) Logicalmost the democraticdistrict. Taxing Unit. and -- Of all systems of StatePer manent taxes funds . . . $ 26,345,3237,744,764 theequable. whole state. Schools are certainly established for the good of Ignorance or inefficiency in the local com- AllLocal other taxes . sources . . 11,882,29297,222,426 leviesmunityand similara reflects heavy institutions. onburden the entire on it commonwealth,for the maintenance and eventually of penal There are tens of thousands of Total . . $ 88,648,950 1897 $ 83,940,239 1908 $113,521,895 1906 $143,194,803 1907 thatonschools with the theburdenscattered greatest of over local difficulty. our taxes country is almost to-day unendurable; that are carried and, They are so small and poor StatePermanent taxes funds . . . . $ 33,941,6579,047,097 $ 10,522,343 38,330,589 $ 11,641,059 47,942,509 $ 16,579,551 46,281,501 iswith unjust all this, that termsone district are short should and taxthe itselfteaching three poor. or four It LocalAll othertaxes . . 130,317,70818,652,908 170,779,586 223,491,40539,031,031 230,424,55450,317,132 timesin asorder much to do as itssome share more of the fortunately work which situated primarily district belongs sourcesTotal . . . $19,1959,370 $249,374,659 29,742,141 $322,106,004 $343,602,738 to theall state.civil endeavor to get along with these short terms and It is unjust to the child and destructive to created,committee or continued on School if" ManifestlyalreadyMaintenance, in existence," such " as areas will says fullyor unitsthe develop Sub- of taxation should be thesuch twoformerAccording indifferent New had Hampshire anto instruction. equalizedthe school towns valuation returns of Ellsworth madeper pupil July and of 15, $1358, Dublin. 1906, while the By way of illustration, take 46 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL although state superintendents RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE have repeatedly petitioned 47 theuationleviedschool latter onlypurposes realizedhad two$19,433. andthe handsomerealizedone half only mills, sum $9.54 but of on$48.81per the pupil, greater per the pupil. htter val- The former levied five mills for theirstance,solely legislatureFnent levies onfund. local to taxation Repeatedneither aattempts state nor have a county make such provision. and the income from been made to place tax and dependsKansas, for in- the perma- Thisequalmany plainly rate" sinews ofshows taxation, of that war Dublin as " canfor schoolEllsworth.can raise fully ten times as maintenance, at an And the result? thea state present and countytime they tax law on the statute have ended in failure. TAXES ON THE PERCENTAGE books, but up to BASIS thirty-sixDublin paysweeks, an andaverage Ellsworth, salary atof the$42.40 double for taxa term rate, of TABLE 4:- STATE AND LOCAL Divisioss State 1894-95 \ Local State 105-6 Local State 1906-7 Local weekspays anI average salary ofState only Taxation $18 not on the Increase. - It is a fact to be for a term of twenty NorthSouth Atlantic Atlantic States States Taxes38.119.4 Taxes68.251.3 Taxes39.0112.17 Ta xes 71.6753.91 Taxes41.0111.82 Taxes51.8976.41 taxationdeplored for that school our lawmakers purposes. Ado glance not take at Tablekindly 4 toreveals state SouthNorth Central Central States States . . 48.4 9.9 31.775.4 35.7828.706.88 42. 38.0326.433.84 32.0269.0955.23 the truththecrease.Atlantic fundamental that statesin the aloneyounger law from is thisWestern the form very states of beginning taxation and the andon South theshows in- With the former the principle was incorporated in WesternUnited States States It should be understood, 23.027 76 61.357.58 finally, that where 1.4.69 69.64 instance,13.47 in wealth 67.06 difficultequableverypended satisfactory systemsat upon this theirlate of statedate.several taxation local unitsin the that older they states rather seems resent results. TheseTo inaugurate states have so long de- uniform and aboundsuniformlystatesame andpresentsnecessity developed is fairly the extremes for a state system of agriculturalwell distributed, states, as, there for is not of wealth and poverty, taxation as where the of con- the thealreadywhich change;any such have in and achange. ahigh largeespecially state school of aredevelopment, valuation the cities and and reluctant school larger systemstotowns make centratedofnues Table of population 4the reveals country andthat Countycomes and Township 67.06Taxation. per centscattered -o A further population.from local taxes, 13.47 per ..chool reve- inspection cent Several North Central states make no state levy at all, I from state taxes, and 19.47 per cent from all other sources. 48 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL RURAL SCHOOL MAINTENANCE 49 county,showingUnfortunatelyreports town, justshows how andthe conclusively, the Bureaudistrict. 67.06 of An per Educationhowever, examination cent is apportionedthat offers there of no many isstatistics aamong gradualstate tiesofbevery where theconsistent essential community. tilt. mixed with to realize systemthe general that of government social and prevails. political habits In no case does it seem wise to depend the idea of taxation should It is thislargershiftingreport tendency. town fromof the and the Connecticut county. small and undesirableBoard of Education, district unit to the Table 5, taken from the 1905 illustrates thatExperienceonmore any state thanone taxation favorsformany other ofisa combinationtaxationboth agency, just to andkeeps of wise. all. alive the exclusion of others. and fostersWe localhaveLocal found taxation, TABLE 5. InusTRATLNG DECLINE OF DISTRICT TAXATION PER STATE PER ureinterest of local in school independence affairs, and and withal develops a great meas- self-reliance. What our YEAR18961895 655,177.02708,509.63DISTRICT TAX CENT28.326.6PER 1,195,138.881,259,660.70 TOWNTAx CENT48.650.3 261,664.50255,883.50 TAx CENT 10.4 ruralequilibriumscaling schools up ofdemand, shall all the appear then,several inis (1)sourcesstate a persistentand of local revenue andtaxation; rationaltill a trueand 1897190028991898 828,015.78853,437.25769,686.94701,634.08 27.025.627.827.9 1,489,243.421,661,934.001,384,614.121,474,566.19 50.154.448.653.8 315,360.23313,140.46291,848.84290,818.67 10.610.610.2 schoolalone(2) a liberal can elevate increase the of rural taxation school all to along the level the line. of the city financially. This 1901190429032902 659,248.06930,327.98641,854.42664,075.81 29 17.019.219.17 2,077,105.981,631,727.672,252,557.982,104,120.34 60.861.152.259.7 326,576.98363,351.53348,448.79 10.110410.520.5 cumstancesIn states where alone the must countyConclusion determine system Drawn. this of mattergovernment of taxation. prevails It will now suffice to say that cir- 399,131.35 thisnue.mentstates should this where should naturally the likewisetownship become become is the the political theunit unit of forunittaxation; school of govern- reve- These remarks apply in a similar manner to coun- in General Statement : RURAL SCHOOL CHAPTER IV the Business Side. SUPERVISION The time hasdemandrural arrivedfor the this. whenfuture schools must cease. efficiencySkilled supervision of schoolincidental and slipshod True educational is education.undeniably essential supervision in our Indeed, all interests timesuccessfulgiantsupervision. are basedindustries industrial andand Trained specialists and operated on the business enterprises business enterprises of have systematized our principle of expert till the minimum the present ofShall costsensiblemanagement wehas not way do is asto of our resulted in the apply the samewell by our schools?schools that we do to our maximum of remuneration. business principles to Surely the only private the affairs!schoolsinstructed, are well becauseCity we Supervision organized, well vs. Ruralhave Supervision. professional college men who, disciplined, and well city superin- Our city having tendents.servedin less their important These arc generally apprenticeship as schools, were advanced so instructors or to the superin- principals RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION 5 1 tendencytionalenlisted,Professional because talent and inprestigebeenof thisreal sufficient field. and to worth and thorough reasonable remunerationBut, meanwhile, have what of our continue, our best educa- qualifications. ruralofmanyanswer: Americanschools sections They? children must ofhave theWhat countrybeen of theneglected andschools most in receive their education? The left to a haphazard which a majority shamefully in skilledsupervisionourrural best andschool inefficient. that superintendency is usually educational talent ? And is it at all surprising underpaid and often both un-does notAssuredly attract and not. The office, that the retain thewhichthe giftfessional general in of reality a community, dignitypublic, is the which a factmost is its is goingseldom far recognized to divest itas of the pro-due.important public holding As a matter of fact the such by in officedividualandtunity madeis all forworth. too to professional dependoften dragged upon to When to this we add the promotion in the superintendency political favor instead of in- the level of party politics slight oppor- shallandor,prefer a haverather, salary employment litt leoften reason so elsewhere. to be what is being done, to inadequate as to be beggarly, we surprised that our best teachers What, then, can be doneremedy these defects in I BEST COPY AVAILABLE our systemRural school ? supervision,Origin of School Boards We shall see. such as it is, isand the School result Superintendents. of long oristersgrowth.52 districts of The the with MassachusettsGospel the supervision and selectmen Act of of schools. 1789 of the charged several the towns min- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL This " school officialsparishrespectively, superintendents county and and, district county superintendents or, as RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION in Michigan and New York, commissioners of educa- in Louisiana, 53 thecommitteecameof visitation discipline, into " existence wasand and inspectioncharged many in other other with of states. duties. schools,the election the enforcementof teachers, They were fromSimilar the committees tion.districtstates provide both county a very The New England statesor town thoroughgoing system. (township) and township superintendents superintendents. generally choose unionAgain others of the Several taskshisprideleading pupils inwere seeingmen in both paths of that the of of thecommunityan righteousness masteradministrative earned who and tookhis godliness."and salary commendablea supervisory " and kept Their tioncountyunit of townshipunit of supervision class superintendents. have whichA careful suits investigationone of the permissive legislation on the subject will show that the section of the country elec- nature.anbecame unsalaried multiplied committee and complex, would requiring care to give more the time work. than In time, as population increased, these duties is Saysnotthe necessarilyunitsthe Committee of political the organization onbest RuralThe unit simplicity and effectiveness of andsupervisionSchools: of school are administration promoted when are for every other section. Thetrict,school naturaladministrative town, committee result and wascounty whichfunctions division boardto-day haveof of findslabor education, been expressionand retained specialization. or injust by the plainthe dis- aofidentical. varying territorythe country quantity.This to be condition as covered far as possible hasand its in theunder The main point is to bring every limitations, however, in the theamount watchful caredensity of a competent of population, which is rural school of delegatedschooltheof supervision board. board, to a while supervisor corresponds the supervisory or withsuperintendent, the functions administrative whose have been unitunit of supervisingschool-teacherof the weak officer. points is responsible in our presentTownship to no one.system and District Superintendents Responsibility is a strong stimulant. that too often the rural in New England. It is one mayseveral well phases be the of unit this of Thequestion supervision. Question to enter of Supervisioninto our discussion Unit. The first of the inEngland 1888, marks rural schoolthe beginning organization,The enactment of the Massachusetts of great things in New methods of instruction Supervision Law, hardly gene: al supervision inThirty-nine the hands of states, elective mainly or appointive west and south, leave the worthand discipline. the name. Heretofore school supervisionThe workwas of the early committee L. A had been54 limited to incidental visitation once or twice a year. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ofdebatable trained stage. and skillful superintendents are these: more regular and RURAL SCHOOLThe chief SUPERVISION benefits resulting from the employment 55 noticed.atownEven a stated numberwhen sumlater to perthe act lawdiem, as requiredsupervisor no marked them toimprovement elect one was The reason is not far to seek: such supervisors of common schools, of their increasedand thegreater attendance,community interest greaterinin general.the schools Ineconomy Connecticut. on in the the part expenditure of the pupils, of money, parents, We shall not take the time to discuss superviFioninwereregular some usually otherbusiness. only men occupation, suchof affairs time whowhoseas they gave could the sparework from of their They lacked professional training and vital interests centered school theofconsider While detailsgreat importance; insome of principle the of Massachusetts the namely, interestingthe two the are provisions ConnecticutAct, much but alike, mayof Act another Connecticut instead of 1903. law tricts.tooschoolroom meager experience.to be an inducementManifestly, to their the best solution efforts. lay in larger supervisory dis-Towns could be brought together for the purpose Moreover, the teraulieration was beprovedhas summed profited upon up bythe as the earlier follows: experiences act. of her neighbor and im- The leading provisions may engagementofHisdevote supervision salag his couldof entire in a professionalnumbers then time be to sufficiently paid work superintendent, on in a such prolarge rataa tounion whowarrantbasis district. by the the should hismitteethan duties. twenty-five nor moreSECTION thanSECTION fifty II. Two teachers I. or The more may larger towns unite towns which to form may together athrough employ their notschool less com-elect a superintendent of schools, fixSeveral his salary, towns and are prescribe acting successfully under this clause. realizedseveral towns under comprising the MasshusettsIn theMassachusetts. dl3trict. Act of 1888. This act has brought practically This was the plan supervisionaffairsastitutingwhich superintendent, shallof the district.the besupervision district. a joint A fix joint committee and district. school apportion committee on behalf his salary,ofmay the then several and be manageappointed, towns con- the Four districts of two towns each have been This committee shall then employ supervision.theAs entire early rural as 1896 population the State of Boardthe state of underEducation professional wrote: The results have been almost phenomenal. organizedofcording such superintendent'sunderto the thisprovisions clause. salary, of SectionSECTION provided II, III the that state it shall shall not pay pay one to half ex- Wherever a superintendent has been employed ac- citiesuniversalprime or factorin the in small the improvement towns, theWherever recognition of the public this policyof schools its importancehas is nearlybeen fairly or as quite a tried, whether in the large Practically, the question may be said to have passed the successfulceedtificate S800 of in experience approval one year byto as anythe teacher stateoneSECTION district. board or superintendent IV.of education. The superintendent or hold a must cer- have had at least five years' 56 'THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION 57 thecasebe superintendents state the townthe remaining pays inone towns fourththree havingSEcrIoN fourths. of such ten V.superintendent's or The less state teachers. is authorized salary and to appoint agents who shall Eight towns have applied In such inexperienceber townsaddition of schools the tomay unusual his being be work able advantagelimited in to a takelarger to of ten,charge place,having a superintendent of thus supervision the giving schools the ofof of small equalconsiderable such countryefficiency a town forofSystems. agents Prospect under Mr. andthis Frank clause,North Frank0. andCanaan, Jones, appointments 0. Jones statein h;., onagent havereport the been iorConnecticut to made.the townssecre- and Massachusetts withunionland that states ofdistrict the largerhave supervision. towns.permissiveIn Other legislation New England on the States. subject of Maine and New Hampshire The other New Eng- tarysays:chusettsa very of the instructive Connecticutlaw, which comparison Stateis here Board ofreproduced this of lawEducation, with in part.the makes Massa- He thehaveattention; enactmentsystem, made remarkable hasVermont, of just the placedlaw; theprogress Rhode last a very state Islandin effective scholastic in thehas groupgiven law lines upon itto sincesome adopt its chusetts,comparisonfore, was under enabledis madewhich tobetween supervision Theprofit outlook byTheits thesupervision has Massachusetts for experience been supervision extraordinarily law of lawand inher Connecticutwasthat neighbor enactedsuccessful.of Massa- and isin especially1888.to good when Connecticut, there- statutestage.union books. districts or townshipOhio districtsand several in the other experimental states westward have a fewSuch districts are unquestionably the most satis- musteducationficationsimprove have uponon hador the ofthe partexperience. earlier of the law. superintendent were required, either of .;ve years' successful experience as a teacher In InConnecticut the Massachusetts the superintendent law no quali- factoryunderization, supervisionthe and mixed may, county-township unitsno doubt,The in states County prove under system Superintendency. satisfactory township as well. inorgan- states The states which main- boardor superintendent'sstateforsuperintendent, theof of educatioo.purpose Massachusetts, of or salary employing must however, uphold to aaS75o, superintendentcertificate pays while to the of Connecticut district approval for the one district. by halfreimburses the of state such Both laws permit two or more towns to unite The tainopedevolution county ti insuperintendents county supervision. exemplify various stages of sy:Aem in a very satisfactory way and attain good Some few have devel- tolaw,lawthe the district hasenabling state a section, forboard aone town of halfwhich education employing of suchhas notosalary notappointcounterpart more up to a than $goo.superintendent, in ten the teachers Massachusetts theto applytown The Connecticut tionnowresults; cannot generally but boast a majoritypracticed, such results. of does states not under discharge county the organiza-important County supervision, as paying one fourth and the state three fourths of his salary. b 'A The num- dutiesof the of older close, states southward have been very neglectful intelligent, helpful supervision. Some RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION namewhich,ofs8 school only. until supervision. recently, THE AMERICANArkansas, RURAL for SCHOOL example, rural schoolThere supervision are states existed in our Union has been satisfied inin thingssatisfactoryerally up, practiced we results find it asfrom it wascounty under supervision the old townas now regime. gen- is just as unreasonable to expect 59 herforEngland years" county to district get examiners along supervisors, with " such incidentalmenwith supervision similar whom to school as inspection the old New thereforegressive,theTeachers county conversant who superintendent, have with taught the even infacts rural when in schools,the qualified and andwho are is unable by reason of circumstances to give case, agree that pro- wasnowFortunatelyof a countysidepassing issue superintendent.forfrom the future therather antiquated than vocation examiner system to of her schoolsSeveral the state of is the evt.n younger states cared to give. that bethemoften" dignifiedcalls effective take" withthe assistance nature the name ofin supervision.ansupervision. inquisition to both teacher once or twice during the school year can hardly His perfunctorySuch visits too Heresufferbutschools, a withunder state utter legislature,similarpassed disregard difficulties.an in evident for harmony act in 1885the abolishing prosperity of the rural Such a one is Nevada. with economy the county tionrelief.andstranger pupils,of affairs. toand the his average departure rural is welcomed child and with to many a sigh rural of No one in particular is responsible for this condi- The superintendent is, and remains, a superintendencydenounced-...ountyrograde superintendents by theand statemaking superintendent as legislation and a standing reproach of schools district attorneys ex officio an act which was " vicious, ret- to the toteachers.elected criticise, head they of say, the countyand But,to showschools! as has his beenauthority said, as the the averar duly superintendent is an He comes out from the county seat occasionally state."allyingfor thinglarge such inunit. purposes the matterCounty as the Supervipion township as The county, indeed, is as much too large of county supervisionit often is Is.the Thegener- most perplex- is too small. The officialtendencsclericalcircular whose dutiesletters, the time office incident compiling is givenwork to statistics,his toappears drawingoffice. andthe warrants, mostperforming important. issuing other To many superin- statementforare onethereneither as able hereare too st..1,f to made I.2.1ge be rintendentfound is generalnor many to manage. have they too many teachers counties which andcertainly has its exceptions; But, averaging Throughthevotewhich annual them placed it theytheir teachers' them comepay. in in instituteoffice, touch and withare the their the commissioners political ,:hief world who The monthly teachers' meeting and source of theircontact6o annual with routine. their teachersIt is and agreed completes that the thecounty circle unit of is too large; but, then, THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ductent,a practical whoof his shall appointive teacher invariably appointeddeputies. be held by the RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION Both plansresponsible are certainly for the county superintend. con- 61 largewhatalongamong can counties in bethe much done older and aboutthe states, sparsesame it ? weway population fear, that are they destined andare nowthe to poorest doing struggle for The younger states with their clericalSupervision.feasible assistants and should for beWhat given Some States A number of Wisconsin are accomplishingtheir for superintendents. Better County serious trial. counties provide Minnesota supervision.numberyears to come. of wealthy, well-populatedWhenever a business states under man county realizes that his business But this need not be the case with the large fordistricts.tendentadvocates the enactment in every the appointment county of of The Kansas Educational a law to provide superintendents who oneof hundredan assistant and county fifty or superin- more Commission hopes isbusiness,longerenterprise business do he the hasin immediately thework grown business alone to suchcasts without world. dimensionsabout 'seriously for assistance. that crippling he can hisno Why should it ..ot be This perintendentS000leasthave per seventy-fiveduring annum their for busy or, as or more teachers with clerical help,thereevery township that employsseason. called, supervising principal. New Jersey appropriates a su- at toofthe the same seriousnesswhole in the situation educational of Proposedthe sitaation. world Remedies. ? is that educatorsThe reallyare fully encouraging alive feature Several remedies are histrueintendentOregon deputies of California. furnishes should would haveeach all sufficienthave North Dakota insistsnecessary that theoffice help; the supervision of notassistance so that he and the same is super- more proposed.competentholdall his township time office in the and help, field, county which to visit school would the schools, meetings, enable visit him and the to oit;anize patrons,spend One plan is to furnish the superintendent with thanwayfrom fifty makingother schools. states for moreweFrom satisfactory the above and can get some conception of the head- an abundance of like testimony county supervision. lead,parents'districts,plan to is originate, meetings.to assubdivide they to may promote the be county needed; things into eacheducational. two orto morebe supervised supervision br In short, it would give him time to Another tics.su perintendent. TheA secondSuperintendent phase of must this bequestion It is conceded that rural removed supetwisionfrom Party Poli.cannot be is the eleciion of the put 62on a true professional THE AMERICAN RURAL basis before the election of SCHOOL the traveling expenses. RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION In Pennsylvania the school boards 63 superintendentqualificationsnationgiven of just partisanship is and is the only guarantee consideration. Now, where the removed fromreal party fitness politics. of the candidate office is political, we have that The elimi-would be superintendentofpartyproved each politicscounty very meetsatisfactory. ;for placed a in three-year mass it directly convention term. and elect a county It removed the office from in the hands of the school The method has walksthemany contest off with for the office, office. andFortunately this evil of our best teachers deem is limited mainly to the the mere political vote-getter it unprofessional to enter Western officerstoa come state themselves intopursuing closer ; aand relationshipliberal givesNorth policy them Carolina with withalin the each electionmayan other. opportunity well of serve county as another example of thedistrictisand at town Southernwork supervision school to correctstates, committee prevails andit. evenor joint theWhere superintendent township or is township-chosen by here a strong sentimenttown district committee. intendentofsuperintendent.this education, section of withoutpublicof the revised instructionregard statutesto politics. in hisfinds interpretation occasion to make of Here he is chosen by the county board Thestate super- intendentsSuchstates election they are isarenot strictly alwayschosen non-partisan. left by tocounty popular boards of education;Even countyelection. super- In some still usebegimportant of to these urge duty ringingthe thanobservance this,wordsRinging of ofelecting: Wordsthe following afrom county North in superintendent. the Carolina. selection The board has no more of a I inothers othersJersey by by the is the anstate stateexample superintendent.How elected in New Jersey of a state in whichboard the of state education; and in and Pennsylvania. board New countyofing the before superintendent public your schools, eyes :only select the thewelfare(1) most Without of competent the children fear, manwithout and to be prejudice, had for political or sectarian, the success hav- ofcordinglyare education looked made electsupon for allas county superintendents. thestate payment officers, of andtheir provisions salaries by are ac- of public schools, The latter the successfulcountyeverfiiundthe money, he there, superintendent can administration choosing andbe found,if not him possessesto as be fromtheof found his law your delicate, in permits. thecounty county, difficult, if such seeking aand man himimportant is wher-to be the necessary qualifications for a (2) If your present state,payingtheCounty which state both superintendents and an allowance teachersis generous and in superintendents its support living receive of $350 from the county for $2000 per annum salaries. from showduties,justifypaying what as himhim, I is trust in if himgivingpossible, he andmay, all to ahisreelect makesufficient time a him andgreater salary, thoughtand success give to him of hisa work, by under Section 2782, to the work of super- chance to 64vision, anddvantage to justify of you the in law requiring and pay him your to superintendent as large THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL do this. (3) Take a salary Such a plan, as here RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION outlined, presents many advan- 65 andas your more school timt for fund more will money. justify, but be sure that you get more man oftages: a non-partisan board.2.1. It leavesincreases the electionthe interest of in and superintendent in the hands importance of the sotaHereing is to stillthe attain officeanother a professional of ofcounty theMinnesota many superintendent progressive Plan of Electing states Superintendents. Minne- basis in county supervision. is still political, striv- office.anannual assistant school superintendent. meetings.4.3. It Itprescribes provides somea living reasonable salary, and, in large counties, qualifications for the movedthoughmittee fromit of is the only party Minnesota a questionpolitics. Educational Association recom- of time when it shallA recent be re- legislative com- superintendencyCommission offers from the party Thefollowing Kansas politics, Plan which of Igo8. The Kansas Educationalplan for removing the was reported annualprevailingmends school the following mode meeting of ; suchelectingexcellent boardThe creation superintendentsto plan be non-partisan asof a countysubstitute ; board one: of education, to be elected at formember the the to1908, the State and adopted Teachers' by it: AssociatioaFirst, the candidates held forin county superintendent shall be the December, two of year.districtsthesuch term board ofto officeelectto be electedfurto be two four from years. years. each At county the first election The members of such board to be paid actual traveling ex- Such board to meet four times a commissioner's district ; odd-numbered bebiennialsuchlegally printed nomination general qualified in the election;castindependent persons by the second, legalreceiving column schoolthe the highest number of names onof twothe generalsaid persons election shall ballot;meetings next preceding the votes for superintendentsforsuperintendentpenses two years, and of to schools,to be be paid ex-officio Thea minimum county member superintendent salary uf the to and per diem compensation. counties of 1:0 districts or over an as- Such board to elect the county of $15 per district ; board. be elected County mannerotherprovided candidate already that prescribednothingfrom in bythisThe law. provision merits shallof the Kansas appearing in the independent column in the plan are in great part similar prevent the name of any superintendentssistantprovide.i,ceedThat superintendent$3 ex-countyhowever,per distrii:t shall that superintendents receiveshallfor in actual be as en travelingexpcnses ,,age,i and ; provided, expensesincurred prescnt also,ina sumvisiting incumbents shall be that county not to ex- schools. to those of thc Minnesota2.1. Women, The removal who inof thethis office state from will have a voice in choosingplan: the candidates for the may vote in school elec- party politics. gradeeligible certificate to office ; ur ; qualification for office to be the holding of a first - equivalent. BEST COPY AVAILABLE tioncs, 3. The nominations will be made by the voters sufli- ciently66meetings. interested in school4. The affairs annual to THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL meetings will be better attended attend the annual than theingexperience, teachersfollowing has and academic succeeded school interests. and in his professional life-work He should qualifications approximate RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION viz, in direct- 67 duty,heretofore,of and the will subject becauseredound to engross ofto Thethethis benefit last,ourincreased timeand in some respects the most is theof superintendent'sthe schools. responsibility andimportant, phase whichsubjectslent. may taughtreasonably in the a.be Aruralexpected minimum schools, : of a and full willhigh furnish,school course, orThis its equiva- will give him a technical knowledge of all qualifications.oldfarmers, New England merchants, townPresent doctors, superintendents Conditions: were a Lack of anything and everything Qualifications. clergymen, Th them.willruralbesides, make schools, in him the a areservesubjects stronger force b.studied supervisor A andthorough breadthbut for not knowledge having ofrequired vision mastered whichinof the professional subjects mariesrankssuperintendentsexcept of trainedor men party more superintendents. were,conventions apt and in are thanyet, largely manipulating votes at the pri- The politicalin the pursuits of the chosen from the county ment,historyi.e.whichwithin psychology school lieof the education,at fivelawthe and rootyearsand childmethods economics,of c.immediately the Astudy, teaching theoryof teaching,philosophy and andpreceding experiencepractice art school of teaching. education,histeaching, ofmanage- appoint-at least twenty-one months teachingThetantfication, time office profession. has fixed ofcome school by to law, insist for upon the a superintendent.Such things should cease to performance of the impor- certain degree of quali- He should at least be. asforthment. disciplinarian,(4) : (1)power his successof organization (3) skillind. conducting Satisfactory as supervisorand administration, recitations, testimonials (if already (2) and ability or (5) other gen- evidence setting tried), teachersknowthatof aschildrenmany undermuch of in hisaboutthe rural control. men the schools who details know to-day superviseBut it is a the lamentable training truth vastlyof lessschool about routine teachi as the eralthejects,searching business machinations together examination tact. with of other thee. Suchin politician. requirementsacademic legal requirements and set professional forth willabove. protect sub-1 professional our schools certificate against granted as a They may not keep result of a thantendents. dointendent their own ? Academic and Professional Qualifications What, then,We is aanswer: professional a well-educated, school super-of Superin-well-trained certainlyhim from will becoming oblige him superintendent,A to Summai become y qualifiedof what perhaps, is first. being but done they for Rural Supervision. teacher, who, partly through study and partly through Lack of space forbids that we should pursue this inter- t( 68 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ofschoolmadeesting supervision alongsubject supervision certain any is alreadyfarther. lineson a whichprofessional satisfactorily will eventually plane. adjusted place in many rursl Considerable progress has been The unit ofstates,fromerally the problem. andparty agreed many politics. that others the expectsuperintendency to reach a speedymust be solution removed Educators everywhere are prettyThe gen- East generally leaves the choice The Perplexing TeachingTHE RURAL Problm. SCHOOL TEACHER - HIS TRAINING CHAPTER V Preceding chapters theofislocal superintendent entirepolitical, or state.Union are ofplanning in states the hands seems for a of change.to astand non-partisan united in board,its de- Even the West and South, where the office And, best of all, greateradministrationhavefor dealtprofessional liberality with inthe insupervision.rural importance financial schools, support, of of proper the urgent But the problem of ail the and the necessityorganizam and demand for officemandsgirlssummated, ofbe for superintendent. brought a higherand under not standard before, a system willof of supervisionour country as boys and When these things are con- qualifications for the inspiring problemsall,otheris the the conditionsteaching greatwhich responsibility problem.await satisfactory, our solution ofif the in teacher, on It would avail but little were all education rests, does not these same schools whom, after and wholesome as that now enjoyed by their city cousins. thatmeasureasrural "it aswas schoolstheup a to teacher,hundred the measure so years is up the ago.with required standard. theschool city schools, " is as true we to-daymust If we would have our The old saying plishednowprovidenot be misunderstand found afteras good surmounting teachers this statement. formany in the cities.i/And this can the rural districts as mayvexing difficulties. All rural teachers are only be accom- Do notscientious,from poor it teachers, hard-working nor are teachers Our country districts have 69 all rural schools bad. who have fought their thousands of con- Far THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER - HIS TRAINING 71 70Theseway,every through are means generally many for progressive THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL self-improvement placed at their difficulties, to the professional plane. and take advantage of disposal. teacherscreasing" make are demand. " not teachers born fast or toenough to supply the ever in- This leaves us the alternative either to get along with " makeshift " Allallaccomplished. honor rural isschools due them the difficultiesfor much really in For their protection and the the way of satisfactory good work already welfare of already teachers.teachersschoolsever, many We throughoutand do so-calledaid both. " born the teachers "country teachers. of arethe presentat work day " to can make " Hundreds of permanent training Unfortunately, how- neither considered:worktion. must be removed.T. Poor unit organization and indifferent administra- Of these we have teachersTheybetheir said are work to neither have for thenaturalbeen love " teachers bornof it nor" or norbecause to professionallyhave they been are " especiallymade." trained they are mere makeshifts, who neither pursue To3. 2.Insufficient these 4.Insufficient Indifferent we now add: professionalschoolsupervision. support. preparation of teacher. equipped,somethingThesestacles hangers-on, inbut better,the simply way are ofusing because the teaching's individuals teaching they becoming mustas forever a steppingdo a something. realthrowing profession. stone ob- to importance of teachers'6. 8.7.5.Unsatisfactory Lowwork.Short salary.educational terms andtenure ideals of office. and irregular attendance. lack of appreciation of thelightlyexacting. most upon glorious the work of callings,The of teaching,High and Calling also as thisof one the of Teacher. the most Let every one consider well the great oppor- No one should enter is assuredly the teacher'speople will professional neverThese get " tiredpreparation. Born questions of "telling Teachers will us be that discussed and " " Made in turn, " Teachers. beginning with teachers are Some tunitiesininvariablyheritage. molding and responsibilities their entered lives, upon in involvedpreparing the work in with themteaching prayerful for theirchildren, greathearts, The Pestalozzis and Froebels of history have born,some"any born"not innaterate, made," is theobvious. qualities bestand notteachers. are altogether without reason, The main trouble is that the " born " essential for the making of, at That all teachers are not for ofinCertainwho fullus do realizationis less. natural qualifications of their own unworthiness.are essential in the make-up not satisfied of his own fitness for the calling. No young person should venture to teach Let none of72Thusreasonable every equipped, successful degree young teacher. of academic men and and young professional women may training. face THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Here, too, must be added a arecalledmay certain have upon pursued to to furnish teach many himin rural subjectswith schools; a valuable which but he reserve suchwill neversubjects storeTHE beof RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER - HIS TRAINING 73 thecrown but,future first,their with efforts.let fairus enumerate reasonOur to theme somebelieve isof the thethat professional qualifications success will training that of rural teachers; threateningenergynarrowerequipped to draw andis his reasonably upon lessco-worker distinct.as occasion safe whose from may educational the direct. pitfalls and horizon ruts is A teacher so ever Naturalevery teacher qualifications: must haveHe to must be a have,worthy teachm nojects,"" Thorough methods says Dr.ma3teryor schoolLevi Seeley,of room theNo academic devicesteacher" is absolutely canor knowledge superficial get essential,too thorough of tactics sub-and an academic training. 3. 5.4.1.Natural 2.Patience,A Goodsoundsocial aptitude common andbody sympathy, agreeable and sense. goodinsight and nature. health.love into for things children. educational. tablishedofcan the take subject itson place.a matter professional thanProfessional from basis, any a Training. otherspecific cause." knowledge More teachers fail from ignorance But if teaching is to be es- 3He 4.2.1.Frank must Genuine,TactfulFirm and be and and unsuspicious. whole-souled,self-reliant. logical. and manly. personofpursuingand the sciencetry would his a course skillandfor a artupon moment ofof study teachingthe thinkhuman in someis of indispensable. anatomybecoming reputable without a surgeonschool first of What Therevery essential, must be is added not inThe5. an itself Altruistic. acquired mere sufficient possession training: to make of thethese teacher. natural qualities, (I) academic while one.medicine,room,professionally, through albeit abe experimentationcollege-bred permitted to man learn on? his human art in mindsthe school- and No more, it seems to me, should a teacher, untrained We answer: no andschoolpermitted (2) professional. course to teachor its equivalent.schoolAcademic who Training. has not completed a high In general, no person should be The high school gi iduate schoolsouls.philosophyprofessional to the ofcollege, education, should history know something about the Every teacher, indeti, from the ungraded rural subjects psychology of education, methods and child study, BEST COP AVAILABLE r 74 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER - HIS TRAINING 73 ofschool teaching,of Life law. on school the Farm. management,Rural Teachers must make the The degree of proficiency school economics,School an and Expression required gethertonecessarymands meet fornew the to better-paid needsmaketraining aof radical the schoolscity rural teachers. extension forteacher this in orpurpose. the to normal establish schools alto- Evidently, it will be It may thatschoolinizing these if all forthe subjects this whichrural agitation schools willthe teacher shall ever naturally dependconcerning upon the redirecting and is preparing. produce concrete results, It is evident kindrevital of ? thebecomepresent, rural necessaryschools at least, will tothe falldo Kidstask both.mostly ofto Teachersredirecting to teachers already and who revitalizing inare Rural now Schools. For the wefact,-AreSucha mustnatural teachers have areexpression not are suffering not yet so very much from a teachers equipped to make the of life in the average rural plentiful. dearth of teachers As a matter of ruralcommunity. school gettrainingengagedat this their training .nindisposal. thethe new schools.as best education, they can andfrom must, the various consequently, agencies They have had no particular trendofwith teachers a of good education professionally academic in ruralpreparation, as we trained to take knowledgehold of thecommunities. ofnew subjects, gained A majority of are from a lack ingteachers' circles, and other TheworkWhile most of similarsuch important agencies nature. cannotare: be expected to take the place institutes, (3) teachers' (t) summer schools, meetings, (4) read- (2) ruralteachersanusually unfortunateteachers in whose city have schools very a fairlives and are in circumstance. citycentered, environments. orFor have it isbeen difficult cen- for young This is himpracticalof regular with teacher aschool zeal and educationin touchdesireSummer with theyfor betterthemay Schools. new be things. sufficient problems to and put fire the Since rural teachers as a rule have tered,Theandsituated, onfew professional the teachers cityfor theyto enterwho training. are areinto usually reared on the farm areMany no betterof the spiritnormal of theschools, newdefective rural life.both in academic longnumberis one summer of of the summer vacations,most valuableschools the catering aidssummer within to theschool their needs reach. of teachers naturally The whilevisionsmovement, beginning worth have mention tonot, grasp up for to the training the present time, made any pro- significance of the farm rural teachers; or they supply the de- butcollegesis coursesrapidly of greatest offer veryincreasing. generallyinterestvacation to offered coursesrural teachers in in normal theory are schools. the and short-t pr erm Many leading universities and Several tice; s.re already taxed to their full capacity to 1 76 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER HIS TRAINING 77 mustmayhave beadded imbuedlived. excellent with modelthe spirit schools, of how where modern rural rural teachers life Nature study, garden culture, elementary tionregular school normal which school partakes and Nebraskaalike the teachers'of the Junior peculiarities institute Normal is of Schools.the the A type of vaca- so- thedirectagriculture, professional and practical art, andranks way. even byTeachers' Annuallyway manual of the training many summer a areteacher schools. taught enters in a Institutes. The first teachers' institute, so lishedtheattemptcalled rural Nebraskaat tostrategicpopulation. bring Junior the points normal Normal throughout school School. theright state, to the where doors they of Eight such schools have been estab- It is a successful Twenty-sixnecticut,farJ. asS. hasDenman, in been 1839, young recorded, superintendentby men the great attended was schoolman held of a schools six in weeks'Hartford, Henry for Barnard.Tompkinssession. Con- becomelocatedthereach sphere many atfeeders Peruof teachers influence and for theandKearney. of latter.would-be the regular teachers, state normal living outsideschools TheIn a measure,annual term too, of they in- HoraceinwhichCounty, Massachusetts Mannwas New the seized firstYork, and timeupon elsewhere.held the the a name teachers'idea and" institute mademeeting it" waspopular in used.1840 In our day very many Thestructionin agriculture.workaverage is is " comprehensivesizenot less of the than teaching six and nor includescorpsmore thanis anine strongeight members. weeks.' A special feature of the junior normal course statesstrictlyain few one provide daysform speaking, toor by aanother. number law summer for ofthe weeks; schools holding the under of longer such the onesinstitutes control being, of They vary in length of time from tainedpracticeis the for model teacher. a specified rural school timeState which,in Superintendent charge under of the law, is main- J. B. Aswell on Institutes and an experienced tendancedominatedstateable departments instructors are by themselves the ofteachingand education. co-workers teachers. spirit, as from most the of rural those districts in at- Teachets' institutes are This contact with planswhereSummerress. in summeris Schools.it fraught school with and importance institute forwork. rural school State Superintendent J. B. Aswell, of Louisiana, who Other states are following various And every- prog- doesnature;offered the teacherforhere, study too, a both worldhe may of anof becOme academicgood. acquainted and with the Opportunities are a professional summerhas had remarkableschools has successthis to say in hisof theirteachers' educational institutes value: and of latest movements in rural school education. 1 t of Louisiana is Much the educational enthusiasm now stirring traceablethe people to the stimulus given through the in- stitutes78inhigher these and salaries, meetings summer longer ofschools. the terms, teachers. and new schoolhouses were organized THE AMERICA.N RURAL SCHOOL Earnest efforts for better teachers, This spirit was carried to the peopletoments.was keep crystallized of the abreast various into of communities,money the Teachers'whichprofession made and Meetings.thepossible must educational thebe neededfaithful sentiment improve- in at- The rural teacher who wishes andsomeThetendance statewise of his district teacherat hard-earned all countymeetings. will go andmoney even local farther in tripseducational than to this meetings.and spend It is money well invested and the annual state ofprofessionalresults enthusiasm in better ranking. and teaching, inspirationThe countyand to tothe theand teacher. teacher,local meetings in better may be made a source New meth- odsneglectsfessional are considered, to spirit keep is up localaroused hisNo difficultiesprofessional teacher or permanently can are reading.continue discussed, strengthened. as anda truly pro- successful teacher who It is just as professionaunreasonable physiciancal output without inor for his a a lawyer respectiveteacher following to to hopeexpectprofession. carefully to this theas itlatest would periodi- be for keep abreast of his Let every rural teacher,circle.and nationaltherefore, repute. read severalReading teachers' Circles. journals of state And for many r,:ral teachers this is the only pro- Then there is the teachers' reading ..t. . t. I 1 worldoughlyfessional oforganized good.reading The and available circlerightly isof a THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER managed, it isusually the source under of thea control ofpractical nature. HIS TRAINING Thor- 79 the sightarrangestatesuperintendent, ofsuperintendent thethe work. annual who course andbecomes, a in a great Local circles are managed by of study and have general over- board of managers who measure, respon- the county sibledefiniteregular, for the system thesuccess reviews in orthe failure emphatic,readings.Such are a few of the agencies of the work.the aim There in view must absolute. placedThe at the meetings disposition must be be Interior of Country Training School, Western at Macomb. Illinois State Normal School, ofbrief rural discussionteachers. of thethe training of new rural Let us now revert to the main following types of teachers.(2) county training This necessitates a institutions: questionschools, (3)(1)ofprovide highstate much schools normal trained moment. offering teachersschools, TheState for state Normal Schools and normal courses. the rural districts is a Rural Teachers.normal schools should in questionHow to theory,Practically,Theschools atdemand least, hashowever, furnish forbeen trained such they as to trained teachersteachers infor the all city andhave beengive unable lucrative to positions to schools. villagedo so. all students to the above training school, normal-trainedlittlesumed time their to energies teachers.consider in this rural needs. The normal schools line of work and have Indeed, their very have con- had Mode of conveying which hL.4 one ;tnd normal school one-half miles west of the normal school. BEST COPY AVAILABLE courses of study are fashioned to this end. I 8o The N.E.A. Normal School Report, Page 29. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOI But if THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER HIS TRAINING SI nota majority been of of anythe normalgreat material help to schools as now constituted have rural teachers, teachers. PPESSUPEBASEMENT TANK FOR thedemands.The reason normals can Now havebe thatfound only the in adaptededucational the demand their idealscourses for city are to beginning prevailing FORCEPUMP BASE FLUESFOR to theSchoolsinchange, their following response.commentswe may language: expect on the the adaptability normal of these schools The N.E.A. Committee on Normal schools to be prompt in ditions.always found the normal schoolThe ready changes to adapt that itself have tocome the newto the con- possibilities and needs The normal school has been so near the public thought all public have Fin. Kirksville, Missouri. Foundation 1an of model rural school at the State Normal School, Outside measurement 36 by 28 fcet. Pressure sentimentthisdoIt timeis for specially the that than people it any sensitiveis more otherwhat nearly ispublicto assumedpublic to-day institution demand, to anbe actualessential of and equivalent sincerelyexponent to prepare magnitude. endeavors of to teachers tank and force pump supplies all water for toilets, etc. REM CROWD Cliq for the public schools. Right now, with public sentiment in favor of rural uplift fURNAC( rOft rlOWERS. estingand industrial to see how education readily in the these normal communities, schools take it is tointer- the UI 5116KtnRe RACEVENTILATOR changednation;desire to or to be changing help of use, in doingto conditions. be of the real most value to tomake the massesall members of our There is a marked PORCH MAIN ENTRANCE CuPsome 304004. ROOM Zr.(eirr-t of our great commonwealth worthy, efficient, citizens. FUEL Uliul MANUAL I ofand fact, in in the normal younger schools, states,Rural especially Modelthe demand Schools in the for Middle in rural State trainedWest Normals. As a matter Flo. costadded of $350.to2. any rural school, having a good water supply,Fluor at an plan extra of Kirksville model rural school. Room T AI ram Indoor toilets can be teachers82 is already in a fair way to be met. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Model rural Architecture). THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER It was designed as a model rural school HIS TRAINING 83 nois,normalschools Kirksville, haveschools been atMissouri, established Terre Haute, Hays in conjunction City,Indiana, Kansas, Macomb, with and the many stateIlli- countryto-day.fullyand not transported asdistricts a mere by learnpractice covered school. wagon to and from this school Students of the normal who expect to teach in here through daily observation Children are success- CA.Cloort 004E.rIASMGMANALTRAIneeC 10 To MAIN GIRLS HALL BEooRToBOrl. Bovs HALL HALL "FCP.4.1r01;,c(caRrauctpH.ri Alf R HEaTrptCOCCeICK IC NSOIL with" the thebest best things facilities whichThe can a schoolmodel do in board andschools for and at a Terregood teacherHaute and Macomb are a rural school." M-FLOORli.AVATO0Y CICA jar P-SPHon rq bothschoolundervironment. located whoseinspiration in supervisionthe beforecountry ever ruraland having under teachers put the foot receivemost on ideal the the thresh- rural Most competent critic teachers are employed, en- hastenpeciallyruralold of schools athe real in day agriculturalcountry as of adjunctsrural school. school states, to all emancipation. statewould normal do a great schools, deal to The establishment of model es- YSINORIsri-STAIRtIA113- BENC4 Slont oR SMOti FLU( LUSh ENICK culture,science which teaching, were are formerly nowAgriculture offered mere inin man7 adjunctsthe State normal to Normals. natural schools. Courses in agri- other states. Flo. 3. At Kirksville the model school buildingSection was of Kirksville model rural school. Vr VENTILATINC run. asworkstateIn promising.Georgia, normalin agriculture. forschool example, who does no notone complete can graduate the prescribed from the In Nebraska conditions seem just any" designedthein partaddition conveniences of Missouriand to theconstructed ordinary and can, comforts for costto the show ofinvestment that a thatgood can a bebuilding, rural of secured about school have $350in inany all hasnormal this to schc,Js: say about teachingWe are agriculture teaching it. in the state The Nebraska State Board of Education Not just nature study dubbed agriculture, city building in the state " (see chapter on Rural School 1a but really the elements of agriculture with a definite object and t. 84specific aim in view. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Thus we are meeting the imperative demand THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER HIS TRAINING Seven of the 85 jectWefrommental willvery the send closeruralat first, forth tocommunities butthe teachers peopleit has grown thatwho for will teachersneed marvelously, be it ablemost. to trained along these lines. until we are beginningbring thisIt great was asub- little senti- orpreparingscienceschools have made courses,are for giving moreplans nature definite ato little begin study, agriculturework. next and schoolyear. in connection gardens, but with are Eight others are doing Weto innectedrealize are the not normal with in for our our one school state splendid moment the is practical practicalstate aping university, theand great will but prepare our course value of this kind of teaching. agricultural college con- the teacher in the of instruction nitesixareconsiderable are planningway. teaching workto theextend inelements connection the work. of agriculture with school in agardens more defi- and The work of all is interesting and inspiring. The remaining forty- workAgriculturestate. of agriculture as it will Abe Summarytaught in the of what the State Normals are Teaching. Professor E. public schools of ourE. Balcomb, of doing for comequarter.school oversanguine movement as inYet, tonormal any after great schools, all thatassistance has we beenmust from said not that abovebe- about the rural Their chief work will continue to be to furnish theWeathersford,Collegeshas N.E.A. been fordoneat Oklahoma,Los Popular by Angeles, Normal Education read in Schoolsan 1907, instructive in paper Agriculture."and entitled:Agricultural " What before The especiallynearerandour citiesteachers home andand forof villagessolely evcry their designedsupply.grade. with superintendents, to train rural teachers; principals, Let the Letrural them districts establish look schools or, thethepaper presenters remarkable of embodies agriculture. status progress ofthe these schoolsmade in andthe It readsresults in part: of a careful investigation into preparation of teach-sheds new light on wenormalwhere believe, this classes is thenot to truecountyyet solutionfeasible,County and otherof add Training the hightraining problem. schools.Schools classes in Wisconsin. and Wisconsin is This, arewasnot either received, so expressing giving seventy-five it in themselves, some believeOf the nine ninety-one give state normal schools from fnrm or desire to do so. in instruction in agriculture, and good reasons, four give no which information Of the sixteen nowdoubtnot only to developed be the found pioneer thein our bestin thiscountry. training field, schoolsbut the statefor rural has teacherswithout Sixteen of these institu- coursereasonsone or at statebeing all, and normalopposed only three to expressA summary of Mr. Balcomb's paper shows schools are actually offering the courses, it. themselves as questioning the that sixty- branches,severaltionsis to have givecounties andbeen " specialin organized anxiousthe management instruction toand do applications likewise. of rural schools,are on file to from in the common school Their one aim per- 86 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER HIS TRAINING 87 trictspointsons preparing to which for the teaching product to take the teaching material rural school work." and is as comprehensive from theis again rural returned.dis-Here is the vital Second Quarter: LiteratureArithmeticGrammar Fourth Quarter: SchoolConstitutionsUnited Management States History and Theascounty coursepresent coursesof rural study andis two will years,The give course some which is given below is one conditions will permit. idea of the subject- of the uniform Training School. MethodsState Superintendent C. P. Cary Practice Teaching Spelling on the Wisconsin matterFirst Quarter: taught: First Year Third Quarter: Stateing SuperintendentSchool on ruralThe C. life P.county isCary, training who schools The influence of the Wisconsin Train- most admirably expressed by says: AgricultureAlgebraPrimaryGrammar Orthoepy Reading and EnglishAlgebraPrimary ExpressiveHistory ReadingWork Constructive chosennotschools,meet receiving a specialwork. prior totrainingThey and the hitherto establishmentgained directly theirunmet &signe knowledgeof need. the t? The teachers are special institutions designed to county training schools,to prepare were them for their of the rural schools by in the country Second Quarter: Algebra Fourth Quarter: Arithmetic expensedecline.Aspainful a natural of and their often result pupils costly the and efficiency experience. of the taxpayers of the wh3 employed them. It was high time that the lawmakers and They became teachers atdistrict the schools was on the educators of the ExpressiveCompositionPolitical Geography Reading SpellingUnitedLiterary States and ReadingPenmanship History of thebranchstatethe ruralcounty directed of schools the training educationaltheir in a schoolsattention healthy service hasgrowing to done the of relief condition.themuch of this highly state. toward the placing of The establishmentIn counties where important SecondFirst Quarter: Year of the Two-year Course, or Course for those prepared to take Third Quarter: the it One-year tovery beentheprovide fact county aroused that means trainingtaxpayers in for all carryingmatters schools and memberspertaining onhave this been work of established,the has county called board to rural school education. new interest has their attention have had The ReadingArithmeticDrawingPsychologyPhysical and Geography Orthoepy and Pedagogy UnitedLiteratureCompositionPsychology StatesPractice History Teaching whichdirectlyisfor again the the to children interestcomingthe importance inof into rural the prominence, people communities. of securing of the and districtsthe is The "little red schoolhouse" once morebest a placepossible about instruction center. 88 County Normal Training THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Classes in Michigan. Mich . trained.eight academies where THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER The schools common school teachers could be - HIS TRAINING 89 Theclassesiganadjuncts law has which provides adopted to alreadypromises that a system existing such classes may much for better rural schools. schools.of county normal training A special teacher, be organized as miesappropriation$500 we for find books the of and $400 for maintenance. origin of teachers' training classes, which equipment, and, besides, an annualdesignated in the act received In these acade- competentfromplaced the in toother charge teachers of the All expense in maintaininginstruct the class in the professional subjects,of the work. He receives assistance school where the class is is borne is normalbecamesupplyare likely for privileges.public trained to continue rural teachers. for high schools, preserving their At the some time the chiefpresent source there of are These private academies early granted 113 such byorganized.ofing the classes state. had been organized, 500. Moreover, nearly 700 graduates Up to the year 1906-1907 thirty-two with a present attendance have already train- departmentTheytraining are classes, under of education, one the for absolute each and school form jurisdiction of the state commissionerseparate district. and distinct considergoneone of the establishment of forth to spread the gospel of the greatest steps educationally the county trainingthe class new education. thatState has Superin- been " tocationTodepartments qualifications get mustand retain fulfillin ofthe highcertain school where a training school thespecial local instructor board of edu-offered, and specific requirements in regard they are maintained. salary takentendentthe ingin improvement Michiganinto Patrick schools H. in ofKelley. recent the teaching years," says that heretofore could not get " Trained teachers are go- force of the state is one them, and classplacedto be for paid at observation disposal him; of and class;Aside from thorough drill in practicability of training department practice teaching, etc. opportunitiesthe provided academic the subjects, the tionaloftraining the system."most in vitalhigh schools.mattersWe now corn to the more general in connection with our educa- discussion of normal aminationsteachingtrainingunder classes in receivethe havegrades convertible ample and expert critics. Students who opportunitypartake to observe in practice expert teaching pass their final ex- verycountryenactment was doneof 1834.Training Classes in earliest professional training in New York State under the legislativeIt provided for theNew establishment York High Schools. of teachers in our The of graduateteach.upon rural from school the Newwork. York At present nearly As a result incompetent1 200 trained teachers teachers annually training classesthree-year and enter certificates to THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHER - HIS TRAINING 91 90area compensationraised,being and driven out, educationalTHE AMERICAN RURAL the newcommensurate teachers are with beginning standardstheirSCHOOL andpreparation ideals and to receive thefoundation.normal rural invasiondistricts. of secondaryThere is schools. strong feeling in educational circles against a And yet we must have these teachers for The 11,200,756 boys and girls there This is not without worth.areClasses. other states givingOther States which Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, maintain normalLugh School training Training in high and Vermont schools havesomeactsproved rights, go years thaton too. and successfullythe get teachers more as trainedtraining rural teachers.under after theythe high have school spent Then, last but not least, it is already It will ulti- organizedo Yorklegalmany planstatus. training explained above, hundred young people preparing The first two states classes on lines similar to and have now in the have but forrecently rural teaching. the New schools matelyexpedient.schools, cause colleges, more of and our universitiesThis young much people forthan theto any attend training other normal known of rural school teachers; tainingBoththesubjects, stateselements a liberal including have of amount adopted agriculture. observation work, and, in Nebraska, of instructionexcellent in the courses professional of study con- Kansas also grantsschools an an- of a sum not to now the matter of adequate compensation. exceednualunfortunatelynormal aid $500. to instruction its accredited the in high high Minnesota and Vermontinstruction has usually been school courses, and treatedschools as a for some years; but have offered subordi- natedsidefuturebeen issue.to verythe plan other gratifying. to give high normal training As could be expected, the Such other states as may in high schools should results have not in the lb invariablydepartmentshighsuperintendent school adopt in departments, theevery plan and respect his inspectors. of separate and distinctand responsible to coordinate with the other the state normal A. ! timeweak,and we shoddyinefficient are not work so make-believe, blindwill predominate as not whereto see " senseless;that, in many re-SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS but, at the same ' isms ' 93 SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS CHAPTER VI existingspects,giveparticularly itsschool conditions educators trueconditions thatin the leading the adequatewith American Europeanus are pecuniary not people countries. on a parityhassupport failed with and to It is thatsolelyany the nation permanenceupon publicis measured schoolofGeneral democratic education. Statement. in the light of the thoroughnessAll thinking personsand will agree institutions depends The greatness of pared.social recognition commensurateToCompensation consider with the oftheir salary European services. question and American : Teachers Corn- As a first step, let us compare European and bevitalityAnyfactors greater nation of in itsnor fashioning whicheducational better undervalues than and institutions,the promoting teachers the importance which these can who are the potent of theinstitutions. teach- neither Americanleadingannualfigures: salariesteachers. paid male and female teachers in four countries accordingThe following table gives the average to the latest available ingsocial profession recognition and fails undermines to give it its own adequate support and national vitality. EnglandGermany and (elementary Wales (elementary only) only) . . . . $570 per annum388 per annum Thethehave greatest teaching the best and fraternityschool most progressiveorganizations, by placing theand nations in the world teachersthey recognize above AustriakeepHolland in(elementary mind:(elementary only) only)To make the table a just basis for comparison we must . 368372 per annum pecuniaryrecognitionlove their want in country the and community. by have Ingi.anting face every of reasonsuchthem statements to as the above, feelAmericanssuperior profoundl) social who (t)(3)(2) The The greater enjoymentgranting purchasing of in certain Europe power perquisites generally of the Europeanwhere of free the house equiv- teacher andgrounds,alent of American fuel, light, money; etc.; timemoved.ventured, shall We ne thatmay ,.er come,be optimistic as some enoughprophets to our public school 92 will be nothing but "a of ill omenbelieve have that the (4)(6)(5) The Finally,The European tenure the of teachers' system office during ofprominent teachers' life orsocial pensions; good standing. behavior; acts as church chorister, etc.; . , THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS 95 94gives the average monthlyNow, salaries in comparison, paid elementary consider the and following table, which Now study Table 2: - TABLE 2 secondary teachers in theThe United figures States. are from the report of United States Com- Cour RY TEACHERS IN 1906 PER CEN1 OF missioner of Education Elmer E. Brown, for 1906: - TABLE I EnglandUnited States and Wales 109,179 26,200Men 350,884Women66,300 WOMEN 71.576.4 I MEN 2 WomEN 3 ALL 4 FranceIrelandItalyScotland 18,60056,370 6,0004,000 49,4003 r,800 7,000 46.763.063.653.8 NorthUnited Atlantic States Division . . . $56.3! 64.95 $43.80 44.11 $50.04 6x.69 RussiaNorwayFinland 38,700 3,8521,500 22,400 2,2341,170 36.038.044.0 WesternNorthSouth AtlanticCentral Division DivisionDivision . . . . 46.3544.3372.3057.99 44.1738.1033.5457.09 49.0841.5036.2659.18 AustriaDenmarkSwedenSwitzerland 51,500 4,9226,40°4,500 20,000 2,0003,6002,649 35.036.028.0 byUnited 7.5 monthsStates is (our $50.04 schoolConclusion per month.year for Drawn. 1906-1907 - The was, average to be salary for all in the This when multiplied HungaryUnitedGermany States employsThe a table very conveysmuch larger the startlingper cent ofintelligence that the 124,02726,365 22,513 5,938 15.418.4 exact,salaries$375.30.9560 .150.6 highof superintendents, schools,days) gives public a principals, salkand private,for theand bearing nationother teachers ofin mindjust in as When we consider that these figures include the threewomenready fourths teachersto seek of all thethan our cause, do teachersReasons European to ask are for the countries.women. Better reason Salaries why European in Europe. - Now we are More than thebarringweelsewhere doAmerican so the that sentimental,in teacherhisthe salarycivilized is paidis world.all very the compensationmuch less than he teachers gets, - the conclusion drawn is that countriesfessionwelarger are percentage able aspay is to betterlaw do. or of salariesmedicine men in and tho or why theology.teaching they retainprofession a much than In Europe teaching is as much a pro- Every teacher 96completedis a professional a strict teacher. training course and passed a searching THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL No one may teach who has not butment it whichdoes answermay be theused purpose for increasing we have teachers' in mind salaries; - viz.SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS 97 andhimexa:mination.education hisin a family. position is absolut.'12, to make aessential comfor4-ble to success living in for life. himself Tle state has trained him, andEvery it nowhamlet puts and city feels keenly that After topaid emphasizesionerhave in alreadycomparison of Education in glaring seen withthat placesreality thepublic latestthe how averageworkers poorlyreport annual generally.ofteachers the Commis-salary are We for tomastersNapoleon Prussialeadership put and had the in Austria, statetheleft empire. Prussia on itsin feet1864, prostrate again little and atDenmark inJena time its pushed hasschool- more it Since the disastrous war with all$512.45,averagefor teachers thirty annualwhich citiesin our is insalarypublic $137.15 every schoolsfor part more ordinary of at thanthe $375.30. countrythestreet average laborers place for the allat Reports thatthan disaster, regained chiefly in population through andits schoolmasters, wealth what was who lost have in teachers in the United States. TABLE 3 havebeenlec, placedindefatigable the kingdom in the in educational the forefront campaigns of nations which intel- and industrially. It is little wonder that teachers ST. LABORERSA. WAGES MIN. WAGEMOLDERS' ELEM. TEACHERMIN. SALARY allshijhay' classes look up to the teaching fraternity because of its superiorrespected social ranking and reverencedin such countries. alike by high and low; Scholar- ClevelandCincinnatiBoston $603.00 480.00493.50 $825.00 900.00960.00 $552.00 400.00 importance to the State.To recapitulate: Teaching is a !Profession in leading PeoriaNewMinneapolis OrleansHaven 480.00481.00534.00555.00 825.00864.00900.00 475.00350.00315.00300.00450.00 fessionallycountriesheld in high of prepared. Europe; esteem. none may teach there who is not pro- TeachersTeaching accordingly is for receive significant salaries reasons PhiladelphiaSt.RacinePittsburg Louis 450.00525.00503.00 864.00855.00900.00870.00 400.00325.00350.00470.00 dignitycommensurate of position. with timeSalaries and expense of Teachers of preparation and Other and Workers Compared. - St SeattlePim! Average $528.876Q7.5o450.00 $901.701050.00864.00 $429.13550.00400.00 The comparative salary argument is not the highest argu- L SI 98the annual earnings ofTable street 3 laborers illustrates and thislaborers point in further.job- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL It compares tion for his work, and Ayet teacher in the has largest to spend and much time andSALARIES money in AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS one of the prepara- 99 bingspeaksin fifteen and for machine itself. foundries with elementary teachers c ities of the United States. TABLE 4 The comparison caseactuallymost universally, progressive earn a betterit states seems. living in the thancountry he. brewery employees The same is the SscrioN minasBLACK- CARPEN- TEES , FORE. MEN PAINT. ERS MACHIN- ISTS ' T'ch'rs MEN Dollars TABLE 5 HUNDREDS 10 MiddleNew England States . . $67.17 65.00 $58.33 56.33 $82.53 97.50 $73.66 52.00 $58.50 6o.66 $49.83 45.50 $57.75 50.10 MEN ASSISTANTSBREWERY 716.95EMPLOYEES 722.28 PacificCentralSouthern States States States . . . . 80.1671.50 56.33 91.00 78.0058.5058.5o 45.506o.06 62.3649.32 PAINTERSCOOPERS & DECORATORS 725.04750.38 Average . . . $69.76 $55.75 $90.27 $62.83 $63.26 $48.62 $48.77 R. R.ELECTRICAL TRAINMEN WORKERS 709.50784.40 The above table, taken from the Ninth Biennial - IRONBOILER MOULDERS MAKERS 847.12844.74 Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of - COMPOSITORS - - 882.20 CensusNorth Dakota, Report andis based deals on with figures the surrject from the by sectionswoo U. S.of CARPENTERSR. R. FIREMEN & JOINERS 901.82892.52 the country. The table on the opposite page is reproduced, by per- PAPERSTONE HANGERSCUTTERS 921.00917.44 mission,wayDepartment the from average of the New Thirdannual York Annual compensation State. Report of of the male Education assistants It compares in a graphic ROOFERSLETTER CARRIERS & SHEET METAL WORKERS 948.84 923.78 workersin secondary throughout schools the outside state. the cities and organized wage AllForemen other inoccupations, machine shops. including those in which women are engaged. Salaries paid Rural Teachers in Various Parts of the Country. - Let us now turn our attention more partic- ow ularly100 to salaries paid in rural schools. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL So little attention weprospect expect of them the barren to give, future to impart, opening all outthe beforebest that them they -SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS I01, stateswhichDespitefigureshas been arewill are thispaid picked give hard weto the tothis athave readerget random, feature andventured some are of two schoolmoreidea fromto of compileor maintenancethe eachless subject. unreliable.of Table the thatfive 6, The $296.93!havesandsmuch, in them ofand patient, toas oura recompense, schoolconscientious children! as arural Wesalarium, certainlyteachers we expect thatgive the Fortunately, it may be said in justice to thou- - geographicalof school year dk andisions monthly of the Unitedand annual States. salaries are given. The length average school board receives much more than it pays for. TABLE 6 poorestIt appears showing, from the which table isthat explainable the extreme in theEast rapid makes disin- the DIVISION STATE NUMBER OFMONTHSAVERAGESCHOOL AI .,AVERAGEONTHLY. JALARY AVERAGEYEARLYSALARY tegrationgrowth of cities.rural population in those parts and in the rapid This leaves many depleted and impover- . Maine . . . . 6.25 $24.00 $150.01 butished starvation districts withsalaries scarcely can bea handful paid in ofsuch pupils. communities. Nothing SouthNorth Atlantic . NorthMarylandVermont Carolina . . .. . 4.39.37.4 30.2435.6026.00 130.03332.08292.40 solidation.The salvation of these small schools assuredly lies in con- The Western division shows up to best advan- South Central . TexasLouisiana . . 5.07.0 42.8950.54 253.26300.23 aretage; somewhat but it should higher be remembered, in the West. too, that living expenses Of course the aver- North Central . . . ColoradoMinnesotaIndiana . . .. . 6.57.17.0 43.6353.5248.46 347.88344.08305.41 final,agesenough.are for notsince the far only Unitedfrom ten correct Statesstates and asare set willconsidered; forth answer in the ourbut table purposethe figuresare not well UnitedWestern States How the Rural Teacher makes Ends Meet. . California . . 6.848.5 $42.72 72.35 - It is often $296.93614.98 expectan average these less underpaid thanWe men pay and rural women teachers whose throughout best ener- the United States on $300 per annum! Think of it! we awhomeet. sumpuzzle receives which to know isthe considerably princelyjust how salarythese less teachersofthan $196.65 that can paid make her sisterends Take the New England teacher, for example, she per annum, whosegies are freshness consumed and with vitality the earlybread become and butter blighted problem, at the drudge at the cotton mills. She must make a respectable & 102 THE MIERICAN RURAL SCHOOL SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL well.showing, be public-spiritedIn Kansas and open-handed, women teachers in the rural How does she do it ? schools get an and dress AttendedChristmasTotal Vacation Institute Holidays during June 4 weeks2 weeks r6 weeksTEACHERS 103 averageMisshalf months, A. of is$40 one whichper of month these gives teachers.for them a school term of six and an annual income of $260. one DidRested the Winter's after Strain Sewing. of 8 months . zo weeks 2 weeks Hersheaccount is school, pleased of income however, to call andit, is outlay.considerably appears below, with her permission. This annual budget,She has kept accurate above the average as DrewClerked from inSavings Department Bal. at end of School for Summer Living Store Year Expenses, zo weeks6 weeks $21.45 she.for the state and nation.Miss A. is one of the really good teachers in Others fare much Atchison county, worse than afford to There are those pay larger salaries than who allege that we do at present. we cannot as a nation $88.95 Look yearlowingKansas. 907-1908 is an honest : account of her finances and She teaches in what is termed a good district. time for the schuol The fol- NationalAlcoholicexpenditures:at these Government Beverages figures, they represent some of our actual $1,6ro,000,000 annual DCostIncome of Board(8 months and atLodgingress $40) $ 68.45 6.00 $320.00 NationalTobaccoBeer Education Appropriations for 1908 1,000,000,000310,000,000800,000,000853,000,000 CarSchoolReadingInstitute fare Journals ExpensesCircle Books (4 weeks) Teachers' Meetings 15.8o 2.802. I27.25 WinePensionsArmy and to Navy, Old SoldiersRunning Expenses 142,000,000200,000,000o6,000,000 NecessaryOther Incidentalstheater tickets) "Self-improvements" (books and 3 11.43 5.75 Or arrange threePUBLIC #.41 EDUCATION of these more graphically thus: ------310,000,000 Balance $209.60 209.60 INTOXICATINGTOBACCO__ LIQUORS _ 800,000,000 $110.40 ,64f. ."4". t.1 1,610,000,000 we104 are rich beyond theEducation Bill vs. Drink and Smoke Bill. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL wildest dreams of a Midas. As a nation Con- diture ? Low Rural Taxation. SALARIES AND Are the rural TENURE OF RURALchild and the rural Now, how about TEACHERSteacher getting rural expen- 105 this$ioo,000,000,000,servativeprehension, vast sum statistics we actually place drink our nationalup annually wealth Si with an income of $24,000,000,000. a figure too large for human,6io,000,000, com- (1906) at Of areThetrya comparesquarepaid answer the deal favorablypoorest ? levy comes: Do rates of taxation with theThe rates rural for districts much lower rates as levied in the coun- villages and cities? where teachers burnorSt aboutperiod inup every in SI tobacco,only in 30 every $310,000,000produced. including 15 cigarettes, for national SSoo,000,000, education, or or produca But we spend during the same In the same N% ay we $1 in children:onegreater gives taxable the total wealth ruralL-t us illustrate this by a series of than do villages and city school diagr,uns.and cities. enrollmentupon aof much The fi. every 78 produced. The per capita expenditure for the CityRural . 11,200,757 (67.3 per cent) items is: TobaccoIntoxicatingPublic Education Liquors $19.10 3.679.49 for school The second diagram Rural purposes in the " gives the total two classes of schools: 5,441,214 (32.7 per cent) annual expenditure spend more for nationalIn education. face of these figures we all know that we can If we were wise, we easily Next we have the City . ST40,242,795167,522,864 (45.6 (54.4 perPct. cent)cent) educationwould invest the our$19.10 annual per expensecapita which column we nowand spenddrink for up. poses: Rural total amount invested. . for school pur- backupTheninvested into ain hundredbillions a short in education,and uponfold,while yes, our miny national in hundred teachers' surplus fold, billions of dollars. The nation getssalaries,andwould mount the amount pended for the educationFinally, City . most striking of all, of each child,$254,134,181 (32.4 ,93,O54 (67.6the amountper cent) annually ural and city: per cent) ex- muchit dollarsgetshappiness. better, it backand andcents, not which alone viz, culturecannot in wealth, andbe reckoned morality,but in that which iswisdomin andterms of nance, Superintendent CityRural The World's Work . 0. J. Kern, recently sent on30.78the Ruralfollowing School Mainte- s U : zo6newinquiry subject to a ornumber new of distinguished THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL method or new direction of effort or educators: " What teachersstood thereforeand the public by all, alike, may and be which stated should thus: be under-SALAIUES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS (r) If the 107 ment?significancenewof July,tendency " 1908; and in nowone ofneeds the most Many striking replies were educational work is of most value suggestiveemphasis is the following and encourage- printed in the issue and toosalariesearningeducation sacred theycapacity a ofget, task the thenof toAmerican teachers intrust the nation's isto of notpersons to-morrow life greater is endangered.who than is cannottoo the important, meager earn The WinnebagofromHeardent says:the advocates pen county, of 0. of Illinois,J. the Kern, New and Educationsuperintendent in our of country.schools, withal one of the most greateremployee.moreing capacitythan th4in an the willordinary salaries gradually they scullion get,shift the toor teacherscallings a slaughter ofwhere great hotise the earn- pay (2) If the earning capacity of teachers is moneyisway the toon sine meet the qua education the non changing inThe the fundamentalconsideration consideration is that of his childrenconditions and must of country spend itlife. in a of any advance in thethe country farmer must spend more This proposition better welfareteachersingis commensurate will endangered. .andcontinue poor withsalaries. until their it reaches earning an capacity. equilibrium in poor In any event, the only salvation lies In this case, too, is the nation's This shift- schoolobtainleaders interest and to demonstrate that over the the increase United to farmers ofStates.Superintendent expenditure that a new Kern speaks It is the duty of truly.educational will pay. educational ideal must The twentieth in ofnotincreased thousands earn more salaries. ofthan teachers theyNo get. doubt have therebeen areearning many vastly teachers more in the calling who do On the other hand, hundreds centurydistrictIt domust must thingsschool hereafter make andcannot large teachto wishcontinue the farmer its demandsto do things. of the farmers. boys and girls bothhaphazard to teaching. This kind of The thantheirremunerative they own have wishes been work, by getting. sheer often want. drivenespecially to take men this step against are leaving the profession for more Many of the best teachers Unless a halt is called teachingkeepgreatly takesthem increased capablein the rural taxation.teachers, Thedistricts Law takes of Salary Regulation. . and to get them and to Thebetter law salaries of salary and themayers ranks will become willdeteriorate becon. a byword toso such depletedTheand anaThreatened reproach. extent and thethat "quality theFeminization" public of teach- school of the Schools. Men regulation, which I is of overshadowing importance to teachers are entering other callings in such numbers as `,3 io8 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Miinsterberg, of Harvard, can see nothing but disasterSALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS 109 toof threatenTABLE the male 7. the - NUMBERe profession AND SEX OF dus is clearly apparent in with feminization. TEACHERS - PERCENTAGE OF Table 7. The story towomencome feminize /from teachers him our in onpeculiar a the startling male dilemma. youth,degree. he believes, is such as He says inThe part influence : of WHOLE NUMBER OF DIF-MALE TEACHERSFERENT TEACHERS PERCENTAGE OF MEN The immediate outcome of that feminine mental type is woman's STATZ 01 TERRITORY Men EMPLOYEDWomen Total 1870-11879- 1889-11899-1190571 So TEACHERS oo 1 l000 6 - also,sympathy,tact, estheticher lack her feeling,of natural clearness herwisdom instinctiveand logical and morality; insight,consistency, buther enthusiasm, her tendency her on the other side, to 1 . 2 3 4 42.8 34.5 29.9 23.6 9 tothehasty follow abstract generalization, her and emotions. of the her absent, mixing her of lack principles, of deliberation, her undervaluation her readiness of North Atlantic Divi-United States sion . . . . 109179 356884 16599466063 100055 116654 41.026.2 I 28.8 20.0 118.4 14.2 thecompletelife, man; can but make the they strenuous, ourdo not social give earnest, surroundings the power and toconsistent meetattractive, these public andpublic softenactivity duties and of Even these defects can beautify the private SouthNorth Atlantic Central Divi- Divi- sion ...... 1739627008 3650541612 6862053901 67.563.8 62.567.2 49.1 57.5 410.7 l474 32.239.3 decisivereceivewithout theman's influence feminine harder on stamp, logic.the world's it would progress. become powerless, and without If the whole national civilization should SouthWestern Central Division Divi- sion . . . . . 42016 1533036160 195319 25409 31569 43.245.0 I 40.3 31.t 24.7 41.7 32.4 28.3 19.521.5 At the outset we showed that the reason why Europe women, and only ro9,179,Of or the whole number of teachers just 23.6 per cent, are men. employed 356,884 are theteacher'sments,has United better and services Statesschools (2) lies andand (i) calling. in higher professional in stronger popular appreciation of the pays teachers better than we do in require- Inin 1879, astate1899, national 42.8of 29.9 affairs per per cent iscent; almost were and men;in 1905, calamity. No one wishes to undervalueserious enough to be classed as in 1889, 34.523.67 per per cent; cent. This the ciatepoorly these by oursalient teachers points.Teaching is evidently must become a Profession. The reason why we do our failure to appre- - Teaching must so immensefield.fluence influence of and contact of women with At the same time nascent masculine teachers. teachers in the educationalmanhood requires the in- Professor suchmedicine,become already, a professionand intheology. theory. in the United States the TherePerhaps certainly it may is be considered t. same asa science law, of I I0 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL have long been teaching,pedagogicalformulatedfordrawn itssince study closerand literature. as a all classified.educational principlesscience and an art.the time. Likewise, provision Teaching has created Teachers, like other pro- The lines are being has been made its own fessions,profession.pose of are organizing But if we are protecting their willing to consider into associationsinterests and advancing teaching a profession for the pur- their theoretically,withpracticalis true, the name. though,in actual purposes unfortunately, theWe vast have some untrained.practice it can scarcely Hereprofessional teachers, majority areis to all the mischief. be dignified it Lawyersandrestrictionshave make-believe notand been and insistentlaws physicians hedge from their respective whichenough in effect in demanding themselves about with excludefields. quackery ligher stand- Teachers ardstemporarynot of become preparation; makeshift a The standards must profession in practice and certain itand is stepping-stone to be raised. until it ceases to be a that teacng will The individual something better.teacherjects;in mustherelation must get to studya presentstronger grasp abreast of the times; socialeducation conditions. in its historical on the he must himself have, He must, inprofessional short, sub- setting and putand himselfsential be ready in a democracy to give others, suchthe broader as ours. knowledge es- .! 4 Some states, we are rejoiced to know,SALARIES have AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS already III quirementstakenorMiddle rural advanced West of theirno ground one teachers. may in teach the matter in the publicof schools who has not had at last twenty weeks' profes- Thus, in one state in the professional re- city theofsional countryfying. professional training. the requirement work. is one year indifferent, In another state in the same section of The results have been very grati- unprogressive teachers have (thirty-six weeks) , fessionalalready dropped successors. by the wayside and given The At first this caused a shortage of place to pro- Manual training at the Dunn County School Economy, Menomonie, Wisconsin of Agriculture and Domestic teachers;resultedbeingstates infused butin do largely the as into shortwell increased school bysupply their affairs salaries and in briskthese and states. teachers, and let them do it in new vitalitydemand have Let other speedily.shipAnd between yet it is low undeniable salariesThe Teacher's and thatIt may with Social seem Recognitionalmost trite to suggest a inferior social recognition. the average Americanon what it Depends. certain relation- i. bymoney this itselfiscriterion, a measure so much, the teacher's career of success. but rather what it stands for. It isn't that he cares for the needs the backing of Judged 1 bilitylargelyistic andas increased the social American, recognition. salaries it is toreally give it a Inquestionable aattitude people of so reverenceif material- scholarship with touch of respecta- Sewing at the Dunn theThisCounty needs school School coLiconntry of Agriculture boys and girls. was originated to provide a secondary education adapted to and Domestic Economy 1BEST COPY AVAILABLE for its own sake will attain the j towhich112 come. it is endowed in Europe, at any rate, for a long time Meanwhile scholarshipTHE AMERICAN will RURAL continue SCHOOL to be initiativedead, it becomes and compel the plainthe unthinking duty of the community SALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS state to take the to do 113 towillmeasured blame depend for by greatly present its market upon conditions.Enlighten thevalue teachers the Public. themselves. The public is not altogether The teachersand what themselves this shall be theiredge,salary duty have prescribed by lately obliging placedby law. them Enactsuch to lawsMinimum Salary Laws. pay upona certain theirSix minimumstatute states, books. to our knowl- schoolhaveicantsexpenditure hardly children and tobacco,realized of in over a social while twothe shamefulbillion systemit gives dollars whichall injustice public annually will education workedtolerate for intox- the only 36.2salaries,ask.The resultsper bettercent have in teachers. salaries been all in thatthree the most optimistic Wherever the law is in operation the verdict is better Indiana reports an increase of years since the law went could hismannertothree inform patrons hundred launch himself and million. an give ,"of educational thethem facts, no peace and campaign then till theyin " no to realize uncertainenlighten the The plain duty of the teacher is in1500landinto the operation. in teachers,opinion 1904 has ofranging thehad state the from effectsuperintendent 5 per cent to The minimum salary law passed by to increase the salaries of " has had 30a most per cent, and Mary- enlightenment;causesituationization is theofand school best act. but in needs letthe them world.and reformsonce get will awake be sure to the to follow.real- No apologies are necessary, for the The public needs such superintendentdoneenactedsalutary much aeffect." $45 to minimumbring even urges salary that lawthe in In North Dakota the state legislatureup the scale of wages." The state rate be raised to $50 1904, which " has organizedcertainIndeed, quartersthe agitation many lately school by determined have Occasionallyimprovements all resulted teachers. one broughtfrom finds persistent, aboutsections in of the country where ofmeansfromfor more second a monthlyan than annual grade $rpoo,000. average teachers.increase of in$35 salary for elementary PennsylvaniaOhio hashas increasednot been ableher salariesto a minimum of $40. teachers This terestedthemschoolpeople open areexpenditure in sothetheir lamentably education pocketbooks. that nothing ofunthinking all its shortsubjects. and of parsimonious law can ma ke in The state is If,vitally therefore, in- tosalarieslaw,"a go minimum so says far over as State ofOhio. the seven Superintendent entire months. state." Her minimum is placed at $135 for Shaeffer, " hasThe increased minimumWest salary Virginia, where in a given community local pride or local intelligence is salaries used to be proverbially low, I ! has established a 114andminimum third grade scale certificates of $35, $30, respectively. and $25 for THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL first, second, teachermore years' to make duration. teaching in a given community his lifeSALARIES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS The ideal system would be for the 115 forzationsincreased better in salaries.many salaries states isEncouraged bright have indeed.begun by systematic such reports campaigns as these, teachers' organi- The immediate outlook for generally ofestablishwork.side. educational himself and associal the legitimateinterests for leader the whole and country-director Our country Thendistricts he havecould no become such inspirational a power for good, and teacher'snumber tenure of years of office. spentBefore in the closing service the as chapter a teacher we must say a word about the By this we do not mean the for teachersgenerationsheads nowoften and spendgrow are upamuch lifetime underIn the Germany theirinworse a single instruction becauseand school. Denmark, of and it. go by forth way of illustration, rural Several tohisweas rural arelife teacher agreed workteachers in thatthe only. samethe professional community. teacher but we mean the length of time spent The discussion relates makes teaching tothem.mastersfrom be thefree androoftree from to theteach of many their their economicschool children to blesscares in turn thesewhich to school-revere are so They are paid enough to make a fair living and morefactnature, that than rural almost; one teachers or andtwoA like terms.Longseldom the Tenure journeyman teach forin theRural carpentersame Teachers. district they They are peripatetic by It is a palp;.ble endisprevalent problemimportant that rural in that the for school itsprofession the friends ultimatetenures work on be solutionthis greatlywith side might oflengthened. thethe and Atlantic.rural main school to the It canifand munityruralnever move teachers rest, onwhere to but new arethey must fields.to teach exertever andsoa real become influence a blessing in the com- to the Thinking people will see that often pick up their kit farmamust good child end. teacher and the it mustfarmThe payhome, tenure that this teachermust pernicious become longer.practice When a district gets living wages, and it should, if at all possible, enter upon a contract of two or t., t ourwith farm the homesenvironment. are copying the comforts and conveniences RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS But now it is otherwise. Now 117 RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS : CHAPTER VII TECTURE SANITATION AND ARCHI- ,r andof their village city neighbors,school architecture Theexcept Rural in school hasSchoolhouse kept matters pace ofonly. with Song the and Story. In city ruralmaterial communities. and spiritual thriftSpiritualization is gradually of settling Rural Life. upon our Pioneer life with all A new atmosphere of its attendant everymarchearlyschool hamlet, ofstages. purposes. city whilelife. many cities boast veritable palaces for Well-equipped, modern buildingsIn ruralare be- districts architectureModern is yet inschoolhouses its may be seen in indeedmentofhardships settlement and becoming and'growth. hastrials been" hasspiritualized." succeededcome and gone. by a period of develop- Life in many rural communities is This manifests itself The early period ginningCommunitiesdencesrejoiced to of toappear progress know. comprising in someare the sections exceptionwealthy of farmsteads therat country,her than which thewe arerule. are But, everything considered, such evi- inhedgerows,great untoldgrowing towering ways. love flowers, barns,for the shrubs well-keptbeautiful. and lawns trees and Better and more commodious houses, all bespeak the close-trimmed tiontheyetsupplied can largely" little offer with redcontent in everything theschoolhouse way to get of that alongconvenience a " twentieth-century of with New what andEngland theyluxury civiliza-have or are the notafterchanges kept the wsthoticabreast in the nearofand the Butennoblingfuture times. in thisit will in march life,surely the for cease rural better schoolto things,be an has im- in this reaching out Unless it undergoes great tumble-downTimeproverbial,his immortal has dragged chimneyrectangular In School in at rural the box Days:other, districtswith so entrance familiar since atWhittier in one the endWest. sang and portantlivedknot inagency or log dwelt cabins in ruralon andpraide progress. read and at nightplain by in thehouses light built of a ofpine sod So long as the settlers AroundStill sits itthe still schoolhouse the sumachsA And raggedby grow, the blackberry road,beggar sunning; vines are running. hauntsandindeed clay, for for andfuel, school used log purposes.houses the accumulation and sod shanties from did the very buffalo well 116 They were in full harmony bramblesAlas! it still thrive and twine in wild confusion outside, is with us yet, forlorn and unkempt. Weeds and toexcept118 dust! where many pattering feet have worn the ground THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ago. A case in point came to the writer's noticeA schoolhouse a short time was struck by lightning and burned RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 119 goodbuildingsness senseand beautiful where in other the and matters youngIs most it not refuse areworth sad initiated thattoliving see communities thatforinto in the all life schoolthat mustwhich is use excellent busi- cationseyesore.to the ground for a new building, filing them at the house of one The board immediately drew plans and specifi- a good riddance indeed, as it was an old theverybesings inchild's attributesharmony of life" feet ? withwhich that these creep the teachingsteacher slow to strives schooland not to " makedevoid when part heof con- theof Need any one be surprised that the poet tooflinestion thebeany showed identical paintedmembers, sort was that drab with calledwhere the with the new thefor old. whits') bidsexceptbuilding were trimmings that wasreceived. the to new beinstead erectedhouse of was onall Not a single improvement Investiga- templateshoursandforlorn, winter and setthe daysblast,in ugly, some andwhere uninviting fence weeks the corner, child forstructure, many mustexposed needswind-sweptyears to summer spendof his many andlife? sun taxpayersboard.ing.white as wouldbefore! have been glad to pay for a modern build- It was clearly a case of ignorance on the part of the And this in a wealthy community whose Verily,taryregard Schoolhouses. it for is notthe surprisingdistrict school!State that manyLaw tochildren prescribe have Rules so little for Construction of Sani- Perhaps the most important event buildingnoadministration. school or district remodel shall an beEvery old allowed building state toshould erectwithout passany first new laws submit- school to put an end to such mal- Let them be to the effect that hereafter theizsomittees new that schoolhouse.quite do not commonly seem to realizeone thefinds thedistrict's even significance recent history structures ofis this,the planning and building of Many boards and school com- proval.architectauthorityting complete Some appointed(say, state state plans boards boardby and the of specificationsof stateeducation health superintendent) together have to someshown with competent anforpraise- able ap- sometimesing,builtlack heating, without of knowledge be and regard an sanitation.excuse, forof the the though essentials essential usually inelements schoolhouse it of light- con- Financial limitations may is due to a allhundredgestiveworthy the latest zealplans dollars inimprovements and furnishing, to specifications, several inthousand in pamphlet school varying dollars, architecture. form, in cost whicha series from embody of a sug-few Placed struction. in the hands of county superintendents and other super- 4.: petusvisors,120 to such modern plans school will do Choiceconstruction. a world of of Site. good and lend new int% THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The first step is to choose a site. The RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 121 isessential bethenone unwise contour too thing good.to ofsacrificeto thekeep country in other mind requisites,will is that permit, the such best though as to soil, be it found sightli-would The location should be as central as ness,wellshould,In any and removed case ifthe possible, thelike, from location to thebe thesingle disturbingshould most item be beautiful sightly.influences of central in the oflocation. railroaddistrict, The outlook childrenIndeed,poortracks, drainage mines,an is avoidabledamp and is basements notmanufacturing cause to be of and consideredmuch foundations plants. sickness for occasionedamong a moment. school by A low site and may turn all our attentionArrangement toThe siteof Floor being Space. chosen, Doom No. I. inexpensive buildingFlo. used 4. in North Carolina.we Design and floor plan of a good justasdrainage,highhill sucha crest backgroundenough sites. be and selected. to yet command lyingto the reasonably north a good and view well west and sheltered. would give it affordsuitable a Neither should some bleak, wind-swept The ideal site would be a location Trees canthatherethe afford plan nolet buildingusof to onceconstruction. dispense committee with And more repeat, settingsuitablefinally,and dry, for protection every andthe schoolhouse. freeschool andfrom ground at all the putrefying same should time have substances. give an aninexhaustible excellent The site should be porous Then, importancerangementarchitect.thP services is and of must be the The interior ar- of paramounta competent supplyimportance.on play of purea part water, in rural which, school we sanitation shall see, evermust increasing from now in toation.first get to the receive greatest utility out The problem is how our consider- PLAx NO. 1. Creac&MI:15 122 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL mainturalof the beautyroom smallest of 3.nd the harmony RURAL SCHOOLspace, BUILDINGS without destroyingone-room therural architec- school building. of the exterior. Take the 123 measuresquareforsize which will feet to dependexceedof it flooris intended. 32somewhat space feet forin depth each bypupil, It should provideupon the number of pupils and should not at least 15 The Dom No. 2C. theyexceedSome deem authorities 30 thesefeet the holdlongest that measurements most satisfactory from way by 28 feetno in roombreadth, should measure to 26 feet in breadth. the as ND NO NgNMIas mi. IN NOON MINi NUNme IN standpoints of hearingLibrary, and seeing. Rest Room, and Cloak Rooms. 11111a1111:11111111111r11 IN1110MINIMIN NI MIN IMNMINSNINN1INDNNW IS ENNONMON ,Nb school cannot get along without a small library and A model read- MI111115113:1:111:13: 11= NO NM =is NMIOMMEN laIN MIN1.1. IN rooming room;for the and, teacher. to make The libraryit complete, should have may be fitted with a rest uullIllululiluUuluiuiuIIIIululuillIll II stAT*CMIDL "a MAD"Nev4 4+14EsAA4. needfora bay the notwindow, keeping be large ofwhich and may be utilized a school aquarium, etc. may be added at no great for plant culture, These rooms extra COAT* VWNWLe OCAT 411° outlay. e4rese.r arrow 0011G4 IN4ro4s providedsightly and for unsanitary. the boys andThe girls. old way of hanging Separate cloakwraps in the open halls is rooms should be un- FIG. 5. V. p rr 4ri*Lal0P4 TA oc rgz w Designe4 1 and floor plan showing howPLAe4 No.4 above "0 C G PLAN No. 2C. may be converted bethiswherever used purpose, in feasible and to furnish one heated and well-ventilated locker separate, numbered lockers for It is an excellent plan, to into a two-room structure. BEST COPY AVAILABLE necessarywraps. crowding and should be located The halls must be wide common by all the children for drying to provide against in such relation damp un- feetsightto124 the high; of schoolroom them. the schoolroom that the properteacher should can readily be high have enough ovtr- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Ceilings everywhere should be at least 13 OW* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1J'r 33 II 1 1 FIG. 6.Floor plan of rural school in California. if desired, be used as a library. Recitation room can, space.tounder allow the each entire pupil building. a minimumBasement: of its 250 Uses.A cubic highfeet ofbasement air should extend It should have ample glazing, be light and dry, and be cemented throughout, both floors BEST COPY AVAILABLE 5 . partspaceand walls.of must the remaining be walled space up for should furnace be andfitted fuel with room. work- A In case of heating by furnace aRURAL portion SCHOOL of the BUILDINGS 125 systembench,basementthis tank etc.,is used mustfor properly toshop alsosupply purposes. arrangedbe lavatoriesplaced can in andthe add basement.toilets immensely with water, to the Where the pressure tank Such a ventilation.tentionutility of has the been school paid building.Proper of late Heatingyears to andproper Ventilation. heating and Public and private edifices are now quite Considerable at- considerationgenerallyforEvery an adequateschool constructed is buildinggiven system along to nowadayspure, for hygienic purifying fresh, shouldlines, and the well-heatedwherein makeair, and provision careful heating air. freshtocannotthe our room air assistance. be somehow withaccomplished fresh to enterair atwithout and an toeven inducecalling temperature. the artificial vitiated means air to The only way to ventilate is to induce This leavebedangerousvery reduced the good room. at whileto recess a minimum the or children other of intermissions, practice. are in their seats, but is and positively should The method of window ventilation is gravitythethe expensive room system. by fanmeans system ofThere mechanical for forcingare only airdevice, two currents satisfactory and throughthe older systems of ventilation, The former is too elaborate to be practic- BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1 able126 for rural schools; so we must limit our attention to the THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL appliances for successful ventilation. RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS Let it be abolished 127 largemisunderstood.islatter. very buildings simple; but. with strange huge, as itunheated may seem, ventilator is yet frequently shafts The principle on which the gravity system works Many school boards are still erecting smallstovefrom the ashot-air modernset up furnace. ready school. forCon use struction appears of thea great Ventilating deal like Stove. a It comprises a cast-iron stove, The ventilating thegravitywhichpurified foul arepressure air expected must on be the carriedto cold-air carry into offcolumn thevitiated basement in the air flue! against and there thc or, what is more practical, carried off through Either municatesthetightlyinclosed heated and in athasaira heavythe escapesa circlefloor sheet-iron withofinto holes athe fresh-airjacket atroom. the which top Theconduit, through jacketfits the extend- which com-floor systemschools,heated ventilatoris particularlyexcellent, shafts. first, inHot-air becausethe Northwestern furnaces it does away have states. with been a heat-installed in some rural This theThewall,ing cast-iron underneathworking the opening surface,principle the being floor which is protectedsimple. to communicatesthe outside with aof coarse theits heatbasement screen. to the Fire in the stove heats ingisthenace apparatussupplied room must with beto in the placedathe constant heaterschoolroom in the throughcurrent basement. altogether, ofa fresh-airwarm, freshsince conduit airthe which fur-from Then it supplies comesinfluxandair between passes ofheated, fresh intoit and rises,air the throughthe room;and outer passes the andjacket. conduit, thisinto naturallythe which room. incauses turn be- an The heated air rises All this terstheing outsidein stove the floor. willand takesanswer up However,the the purpose foul forair very throughthe averagewell. return schoolhouse regis- a jacket ventilat- Such stoves whichwalls.itheated goes, helps airand rises then to removetowards it slowly thethe settles vitiatedceiling, towards airexpanding from the thefloor outward near the as A return current is created here by the stove draft, room. havewhich,Thisbe setbeen is up aas on greatready all the must improvement marketfor know,use forat anis a theonnumberoutlay thegreatest old-fashionedof of from years vitiating $35 and to stove,mayagent $45. Hygiene.Ofdraught this Dr. is byShaw a conduit givesAn aexcellentleading good description to way the toheated supplement in his chimney. School the insufficient stove He says : oxygenin the room in the in process th at of combustion, and has none of the it uses up enormous quantities of nized-iron ventilating duct shouldIn the be opposite constructed, side ofoblong the room in shape, from the stove a tin or galva- t having1 28this ductits cross-section should be within dimensions one foot THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL 12 X of the floor. 6 inches. The open endThe of flue should glassfrom thesurface upper should part ofbe theabout window. one fifth The of total the floor amount space of RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS I 29 Thereextending.where should to the the upright not ceiling be sectionany and curved rununites along with The ventilating duct should discharge angle in this duct but a curved bend that which runs thealong ceiling the ceil- to the chimney. into a large chimney In the middle of ofrearfurnished the room.of the from room. the side, windows may be placed at the If for any reason sufficient light cannot be This, however, works a hardship on thisflue,strongfromdeliver flue at leastthis theredraught the pipe.14 smokeshould x zoinwhen inchesthe andrun thereflue agases ofsheet-iron and iscross-section afrom drawbrisk the fire stove. area. the air outpipe of ofthe sufficient schoolroom capacity to in the stove will cause a The heat radiated lighttime,the teacher greenand should, whocolor is if obliged possible,Window to beface avoided. curtains the window and muchopaque of shadesthe should be used to mellow down the preferably of discardingthrough the ventila the old Ling stove duct.In for districts a new where the school boards are ventilating stove it is a reluctant about glaringdown.be placed light. at the middleBlackboards of the window and so Chalk as to Rails.roll up and The shades should be made double and Blackboards should goodAppendixironis plan thejacket tomost B).improvise and important a fresh-air such an featureconduitImportance one to of Correct Lighting. inby allfitting a strong sheet- the old stove. Correctschool lighting building (See occupyrayssetPupils between from all should available out or neverofat the doorswall sidesbe space haveobliged of exceptwindows, a tendency to stareon theas atto thelighted blackboards make direct side. them light presentconstruction.lighting.stitutional generation derangements is heir can be traced The glass surface should be Many forms of and a great many other con- ailments to which the directlymassed to poor on one theeconomicalsquint-eyed initialmost satisfactoryexpense inand the otherwise islong more. writing run injurethan surface artificial the ineyesight. use, boards, and isthough more The liquid slating commonly Slate is mannerside of the that room the lightonly, and the seats will come from the left and over arranged in such a usedtered has many objectionable features. NN all is exceptionally well finished, the board will be Unless the plas- theofseated.to shoulder. bethe above ceiling the and level be square, as The frames should reach to The window sills should be set high of the eyes of the largest pupils the best light is obtained within a few inches enough when rough,hardand cracks, onit will the weareyes.or it outwill and presentIf thebecome district a shiny full does ofsurface, unsightly not care extremely holesto go to the expense of pro. 1 3 I 130 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL %IP unsightly and unscreened, a veritable abomination to RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS beings curingcomingwilltoo, answerslate, in thebetter almost Hyloplate lengths as well. and the color a soothing green and similar compositionThese boardsbeing have easythe advantage to apply. of is highly recom- Then, ofstepsdemand fine sensibilities.in crime.a thorough reform in this breeding place Common decency and good morals in first mendedincheswill for be from its ample hygienic the tofloor takeBlackboardsproperties. and care as used in rural aboutof the 4 smallestfeet high. as well as schools should be 30 This circumstancestionsindefinitely may not : bemust 'amiss Outhousescontinue for districts to made use thewhich Decent. outdoor by Place the outbuildings at the rear of the The following force ofsugges-closets thecrayonchalk largest rails and pupils. erasers.zi inches wide,New Sanitaryto Appliances. The boards should be supplied Therecatch theis no dust reason and holdwhy with schoolyard,twotially sides and andoflarge. the as buildingfar apart as possible.to protect the privacy of entrance Place strong latticework screens on on the front and inner and exit. Build substan- Plant side ruralquestionfoundtroublesome schools in inwell-equipped should school phases not construction ashave this. city as But that time schools.should be past.sanitary toilets as hasare nowpresented so many Perhaps no one hardyofsothe asevergreens perennial totwo cover outhouses, the vinesor shrubbery against to separate the on lattice athe line boys' and entire structure. Mass a heavy growth halfway betweenhalf yard from train them wellWhereverlavatorieswhere or spring the it waterismay (andpossible besupply schoolhouses constructed to isget scanty), a at a good supply of water fromshouldgood never indoor be located closets andtotal outlay of about themarkingCover girls', thethus and walls affording scribbling. with all a Keepneededcoat of the privacy. sand inside of the In a corner of the room placeclosets scrupulously paint to prevent clean. $350book). (seeeration plans now of in Kirksville, school ! Mo.; Think what this will mean in rearing in sparing them from contact with viciousness occasioned byschool elsewhere in this the gen- bea boxhigh,in used the containing and fromvault. ventilating time ato time flues to coverwhich and Provide the buildings with windows, set mixture of earth and quicklime, to should extend several dry up the excreta muchloathsomeastrongly disgrace of the that indi and the cency shouldaverage and notrural outbuildings! We cannotbe tolerated. emphasizeschool closet is a shame and Usually it too is feetwith into catch the andvault. lock. Build the vault of masonry. constructing Make the doors strong and fit them it in such a trouble.way132 that the accumulations may THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL be removed without andplete, septic including sewer toilets, have repeatedly lavatories, been piping, built tank for with$350. pump, RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 133 ingsshall as dailyhe does lock so. and unlockLetNow, the the keyto doors, revert remain inspecting to sanitaryin the the teacher's indoor build- toilets.possession, who These ac- Adornment.progressivement, with age.the hygienicSchoolhouse appliances Construction demanded mustin this combine Utility with So far we have dealt with interior arrange-A word only is necessary concerning cessoriesmaypressurea good now of many and havea twentieth-century sewerage. asyears satisfactory in large civilizationa places system whichof haveits own havebeen by usedwater using But the remotest rural school schoolhousetheend exterior to be sought; ofexteriors.should architectural but be utilitythe most harmony attained practically and without beauty. arranged, robbing yet Utility must ever be the prime The thehousepneumaticartificial inside or pressure. in kumbing. pressure the ground tankThe near Pressurewaterin the the maybasement well, Tank be and pumpedand of connect Sanitarythe intoschool- with thePlumbing. Place a Itbebearthe must anmost the educational not stampattractive be overly of educational structureinspiration ornate, in yet purposethe to not thecommunity. too entire on strikingly its countryside.exterior, simple. and It should shouldthesotank ingeniously air measurepressure arranged aboutat one 200that and gallonsit the pumps same to the a time. 30-pupilwater and school, applies using hand or wind power with a force pump The tank Letservicein itsuch combine andproportions simple the practical beauty. as to present with the impressions graceful and of enduring ornate temsgradinggive are the up used best and inofdown privateservice. according dwellingsThe sewage to requirement. and is schoolhouses,passed through anda set of underground tanks Such sys- factoryconstructedanyand pipesup-to-date than and at open fullya plumber. very drains oxidized. little and cost cesspools. and is infinitely more satis- Such a sewerage system may be Plans may be furnished by The plant com- CHAPTER VIII thisfollow moving him toor thego cityuntaught for higher in the education higher branches.is to continue, INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART 135 If with its large attendanceThe andOld '3choolstrong teachervs. the New. had its faults, INDOOR FURNISHING AND ART The old-time rural school comethceducation whole devitalized. rural or as community practicalThe an as countryeducation well as child the as theschoolis manifestly city willchild, be- entitledand to as thorough an noschoolhouseof doubt;debating all the though common club; the it here countrysidewas interests they unquestionably held of gathered their the community.old-fashioned the for rallying the lyceum pointspelling- or At the Themattertohe theis time entitled citylies will in for centralization tobe it.get that it aright majority inand the consolidation of country country without children of schools. going can The ultimate solution of the whole atto"matches meeting," anybe gained rate and from yet fromsinging-schools, there our the modernwas place no estheticpointof holdingand of uplifton view; Sundaysthese of for consequence gatherings, the went school to ownmaybeattend realizedwholesome never well-built, forrealize acountry long well-equipped it timeat environment.all, to because come. graded of unfortunate schools in geo-their Some places, indeed, But this cannot theplasteredfurniturebuilding pioneer was andwas life invariably bare.rough of the and time; crude home-made, nobody and poorly expected theconstructed, walls anything mud- the But these things harmonized with Pointgraphicalbe done of Country location,for the Interests.great poverty, Thearmy andRural of boysthe School like. and girls must mentally again becomeand the Rallying Meanwhile, something must better.old-timeambitions attractions. and increasingIn our rural day, population alas! the haverural conspired school has lost many of its It is no longer a large school. Local neverbecometunatemorally againsurroundings. starvingthe seerallying it in the rural pointlarge districts, schoolof the amidstcommunity.that it oncethe most was; We unfor- butmay it The schoolhouse must once more ofhousetoschools ruralmultiply near population grew hissmall smallerown districtsbegan. front and yard. oftill less every vitality. farmer has a school- Little by little the many small Then the cityward flow The good teacher canandcenter in betteringa fromlarger which sense all who shall than may flowWe of yorefeel haveinfluences, theirbecome already touch. Irk.. the discussed inspirational the new architectural re- ot blessing, also turned his face to the city; the ambitious pupil had to 1: ,. 134 quirements in Chapter VII. The beauty, grace, and dignity136will point of the to modernit as our building schoolhouse must and be suchemulate that itspeople archi- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL stainedand broken windows, plaster, can warped noThe longer dirty, floor, havesmoke-begrimed rusty stove, and schoolhouse, with its cracked INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART a place in modern dirt- 137 homes.tectureshouldvelvety in presentgrass,the construction with an trees,appropriateThe shrubs,and grounds arrangement settingand must flowers. for be of the made their dignified ownattractive with plots of The whole tryincowitry rural boy life,and girlaif placewe for wish wherethe to farmSuperintendent reestablish and farm it aslife. the L. rallying B. Evans point on the Importance of we shall hope to save the coun- structuresoftcheerful,mony shade, with placed attractive. blendingthe in exterior. its midst. well with the woodwork and black- The walls should be tinted some It must be homelike, bright,The interior must be in har- Schools:saysEstheticB. inEvans, the Environment. Report of Georgia, of the Committeeemphasize ofthis Twelve vital point. on Rural Let Superintendent Lawton He bayboards;tic window touch pictures to to the add shouldroom; a sense flowering adorn of lovethe plants wallsfor nature; shouldand lend while fill an the books artis- ample reachlovethem,1.4 flowers, thatthat degree make and them ofpictures, culture clean andwhere and well nothing ordered, else will that children are daily surrounded by those influences that proper decorations, they at make them elevate last addand astatuettes real scholastic and plaster touchSuch tocasts surroundings the mayatmosphere. be depended exert a marvelous on to influence over the environment.andthemWhen flowers; clean, they growneat, for they brightup andhave with have been pictures, homes brought ofand their fringed up to be happy in no other own, they must have with shade trees please them. children.knowncomeful which from will will enterhomes last a as newwhere long life asculture in life the lasts. school,and refinement a life which are they un- They arouse in their hearts a love for the beauti- The children who bookslifeshouldof home happy when help we and heareto healthy.formis content at school, a disposition to live he willin, and forhave thosethe influences things The true test of our civilization and culture is the kind If the farmer's boy can be taught to love a library in his home when that make homeof our schools homeswillgenial.will soon find abounding learn the new to in love school modern and atmosphere crave.comforts and homelike conveniences and con- All classes will be satisfied and will come to look The children from becomesschool,he becomes she a woman. will a man; want if pictures the farmer'sLet and us flowers nowgirl co.' and sider embroidery the schoolhouse interior can be taught decoration at in detail, when she bestupon in the human district endeavor. school and its work as the noblest and ' mayafter bestwhich be we procured. shall discuss how the fitting and furnishing 138 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART 139 willthanfinished. dependhard Afinish, uponcoarse-grained and the looksWallslighting better andsurface of Woodwork.the when room.is The walls should be float- less liabletinted. to crack A north expo- The color theingableroom toseating nicety. the and size bythen of placing thegrading pupils. the down largest to theseats in the rear of the Non-adjustable desks must be graded accord- The usual way is to arrange smallest at the front. sureposure,and demands terra-cotta, on the warm, contrary, and in orange and soft tints in red, as cream, salmon, takes colors which will absorb yellow. A south ex- Shades in gray and rowSomethatthe next rows theteachers to teacher downthe wallnow to may thefarthest prefer windows.keep to the place unruly the largestbig boy seats as well in a as from the windows and grading This has the advantage thearoundcolorgreen sunlight arethan the theand theroom best. give walls. abouta cooling A twopicture effect. feet molding below The ceilings should be tinted a lighter the ceiling.should extend A therecorda smallplain, books,one well under set-up etc. immediate pieceNecessary of surveillance. Equipment, The teacher's desk should be The library should be a cozy room. furniture, with drawers for dropwithtotion ceiling avoidwalls for a ofall south olive-green, ivory-whiteflorid exposure. designs; makecarried the a remarkablydown to If wall paper is used, it is well plain ingrains are the most finethis molding,combina- constructionTheMattingbuilt book right on shel the inof thefloor'esthe should wall;building. would or have beadd movable, muchglass doorsto theif added andappearance. may after be the The room should further satisfactory.catchingthe natural ornaments. grain if theThe wood woodwork is of good should be plain and It is an excellent idea to finish it in quality end matched free from dust- havestraight-back a polished chairs, reading a settee, table,the and at latter leasta couple for one-half the of useeasy dozen of chairs visitors. The schoolroom and dictionary fortints grain.entrance, is to be most preferred. of theFurniture. light coming Otherwise a paint harmonizing with the wallThe pupils' desks should face the main from the left. Single themaps,equipmentwith library stationary a set ought should of physiological standeach include tobuilt have a against case charts, an ofunabridged the standard wall. geographical reading and number The further desksreasons.anda trifle are seat preferable, more may expensivebe adjusted both for than to disciplinarythe pupils' needs with Adjustable seats and desks are desirable, the others. Both the deskand hygienic remark-though charts,schools.may be a globeexpressly and recommended suchWe other underscore necessary by the the wordapparatus "necessary" as above because ex- superintendent of 140 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND AgT 141 firstmoneytheperience mostto befor hasniggardlycaught such taught apparatus in the thatspirit toils theas in by is schoolthe reallywily expenditure agents directors with who ofexpensive school show needed are often the districttodemanding get as can many afford.water of andthe soapteacher'sUnfortunate and paint.necessary the school " tools" whose as theboard members are un- Later he purposes unnecessaryparaphernaliaCoin of the in Realm." for the sale rural schools.Superintendent 0. J. Kern on " Throwing away Good Superintendent 0. J. Kernparaphernalia speaks both useless and superintendentreasonablyinequipment! the end, chary create back in a expendingfavorable him up. sentiment school money in the for community, needed Let the teacher insist and persist; Between them they can, let the derfulSchools,right tochart the in portraying whichpoint inhe histhe Insteadsays: wholeadmirable of scheme spending book in the$35 Among education or $50 Country of of the man school iunds for a won- manyshelvesandeasy-chairs win have and the such dictionaries inpoint. school! thoughts. are very good; but settees and Some people may saythis desks is going and too far! But, mind, the time is not far No doubt, $35,cannotmoneyfromlems to the foruserelating"clearly cradle paint? it in totheillustrate to celesti2 theaverage grave, and school. practically why notA planetarium use solve the the same difficultadvertised amount prob- for of The chart stands neglected becavs2 the teacher sphere, ecliptic, eqt.inoxes, apogee and distantthe well-appointedwalls when and even woodwork easy-chairs schoolhouse!Choice finished will of bePicturesoff conceded and the : furniture a place pro-in Things to be Considered. With jackethardwoodusesarydeclination, it; piece around offloor, retrograde apparatus the paint stove motionforin and the the many hands ofwalls, the other of planets, a a towel teacherthings, etc.," rack, morewho may a knows waterthan be aplaneta- tank,howneces- to a but country schools are needing shades for the windows, a thisofteachervided, pictures. important we must are useready task the willto greatest consider later bediscrimination the reflected wall decorations. in correct in the choicestand- Good taste and artistic skill employed in The ratusthrowingriumsthe beyondmoney and away geometrical to the purchasegood use coinof blocks. thelumber, of average the realmpaint, country blackboards,in such school. purchases and soap. of appa- And yet the school officers are Rather use ofandwallsards place ends. of should life except acquired not in be a cozy-cornercovered in the school. with or picture den at cardshome. and odds This gives the room a stuffy effect, and is out To begin with, the Loud- fromschools it! may get alongThe without progressive working Illinois apparatus. educator does not mean that He begins the campaign at the beginning by Far suchcalendarscolored ornamentation chromos, of doubtful gaudy meritis to advertisements, shouldtrain the be childrenavoided. and inilluminated the hap- ;.., To permit 142cheery,barichazard, home butwhich at decorations. the is boundsame time to bear THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The schoolroom" restful should in its be color, decora fruit in gaudy, semibar- tions,roomupon and theof, atmosphere." say,size 28 The number, size, and shape and arrangement of thefeet by 30 feet, five or s:x good-sized of the pictures will depend schoolroom. In a pic- turesroom.enough24 would inches, The to be be picturesunframed. easily enough. studied from shouldIt approximateis a good idea 18 to inchesuse plain by hard- By good size is meant large the farthest corner of the nailspendwood into theframes; thepictures wall. black from or brown Itthe is also are essential very to consider lightmolding and tospace avoid in hangingdriving attractive. Sus- showpictures.oppositeHang off to horizontal the best windows, advantage pictures where in strong these are For example, pictures of wherever the wall space is long indistinctlight, say, details on the will wallmassed on one side. andspacesame pictureslow, reasonat as, the forfor sides instance, the library above can be vertical pictures will look best in the narrow of the windows or between them. the blackboards.considerably smaller, and For the The theirmentsEvery hanging of picture furniture, be governed should etc.Every be by selected Picture selected should have shape of wall space, arrange- lor real educative value. Educative Value. MODEL COUNTRY SC ot4te:- This may take the form of study of nature and animal INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART 143 life,nell'sing,Br6zik's as or inBattle Douglas's Bonheur's Columbus of Lexington, Vikings; Horse at theFair, Boughton'shistorical Court Adan's of interest, PilgrimIsabella;Summer as Exiles, Even-in Bick- or study of Note the andgreatGeorge genuine men, Washington, as artistic in Duplessis' worth, or Trumbull'sas Benjaminin Hoffman's Alexander Head of Hamilton; Christ, Franklin, Stuart's Model country schoolroompictures,sectionalWaterbury shown etc. bookcases, system at a recent ofsuspended heating, globe,stove casein extreme of maps, corner, Illinois State Fair. fern, neatly framed single seats, greatMillet'sprints, masters The carbons, Angelus, are photogravures, easy orWe Raphael'sto are procure. fortunate and Sistine color to Madonna. liveprints at froman age the when copies of the Reproductions in originalsofferedlines.make aforin specialty paintings,sale at veryof supplying sculpture, reasonable the and needsprices architecture of by schools firms whichin are these .74 tiveness and scholasticPlaster atmosphere Casts. of the room. Plaster casts add much to the attrac- At least theyonereproductionsincluding good-sized are inexpensive, busts cast of of the should great world'sand men,bethe bestrange American sculpture. of ,u...;,cts and foreign, and found in every rural school ; NeN.,er select is large, South Dakota. Excellent light, good byasa perfectly theythe way,are whiteless are liable readilycast ;to soilrenovated and show by giving them a coat ivory and cream colors are better, dust. Soiled casts, School District at, Turnerpicturesheatingimpression. County, apparatus, slate blackboarkl, on th .! wall;1 alone '78 detracts from the single desks. The arrangement o! otherwise satisfactory of gold or bronze paint.It is hoped that the following groups of casts and pictures 179 INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART r45 sufficientamay144 selection be suggestive for for the average rural school. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL the school. and aid the rural teacher in making Any one group should be etchings,allThe of Prang Boston, casts, Educational etc.: Mass.Pictures:Reliable Co., and dealers TheHorace Perry in K. PictureTurner Co., A. W. Elson and Co., photogravures, prints, engravings, Co. Bonheur;Adan; Battle Cicero's of Lexington, Cast:FirstOrationPictures: Group. Washington. againstBicknell; The Boy Christ, Hoffman; Sumre.cr Catiline, Maccari. P.er in the Forest, Evening, City.both of Boston; and BerlinCasts:Now, Photographic P. how P. Caproni can we Co., secureand New Co., the York and desired Curtis schoolroom and Cameron, deco- Millet; SecondPictures:Cast: Group.Samuel Adams. Monarch of the Glen, Landseer; Sistine Madonna, Raphael; The Gleaners, Pilot, Seeley.Washington Letpectedmoneyrations? us firstto for do seethis so; what purposetherefore, other and, wesections indeed,must ofresort ourcan tocountry other means.are ac- School directors may not care to spend district hardly be ex- crossingOld Monarch, the Delaware, Bonheur;Cast: Leutze;Pictures:Third Battle Webster. Group. Taking Primaryof a School in Brittany, Bunker Hill, Trum- Geoffroy; An proximatingleaguecomplishing was organized in6o,000 school enthusiasticThe decoration.in 1898 School and Improvement has a membership League ap- of Maine. teachers, pupils, This and bull;Kaulbach. Planting Potatoes, Cast:FourthMillet; Lincoh.. Group Pied Piper of Hamelin, andtrollingmotivepatrons patrons." of scatteredinterest the organization inthroughout the school " isthe onthe state. theawakening part of itsof pupilsa con- What remarkable success it has met with The underlying bul!theMeadow ; library Pool, and readingPearce;Pictures:The room:Holy following Family,Signing pictures Declaration are very of Independence, suggestiveKabyle, Schreyer; Princes in the Tower, Murillo. subjects for Galahad,Millais;Trum- canwhic best h readsbe seen : from the Thestate statement superintendent's that the School report, Improvement League has done ofWatts;land;Athens; Longfellow, Stratford-on-Avon, The Sphinx, EmtWashington rson, Egypt; andEngland; Shakespere's Mann; at Dorchester The The Reader, Heights, Stuart; Sir Benjamin Franklin, Duplessis; PhotogravuresHouse, Eng- Parthenon, Hunt; instances(luringmoreconditions, for the thatthe past bettermentitsthe quarter correctness necessity of ofa for centurycannottheIt changes hasschools longerrenderedhas beenand than be convincing itsprovenquestioned. any greatest other by serviceso theagency many people by calling attention to present Sir Walter Scott, Leslie; Victor Hugo, Bonnat. 180 L. 181 146concerned that the work must be THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL done by those living in the con INDOOR FURNISHINGS AN:3 ART for her school ? The147 alwaystionmunitypeople of theremits,in that whichentire they not populationthe must only school decidein better ofis anywhat located. schools,shall but besection donealso in and upon showing be its responsible school the interests Concentrating the atten. doanswer toteachersshe provide will will haveof suchthe to county workdecorations aloneunder or depend upon several things the leadership of the super-in conjunction with other upon whether Thesechoiceforand its estheticperformance. efforts,of possibilities, inculture. turn, result taste in This necessitates the devising of plans, intellectualselecting, training, and moral judgment nurture, in using. the makeintendent.campaign,if the use superintendent of everyher work ounce willplaces of be If she has to depend solely on himselfnatural greatlyat ingenuity the head simplified. ofto thewin ars out; herself, she must ingthe conditionsan influence of almostrc.sultingIn everyits few years of existence surroundings, and well-suppliedin renovated andschool beautified in the state bythe exert- league has improved single-handedwhat she has and done unaided othersThisMiss bycanis what a entered one Kansas upon her duties'as teacher do,teacherof a or certain at herhas least superintendent.accomplished, try to do. And ruralinteriors,tosense quote school betterof further responsibility libraries. physical from he league report, " in an the pupils are manifesting in mattersBut, " even better than that," increasing smallclean!foundunusual district the buildingin in rural Atchison schools,in a fair county, statewas readily This latter feature, which was as of repair, andin scrupulouslySeptember, Igoe,. traced to the wife of remarkable as it is She ofin primeaccomplishing the local importance school." praiseworthy to Other results. states, following the them, and in a stronger interest example set by Maine, are Tens of thousands oneand aof dirty water the forbade her to permit schoolroom. directors, whose Dutch habits of calcimined a startling navy-blue' The woodwork was painted a " teacher " to look upon love for soap Group- dingy of dollarsdecorations.arepractically doing are expended much unknown; now cities and Only a few yearsfor back art inthe the movement school, through was local annually now for rural school villages everywhere improve- gray,ingsfarm withwith of machinery picturewalls calendars cards, almostand gaudy the without benefits of stock-food, together display cards number,illustrative were of sprinkled in mentothertion associations, ways arises, accumulating what by shallWhat the can the 1,:dividual Teacher 182 conducting lyceum courses, and in funds. individual rural school teacher Do. Now the ques- a ludicrousgrotesquestep was surroundings to get the walkWhat the Plucky Teacher can fashion over this background. the art campaignretinted. began. 183 Accomplish. The firstThe board yielded to Amidst such INDOOR FURNISHINGS AND ART 149 148muchtheroom. teacher's persuasion whim, on as As a result, work THE AMERICAN RURAL her part, and agreedthey to no doubt considered began the very next SCHOOL repaint the it, after Friday whichpupilsto concentrate wasa plan enthusiastically for securing all efforts on two pictures by way pictures for the barereceived walls, by a all. It was agreed of begin- plan wallsmorning,evening,the samea pearly and there color. when graywas the theand room This much was accomplished children returned to schoolthe woodwork a deeper beautiful and fresh with its shadeMonday theof first ningofBonheur-Milletprogrammes the third Friday were programme in sent to everywas Bonheur's Horse Fair and November. patron andarranged resident for in the eveningPrinted invitationsMillet's and Angelus. by Miss D., the X" betterweekmuch;we atthings. all anwe could outlay could ofall $13.50, have do as well if we only Some may say she did not done as well. and the way was opened towould! How many of us This is very true, accomplish district.waitedwhichthem toon were furnish the tohousewives be a basketused for supper Moreover, a committee, headed school decorations.of the community, for two, the proceeds from Whensoliciting the forhave best really school the temerity work ? to How manyinsist of us on what we deemof our way to change nresent inconvenience essential atime crowdedSong set by arrived the School the following programme house: "0 Come, Come Away" was rendered to schoolourselvessuchearly evils?initiative preferment and really is the goand out rise This much is certain, the teacher to have; she will in the educational world. teacher who has be sure of Brief" LifcQuartet" Historytalk: and "OurWorks selected of the Aim" of Horse Rosa Fair ' Bonheur " " "The Hardscrabbles" Teacher A boyA girl ascopies aopening next step, exercises to Arttalks Programmes on and of the providedPerry at herpictures own expenseand Basket Suppers. art, in this way devoted small seekingdeskthe toMiss D., daily " LifeVocal" HistoryBrief and Solo: talkWorks of on"the The "of 'Schoolhouse Angelus JeanVesper Francois Bells ' " " Decoration" Young woman from the countyMillet seat " County Superintendent A boyA girl thatcreatedinary our a teacherloverural forteacher; was no more the beautiful. but she had a love for of an artist than is the or-It is well to state here these things SupperAuctionStatement of Baskets of Finances The School excellentandHow was to thoroughlybooks Enjoy as Pictures, Coffin's etc. lsglt versed in them, through How to Study Pictures, Soon she launched before reading such Emery's her Song:the " Goodtotal to $43.40.The supper netted $37.40. Night " After paying the expense of ' Free-will offerings increased 185 printing chases,betheI SO expended programmes including for anddecorations. size invitations, and price: there remained $41.90 to THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Here is a list of the pur- somethingfollow.the occasion. elaborate. Thanksgiving Day affords opportunity toINDOOR plan FURNISHINGSAfter ANDthe programme ART a basket supper should Then in many rural districts the 151 Bonheur'sMillet'sAbrahamBust of George Angelus,Horse Lincoln, Fair,Washington, Brown Brown Color Print, Print,Print, Half 22 z8 18 XSize x 32x 22 22 $ 7.0045.00 00 foregokind.Christmaswould some mean holidays ofto theher are communityhome unexcelled pleasures; of toilersfor enterprisesbut whose think missionary what of this it Of course it would mean that the teacher must HenryBoughton'sFrames Wadsworth for Pilgrims the above Longfellow, Going pictures to Church, Brown Print,Color 18Print, x 32 18 x 221 $41.50 i r so 5.00 Ruraltothat bear teacher Schools. its reward. is! What the County Superintendent can do for Art in It wouldThe be county time well superintendent invested and can certain generally suddenlytrictgramme "in lastingandchanged. social results. eveningIt is hard to to the overestimate the value of this one pro- Clean walls, painted in restful tints, The school atmosphere became " Hardscrabble Dis- countymentdoplan more to would intosupply than groups, anybe the for otherschools himmaking, person to with organize say, todecorations. plan the all atownship concertedthe schools the move- ofunit the An excellent thegreetedforthem wall the from thespoke beautiful happy their in noframes, children;in uncertain life thusblessing implantedterms, and looking inspiring. in the do child wn upon breast all day long the pic ..ires on The love ofhibitedexhibitsments grouping. withfor for one onethe or loanoftwo the days,of many pictures. at the art largest firms andhaving most traveling centrally Then let the superintendent make arrange- These should be ex- willnumerousparents bear aalike bountifuloccasions are blessed harvestforProgrammes holding in suchin its similar atime. teacher. of Similar programmes. Nature. The The school year affords Children and situatedliespartteacher whollyin theschoolhouse in enterprise.the in thetownship, energy or hall withoutand enthusiasm exception, displayed must have by all a The success or failure of the exhibit in each township. Every teacherTheroomthe best appearanceinmight seasonable fruits plan from ofa Harvest theproductsthe roomschool Home ofas garden thewell Social, soil, as would to as decoratingthe corn addimportance and much cane.th" to of 186 canthewayattend. teachers. get as the to largestavoid undue number crowding of patrons at any and one children time. to The time might readily be planned in such a Let them vie with -ach other to see who 187 In missionthe152 country for oneadults, can with readily reasonable charge twenty-five reduction on cents family ad- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL campaign.in our country districts everywhere lend Let allINDOOR do something FURNISHINGS to satisfy AND the ARTrural child's a hand in the 153 responsibletickets,township and rounds forfifteen the and success centsThe giving, superintendentfor of children.perhaps,the exhibits an oughtaddress by making to on make school the himself personally cravingmakingthe common for their the inheritance schoolhousesbeautiful and of allattractivethe mankind. uplifting and in life homelike.Let us do it by which is decorationslendingpublicassure himselfthanhimself and intheir anyto of the importancea other larger cause way. acquaintanceshiphe tocould education. do more amonggood and By thus the shouldTurnerand be be Company,expended divided equally forArt Thepictures Publishers among net proceedsand the and casts.participating Importers from admissions ofschools, Boston; and sales of pictures The Horace K. ThefirmsArtWitter Prang Company which Company, Educational send of out Boston, Fifth loan Company Ave., exhibits are someNew offor Chicago;York; ofeducational the andmany The The purposes. reliable J. Soule C. gritprise,art decorationswill some do wonders.persistent is not work,anIt can impossibility. andthus a be reasonable seen that tomeasure supply of our rural schools with Teachers may wage the campaign A little enter- superintendent.unaidedresultssuccess. orhave in abundantlyconjunction justified with other the laborteachers necessary and the for Wherever the plans have been tried, Let teachers, superintendents, and friends of education1. 4 strangerhis father there. and grandfather before him had scant time for NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS In the struggle to subdue forest and plain 155 CHAPTER IX ratherhimenoughanything prone than he but inheritsto to judgelove wring certainit nature for a livingits " byownpractical thefrom sake. commercial the " traits soil. which standard make To change these Naturally environmentis time to!ropsider theNow value that of we a corresponding have set the school outdoor building to rights it NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS of school grounds and school gardens which ofchildmisconceptionspowers, life, in directing its and own there little theits nativenewdevelop world teacher adaptabilities, and in the lead must child it bealong breast sentiments,able the to a pathwaysympathytake andthe relationstructure.shallever make it tobecame We anindoor appropriatehave necessary art already and setting similar alludedto do for so branches totheon this accountdignified subject of esthetics. of modern when-its close Americantoingwith the of its surpassingnature environment boy and and nature'sbeautiesgirl and will in waystheno of longerchildrural mindenvironments, be in an danger understand- of thede- then, once awakened flowers,It childandremains groves from shrubs, now the may to allurements and pointbe madetrees, out instrumentshow moreof city school in life detail and ingardens, howsaving make beautiful himlawns,the farmcon- ofsertingally our calledpresent the farm nature difficulties for study.theNature man-made in school Study glitterwork Defined. in of what the We city.is may gener- find a solution for many This is not so much an attempt tentedschoolall withalong work life relied hason the beentoo farm.Our much too School formal on text-books Work and bookish. too to Formal the Weneglec, and have Bookish. of All our riculum.toIt add applies another in great subject measure to an toalreadya leaventhe entire overcrowded infused course into of oldstudy,cur- forms It is rather a new direction given to old subjects than anything else. realtoimportance religion. livingsee that nature. fromof the it love have anti sprung study loveot tiature, of art, and science, are coming and Paradoxical as it may sound, the farm child IT^.: we are beginning to realize c carefulsincelessonslesson it observation in l'nglish composition of nature through as readily a properly almost directedas through is inpossible to encourage the child to closegeography and and elementary science. Most has lived in the very heart of nature and yet remained a 154 satisfactory, perhaps, is the definition of Dr. Clifton F. 191 Hodge in his56 well-known book, Nature Study and Life THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL We must begin at the beginning and study from the NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS 157 munitiesthingsthatHe formulates are that best those make worth things it, life as knowing, most arc" learning manifestly worth to living."thethose bestend things worthof doing in knowing nature those In rural com- busywithwithbottom at the up. coron goods in nature or with its evil things. nature. tasks little calculated to make them familiarAs a nation Americans areOur not school intimate children have been kept aye,whichgreatestAmericans more tend oft whichto theagricultural make normal help people themlife nations! thereto realize content that ruralwith lifetheir is lot; for the best life attainable in this andimportancetheChildren influencebatrachian should to lifeof knowanimals. sheltering on the the farm value forests of of beneficent pure and air shade and birds, pure trees, insects, water, the They should, on the other fication.far-reaching.The values of nature studyHow Natureto the rural Study child is Valuableare many andto the Rural Child. While some make use of two divisions only,Writers offer various methods of classi- everywhere,hand,animals, be familiar noxious such withas weeds destructive theIt and pestsappeals multiform constantly insects, strongly vegetablebirds, menacing to anda farming disease. other life community to have ethical,thesemanywsthetic valuesas (4) fiveand religious, asscientific,or more. (5) educational. (i) economic, (2) For convenience we mayothers classify go farther and give as aesthetic, (3) social suchhouseeffecttheir beginnings isand children to farmdraw homeever accomplishhigher closer through motives the kindredties will which eventually interests. bind the develop. school- real, tangible results. Out of The scientific.creasecertainly in populationnot the highest, farmingEconomic. nature-study value. In the past we have been wasteful and prodigalThe economic is counted the first, though lust become intensive and With in- toforAtthe learn allthe woods events, farm in school childand the over studyandhitherto onthe of excursions hillsunknown.real thenature thousand with opens the andpossibilities teacher one thingsinto It is a grand thing ofdemandsin ourthis economy great we greater mustresources; every study returns day. but nature fromwe are theand learning soil. learn fromnew lessons it how to Increasing cost of farm lands To accomplish renewedwhichforthings him make ofinterest to practical learn,life worthin too. the value schoolliving. for thethat farm. can teach his children It is doubtful whether the average The farmer will take a There are things ductiveness.provide against needless waste and insure increased pro- fungusfarmer growths, realizes and the the harm like, doneto be seenby the about unsightly the premises; weeds, S' 3 Somesavingor158 the day valuethe hisorchard of children birds and and willfield toads come from and home ravage beneficent from and the devastation. insectsnew rural in THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL stillstudywonders voice and ofdigof nature and plant. shouldor its sublime be permitted influence; to commune with NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS At home and at school the small we must 159 teachschoolto their him. sense of the perfect.Esthetic. All mankind love the beautiful. the modern complement of The human mind receives an farm life It appeals and shrubsustheground through boy and is andbeautiful spreadingmore girl than offlowers trees. we country can and realize wavingschools the grasses, firstand cause country sheltering to weary life. A forlorn, wind-swept school upliftsubduedwardunification in contentment the primitive harmony of diverse andnature and happiness.elements, symmetry with which manifesting coming it has had through itself to contend in the out- As soon as a people has sideteachonTeach the by them themsideschool withtothe diggrounds surpassingthem. and plant; and beauty in as the teacher, of school rural dig environment gardens and plant Then the very Earth shall preach ') andTheanitself has instinctive pages withwrung ofthe fromhistory cravingbeautiful it afurnish sustenance, to get us above untold it seeks the illustration. sordid to surround in life. in nature, thereby satisfying The mayloveher sermons todo dwell much in close to their teach to ears nature'sSocial children and and makeheart. toEthical. respectthem strong the rights in their of Properly directed, nature study Lateloverock-ribbedgardens ofexcavations the and beautiful tombs parks at of Nippur whichin Egypt a nation 6000 tell bear the livingyears silent story ago5000 witness of gladdened marvelous to this the years ago. spect,andothers.girl moral isthe full better obligations of energy. it will bewhich for thathe is child. in duty bound to re- The sooner a child learns that there are social The surplus will find a vent some- Every boy and consolestructedheartsnative of thehisMedianthe marvelousqueenEuphrates hills. pining dwellers.Hanging for the Gardens wild beauties of Babylon of her to :Esthetic culture, Nebuchadnezzar con- with us, will plantedSucharehow, early andchildren trees ledbe putorto will loveotherto use,never nature, useful good vandalize flora. the5ror evil, will natureas learndirected. by to destroying protect it. Birds and insects will If they longprairies;teach for the them country when folk away.To to attainlove their this nativeend it woods and it will make them content to dwell there and is not enough to talk about the bebreedingup,will safe they no from longerwill pests their wage foundfear molestation; relentless their in the clods fence war and against corners, sticks. the along many the disease- public the insectivorous toads When grown ethicalknownhighway,260 lawand or isless in sadly theheeded. barn-yard,needed in our at thecountry, present but time communion THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Growth in respect for social and so little less,nature'sman." and laws, constant and shouldassociation be through with nature rather Pestalozzi saw clearly that " natureNATURE develops STUDY; all SCHOOL GROUNDS an intimate, fear- than 161 Nowithexisting human nature conditions. andbeing nature's can Religious.continue God may in do adoration much of living, To love nature is to love nature's God. to ameliorate offollowercisethe humanity." forces of the man's ofcourse humanity faculties laid down byand exercising talents, by nature to them."be for profitable, the The first fruits of the new century have education" The ex- must over.ofadorationteeming earth, giving nature and themlove without forto manHim feeling towho keep increated hisand breast hold all the dominion wonders The race in its infancy sought the Creator through a growing andeducationalbeen the to practicalrealize seers. much in teaching that is still The disproportion between the formal was advocated by the early very great and pre- worship of natural phenomena. "To him who in theACommunion various love of languagenature with her holds visible; " forms, she speaks Even yet endbeginningssumably in a satisfactory will are remainmade inequilibrium so Justmany for what schools topicsbeing which struck.should will beeventually included in the nature-study a long time to come. But lookingofThe the teacher's "stillchild after voice"soulthe manifest happiness to of instil nature opportunity ufthere God's to reach created is tothe take things,inner advantage thereby a love for well-doing in recesses callife.minedcourse in the byin localruralthe essential environment schools and and fundamental what left out things will be deter-They will center largely about the useful and practi- in a study of the trees and in rural ofattainingcational Life. the value child's of utmosthappinessEducational. importance. and for himself the Finally, nature study has per The naturalistic se edu-Crown withand'heflowers robinbird profit. onhouses, and the the school wren grounds building \or out by the Nature study will find concrete expression these and similar topics may be studied on the grounds in trees roadside, of ofeducationalturies.tendency nature, inthat materialeducation it should should has consist been be chiefly thethe factsslow in and growth phenomena of Rousseau, as its first advocate, held " that the cen- inschool-garden elementaryplanning, platting, agriculture. culture, and Syllabusand keeping will eventually of school Nature leadStudy prepared by Committee grounds, and in to studies of la, an inquiry into Industrial Education in Rural Communities. IL 12'; It is not I 62 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL bettersuggestiveruralsyllabusthe province teachers has beennature of would thispublished on book whichbe glad to recentlyto present to base have their ain acomplete thisbricf work. line outline workingthan of the a for nature-study classes; though, doubtless, Nothing ontakenoutlineThe Industrial fromscheme the Education covers report the of in thefirst Schools Committee five foryears Rural in of school, Communities.Five, N.E.A., and is to printed in the appendix of the book. It is notwillthe agriculture.bea committee,complete followedserve to definein working merelyyears nature-study 6, " 7,scheme, an and outline 8 with but, work, or a inframeworkcourse theand wordsinto elementary suggest which of' It will be clearly understood that this is naturallythetaken." kinds follows of subjects a demandWith that for amay realization greatly be profitably enlarged of the rural grounds. under- school's enlarged mission ofchildrenhearingThe acres school of mayand lessons is teachernoanswer longer maythe a placepurpose, labor for thebut merethree assigning or even four and it needs an outdoor laboratory where ide by side. A couple towouldand beAbout wellsecured be muchdrained.two inthirds better. the ofcommunity the entire tract may be used for the It should, indeed, be the very best site The location must be sightly (see Chapter VII). main grounds, and what is left for the school garden. r NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS X 63 setpresentand in thethere a midstvision by flower of pleasing a carpet beds,Ideal toof brightSchool thevelvety eyewith Grounds. green, beauty broken and color here Such ideal grounds should the schoolhouse', andwindingand,beds wall, of scarlet walks and rusticand and yellow rusticbaskets cannas, seats; pendent climbingold-fashioned from-post vines andgeraniums, on tripod;lattice in the fence corners, many-colored hollyhocks; thesegroupscornersplaygrounds have of nearevergreens to thebefor outdoorsschoolthe andboys garden shade and girls; whichtrees; outbuildings atoccupies the rear the separate extreme set well back in opposite where Children at work in the school garden of the Sheridan School, Anna L. Force, Principal, Denver. properrear,inclosed and grade screened with ; fence with orPreparing livingvines hedge.and the shrubs; Soil. all this, finally, this done, the soil must be prepared. The first step is to establish the The shouldisfromschoolhouse nearly the be onfront built a shoulddead entrance high level beand set itto theis theback imperative soil grounds. at graded least that Ione upIn the casehundredto foundationit, theto give sitefeet theTheifresults properit containsground if drainage.level where a orbaseball nearly the building diamond, so. stands must wouldbe entirely be ideal level. if The school garden would give best The playground, especially Irrigated rural school garden at Gilpin, Colorado. chapter for working plan of the garden. See elsewhere in this slopingplanting.factory gently results forward it is necessary and to tothe plow two the sides. entire tract before If virgin prairie, it must be " broke " and 2 I For satis- GROUNDS 16g 164beessential," back-set graded too, and " beforethat well the harrowed, thesoil next step can be taken. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL should be well prepared. and then, by way of putting Let itIt is bya gracefulapproach the same curve to track the NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL fuel housearound and horsethe flag-staff, sheds. runningit entered; the other being a single The drives back out onplat the the finishing ground. touches,Planning and Platting. Some school officers may leave this Now wein arethe readyhandscarefully toof planthe raked. teacher and and im- thoseleadingshouldnarrow leading hardly to as the three be tofront lessthe entrancethanwell sixand outbuildings may feet. All walks and drives should feet wide. should be five feet wide; The main walk be as be theportantturnselves. portancechildren; out work and of altogetherbut help! 'others will want a If our farmers could realize the the planting, the entire countryside hand in for them-transcendent im- would graveledThisit andwould would at or bethe covered well increasesame to timeadd the aprotect copingpicturesqueness the or edgingedges with cinders. If stones are plentiful of the lawn. of roughof thestones. grounds r the variety of trees andwhereIt shrubs must tobe to plant, exact be planted, howin detail toA curve andcarefully indicate the walks,scaled by nameplat should or now be laid off on paper.etc. This willand justnumber whereheartplaygrounds they may should enjoy Playgrounds.be theprovided. sports so baseball, if it is at all possible,jumping, three separate wrestling, One for the older boys, dear to the boyish and playing completed.assuredrives system are preferable and harmonyWalks to the stiffand andDrives. lifeless straightway Gracefully curving paths when the work is at length and " catch."mentionropesbacks. A their turning gain pole in muscular and a couple agility of heavy climbing would add materially to Thethe boys' older pleasure, girls might have their playground and straightened not to at style.themust stances.size be andgoverned shape ofby thethe grounds, Otherwise, how they shall run,If the their grounds width, are etc., very large, a winding location of the schoolhouse, and similar circum- drive oneThe-smallerof playground sidethe ofnature the children shouldhouse, of a lawn,lie do between best incloed if by insomuch as it will partake much those of the larger'eft to boys themselves. and shrubs and trees. Their mayrearoneAnother run of running the waygrounds to is theto toconstruct side entrance two drives, to the building, whence it may the horse sheds, if such are used. of the building, making continue to theboth short, thegirls. playgroundsand shrubs. from eachPlanting. other. Distinct rows of shrubs and trees Unless thL teacherGreat care or some must one be ofused the in planting trees should separate school aofficers166 skilled is horticulturist experience0 in to this do work,the first it would planting, be well when to get so THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL betweenrestricted trees area intendedfor development. to occupy the gre nd permanently. NATURE STUDY ; At leastSCHOOL 40 feet GROUNDS should be allowed Quick- 167 boysofmuchgive the andwork issuch at girls; stake. ;assistance his theassistants entire as theyshouldschool are be should able; chosen and, be from permittedwhatever the older elseto Later the teacher should take charge aslivedgrowing plantations.soon ones asnurse to they produce or interfere temporary immediate with trees the results, may development be but planted these shouldofbetween the bepermanent theremoved long- earstheythecussion open. mayfollowing ofdo the or briefnotactual do, cultural planting they should directions, process, keep we taken their venture fromeyes to andL, give C. While lack of space precludes a lengthy dis- particularsecuredmate, soil, by section, planting and other since only conditions.Trees. they such are treesalready as inuredare native to the to cli-the The best results in tree planting are usually Several varieties of elm, Corbett's218): " The SchoolThe beauty Garden of a" shade(Farmers' tree dtpends Bulletin, upon No. its normal and symmet- theornament.bemay hard sprinkled be and planted soft over tomaples, thegood grounds advantage. ash, basswood, fck the sake and of boxvariety elder and The cut-leaf birch isP. very fine, as are also A few exotics might saveendsricalgoodmains. growth.uponof soil,all evergreens,broken and make or mutilated sothem that 4 a feet straightroots; across remove whip-like in poor all sidestalksoil. branches, alone re- Dig holes at least In order to insure this, before planting cut off the 2 feet in diameter and i foot deep in The sides theirCertainmusthorse distinctive notchestnuts varieties be left forms and growout. Norway and very many large maples. otherand are characteristics. rather coarse in They are well beloved by all for A few evergreens soilof thisdecomposingblade.holes in placethe should bottom the organicberoots of perpendicular the of matter, thehole tree, to in the andspreadthe depth bottomthe them bottom of ofthe as the lengthfiat.evenly hole. of as a possible spade Place 2 or 3 inches of fine top soil, free from sods or other On topBreak of up building.theirareblu.e foliage;noted spruce for these are their the must beautiful best not varieties be form planted forand this deeptoo close green to color, the The Norway spruce, the white pine, and the purpose; they overofearth,soil thethe as treeleavingbefore.bottomsurrounding should ofthe the surface standsoil. h, le, about andloose cover 2and inches witha little deeper2 orhigher 3 inches than than itof the stood fine surface top in the Tramp firmly with the feet and fill the hole with good When the work of planting is complete, turnstyles,evenfirst in by midwinter. aand substantial swingingHedges. fence,gates for supplied teams. with all The grounds must be inclosed from the In time a living necessary nursery. In order to insure symmetry of growth, trees must be allowed un- 2 C thehedge eye should than well-kept supplant it.school grounds surrounded by Nothing is more beautiful to 2 a 168 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL NATURE STUDY ; SCHOOL GROUNDS 169 Ifwell-trimrned Californiatheis especiallyformer privet ishedge desired, well are of adaptedall evergreens arborvitx, excellent. to or the Southern states. Thedwarf Citrus hemlock, trifoliata anddeciduous growth. For thewoods;givegrounds main it the butlie grounds appearanceatwhere the intersectiona there dense of is thegrowth a school ofbroken two of garden roads,trees edge and ofto ourtheshrubs rearnative be- of as it would orange.thehedges European of deciduous thorn growthapple, the the most common species are buckthorn, and the osage tooftween suffice.the garden. thek would be injuriousVines. both to the light and soil The(See chief Appendix.) use of vines on schoolSo here, then, a single hedge fence will have premises theythe woodsSingle add rn,Lterially specimensand by the to areroadside.Shrubbery. A great many good shrubs grow the beauty andbeautiful utility of in the themselves, grounds. but their When properly massed, wild in itIfsheds.should withthe school bea growth to screenstructure of vinesand is coverframe, as they unsightly it isare not advisable to Pillar decorations on the lawn are also attractive. very hard on paint outbuildings and cover outdoorutilityofwhich trash. lies closets,are mainly otherwise filling pronefence tocorners become Massed against a high foundation, they in screening unsightly places, such as with a masscatch-alls of beauty, for all kinds relieve hardyashouldand softening weatherboarding. vines by all mantle should means of be haveivy used. or its woodbine. bare walls covered But a brick or stone building None but the most over with theand hardpictorialings give angularon a the mosteffect. large lines pleasing between effect. the building Thefront larger lawn growing would add and surprisingly coarser shrubs to Two or more bold group- and the ground its introducedgamathe rapid-growing and the from Akebia Japan; Virginia quinata, and, finally,two excellent the twiners recently creeper; theAmong Actinidia the best poly- of these are many well-known shouldoraboutto striking plant constitutewith an foliage.smaller irregular the specimens body mass of Some horticulturists have preferred of trees and shrubs on the skies cultivatedthe for group,their flowers and be edged flowers.wistaria.varieties of clematis, Flowers.honeysuckles, woodbine, They are essential and give the crowning touchIt is almost trite to say anything further on ivy, and ofthe thethese hedge grounds pages fence. away such froman arrangement the public highway, In the system of planting suggested would do nicely for one assuming that the instead of in suchgarden:,curedof beauty bulbous at theof to the thegreenhouse, plants community. grounds. as tulips, the florist's,hyacinths, and Endless varieties For early spring bedding or from the home maycrocuses be pro- are of the two sides opposite 2 C the road, BEST COPY VAILABLE 4 r` I 170amonginunequaled. the season the blooming for hardy annuals grown from THEIf desirable,AMERICAN the RURAL same SCHOOLbeds may be used latex bulbs. A bed of cannas and cala- seeds scattered schoolSevere rulespunishment governing ought the tosubject. follow NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS everyMoreover, infraction the of teacher the 17/ diumsletsshady andwill side pansiesadd of somewhat the thrive house. bestof a semitropicalwhen peonies, roses, lilies, and irises. Finally, best of all are the hardy planted on the cool, touch. Vio- thebirdnestingcan trees, inhouses so placesarranging many out for ofways the boardsdense birdsencourage shrubberies,and by boxes.trimming the children and down by crotchestobuilding provide in perennials Before we close the discussion of grounds beautiful a behalfwordfeathered must of thebe guardians saidsmall in theseandsuitable small bluebirds, places acts of aboutchickadees kindness. theIt grounds,is reallyand nuthatches andsu_prising in will how quick birds Build a few bird houses in a few days wrens are to discern seek to whichdeavorbusy lives to in an en- spend destroy such doublepoledailybecome a bath few purposeour feet tenants. from of the drinking ground fount and bathing a large wooden bowl fastened at the end of a Birds are cleanly and crave their can be made to answer the pool. harmlessFIG. toad whichsimple abilitydoes and can every make boythem.6. Sich bird-boxes as the above are with some native its work so thepreyingflower, insect on and peststree of and the well, silently amongthroughoutscatteredCrumbs American from near northern the the school dinner bathing Europe children baskets pool. will be and worthy of emulation isA tobeautiful fasten sheavescustom very welcome, hoppingtaught thatabout these destroying animalsBirds millionsare and not Bird only of Houses.insects harmless, Children should be early and their but that ofbirds food.grain during from winter poles onToads outbuildings and Toad Aquaria. or other seasons when there is a dearth It is estimatedithat the com- or trees tL. feed the theysoonprotepossibility. are make their t them fruitfriends; against growing that theirwithout foes. them insect pests They must learn to love their bird friends and and agriculture a practical im- Destroying eggs and would sachusetts).Bulletincutwormsmon toad No. is (Kirkland's worth 46, Hata $19.88 Experiment estimate, each season " Station, The alone Common Amherst, for destroying Toad," Under such circumstances it is not surpris- Mas- young birds should be (2 held up as a crime against nature. ing to hear that many large gardeners r r and horticulturists,t cessfullymeansespecially172 of onartificial in the Europe, average aquaria. raise school their grounds, own supply and theof toads children by THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Toads can be raised suc- theobstacleindifference agricultural will andbe training obviated discussed as elsewhere; NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS (2) untrained soon as the rural teacher gets teachers. The latex 173 besides,gerwillinsects, of be an made "overproduction, worms,its the natural better slugs, food and and as wisersupply, the the toads' like,for consisting it. wouldenemies inevitably whollyare many; of set There is no dan- or,thepaign insolution the of East, education. of ourthe towndifficultiesA orCampaign town district of Education. supervisor is the Themay county be superintendentsought in a cam- meanwhile a naturalbeis quotedtried limit with from toprofit itsHodge's increase." inThe all Naturerural following schools: Study interesting and Life descriptionand may of such aquaria posemanytails,their gardens,a iris,toads' water-tight and eggs stockother or box tadpoles themof ouror well tub Encourageinteresting as may withthe pool bewater as setaquatic will many lilies,in support. the childrenplants pickerel ground, and as weed,or putpossible a morein cat- as to provide little pools in For this pur- orwater-limeholenatural three in the poolinches cement.ground may below be and made the plastering surface, by arranging upand the the crackslarge earth flatwellbetween stones packed them around around with a The top of any such receptacle should be two thedognatural edgesto biscuit, put foodto in prevent fresh nobe notmore meat, rainsabundant, thanfish, from or itsevensplashing place bread, may out but be its care supplied occupants. should by be bits taken of is eaten clean or to remove uneaten If FIG. 7. Nat of school grounds prepared bytions.Agriculture, United States Send for it. Farmers' Bulletin, No, 218, gives complete planting direc- It is free. Department of expense,piecesmost before injurious any theychild insect foul can the pestsraise water. becometoadsThe by twocuriosities. thousands, great obstacles until many most of our likely to be encountered in In this way, without appreciable successofproper the country official they have whereto take been the hold atmovement ofits the head. matter. has As a first step themet with greatest In the sections a movement to improve the school grounds are: (1) public 2 superintendent should make it 2a "point to see that all hisA A '174 teachers and officers of the district boards are THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL suppliea be celebrated thoughtfully; NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS for it is high time that the 175 withAgriculture.provementletins the many to such issued excellent addresses by the bulletins as United the superintendent on States may The department will be glad to send the bul- school-ground im- Department of supply. children should know that the prodigal abuse* DISTI2ICT 120 5clioga. ezottrips witiemzume co of our Thebegood " listplaced Tree titles. found Planting in atthe the hands end on ofRuralof thisevery Schoolchapter teacher contains some very The following are especially good and should Grounds " (Farmers' and school officer: 0 0 Bulletin,letin,248); No. and No. 218); " 134);195);Beautifying " ThcThe SchoolLawn the Home " Garden (Farmers' " Bulletin, " Annual Flowering Plants " (Farmers' Grounds " (Farmers' (Farmers' Bul- No. oLT tri.av* Bulletin, No. 185). The agitation once begun must be continued through DO schoolcircularsuperintendent officers, letters, andat to the atinterest specialmonthly and local meetings organize meetings ofthe teachers parents of called by the andthe FIG. 8. Planting plan of Shirley School, Cherry Valley Township, Winne- 0 1r tematicdistrict. planting as a result of such meetings may the Only when the district adopts a policy of sys- end Elm Report.outbago gradually County, Ill. until the plan is compieted. From 0. J. Kern's Annual 8 Spirea Van HoundSix trees were plantyd the first year; others will be set PLANTING PLAN is Bush Honeysuckle tosoughtfor carry the after outfirst bea plantingcarefully attained. when arranged the first steps Let a special day be set aside plan. shall be taken 43 CatalpaLindenS Ash Sugar M4ple :ato DwarfJapanese13ri MuckWeigel& Mock o OrangeBarberry Snowball Orange aoto181726 WoodbineBitterRedCommonCranberry Branched Sweet Elder Tree Dogwood Arborbebrated made Day with ais gala speech dayArbor and for songthe Day entire and an tree Appropriate district, planting. to Time an appropriate time to for begin. Planting. It shouldbe cele- Let it 76 SycamoreHackberryofnational its one-time forests splendid has left timber our country wealth, well-nigh and that knowing,denuded 14 Forsythia 2 1 Woodbine or Bitter Sweet at each fence post 176 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL NATURE STUDY ; SCHOOL GROUNDS I 77 home,thethey matter will on early the of conservingschool learn to grounds, do betterour forests on than the by their fathers innational forest planting at theywithoutwater.but,their cannot as benefits. treesWhenit were, renew is you almost a factorythemselves help as to ofhopeless; preserve wood, will andsoon ourforests at forests vanish, the which same or and toaretime plantwith so a reservoirused themnew thatones, all of A true forest is not merely a storehouse full of wood, reserve.children is to the point:PrebidentTo the School Roosevelt's Children letterof the United to the States: American school serves,yourealizegood are therefore,citizensacting what thebenefits of topart you. be of eachtaught good one incitizens. of the you schools, receives from the forests, and If your Arbor Day exercises help you to The value of forestry de- which aim to make youtimesin actualevery give from statetree a Januaryday planting, in or our part to Union December, inof recognition aArbor andday mainlyto butDay chieflyof (which in the the importancein schools.means this simply of trees "Tree to us Day") is now special exercises and perhaps to month of April, At various observed howa good by your end. assistance theseTHE benefits WHITE may HOUSE, continue,April they 15, will 1907. serve THEODORE ROOSEVELT. as forfula nation, productswithin andyour to of thelifetime what communities they the nation'sIt isin well whichneed that of you trees you live. shouldwill become celebrate your Arbor Day thoughtfully, yield in adornment, comfort, and use- serious. A SELECTEDz. BAILEY, L. H. NATURE STUDY AND SCHOOL GROUNDS LIST Nature Study Idea. OF BOOKS DEALING WITH Third edition, revised. youwithWethoughtlessly ofwill growing an want older whathardship; generation destroyed; nature but canonceand in getyourbecause so along full of withmanhood that what want weand you will reproach bountifully supplied and man so have, thoughwomanhood 2. COON, CHARLES L. TheInstruction,in Macmillanthe Raleigh, Company, N.C., New /905. York, 1909. Elementary Geography, Nature Study, andSchools. Agriculture State Superintendent pp. 32. pp. 255. Public roadus,of not topresent forsuccess what opportunity. is we the have right used, useFor of but what the nation, we have as and for thethe man or woman and the boy or girl, the If you neglect to prepare yourselves now for what we have wasted. improvemnt 3. 4.CORBETT, Annual Flowering L. C. Plants. 218,pp. Department40. of Agrickilture, Washington, D.C., 1905. The School iGarden. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 195, Depart- Farmers' Bulletin, No. iffor younationyour the do schoolduties which not learndaysand in its responsibi,are the youth over, things lives you which onlywill for you the will day, need reaps to without know sowing, ies which will fall upon yousuffer later, the consequences. So any when 5.6. HALL, WILLIAM L. The Lawn. culture,ment of Agriculture,Washington, Washington, D.C., 1906. D.C.,pp. 20. 1904. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 248, Department of Agri- Tree Planting on Rural School Grounds. pp. 48. ofprodigal,and life. consumes whose without labor could husbanding, withA people difficulty must without expect find children him the the penalty wouldbare meansof face a hopeless future; a country the 7. Hampton Nature Study Leaflets (especially No. is),Farmers' Press,ington,Hampton Hampton, Bulletin,D.C., 1907. No, Va. 134, Department of Agriculture, Wash. pp. 32. 178 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL 9.8. JEWELL,HODGE, C. G. Study1902. and School Gardens. pp. 514.J. R. AgriculturalNature Study and Life. Education, Ginn and Co., Boston, including Nature It.IO. STEVENS,LOCBREAD, WILLIAM.F. L. A Course of Nature Study for the Teacher.No.the Interior,142, Ontario Washington, Agricultural D.C., College, x 907. Guelph. Outlines of Nature Studies. Bulletin, No. 2, Department of pp. 148. pp. 48. Bulletin, SCHOOL GARDENSCHAPTER X 12. WETHAlf, C. D. and W. C. D. Life.PP.State 32* Superintendent Public Instruction, Raleigh, N.C., 1905. Cambridge, England, 1903. Studies in Nature and Country pp. 125. thetions school of antiquity garden is maintainedEarly School such Gardens.goardens in which the a recent innovation. It is wrong to suppose that Several na- TheEestheticsonsbrowed Greeks of noblemen influence taughtheld them hiswere that disciplesin they taughthigh asserted. esteem first in iteps by reason of the the famous Academic Plato the broad-in horticulture. oftheimitationGarden the shady Middle near oaksof the Athens; Agesof master, the gave Lyceum while taught garden theGarden. the cultureimmortal eager a listeners practical Aristotle, under turn. in Christian teachers culture,antsInarts their and of monasteryso peacetheir that childrentheyand gardens tillknight the practical war-trampledtheyonce taughtagain horticulture the ignorant peas- settle down to thefields of Eurqpe. and agri- gardens.emphasizedAllconnected the great with theeducators importance every school,from of Comenius sonature that childrenstudy to Froebel at times have can Thus Comenius held that " a garden should be and school 2 leisurely gaze on trees, flowers, and herbs, 179 2 7and be taught toI80 enjoy them." THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL It is no wonder that this man's native furnished the nature-study classes throughout the capital. SCHOOL GARDENS I8r theshielding,incountry, teachingthe land Moravia, unfolding," maintainthat "God's should a sought garden! spirit demand to lives impress by inlaw that Froebel, who rejoiced in upon hisnature, patrons bearing, every school expertgardensOther citieshorticulturists. where maintain the children similarAustria. may gardens study aand varied large flora botanical under Austria and Sweden should have credit for tothathis cultivate. " own, children at least a few plants in box . . . of school ageIf the boy cannot have or pots shouldshould be have his." gardens a garden of beingnationalprescribes the basis.first thatto establish " where practicAlethe garden a movement garden and on a placea The Austrian iTperial school law of 1869 fruit,Theschool work and gardens to-day of these inare consequenceinnovators in Theoperation G2rman has thousandsall States. borne of The German states have offered over Europe. a remarkable flourishing gardensruralforprovince agricultural school." in Austria-Hungary. of Styria experiment every school shall be has established a well-kept in garden.every At the present time there are 20,000 school It is said that in the large theyears.schoolshorticulture Danish to kingdom) give in their instruction curriculumpaved inthe fruit in culture and In 1814 Schleswig-Holstein (then members of way by requiring ruralsome form for many vegetable elementarySchwab,Thanksin the wholetoVienna agriculture world. can boast obligatory school gardens in all schoolsexcelled from by none the the indefatigable efforts of Dr. Hungary has made gardening and Erasmus growing.Germany,ingardens the course in as,1819, of indeed, time. and other in most states European followed countries, the The village schools of Prussia introduced school It is worthy of emphasis that in example the bersixth 15, to 1869,the fifteenth required year. thatSweden. at " every school a garden of In Sweden the royal promulgation of Octo- innotschool1840 school in thegardenthe gardens. citieslarger movement asGerman with uscities began in thebegan in United the to ruralmanifest States. districts Berlin now maintains large gardens an interest About and gardensAsfromof a manual result,seventy in the intraining kingdom;to1894 eighty therehave but,square usurpedwere lately, 4670rods thissloyd mustflourishing attention and be Other laid which school formsout." was justfluwers,plies outside may twigs, thehave city anda small limits, leaves plat in from whichof its these gardens own. 'Wagon loads of every child who ap- are daily considerableformerlyment right bestowed fallingby first off upontraining France.in the garden numberteachers culture, of to gardens. " carryresulting to the in ele-a The French government began the move- 2 i b ofmentary182 improving schools it, thean exactbest methodsknowledge of cultivation,of the soil, the the means man- THE A1LERICAN RURAL SCHOOL SCHOOL GARDENS 183 teachersmoreagement than to of onego a farminto hundred thegarden," rural normal etc.districts schools to demonstrate are preparing the This was in 1880. Now .11",stio staurta t7e.Atx% kt vtult. tds (groundssize), surrounded did not admit by of hedgeSize usual about of one quarter acre borhoodeconomic of value 45,000 of elementaryFrench rural agriculture. schools are at the present In the neigh- 1A4,0IltowthCA1,,,AsAt*" s .111IMMO/ Coxiq.atscry" \msWt' trees.privet. A,B,C,D, seedlings of fruit timeestablishedthese equipped are not solely withused to school forsupplementRussia. school gardens; demonstration, the teacher's income. but Russian school gardens originated although some of imme- were 144044Itookvt.S erwAtetic gooseberries,ders'1+7, of mint. borders sage. of L,cherries, berries, stone fruits, bor- tables,whereinmilliondiately to after serfsthe care ignorantAlexander infor 186i. fruit freedmen trees, II had silkworms, emancipatedwere taught and to bt.his raise forty-six Public gardens were established es. Aftervege- trees. S,Potatoes borders of raspberries. ORCHARD planted between beredmanyinstructed1887 itinerant8400,school rural of gardens. gardenerswhich teachers a considerable were in agriculturesent out number by theand Crown, organized who In 1905 the school gardens num- were supplied A thorn. 0,N, A,P,U, beehives.nuts, plum apple mountain trees. and pear ash trees.box- withculture silkworm obligatory hatcheries forOther graduation and European apiaries. from Countries. all normal schools. Switzerland makes garden f. IC. 9. 00AA plan of aRussian schoolwytvivivtvivse grounds of the elementary schools, exhibi- N% themesoffersgardensThe government prizeson in garden connection to pursuesboth culture. pupils with successfully theand elementary teachers for school, practical and As a result, horticulture in the a plan of subsidizing makesishas generally fully horticulture s000 ascribed school tocompulsory; gardens, expert school and herthe instruction. marvelouslaw requires fruit every crop tion grounds at Nizhni-Novgorod, 1896. Belgium republic has received a remarkable impetus. , Bohemia school in the kingdom to maintain a garden of at least 221 N. thirty-nineschoolhere,184 too, gardens andgrants one and annual half offers square appropriations prizes rods. for excellence for the support in horti- of THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The government educatorsdeningrealized itsis and notvalue. horticulturala fad seized enthusiasts, upon by any but one is rather class in- of ThenSCHOOL it makesGARDENS clear that school gar- I85 countries,acultural scientific study. which system is scarcely sn this equaledmost densely elsewhere populated of Vq.etable gardening ssas been reduced to thanks ternationalganizedsuccessfully, a systemin too of schoolPurposes gardens of European at a time when School Swedish Gardens. its scope and is made use of in many and varied ways. Sweden or- and very to gardenEuropeanperfection movement. nations in school has gardening. beenThe slowBritish to Empire.take advantage of the It is Englandfair alone to state, of prominent however, that andteachingagriculture elementary the was peasantry sadlyagriculture. in scientificneed of governmental methods in hezticultureinspiration, Prussia and Bohemia made grantqamarked course1904, are of progress in amade newwhich tocourse has allnature schoolsbeen of study study shown maintaining for holds allsince elementary first the school place, adoption, schools,gardens. in and theFrance,a bettergardens knowledgeBelgium, extremely andof pomology.utilitarian, the Netherlands; striving to promote The same is true of the practical gardeBritis'But igsave been quick enoughge as it to appears see the valueunderin of the school circumstances, the their colonial systems. Thus Jamaica, theonand,ends culture the ofsought purelylate, of Denmarkvegetables,were educational to teach and flowers, England, morevalue, profitable andthe have trainingfruit. laid methods emphasis of heart in Austria boastiningCeylon, some the the commonwealth Natal,form most or Tasmania,complete other, not of system and Australiato mention the of several school have Canada, statesschool gardens whichconstitut- gardens in the can ticularlytance.ofand school hand, France, gardensmaking Germany, theas a utilitarian special and Denmark, means of secondary haveto augment made impor- use the Hereto should be added that some countries, par- gardens.intoWestern this Hemisphere.somewhat lengthyIt may portrayal now be of time European to ask whyschool we take What is the purpose ? What does it prove ? space to enter teacher'sshoresFarmers. income.by hundreds ofEuropean thousands Emigrant have been Farmers trained in Competitionfrom with Native The European peasants who come to our is Innothing the first new, place as thoughtfulit demonstrates educators that ofschool all gardening ages have childhoodsurmount in difficulties these schools. which have nonplussed and discour- Their thrift and ability to s ofaged186 early the nativetraining American in school farmer gardening. go far to prove the value THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The European colnflowers Clapp, were its cultivated master. here, but by the latter date Medford, SCHOOL GARDENS " From 1891 to Iwo only wild 187 fallknowsalmostfarmer plowing howinvariablyinnate and should when outstrips 1. todone; fertilize the how native theto look soil; because afterhow the andhe detailshas when an (ir -bred) gift for farming right. He tionhadFramingham,kitchen made with gardensuchschool Hyannis,a successwith work 84 that ofandbeds." vegetable theother Putnam Massachusetts gardening School in putconnec- towns in a convertedandlandsGermany, little upon things.into Denmark, which thriving, the Holland,well-built, average Bohemia, American and well-stocked and could France not farms, have It is indisputable that farmers from beenaIn school back gardenof this ateducational thePhilanthropic English1901 movement High organizations School in theof that cities. of different kinds havethe Twentieth Century Club of Boston established city; bemakedesertedsubsisted. attributed them New blossom England as the farmsteads, rose. and will once more They are even now beginning to reclaim theas it so often is toNor a lowershould scale this ofsuccess living theprovidedandThe state.the Chicago following 350 small Committee year: gardens the on forMassachusetts Vacation school children Schools, Civic throughout The League Home The Civic Improvement League of St. Louis, toofon scientificheart,theirthe part success for offarming. in the this is foreign-bornthrift respect and Europeansknowledge farmer. canof the yet essentials teach us Americans should take the lesson The real secret tionsProbablygardeningGardening of a similar some andAssociation natureparkfifty constructionof have the of largerCleveland,accomplished citiesin their and in muchrespectivethe many United for organiza- school cities.States thewhile,important United what educational States are we ? accomplishing facts.History of School for the Gardens school garden in the Unitedin States. With us the school garden is not yet Mean- mentionedaresachusetts),Worcester, equipped Cleveland,with Yonkers, school Philadelphia,New gardens; York amongCity, and Brookline theseHampton may (Mas- (Vir- Boston, St. Louis, Chicago, Washington, be ancitiesprogress integralfirst wereschool ispart being the gardenof first themade educationaltowas throughtake established, an individualinterest system, in 1891,in although initiative. the atwork. the some George The The ginia).consideredsupportPhiladelphia, from as the Cleveland,a local boards Rochester, of education and East Orange or may (New be Very few school gardens receive direct financial part of the local educational system. Putnam School, Roxbury, Massachusetts, by Henry Lin- Jersey), are marked exceptions, as the board of education r. . 2 C' 11, A 40 4 ti ofin188 theeach educational of these cities system. has made school gardening a part THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL boyand problem,pointing withlet more pride money to such be structures SCHOOL GARDENS spent in farm schools, where the boy as the solution of the bad 189 cityingKern. paragraphsystem and isgives from pertinentPractical the pen reasonsValue of Superintendent of why City such School schools Gardening.0. J. It points out the value of school gardening in the The follow- Whatworkcan is getis better more, away than fromthere " bummin'." the is slumThis isback good, to garden work is better than " bummin'."an abundance of proof on record to the brown earth. Garden districts:are comparatively easier toIt wouldmaintain seem herethat the than school in ruralgarden in cities should, of course, Education,publicationJamesdemonstrate Ralph Bulletin Jewellits practical emphasizesNo. value this in strictly on " Agricultural 2, 1907), which he further sub- Education," Bureau of point in his excellent school work. schoolsaymanybe nothing a gardens.very of the rational of conditions its esthetic means there valueof makesupplementing in itbeautifying much easier the grounds. studyto have of successful books, to The school year is longer, and there are trained Also, a predominantlytheystantiates have given with motor an abundant interest type, to to quotations.Inwhom the first in the place, past inthe practically lessons some scholars, probably to those ofevery school heard from directly He says in part: in the mostinsympathetictionteachers a courseof effective beauty with covering attitude better mannerand the salaries,istwo andvaluethe or withresult three teachersof anature of minimumyears, their who study theynormal haveof fromare "economic atraining,told high nature. how, apprecia- waste,"where, in the This schoolweinbooks this have work subject,had few was meant special moreit would little. easily schools be done.justified for those by a little slow A wholesome interest once aroused, the Were there no otherthis advantage result in a country where or backward in enlightenedhencechildthey aredoes it isto notmuch cultivatepublic come easier sentiment in the contactto child'sinterest in with the"every him. naturecities, incipient aswith does their power."the public country The libraries child; city Also, there is a much more ton,ingHartford,their tends Ohio, studies. to where inspireConnecticut, school one to gardens do better have been conducted But this is not all. says: "It has been found that school garden- work in other branches.Professor J. D. Hemenway, of for six or seven In Day- oftoand encouragethis art ingalleries. the artificial the Public-spirited return life to of nature. cities. men and women give time and money PerhapsThe thereschool is garden a greater is notneed likely inyears, land,ciencytheir boys Hampton,studies in takingother than school andgardening those the work Rice without make has School been 30 per cent moregardens." rapid progressin Boston.noted in Philadelphia, Cleve- The increased effi-In the announce- theto whoachieveYonkers,suffer hydrant. direct during such Cleveland, the great dry work summer results even when vacations,in vacation there arefor time. salariedthere are expert the janitor supervisors and And it is notPhiladelphia, surprising that St. suchLouis, cities and as others Boston, should And this work is of thatof AssociationmentExperiment devoting of the four departmentStation,is the or statementfive of Washington,hoursof children's by Mr. Dickgardens of the a week, or even two hours a day, that "experience has shown J. Crosby, of the office American Civic the highest educative value. 0 k) Instead of cities building larger jaiLs BEV CO AVAILABLE to nature study and gardening, if properly conducted, enables the accomplishedpupils190 to accomplish in the morewhole in time Eventhe remainingspent more in school." to time the than point they is formerly the testimony of Mr. George THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL I whereneat therecleanliness, are flowers althoughIn the all aroundslums ofis squalor.Philadelphia I have found that in the houses SCHOOL GARDENS a result of our school gardens there is 191 gardensIles in Canada. Uniform examinations for entrancein discussing to high schools are held the successfulHe writes: operation of school tohootedAnd quote in at Mr.regard the ideaJewell to of increasedproperty once Inmore: rights Philadelphia respect being forrespected, the property residents yet only rights,of Weccanoe one Square themselves schoolful;schoolsthroughoutmitted, from gardeners without mostlyfive Ontario Macdonald gardens withfor inthree high July.49 schools,consecutivestanding.per cent ofwhere the years, candidates all 71candidates per centwere hadwere success- been ad- In 1906 in Carleton county from As in all such education it was borhood.policehoeeven was recordsthe stolen. big boys,show atthat that crime formative diminished period ofmaterially 12 tO 16, in when the neigh- so many "The children of the vicinity were taken off the streets, There was no other loss during the season, and the shownaat fresh the that bench, meaning, when and part and out of inspires ofa school doors,Social-ethical a new daythe iszest.book given work to toil at thewith desk the takeshands, on Value of City School Gardening. bygardening;begin the toteachers, go this to ledthe and to bad." notthe aformation The bookLack children or of magazineof spacequite began a littleforbidsdisappeared. to askcirculating for further books library detailson on the value of childrenGardenveryinfluence remarkable. culture living of trees hasin the worked and slum flowers quitequarters ina miracle a ofsocial-ethical our in cities. the lives way of is There is an old saying that in White- The determinecityin schoolthe city itsgardens. system. great importanceThe rest as of an this educational chapter must agency now be devoted to school But enough has already been said to flowerschapeltureverse smiles. thecannot statement: live and crime trees cannot will not thrive thrive. where sweet na- London's So in our cities school gardens have been a most vicious, squalid quarterOr, to re- thisgardensconnection chapter in rural that with districts. in rural Europe Ruralschools, school School chiefly gardens Gardens. for the originated practical inend It was mentioned elsewhere in beforeschoolpotenttor Martin it. influencegarden of invades theat work Philadelphia the for slums civic vice righteousness.Bureau and squalorof Health, recede who On this point we have the testimony of Direc- As the theus,of making thecityoutdoor school school. t exercise garden hasand comecontact to bewith the nature natural which adjunct gar- of e peasants better farmers. There is a feeling that city children need Somehow, with writes: w L dening afro ds much more than do country children; and 2 192 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL bethatbyagriculture taught the fact? latter in school. at will home, learn anyway, gardening as well and or thebetter rudiments than they of can Does the average farm child learn enough to This is all very well, but is it borne out bestcheaplandkeep therevalues?up farming. with is? the procession in this country of increasing Farm landsLet are the getting Cananswer the toocomeaverage valuable from farmer communities for teach his boy the helearnedproveswhich is able practicebeyond at as a manaschool shadow to raisegardening. of moredoubt farm that "produce, where a acreboy hasfor s, h( ol to mix his agriculture with brains " Concrete illustration goesexclaimsacre, through than very hishis pertinently: lifefather in Howthe ever school many did and a farmerbefore at home boy, him. without who knowingwill practice how farming all his life, Mr. Jewell isdotothe waiting insureand roots without theof :or corn largest him knowing spread to yield, learn aout, hundredexcept and or howutilize? as things he to followscultivate of the what kind the hecornwhich sees properly science others How many country beys thathavegardens their been city given are cousins actually anything are not accomplishingCanadato blisteringthink ofcould as their they furnish forhands hoe the potatoes so? many farmer. illustrationsexcept of what school For instance,school,and28 careful per in " cent 1903,the cultivation yieldheavier after of three thanwheat in yearsplots that thus ofof work groundsownthree in yearsand seedat homereaped selectionbefore and was from in 2 3 1 areaunselected for area." seed; in oats the increaseSCHOOL GARDENS was 27 per cent, 193 This remarkable pictureisConsolidated June.illustrates school School, garden Guelph, work Canada, E. A. Howes, Principal. at the Macdonald The time

Flo. to. Plan of Macdonald cons.'idated Bowesville, Ontario, Canada. school grounds and gardens, The same garden at harvest time, in September. school gardens in The province of Nova Scotia 1905. Other Eastern provinces estab- heads the list with 103 4, 4.; BEST COPY AV4JLABLE lished 25 gardens, 0 5 in each province, vrith the coming of the Pie ;Van** tahft. Da.e.r# Pose. haveMacdonald established movement. flourishing gardens in many communities. SCHOOL GARDENS Even the Northwest territories 195 Radishr tainedSuperintendentInSuperintendent the as United adjuncts States ofKern,Miller, thesome sameof of very Keokuk class excellent of county, schools, gardens Iowa, although are and main- many Winnebago county, Illinois, Lettuce maintainedclusivelyconditionsother enthusiastic that ofin veryconnectionthe country successful workers with child whose schoolthe have small aimgardens demonstrated one-room is to may better school.also con- the be flit thenesota,at number75,000. and of Wisconsin,gardens Thein operation have United the Stateslargestin our country Departmentnumber (1906) of rural of Agriculture places The Middle West, notably Illinois, Iowa, Min- Flawenr 6N. gardens.systemsIndiana,of the Rockies,of Ohio, school and supportsgardens. Pennsylvania, hundreds have of successful comprehensive gardens. Many other states, among them Michigan, Even Colorado, in the heart nersniiit RirsIty Onion 'lets ntt. I. tiesan (t)must integral general be metpart popular beforeof ourTwo appreciation educationalschool Difficulties gardening of system. theirwhich can real must become value, be Met. and Two difficul- They are : Beets "ft X1T 4401tIlaP271!&910/eDVII clesstate(2) thrown trained normal in teachers the schools way ableof and Populartheir to state face successful agriculturalappreciation and surmount establishment. collegesis alreadyany obsta- have on the increase. Many (194) Fto, 1. et.")Irrigated school garden at Gilpin, Colorado. 30 oft 'as lent willing hands and are doing much through bulletins 2 3 tanceand196 otherwiseof the school to call garden the farmers' in the ruralattention school to the system. impor- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL futureinstruction, teachers if they should choose have to no take difficulty advantage to find of them;a suitable and SCHOOL GARDENS 197 doingclubsindorsementFarmers' andmuch institutes similar to upon rouse inorganizations the severalpublic movement. statesinterest. (see have Chapter placed their XI) officialare all Farmer boys' corn ingcussedofinstitution institutions " and in needthe where chapter whichnot to be receive onrepeatedoffer " The suchtheir Ruralhere. trainingtraining. Teacher have : His been Train- dis- Dean L. H. Bailey Several types tainedsecretexplained. ofby muchthe school of the garden immediateTraining movement Teachers success in Canada andin Elementary solidity is easily at- Agriculture. Its originators began in the right way by first The andmalNo.classifies schools;1,training 1908) these classes;under institutions seven heads(Bureau as offollows: Education, (1) state Bulletin nor- (2) local normal schools; (4) separate agricultural schools; (3) high schools trainingnumberstitutes their are ofof provincialengagedteachersschools informaking normal training the work provisionschools teachers to be andaccomplished. forfor Macdonald thenature increasing study A in- and(6)(5) teachers' education colleges; departments andSteps (7) of Preparatoryagricultural colleges and tocolleges. makingspecial universities thedetached Garden. foundations for industrial work; Unless the mentshasassociatedand theschool-garden and finest withnature equipment the study. experiments.Ontario in Agricultural the worldThe Macdonald for College garden at Institute, Guelph,experi- The school offers elective courses getherofteacherfirst school stepon has gardens his would taken own hisinstructionmost ingenuity success likely or inbe failuretheself-preparation. to readactual will some management depend good alto- book The governmentstionwhichin these in havetne subjects elective alreadyhave grantedfree subjects. enabled to all scholarships 200teachers. teachers to to this take school, instruc- Four provincial letinshimhowor books sendto on make thetoon the subject,school them, Bureau coursegardens gleaning of Education of instruction,from them for such etc. suggestive dealing with their value, a free list of bul- Then let sinceimitationare our making millionaires of Sir a goodWilliam beginning.In have theMacdonald. United not yet States come we forward are not soin fortunately situated, Teachers who are already In spite of this we tomaterialsmovementphilanthropic get into as touch, throughoutthey organizations maythrough contain. our correspondence country; engaged they in would usually,furthering give with valu- this It is an excellent idea in the service have ample aids at their disposal for self- r. r- able suggestions and might even furnish seeds and other LI I 198 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL State horticultural societies, state normal bordered with some light and graceful shade, such as SCHOOL GARDENS cut-leaf birch; 199 materialbulletins,schools, help. and manuals, state agricultural and courses colleges of study. willingly These will all send their themosta small district; profitable orchard, a forest in to which are grown a - I THREE roar. WALK.... few varieties of the fruit trees 1,4..6040 bealready of value. in operation; here the teacher may see Better still are excursions to school gardens with his nadianmostplot, importantin trees which will Ca-the be i:...... 0 0 RN.... BEANS ownshould eyes finally what he study has hithertothe plan of some well-known school- known in theory only. needs. He andgrown by transplant- from seed i.t ...MELONS... BEANS-- .: Hemenwaygarden system has published and adapt a book it to onhis own " How to make School H. D. ing;tivating a plot for cul- the wild il ... POTATO E S.. . . -I ;1 I1 tainsGardens" an outline (see suggestiveplan of the list Oakdale at end ofSchool, chapter), of Dedham,which con- shrubsherbs,trict; ofspace the fordis- in- vines, and .44 0 :s :. Massachusetts.written instructively on the Macdonald School Gardens R. H. Cowley, Inspector of Schools, has These school gardens are in specialdividualtal plots and plots; and at- experimen- Xit+ PEAS BEETS. B E ETS. - ....- 0o1 I.: toothe Queen'scomplex Quarterly for the ordinary for 1905. one-room school, but are so tractivethe school, approach includ- to 00th. -. CUCUMBERS..... LETTUCE. > 4NX full of hints which can be made use of that all teachers ing open lawn, large 0 0 . L ETTuC E....,- r shouldof Cowley's read the outline articles. plan We of the quote school below gardens such and portions grounds floweringfoliage, rockery, plants, or- it !: i...... RADISHES.ELADISHES 1 of the Bowesville Consolidated School, of Bowesville, etc.namental shrubs, 4.1 .. .FLOWER.S . e Ontario, as are deemed of especial value to beginners in Dr. Robert- : 04e, i e oa school gardening: Bowesville, Ontario, School Gardens: General Plans. While son, the director ' : I 1. suggestsandtheinclude plan location, ofthe a laying beltgeneral the of outoutline ornamental features the gardensof the native Bowesville varies trees according arid garden shrubs to onsoil, surroundingpage surface, 193 that have been kept in view. These donaldofstressment, the laysonmove-Mac- great " spe- FIG. 12.N421 a Planting plan of an individual school N9garden. R N93 tweenthe grounds; rows of two trees walks, ; a playgrouna each about or aboutone hundred half an acreyards long, be . for the girls, instructivecial experimental character plots are carried on, covering many simple " wherein experiments of a highly r r- t'J 200 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL SCHOOL GARDENS 20/ lessons in what he pleases to call the tripod of good farm- (1) sowing selected seed on prepared soil; (2) pro- possibleduring vacation, mistake in by such all a meanscase would be to pay a janitor or some other let the weeds grow. The worst tectingrotationing: "crops of cropsagainst adapted insectsIn histo and thereport fungous soil Mr. and diseases;Cowley to the markets." continues: (3) a andreturnedAtperson some vegetables to schoolafter take vacationcare compared gardens of the to in plotsveryweed-choked Carleton unfavorablyfor indifferent county plots lastwith andin summer whichthose unmindful oftheir their flowerspupils. some pupils more ofaremental fertilizers, used plots for such are,effects aspurposes aof rule, spraying, Experimentalaslarger the selectionstudythan the of Plots rotationindividualof seeds, and ofIndividual merits crops,plots. of values Plots. The special experi- Theysoils, atheirdiligent lesson strenuous companions.of moral efforts and material to redeem value. their plots impressed Their silent observation of this fact and upon them otherbeets,ofproductiveness corn, somesimilar and clover, extra potatoessubjects. attentionand tomatoes, quality occupied was of and givendifferent the cabbage; experimental to plotsvarieties of pumpkins, of plots; squash, At one school a special study was made at another beans, peas, crops, and inany at still an' linesuchschool represents a gardenground theand as describedauthor'sgrounds.How personalto in arrange the previous ideas the Garden. of chapter. It is a garden connected with The accompanying out- a practical devotedhundredberries,cabbage, to currants. andtosmall two cauliflower. fruits, thousand such square as strawberries, feet, but where raspberries, the quantity The experimental plots vary in At all the gardens special plots will be area from two goose- of fence.schoolgarden purposesoccupies theand rear is inclosed one third by of living the entire hedge To obviate any objection that may be raised to a area used for or strong The outground on plots is restricted, of much thesmaller experimentsA averagelast quotation size. from Mr. Cowley's may be successfully carried report sheds new nextgrowthsfromhedge to thefence the as soil hedge. raspberries adjacent and to itblackberries which is known to draw much nourishment fruit trees and such bush occupy the ground schoollight on gardens the perplexing during the questionThe summer of vacation: what School Garden during Vacation. There to do with the is no insur- theisentrance sideused. next from to the schoolroad to grounds admit the and plow with The garden is furnished with a turnstile a large gate onteam, if such theschoolmountablewould garden garden be were of altogetherdecent to deteriorate during minor thefrom long neglect during holidays, difficulty or very consequenceserious against school gardens, summer vacation.problem in keeping Eventhe factif the pupils,conditions. the size of the Theschool size ground of the garden will depend If the grounds are ample and the attendance area, and uponother thelocal number of supremesince a well-ordered end of it pupil rather than all. If the pupils do not provide for their plots a well-ordered garden is the small,tionately the orchard increased. and experimental The outline plan contemplates 2 1 plots may be propor- an Afftreriteisrbf&L arc he r-a Ptots. A orchardside by of berry apples, patches. cherries, plums, etc., flanked SCHOOL GARDENS The experimental plot contains a on either 203 U. Is /r If it 44 Ai .5 othermentspatch patchesdevoted are carried areto theused on culture infor budding, experimentation of seedlings grafting, where in etc. soils experi- and The I. 1. /3 If Ll £$ Iv £r is 47 owl Mewl 41 INNE.1111 bodyfertilizers, of the seed garden selection, is divided and rotationinto as of many individual plots crops. The main shouldaswith there thenot are teacher,fail pupils, to work but includingThe withthe general school the children.one management board for theshould teacher of be the ready whoschool garden must rest to ormayassistance.andadvise Mr. shrubs be him Cowley'sheld fromand responsible furnish the suggestions woods, teams for andthe for set gardenin plowing, otherforth during above hauling vacation, may trees be A committee composed of older boys and girls ways lend their followed.A SELECTED LISTSCHOOL OF BOOKS GARDENS DEALING WITH a.x. BAILEY,Annual Reports, L. H. OnHome the GardeningTraining of Association, Persons to teach Cleveland, inAgriculture Interior;1903-1906.the Ohio,Public Bureau Schools. of Education, Washington, D.C., 1908, Bulletin, No. x, Department of the A,is apple; to 28,z3. P, boys'School plum; garden. garden R, raspberry; occupying S, strawberry; rear one third z to of z4, entire girls' grounds. garden: (aos) Key: 4.3. BALDWIN,CORBETT, L.W. C. A. SchoolPP. 53. Work. TheAmerican SchoolSchool Garden.Civic Federation,Gardens and 1905. their Relation to Other Farmers' Bulletin, No. pp. xs. 2 L 204 ax8, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1905. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL S.6. CROSBY, D. J. COWLEY, R. H. TheQuarterlyPP. Macdonald 40. (Kingston, School Gardens.Canada), 1905. Bibliography on Nature Study, School Garden- pp. 390-419. Queen's 7. HELENWAY, H. D. How to make School Gardens.ing, ton,ofDoubleday, and Experiment D.C. Elementary Stations, Agriculture Circular for Common No. 52, revised,Schools. Washing- pp. 4. Office ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS CHAPTER XI 9.8. JACKMAN, W. S. Industrial Education in SchoolsCommitteePage andfor RuralCo., of Five,New Communities. N.E.A.,York, 1903. 1905. School Gardens. pp. 159.The Elementarypp. 97. School- Report They,sesame as much in the as relation anythingNATURE of else, study have and been school instrumental gardens have proved the open school life to community life. JEWELL, J. R. Interior;andteacher School and Bureau CourseGardens. of Education,of Study, Vol. Washington, 2. D.C., 1907. Agricultural Education, Including Nature Sfudy Bulletin, No. 2, Department of the pp. 573-578. pp. tohead,inagriculture makegetting heart, complete educators and hand. this to growingrecognize Now it understandingremains the essential for elementary ofrelation oneness of so far as the rural schools are concerned II.12. KERN, School 0. Gardens. J. school16o,148. gardens). Washington, D.C., 1905. Among Country Schools (speciallyOffice chapter of Experiment on Ginn Stations, and Co., Bulletin, Boston, No. 1206. pp. 47. pp. 366. munity.innot aim man between for educational school andAgriculture systems;home. theand Dominant what these Interest systems in the Rural Com- Educational systems are made for man, and nantshallcitysuccessfully interestembrace curriculum ofmust fought the because necessarily community. its way a large to be a governed proportionprominent by ofplace the our domi- inurban the Manual training has offeringpopulationgivingmunities, them secs where afirst-step inwholesome it a a majority vital preparation interest respect of rural forfor in children their it.their children, life are work, bound in to In farm com- 1 remain all their life and there work out their destiny, the SOS 4. ' 206 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 207 educationmostsoon vital be interestinan a increasing fair is way undeniably Heretoforeto agricultural solve agriculture.the the rural trend,rural school schoolsand we haveshall drawn their inspira- Give to ruralproblem. elementarythisandalways schoolwork been in agriculture.gardens a successfulmore have, advanced provesgenerally form nothing. speaking, under the continued name of That such innovations have not The causes of tionandoflay from ideals,farm all thetheir life theircity aspirationsand schools.curricula all that and andto it strivings,text-books. belonged. to the belittlement Thence came their teachers Let, then, theThitherward offering,causeThefailure lack ofare andoffailure; easily trained indeed pointed but teachersvery this out often is andis,already making as may before inbeing obligatory, future stated, remedied be theavoided. agricul- chief by theandrural agriculturaleventual county school highaim of college to-day beingschools faceorto with immediatelyprepare its their pupils themagricultural toward for for the entrancethe instruction,practical township to turalwaying coursesschools to eventual forin the teachers. success. state France.normal schools, and other train- France has offered optional courses in agricul- Past failures can only point the Naturallytaskshave of said the enough farm.revolution such Objectionsan innovation to this Agricultural Trend not Insuperable. has its opponents who find we might almost it tureafteratfarm ninein boyitshe takes primary continuesbegins up with theschools gradatim object" first ever lessonsideas" study since atof of 1879. sevenagriculture. the hygieneyears of of man The French age, and There- withtriesofvisionary educating essentialsand andfailed; forimpractical. as thethatit is; farm theand haveruralthat, beenmoreover,curriculum tried wein isother lack crowded teach-coun- They argue that such schemes andhands."ciseIn animals,short, of the he ofintellectual pursues vegetable a rational facultiesphysiology, course as welland " requiring plant as labor chemistry. thewith exer- the The girls learn domestic economy, hygiene, situation.erssuccessfullynot properly insuperable; equipped surmounted and, to if copeall in the many facts instances were told, both have abroad been Such objections, while in part well taken, are with the difficulties of the andthisThisadepts horticulture, great training in dairying,agricultural has and already get garden nationsuch had culture,training a marked andas shall poultryinfluence make raising. them so striking indeed has it upon andEuropean in sections countries of our whichownElementary country. have taken Agriculture a lead in nature in European study Schools. The beenalone that in to this deny field. its efficiencyBelgium and would Holland. be absurd. Belgium has within the last fifteen But France does not stand 2 .1 Pi yearsgo8 develoged a system THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL of agricultural education unex- theELEMENTARY rural schools. AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 209 Elementary agriculture, under various taughtcelledTonormal meet anywhere. as a schoolsthe part demand of in the the for kingdom efficient offer courses Agricultural theory and practice are regular rural school curriculum. teachers all the state in agriculture. tinuenames,kindsDanes their ofis get taugltLandboskoler higher their in love agriculturalevery for (agricultural rural the soil, district.education and schools). thus in inspired, the several con- Here the young Theticalingperhaps, government local application needs first hasamong andof beenagricultural solving European nations. remarkably successful in meet-local problems. teaching Belgium stands, For prac- purpose,culturemany, Austria, chiefly and therefore andin separate Switzerland,Other need Countria. schools not teach be established mentioned elementary for in agri- thisour Other European countries, as Ger- trend;to permit however, graduates it includes fromIn Holland enough the of work is given a the rural schools to enter second- marked nature-study things agricultural ticalPortugal,discussion.Japan courses is too, inalive a arenumber to accomplishing the possibilitiesof elementary tangible to schools; come results. from Servia practical and Norway, Sweden, and Finland offer prac- Even arypeople.elementary agriculturaland Austria, agriculture schools. in 1864,Denmark. thein the small rural kingdom school can As a result of the disastrous war Denmark illustrates in a striking way lost two of itswith Prussia do for a what studyjustover ofas 500 agriculture.backward schools forin the theThe matter teaching British of ofintroducing Empire. agriculture. agriculture This progressive nation has already The United Kingdom has been mostbornprominencelost prosperous of territory despair were bytheprovinces. thenceforth developingpeople set to toblasted; work the utmost to Danish hopes of political makebut with amends a zeal for what was left. complished.Newstudyinto the Codeand schools school of 1904 gardens.of thenothing islands worth as she the was mention about was nature ac- Under the new provisions the outlook is Prior to the adoption of the andWondersandDanish sandy horticulture have farmheaths been products haveplantedwrought. become and redeemed. scientific butter, cheese, fruit, vegetables, Swamps have been drained, and intensive. Agriculture colonies.decidedlymentary brighter. agriculture isBut taught England in the has lower pursued schools, the In the British West Indies, for instance, ele- a wiser policy with her andon meats account of unequaled 0. receive the top prices in the world markets quality. And this story begins in schools.system being similar to that used in the French rural The Straits Settlements, Ceylon, Malta, etc., make210 use of agricultural primers in the schools. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL South thatELEMENTARY agitation, atAGRICULTURE least in the rural AND schools, INDUSTRIAL is of very CLUBS recent 211 AustraliastudytemarkableAfrica courses and teaches progress.the of Australian aagriculture decidedly commonwealth asagricultural a trend; In the latter Victoria offers nature- specific study in the are making South noago!origin;public one And itproblem interestedbegan it is notin of earnest phtting anin educationalthe not welfarefacts more too natureofthan strongly our eight nowrural orto before population tensay years that the andthem.incountry all the the schools";United colonies States andfree agricultural (saveit Theis really postage)United bulletinsunnecessary States. to all arewho published to repeat In turning to our own hemisphere care for andgreateducation.receives they, Middle more therefore, Westconsideration and carryRapid Northwest offthan Spread the does werepalm of this Movement first forvery realin agricultural the accom- field, North and South. The Letgovernmenthaswhat it alreadysuffice Canada herebeen andis doing thatthesaid Macdonaldthein under elementary example the head movement set agriculture. ofby school the Canadianin theirgardens. un- Enough undermakinghind.plishment, law. agricultural though the instruction Southern in states rural schoolsdo not lagobligatory far be- In one respect the South takes the lead Seven states Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, i.e. in owntheofprecedented farm rural country; crops schools, success for and we should dairy as in abettering products, nationbe emulated have and through not increasingand yet imitatedfirst accomplished lessons the in yield in our Wisconsin.similarMississippi, laws Northare Maine, Carolina, Maryland,have South such Carolina, South requirements. Dakota, and Texas and But most promising is the emphasis being Other states elsewhere having schoolsmuchEducation " isso concerned." far " as formalYet agricultural Mr. instruction in rural Jewell sees cause for much encouragement in in his treatise on " Agricultural beforeNorthGeorgia,laid Carolina, granting Mississippi, Southcertificates Dakota,Missouri, to teach,Virginia, Nebraska, require andNew Wisconsin,teachers York,on to preparation to teach agriculture. Alabama. whatnecessarilyanput agriculturalhas in already practice work been innovation the done. country in overour ichool by the system government, must its way slowly, since with us it He points out " that such is not ingrationstatepass schools annormal for examination such schoolsand examinations. county throughout in agriculture. the country offer prepa- training Numerous county train- classes, and special More than sixty as is the case in Europe." 2 (,) It is well to remember also normal and agricultural high schools, as shown in the 2 u paringchapter212 a onhost " ofThe teachers Rural Teacherfor local needs.: His Training," are pre. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Georgia has just I schoolforELEMENTARY introducing boards and agriculture teachers,AGRICULTUREMaryland and into is high seekingtrying AND schools. toINDUSTRIAL to come obtain appropriations CLUBS 213 Ito close contact with the country schools.beeachorganized to congressionalprepare eleven agriculturally such district, agricultural the trained sole high aim teachers schools, of which for one ruralshall for (See Appendix.) agriculturemeate common in all schools, the highIndiana not schools.President separate is interesting Bryan, agricultural theof Washington,state high board in desires agriculture to see for agriculture the public per- schools, but in the introduction of agricultureInterestThe agricultural ofinto the our Agricultural public colleges schools. Collegesare taking in a the marked Movement. interest establishmentcurriculumschools. for of agricultural summer coursesNew coursesIllinois Jersey for inhas teachers. high isbeen coOperating schools developing and withalsoand planninginthe state courses board in agricultureplanning afor the Thesuccincthensivethis interest, class, it outline is which,is can on best fromthe of berapidcourse, the realized pen increase. is of very by Professor a naturalstudy ofE. in the E.schools Balcomb,following of Just how compre- andtow:secondarythe supervised "Ischools." believe schoolwork by agriculture agricultural and for in collegespublicthe country schools through schools. supervisors who visit will be supplemented Professor Bar- ford,Department1075) Oklahoma. : of Agriculture and Physical Science, Weather- (See N. E. A. Report, 1907, pp. 1069 engagedTwotheir schools.have for nextsuch yearcourses, who and willMaine othersMontana spend helps are his isinvestigating. timewithcoOperating helpinggardens teachers inin establishing some in sections. courses in high schools. She has a man tointroducing create a sentiment agriculture for into it;New KansastheKansas, commonHampshire has Pennsylvania, an and assistant is secondary cooperating toFlorida, the schools. director with and theNew state Mexico superintendent; are lecturing ofa superintendent the high schools of are agriculture givingOhioIn it Missouriinis in givingscience elementary Professor her courses. attention Waters to the says, public "We school consider work. the introduction grades. One fifth She has detailedingthe bestand to meansdirectingthis work. of popularizingand inspiringPresidentMassachusetts agriculture. superintendents, Scott, of andOklahoma, Iowa principals, have urges just and consolidation elected men of forschools organiz- as of one-dayToportantagricultureand reach lecturing meetingsextension the in country the to in primarypupils, work every school inschoolteachers, and agriculture we secondary ofare severaland arranging patrons." that schoolscounties, can to beholdthe demonstrating most a series im- of undertaken. elementaryteachers.high schools. agriculture for publicColorado schools is planning and more to advanced get a bill for two years hence requiring Five county high schools have courses. offluenced activity, the all establishment bearing directlyNewCalifornia of a onYork,secondary agricultural encouragesas early school as education. 1902, agricultureof agriculture. was actively in engaged in several lines the schools. She has in. 1(o 1,7: 1.. r 253 in214 agriculture may the Itsmall may nowrural be school time toreasonably raise the question be : Just what work THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL teachers.beenELEMENTARY added which AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 215 This should dispose of the first objection. will provide the necessary trained expectedSchoolsSchool. to forThe teach Rural Committee ? Communities,What on may Industrial reasonably in Education be expected in of the One-room its report to the to"remain his which," own longer interests to use in school theor to Ascommittee's the isto tointerests the offer second themown of those point,words,a course with the " ofwhomappeals way study to make the pupils N.worknature E. A., for study comesboth and boys to work theandThat in conclusiongirls thein existing mayelements be undertaken;one-room of agriculture, district that inand schools view hand of a limited amount of ofagriculturehe statisticsis concerned." willshows do " if that properly the introduction taught. A ofcareful agriculture study This nature study and elementary beofmaturitythe theexpected quality programme, of of thein thethe greater teaching wayand ofthenumber industrial lackforce of available adequatethe education pupils, for stipervision, in thethese this crowded schools,class but of condition littleschools; the im-can obtainyearsparentsinto the longer." in torural our keep countryschools their children ?of France in andschool Belgium from one has to caused three And why should not the same results As to the third objection; this accomplishmentthingofbut sufficient where worth enthusiastic whilematurity should may are be certainlyteachers brought accomplished, bequal:fiedtogether made. and in for thethat the same the work effort school, and for pupilssome- such would,powers,mustlarge itornecessarily seems small.or failure to me, will be hold withinfollow. good the in anyrange kind of of a school, The character and scope of the work the pupil's bemade accomplished: a success in the one-roomAndIt further, is evident district on thatschools, page before 25:several this phase things of must industrial education can be there must De a body of teachers with special ofnature-study themselves. work, coveringInThe Appendix objections the first C seemisfive outlined years thus in the greatschool. committee's measure toscheme take care for trainingwhoadaptedthird,be areundertaken forthere toto this take local must work; it; inconditions thisbe anysecond, ainvolves kindlocality, pupils andof a work bothwiselimited must asdeterminationundertaken remainto to the the scope longercapacity which of and whatin school;method.of shall shouldpupils be Thenceforwardmittee,mentary page agriculture, 45: the work much must as suggested be in the by nature the same of ele- com- now three years old.Some Objections Answered. Since 1905 many facilities haveThe committee report is ofpupil agriculture in the rural in the school sixth, may.then Afterseventh, the beand explicit taken eighth throughnature grades. study the elements ceases with the fifth grade, the 2 5 The work 216 TILE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 217 sciencesubjectsin ratherthese as threethanare to the bring agriculture.grades means. the should pupil intoreally relation be nature with study, the objects but agricultural and affairs Its purposeSome is not will so muchprefer to to teach call definiteit nature study Yorkforego State. the pleasure of bringingSpace forbids any lengthy details here. It i: quoted by Dean Bailey in his pamphlet an illustration from New Yet we cannot havepupilthatcommon are a has good concerned completed animalsknowledge with and his of plants.thenature the agriculture physiography study in ofthe ofhis fifth his region. region,grade, heand should of the He will then be able to carry his When the experimentsonin " questionTraining and isfor tests H. Teachers H. that Lyon. haveThe in relation teacher Agriculture." tohas farming. been successful in interesting his pupils Says Mr. Bailey: The teacher in various haveoperations.inquiriesshould a well-developed haveinto thea broad, more general specificsympathy view field with of of them. theagricultural agricultural affairs, practice and and Ile When he has completed his eighth year, L should Entering the high school, bequitegestionsthe interesting pupils as frequentlyare nature-study had the from school from books, work, somethingor the from including community. the that state thehappens syllabus, younger ones. He is introducing for the time to andHe perhaps gives all Sug- scientificheBut will thenare phases. thesebe able thingsto take up Whatactually some is of actually theaccomplished subjects accomplished in their in distinctly the in one- One-room Schools. (See Appendix.) geography,resultsexaminationthatpractical if ten would localandor twenty-fivequestions otherbe problems very subjects, tomarked. schools beinto asked thereby the could arithmetic making work together work.it (For problemson these made new use lines of byof work, the worth while for in arithmetic,He suggests wanting.roomonv-roomin the school United schools, ? States a majority are maintained of which doin connectionsome with Very many of the 75,000 or more school gardens Assuredly. Concrete examples are not study along gradeculture.Mr. Lyon of see the Appendix.) Center School,Susie Taylor Miller, township, an Indiana Rural School Pupil, Here is a letter written by a pupil in the eighth on Agri-Howard andcountry,agricultural beyond from lines.to thethe Pacific. Atlantic to the crest of the Rockies, They are found in every part. of the In Las Animas county, Colo- neverinterestcounty, taken Indiana.in partthe innew this subject:workWe before. started our laboratory the second week of school. It shows the children at work and their Our schoolroom seems more We have andrado,sectionsricultural fifty there school of study.are, the gardens, accordingSouth the many smallto latestbeing schools reports,used haveas aone basistaken hundred for hold ag- of Throughout the entire Middle West and ganicroomlike home andmatter, consistswith the our sandy, of laboratory. flowers theWe richand have gardenvegetables. several soil kindsand stable of soil. It is in the northwest cornerThey of the are : clay, humus, an or- garden soil, theFitches work, whothanks labor to the so Kernszealously and to Millers, better ruralthe Portses conditions. and row.and the mulched clay. The mulch was gotten from n r:4 an old fence 218 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 219 beans.vegetablecactus, scarlet plants; sage, such and as, manymango,The others. girls radish, brought corn, scveral tomato, kinds wheat, of andflowers: verbenas, geraniums, There are a number of pupilseightthe Lower miles are enrolled, Westsouthwest Branch and of aPawneeSchool, classDistrict of City.is from aNo. rural 29,one school Pawneeto four in pupils PawneeCounty, graduate countyNebraska. From twenty to twenty-five District No. 29, grewwheatSome together. andof our saw experiments that theWe roots take are started eachas follows: plantfirst, thenseparately we the planted sprout as wea andgrain perform both of our experiments. The same was discovered with corn and beans. thestonesbox-carfrom building. the and form, eighth made but grade borderskept eachin goodfor year. flower repair. The beds school in frontbuilding and is at the one ordinary side of They also trained vines over the outbuildings and The school children collected Thenalsofull we ofa sweetwaterput a sweetpotatoso it would potato put in sprout inthe aSome glassground and one andraise and wasfilled new sprouted. requested itplants. about twoto get thirds a radish from a garden that was There was themaintainedplants.to teachers cook and a and small to pupilssew, experimental to talked make overvarious garden. plans articles, by which and theyto cultivate might learncertain At intermission periods anotherjusthadfull ready ofused pupil food to allgo forto thisto get theseed. food a stalk, blackberry during but as its itsprout. growth.grew it became pithy, for the stalk When we set it out, the radish was hard and TheHe teacher cut the then top ofasked it off andtoinmake tocornthe cultivate breadindividual. and potato-growingand flowers other commonand vegetables. and articlesother lines of diet, that toespecially appealed Recipes were sought and distributed, each girl learned to The boys took interest can fruit, to sew, shootsinand its set new or it buds. out.soil. One of the pupils tried an electrical experiment by bringing a It immediatelyThe experiment took new rootis one and for is the now formation thriving of new employedattendincontests the variousthe this each meeting. school linesyear atof is an work always advanced and represented by salary. delegates by sent creditable by the school exhibits to At the county corn contestsThe teacher, and at Miss the state Lulu Wolford, was re- vigoroustricitytotomato the rootto plant growth.a plantand in onecontact inspires branch with new of an lifethe electrical plant.in the plantcurrent. and causes a more The application of elec- It was applied thebenefiteddone veryhome. in thebest in The regularthe in schooltheinterest countybranches. has taken andbeen by in muchthe the young state benefited in people the qualityby in thethe ofinterestwork work of The community has been much Her school ranks among leapit.irstance to a district of informal school WeOur workin southeasternwork have in has agriculture quoted onlyIt is begun, Nebraska.a Newvery and and interesting York wedomestic hope and andto Indiana;get profitable greater nowresults study. for from a This onshouldawakened agriculture. not among fail in the h's patrons workWorking of for the want school.Aids: of Books,books and Bulletins, other aids Lie may have the ability and ingenuity etc. The teacher science19o7):'ural is Education quoted from without E. C. Bishop'sEquipment paper (N. on E. Agricul- A. Report, togestivemanyhe adapt is less reallyhis list self-reliant,c:Jurse at practical end to of local chapter).hetext-books can needs, find as onample does the subject assistanceMr. Lyon. (see in Then the states making 25tj sug- the If theas220 study others of not agriculture yet making in theit a schools obligatory, as well THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL requirement, publish more or teachersELEMENTARYhome gardening and countyAGRICULTURE and superintendents experimentation AND INDUSTRIAL have with encouraged fieldCLUBS crops. 221 less complete w-rking outlines to be used by pupils and Field B e A Field 8 A farmlongSuperintendent beenhome an closer ardent Laura to advocate the Fitch, school. ofof Lucasthis plan county, for drawing Iowa, hasthe Her efforts have been 190919081'307Clover1906 CoynOats C,n) 1904Clover1908-0aLs1907C906Clove.* o,-+% interestedwithhavecrowned theirbeen with schoolencouragedin theirsuccess. work. school to make work home than gardensever before. in connection Hundreds of rural schoolIn fact, children it has made them more These F'reld C -14A threeduringhome days' gardens the vacationschool have fair months.the is advantageheld at the countyof getting seat, good at which care In the fall of the year a Field I 8 h 19061907 gats CorvIfrn) IIr.Clemr.taltun el-rdatr-1101.4"1:11:Tne.vn COT Field Bo -IAA pel 4.Orr41.74 representativestime the garden from products the state are college exhibited at Ames. and judged by Lectures Me lover C n liel.petalostrtoi...Asmasn field E mothersareand also kindred ongiven household themes. of especial economy, interest horticulture, to the girls floriculture, and their Timair a 0 re11/43-1).ast Permanevitnoa F-ItAOvellarel andis one girls' of thehousehold many ways economyOrigin in which of clubs Boys' boys' have and agricultural Girls' Industrial clubs Clubs. The above come into exist- teachers.Flo. 14.A forty acre farm. The drawing illustratesportantThe scientific role specific in applicationmodern rotation farming. of rotationcrops to crops has begun to play an im- New Yorl., Illinois, (After Minnesota SchoolL Agriculture I ) Indiana, Minnesota, noinstituteinence. quitereal interest anotherhad been in way. lagging.the organization. In Macoupin county, Illinois, the clubs originated Interest in the annual farmers' The farmers somehow took Nebraskaexperimentation and many could otherIn not manystates be pursued schools prepare for where such sufficient courses.school reasons, gardening and agricultural appliedpresident as muchintroduced of the finesta happyHe seedadvertised innovation: corn procurabse that he would in the send state free to At this juncture itsany ,armer boy who as ! ( , BEST COPY AVAILABLE 261 thea222 one-cent annual meetingstamp would of the carry; farmers' the institute boys to and receive small prizes THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Five hundred boys responded. When exhibit their product at enough,quickELEMENTARY to herecognize may AGRICULTURE experience its value ANDdefeatby tangible INDUSTRIAL in the results. corn CLUBS contest at Likely 223 awayforthe the timeif bestthey for corncared the meetingraised. to. came, the farmers were told they might stay This meeting was for the boys, who were therecorn. by scores with their thenbushel,the hands it giveswhile of ahishis certain own bringssatisfaction the customary to be defeated sons, whose corn commands $2 per 75 cents. by one's But agriculturalanplaypronounced expert of corn from as thehe"fine ever state a dis-had It was judged by college and coäperationsupportersown offspring! of between the new farm schools, and school. and Such farmers will become the stanch " pull The influence of " for a better themselvesseen."and were there, too, over 500 of them, the But the farmers problem had theaccordingtioncan industrial hardlya new to generationbe clubsMr. overestimated. Dick on of theJ. scientificCrosby, education of farmers. the of Unitedthe farm States De- They are rearing the na- " The boys,"youth ThisbeenothersSuperintendents solved. was organized simi- in 1901. and metcloselyimprovementpartment and the learned cropsof Agriculture, of and to crops; solvethings someaffecting of the problems in the they have" learnedhave learned to keep sim- crops;to they observe have more FIG. 5. The corn plant. trates proper rooting. (AfterThe drawing Minnesota illus- tooklarstudy clubs. up ofthe The corn; scientific schools school enedsourcesple accounts, by of contact agricultural to read with goodliterature; others literature, and their by views and tohave know broad- the visiting institu- mentalhad spread plots tomultiplied, otherSchool states. Influenceand Agriculture.) before of long Such the Organizations movement upon Education. gardens and experi- them."tionsinitiative of learning, has in and Thisfinally educational the influence has spread from Minnesota many cases been strongly developed in power of taking the Noin expedientItwith their appeals so universal madeto the usc average approval of in recentfarmer's years self-interest. by educators, efforts to solve the farm problem, has met as has the industrial club. He is otherlocaltoinstitutions, Texas, inboards fostering from of and Pennsylvaniaeducation, the individual movement. state superintendents to universitiesColorado. vie and with each State and other 224Hamilton'developed County, system Indiana,of agriculturalGeneral Club. Plan education Indiana of Boys' in Cornthe schools. Clubs illustrated THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL has a well- in the Itstheformingin county local rural cornsuperintendentsan schools excellent clubs andand means highereducational report of agriculturalacquaintanceshipa excursions, well-sustained interest institutions. the latter between Stateclubs1936 Superintendent containsand girls' manyindustrial Fassett striking clubs A. detailsCotton's are of annual report accomplishing in twenty what boys' corn for An average corn exhibit at the annual contest of the Hamilton County, Indi tratedcountiesmanagement and of highly that of interesting.state.There is much similarity in the plan such corn The report is profusely illus- clubs. They hold one or pursued in the ana, Boys' Corn Club. (Courtesy of Superintendent J. F. Haines.) possibly two meetings a year, the spring seed dis- avow 14.111 414,101 gr. tribution and the winter scoring and prize contest, .ww Momsow gm.11.1. . Mls Ims and very generally an annual excursion to the state 4111 0E1.4...NEM 101111111, Ora agriculturalwenoHamilton doubtreproduce interested college County at this or Boys' pointstate Corn university.a Club, as it appears in just how the clubs do their work, portion of the report of the As readers are in Super- intendenthasIt has been been Cotton's to worked teach report the out boys from Object.: tothe know very goodbeginning. corn The Hamilton County Boys' Corn Club is not a and to raise good Its object is and theory. atobjectcorn least by is sso actuallybeing boys accomplished handling,and perhaps judging, can an be equal proven by a cloud of and producing it; and that the number of men who are the BEST COPYA witnesses, IUBLE Sectional view of Pawnee County, Nebraska, corn growing and cooking con. test, t9o8. (Courtesy of State Superintendent E. C. Bishop.) 2 6 ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 225 "growparents corn." and friends of theseMeetings. boys. This club has been organized three years. The watchword of the club is, There ais memberatcorn,no the machinery plantsproper signs about time hisabout name400selects the hills, to organization. ten the cultivates ears and entersthe corn them in the contest list of members, takes two ears of Each boy who becomes during the summer, for awarded.a premium.the seed Weis Two distributed, have meetings had andgood are one heldspeakers in December,each andyear corn when experts the premiums at each are The boys have been thoroughly instructed in the one in April, when selectionof fromcorninthese the for the meetings.cultivation and exhibition.beginning testing ofof are thethe becoming cornseed, plant, in expertthe andpreparation in in their the selectionknowledge of the seed of of earsbed, corn. of Many of these boys who have been members TheyCOM.of them are able are moreto score expert an ear than pretty"Corn their accurately.fathers Boys" in in the Scoring selection Contests. of show At a stock show in this Quite a number countyIfarmerscorn broughtan implementbrought to the in room firm their whereoffered tenvisited earsit was to exhibited. compete for the premium. this exhibition with one of $zo for the best ten ears of the " corn boys." A number of the We Helookedthethere, immediatelyA corn comparison meaningat wasthe packages,scored, theresaid of that wasthethis theresamples andbutpackage one then was package submittedselected Ibut asked one of by packagehimgood by the thc forshowboy farmers ofhis took corn.good opinion. the and corn prize. those When submittedselectedofears corn with by represented,ears little the as regardboys nearly showed towhile likeperfection this thethat modelboys the or menconforming ha as ! had theyin mindselected could to athe typicalfind. theirtype largestof ear variety and It was a corndifference so well in that training, they can that be was taught all. nothing more about it. Some of these farmers know ' C 226 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 227 SampleName of No scorer Date Table Place aboutTheknow the county about success superintendentcorn? of the" club.Corn Boy did not" vs. give Farmer. the instruction; that was But most of that feeling has been overcome. What didAt the first county many superintendent were very skeptical s. Trueneua. characteristics to type or breed Shape of ear 3010 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 o ingiven cornwhich by was cornhis judged, son, experts. a the"corn son boy," received was the also a contestant. Not long since a farmer entered a contest prize, having beaten the father When the 3. Purity of color a. Grain 5 organized,many points. but now admits that his son knows more about corn than This same father was skeptical when the club was b. Cob 5 Ofhe does.this number 53 entered theThe contest. year the club was organized it had a membership of 93. The second year the number 4.s. TipsVitality or seed condition so 5 arehad 250increased members, to 150, and and at least102 enteredzoo the contest. will be contestants. This year there 6. Butts 5 ....-- . didsold not for receiveseed, and premiums. the proceeds GoodThe divided prize Seed package Corn.equally Last ofamong tenyear ears the the boysof corn who brought in by the boys was yellow 7. Kernels, a. uniformity of so $ each.corn was sold for $2, and many of None of the corn was sold for less than $2 per bushel. the packages were sold for $1 It I. Length ofJ. ear Shape of SO hadseed. all been carefully selected and cared for, and it made excellent . 9. Circumference of ear 7 This year each boy who enters the contest will be given a ticket so. Space tween rows. a. Furrows be- 5 to a corn lunch. This lunch will consist of the following: 6. Space between ker- nels at cob 3 Corn Relish MENU il. Proportion of corn to cob t , Total .... sco " Snowflake" Hot Corn Bread, with " Goldmine" Butte! Hot Corn Tamale, a la HomanaCream of Corn, en Surprise Corned Beef no. In. REASONS FOR CUTS An official corn score card. BE COPY AVAILARLF Pop-corn Bonbons, ad Libitum MoldedInspiration Corn Glad of Corn 228 Excursions to Purdue University. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The club has taken two 0 ELEMENTARYHe knew about AGRICULTURE the stock, the AND breeds of cattle and hogs, the rotationINDUSTRIAL CLUBS 229 W.notexcursionspleasant. onlyR. R. to Co. theto Purdue.hasboys been but to very their obliging, sisters E ndand parents. both trips have been At Lafayette we were met by members of the faculty of These excursions have been great treats, The L. E. & of crops,beraised proud the for yield to the produce cornper acre club. such of wheatcorn.At last he took me to his plat of goo It was his best effort, and well he might He has since accurately measuredand corn. hills of corn that he had tory,throughshowedthe agricultural visited theus everycollege the department,crop attention. buildings, experiments, who were conducted barns,shown stockthe us creamery, to and the stock university soil pavilion, labora- and We picnicked on the campus, went anwhogradethe acreground gave at ofschool. them suchand togatheredcorn the class and as weighed a practical problem. He gave this measure and weightwould to produce ioo bushels. the corn. He is in the eighthIt was found that his teacher, theswered.taken.were following bountifully programme supplied was with given: apples to eat, and had our pictures EverythingAt was one explained o'clock a inmeeting detail, wasand heldall questions in Fowler an- Hall, where departmentits origin to ofa state-wide educationIn movement, orseveral states the organization the department of agriculture of industrial clubs owesinitiated by the state AddressExperimentResponseMusic of Welcome Station Work Pipe Organ Professor W. C. Latta Miss Eva L. Linn G I ChristieJ. F. Haines inState the state Superintendent university. E.State-wide C. Bishop, Boys' and Girls' Associations while he held the office undertook the gi- in Nebraska. thevisit club the hasSoldiers' permeated Home, all Tecurnseh'sTeachingAt four o'clock the Trail, Fathers andalmost Battle Scientific the Ground.entire Farming The influence of parts of the county. party went on special cars to Farmers are ofintogantic deputyin school.associations task superintendent of The organizing organizationfor industrial in his has state, met the school children of Nebraska advancement at home and with splendid success, corn,theyfather,ing are andmore cultivating and in attention manythe father theirinstances to is crops theproud selection thewith of boy it. more knows of seed more corn about than everit than before; the care; they know more about pay- ,2xistenceasfor may girls be ofas gathered onlywell five as for years, boys, the from the fact that now, after an and its work has been ex-association includes clubs of doit.takethe not boysyou figure to ,,,ho their awhile are patch members and of then of look the club. at theThey back know of the all book the causes of their success or failure. corn, and explain how they have cared for It is a pleasure to visit the homes With what pride they for the They tendedthe state. through subsidiary organizationsThe University of Nebraska cooperates to every part of in this im- yellowIwithanswer. visited a gladcorn. Paul look Sumner, in their who has twice taken the And the father and mother He took me over a portion of his father's fine farm. eyes, " Willie has some fine corn." One day be pardoned for saying, premium for the best oftutesportantlocal club ; meetings.memberswork through and furnishes speakers it issues valuable illustrated bulletins In Nebraska, as in Illinois, the the department of Farmers' for the state and for the use Farmers' Insti- Institute230 and the State Board of Agriculture are impor- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARY AGRICULTUREThe ANDtotal INDUSTRIALmembership CLUBSof Nebraska 231 clubs is now (1909) organizedtantbership factors of at in five Lincoln the hundred success in theOrganization boys.of springthe movement. of 1905and Growth. with a mem- The firstThe state first corn corn con- club was sessionyearthroughincreased forty-four fromthe to countyover one county 20,000day and to contests stateone boys week.organizations. and were girls held, active each in thebeing work in The attendance has During the added,Thetestauxiliary wasresults and held for werefive thatat hundredtheso purpose. gratifying capital, girls December thatimmediately "corn-cooking" 14-16, formed 1905. was an By 1906 the scope of the two scienceone-weekduringvaried from anyfor courses the onea few girls. day. inhundred agriculture to two for thousand the boys andat each domestic point Each schoolA district new feature in the thiscounty year is short wheat,hadandassociations becomeNebraska potato, materially Girls'and sugar-beet enlarged growing, and included corn cooking, "corn, Nebraska Boys' Agricultural Association Domestic Science Association thetois exhibitedthese Organization. short-course to two delegatesmeetings.State Superintendent one boy and one E. girlC. Bishop on the Object of Mr. Bishop strikes the keynote of otherclubshand branches sewing,in other of andlines cooking, manual of agriculture, fruit training, preserving, domestic with workflower science, in culture, country and whenthe purpose he says: for which allThe such object organizations of our organization are formed, is to provide suggestion and direc- organizations.manualdistrict training." organizations.Local organizations are provided for by the state These are the county and the school- The degree of growth and effi- oforstudiestion theother rather value the plants thangrowth cif carefulwillinstruction. of gain a thoughtpatch a new of applied interestcorn, sugar in and the beets, astudy better potatoes,and appreciation the adapta- wheat, The boy who carefully cultivates and dependsciencylocal units.of on the the mother virility state and efficientorganization management very materially of these The count). superintendent in the county tiontowillandFurther, ofa knowledgeofdirectseed the he selection, himusewill ofto becomeof study,these soilsystematic fertility, interestedplantsto discussion, feeding asand foodin the the intelligentandfor best mantocaring methods investigation, and culture for animal. oflive ofmarketing, stock,plants. leading to This andandgatheredin thehis other teacher forawz thein rds the annual are school made. state district meetings, is ex-officio at which prizes respective unit. The best local exhibits arc manager a studyvatetion ofone of the animal flower, financial adaptation one problems vegetable,The andgirl involved. needs,who or any learns and plant to by ina actual carefulwhich experience sheconsidera- becomes to successfully This is education. culti- interested;232thedish use for of whothe herself table,learns or to a bake canmember aa jarloaf of of thefruit, bread, family, to to make prepare to neatly an an apron THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL darn or edible for oats,ELEMENTARY$2oo andto the corn. winners AGRICULTURE in the cooking AND INDUSTRIAL and sewing CLUBS contest. 233 The Business League of St. Paul gave yetpatchlongcheerfulness, important a become garment; duties expert careful if she the in seeksthought,home toduties, and intelligent study, best way; if she combines with her work, know and to perform these simpleand will become such a student she will ere- ofLiberal the one-room prizes were rural also school.This given ChapterThis in the chapteraddressed other hascontests. to been Teachers written of One-roomespecially Schools. for the teacher of highestthewillnature, business be of ledof all theto woman,womanly ahome proper and the callings. growth ofhome the andmaker,foundation development, and theof home into keeper, social life, that she the student, the complisha teacherto concede inof suchaverage that schools. ideal ability, conditions We energy, may allfor andbe agriculture willing, zeal cannot perhaps, teaching ac- It includes but little that Girls.list at The end University of chapter)Annual of forMinnesota the Industrial use ofissues rural Contest a for Minnesota Boys schools. manual (see Theand maysolidationcertainlywill not never cannotreach of be schools ourattained afford section shall to in postpone overtakethe for one-room a quarter this us. subject school,century till but con-yet. we Consolidation cookingandtopics:1907 field issue the contest; management; seed, wheat,sewing suggestions oats,contest; barley, for corn, practical crop exercises; of the book contains this interesting list fruit contest; vegetable rotation, of sweepingway,Meanwhile, to utilizerural communities.we this must schoolThe do, teacher in what the educational haswe can, albeit evolution in a small now every reason to feel encouraged in the mentarycontest.andBesidesFarmers' judging, agriculture furnishing Club," and thus tinderthe becomes necessary whose the auspicessubject-matter mouthpiece the Tie book is used as a text for teachers and pupils. it gives definite rules for score cards annual in- of " The in ele- thatpremises,forknowledge the the small work in thatdigging schoolto the andlittlein nature planting informal study in thework and experin innow beautifying beingental patch done of encourage the boys to study and to raise dustrialations contestdescribed for above.MinnesotaThc work boys andis similar girls is to that of the clubs. It is especiallyThe successful contests in are he'd Nebraska associ- held. ontheserudimentscorn the andare farm, asvegetables; of effective for home industrial economics, in that creating theefficiency work asewing, love to and forteach etc., therural thesoil organiza- girls and lifethe that all organizinginChamber December, local of Commerce at St. offered $ moo 'or prizes on wheat, county Paul. Last year the Minneapolis methodsf;,,ri and used development in larger and as better equipped schools. many of the more dignified 2 234 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ELEMENTARYx5. Rural School AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL CLUBS 235 Agriculture. The University of Minnesota. ELEMENTARYA SELECTED AGRICULTURE LIST OF CLUBS BOOKS DEALING WITH AND INDUSTRIAL 16. DepartmentAnthony Park, of Agriculture, Minn., Bulletin No. 2 (revised). First Principles of Agriculture. 1907. pp. 116. Silver, Bur- St. x. BAILEY, L. H. New York. $1.23.Principles of Agriculture.al. New Elementary Agriculture The Macmillan Co., (for rural 17. WINSLOW,Wm:ma, I. 0.E. B. Americandett and Co., Book Chicago. Co., Chicago. Principles of Agriculture for Common Schools. $0.75. So.6o. 2. 3.BESSEY, CAR1UNCTON, C. E. et W. Mo.,schools). 1904. University Publishingpp. 36. Co., Lincoln. T. Elements of Agriculture. jefferson City, New Washington,subjects may beD.C.: obtained - The by writing following to the Farmers' Secretary Bulletins of Agriculture, and mary others on kindred 4. 5.Course CROSBY, D. H. York State Education Department, of Study and Syllabus for Agriculture in Negro Schools. pp. 719 Elementaryel seq. Schools. Albany, N.Y., 1906. 1903 report, No. 35. 91. OnionPotato Culture. 6. -.7. Boys' DAVIS, Agricultural C. W. Agriculture,Office of Experiment Stations. 1904, Washington, D.C. Clubs. Year-book, Department of pp. 489-496. No.NoNo. 154.r13. 39 148. Potato DiseasesTheCeleryThe Home Apple and Culture. Fruittheir and Garden.Treatment. how to grow It. 8. Etta, A. CASWELL. New York, 1907. Rural School Agriculture. Thepp. Teaching 263. of Agriculture in St. Orange Judd Co. the Public No.No 161.x6. 171. SuggestionsThe Home Vineyard. to Fruit Growers. 9. ILES, GEORGE. berSchools. rs, Bulletin of the University of Texas, Dr. Robertson's Work in the No. 85, Decem- Training of No.No. 181. 183. 199. MeatPruning.Control on of the the Farm. Codling Moth. to. Illinois Coursex. Nebraska Corn PP.Canadian 576-584. Farmv, of Stud,:. Book, ..eview of Reviews,E. C.C. M. Bishop, Parker, November, Lincoln, Taylorville, 1907. Neb. Ill. pp. 208.pp. 78. No. 229. TheCorn Production Growing. of Good Seed Corn. 12. JEWELL,13. Report, F. 1905,R. No.elementary 2, 1907. agriculture). Illinois Farmers' Institute,pp.Agricultural 140. Education (especially chapter on U. S. Education Bureau, Bulletin Springfield, 111., 1905, 14. RoosvvELT,Tm000RE. PP.An 462.Agriculture, address, Lansing, Washington, Mich., D.C., The Man who works with his May 31, 1907. Circular No. 24. Department of pp. 14. Hands. Cygnxus organized a complete system of manual MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS training 237 Manual Training Defined. MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM S Hoots CHAPTER XII The term manual train- schools,becamefor the elementary compulsoryand for boys schools inin someallBut inrural itform schools. in all normal is to Sweden, after all, that 1858. Eight years later itwe must look for training ing,onofstructive asbothwood, we boys shallhandwork iron, and use leather, girls it in in the thisetc.; schools. chapter, applies of the boys with the use of tools of the girls in acquiring a It includes the work to all con- thethesystematic United samegreatest Statesdifficulties manual contributions are training. experiencing in its torural communities The kingdomthe early in development 1872 faced of to-day; viz. the con- that we of moredays,holdknowledge economy thanhowever, theof theandwork the underlying management. termof the is expanded principles hand muscles. Not uncommonly nowa-. toessential embrace in vastly house- Broadly speak- centrationdecline,thecounteract one-time theof this ruralgovernment popular evil population and home at determined the industries in same the timeto establish to reestablish large cities.now on a ranid Sloyd To oftheing,trol brain, human it andmay nerve, accuracy bodybe madeand muscle, of to the :nclude senses." thus producing muscular con- " by which is secured the all of those exercises of Nature study, school coordination decidedpupilsintended,schools handy,throughouteconomic as adept, bent, rural skillful, preparing communities. and the were naturally of a' the word Sloyd signifies, youth for the various The schools were to make their therallygardening,have coordination come been and underconsidered elementary of this values elsewhere agriculture set forth and above. need nu repetition category, since they would very natu- But theseall have formulatedintodidtrades. notform. come and until by later1877 when extended the to the entire The real educational A complete course of tool work for aspects of manuC training movement had rounded systemboys wasof here.fornizA boys as and a legitimate girls thatIts partwe Early shall of History.school use the work term. for just It is, then, in the restricted sense of Manual training has been recog- handwork half a fullyfolkbackboneSeminariun schools, z000 schoolsof or theat public Nab, SwediQl in schools.theestablished kingdom. in The famous system, and at the same time Sloyd is now taught in 1874, has been the Sloyd century. We hear ,. - of it first in Finland, where one Uno 236 inhas other been countries. of inestimable importance in shaping the work primary238 schools. France has made manual THE AIIIERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Handwork instruction is given training obligatory in all its in all fromthe growth the rural. has been MANUAL 1RAINING IN The report of the United remarkably rapid in all schools asidc ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS States commis- 239 Empire,elementaryBritish Switzerland, Isles grades. are pretty Holland, The various parts of the thoroughly alive to the great ad- Belgium, Russia, and the German all tablesionertraining of of cities was of given 4000 in the years education population andfor over in which manual 1907 contains indicated the following offeringvantages the to bework derived in some from manual training and are Unitedform or States. other. In European UnitedSTRSR States OR TWITORY. . . 37 95 121 146 169 232 270 322 411 420 510 644 countries the introductionManual and Training in the spread of manual training SouthNorth Atlantic Division . . 23 3I 52 32 72 62 SC 55 94 IC 3 112 1612 125 1222 129 2819 158 2636 156 3129 175 4222 217 3452 ushas the been movement confined to the began, literally speaking, at the top and thenceelementary spread downward. schools. But with of WesternNorthSouth CentralCentrai Division Division . . . . to 30 8 31to 45II 4814 7319 8922 119 27 Or 30 174 30 236 35 293 48 trainingItthe delphia,is educationalgenerally exhibits in 1876,conceded system at gavethe that Centennial direction to the manual trainingthe excellent EuropeanThe Ethical manual Culture Society Exposition in Phila- ofin the the system. table maintainedThe table manual speaks a volume In 1890 only 37 cities of the for the remarkabletraining growth schools; in 1905, class given ideaofvital1878, Newin the part anYork United institution of established States. wherein ins+auction. the Workingman'sThe first distinctivemanual School training manualin formed the over420that dren cities;the people precedinga practicaland in the year. citiespreparation are in 1907, 644, which last was a This demonstrates pretty clearlydeterminedfor to industrial give their pursuits. chil- gain of 134 trainingSt.Woodward. Louis,successful school in in188o, Thefromour countrySt.through the Louis outset, %% Manual as, which the efforts of Dr. Calvin A. led tohowever, theTraining establish- founded School wasat theoristsedge is havenot contained been reluctantGrowth in printed to own of Manual Training practical in education, whichbooks. that allIdeas. human knowl- There is a general Educational mentCincinnati,li upofaltimore, similarbetween Denver,Eau schools 188o Claire, and Omaha.Toh and 1886. in other large cities: do,From Philadelphia, that time toCleveland, the present These schools all sprang Chicago, dreadchildreneducationalap in licable their may campto live standards, their andthat own experiencethe to cheapen and lives, has a tendency to lower and make immediately debase arcepted 2 c. A courses.the240 cities a rapidly increasing demand for Be this as it may, just now thereTHE AMERICAN is with us RURAL in SCHOOL industrial trainingefficiencystandis not theircoursesso whichmarked own can needs.nothing becausesatisfy. short people of thoroughgoing there hardly yet manual under- Once they become awake to what In rural districts the demand manualland.Swedes training did can do for Philosophythe farm, they will do what the ofintroduce it Manual Training. into every rural school in the The philosophy sound,"underlyingtolessens give asthecontrol, Dr. interval G. dexterity, Stanley between andHall thinking skill puts an andit, industrial doing ; trend the movement is " simple, forcible, and " in that helps it newtendstolength taste; zest to interests ofanfor theappreciation some school many studies; period; not of addssuccessful good, gives somewhat honest a sense in ordinary work;to of the capacity average impartsschool; and effectiveness,vocations."and mental and growth is a usefulis veryThe preparationmarked. psychological for a relationnumber ofbetween manual activity Training in muscular activityTheremindNoin physical the concentration,has can thinking a be powerfulmanipulations no process really and influence skilledmindand can hence concentration beon artisan accomplishedintellectual to mind without development.is growth. essential without strong MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS 241 mentality.yet produced skilled dexterity.We make bold to claim that there can be no rea/ educa- On the other hand, weak mentality has never and Girls at work in Domestic Economy rooms, Macdonald Consolidated School, Guelph, Canada. hand.tionstrangersyears without in mastery to the the proper simplest of " coordinationthe forms of of mind, heart, The world is full of individuals who have spent printed page," but who are manual exercise. Such ftikto it* peopleBrought lack face much to thatface is with essentially real life practical they are inhelpless, education. lack traininginitiativepractical;by filling would and the thereby, executive yawninghave brought in ability.thegap end, betweenthem safeguarding much the moretheoretical ofthe real aation's and life the A knowledge of manual Boys in Manual Training department, Macdonald Consolidated School, Guelph, Canada. socialIntwo our life. things: rural communitiesAims ofmanual Manual training Training must in stand Rural for Communities. (.1) adaptation of manual or muscular energy tolifeasand the the may scientific;end practical becomethat farm in more material pursuits attractive may and more beautiful, and (2) recognition of the beautiful as well creation, to the end that farm become more skilled bettermanuallife themworth labor, seemedliving. devoid, to Manyhim yes, but stripped,is theone young monotonous of every man incentivewho round has leftofto the farm because Manual training in a small rural school, Edgar County, Illinois. mentalaverage growth. American farm youth has never It is an undeniable truism that the learned the dis- 2 242tinctionSays Calvin between Milton THE AMERICAN RURAL manualWoodward labor and in the Outlook SCHOOL manual trait:ing. of December thepursuits, farmwill disappear youth and onceall beforethat become is thedeadening new-born MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM skilled and scientific in farm and sordidinterest in farm sprung life from a SCHOOLS 243 16,tools,the 1905, cradle, nor speakinghad and we the a machineax;I learned to use correctly of his experiencebut I never on learned toolthe hoe, of any the kind shovel, till the the proper use of bench the farm: plow,mowing the scythe, machine unionthe of beautiful head and in hand! materialCombination of Art and Manual Training creation. We have spoken of Then SS to andmechanic thewas reaperspent arts, simpfy came. properly so in hard labor, which I knewknowledge nothing of of crops and called. Nineteen twentieths of myhad no education drawing, nothing cf the soils and the market. beyond an time Thethe phasecorrelation commercial is but of spirit brain is and so strong little associated with the material. hand. in us that the artisticBut we need more. The Manualincidentalwouldof Menomonie,training have and savedimperfect would me have Or we may take Wisconsin, himself oncemuch a time andthe money.verdict of Professor been of great value, and a few lessonsL.farm D. Harvey, boy, but practicalrearedillustratedstruction intakes our in and precedencethe large arrangement grotesque cities, over and and of the inoftenour monstrous lackfarm of homes,taste in in the planning beautiful,con- as is so well structwes nowWell, anthat! it was not becamieI left the farm, and I It began while the stars were educator of national of the hardleft work. it because I did not yetreputation. shining in There was enough of the morning, andHe exclaims:like it. Why? theandlation rescueplanting how here, the art, also.grounds, the essence etc. of the They must teach our rural popu- The schools must come to xsthetic and spiritualtraining, the essence andit didwasit hardbecause not not workend at hardthat till mean. theywork was time, so many years ago, shone againBut at night. that was not why I all there was on the the thousand and one I knc w what long farm.left the farm. Because there thingsI leftdays world,ofmanual the may practical betraining combined and in constructive. rural withAn ardentschoolsmanual advocate is of this coordination of art and Professor Elbert H. booksthatpossible arethese to available him thingsfor because him wereto to realize he there the farmer to-day, and some b,has not had thewhat training is in them. I left because none of which are sealed which makes it of University,Eastmond,Schools,subject (Rational N.Instructor Provo, E. A., Utah.Los Art in IndustrialAngeles, and A recent 1907) paper Manual Training in Rural Arts, Brigham Young contains so many of his on this ablefarmclose remainconditions. the contents closed secretsThere of had then But many of thealready things been muchthese sealed books for want of training. is improvementour task.which inate avail- To dis- Let admirablesecuredmay seem stiggestiorhis permission of most to direct benefit:for the teacher that the author make use of such portions as 2 has 244 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS 245 oftrainingan thisimpetus conceptive correlation in art work generating or is constructive helpfulSuggestive subject to the art need Course expression. not for be Ruralfelt by Schools. any introduction of art and manual I am of the opinion that The emphasis others withpresentedcuttingFollowing brush should byclay perhaps the belessons, childgiven. working subjective with and some representative large medium, work inapplied paper mass expression. Then the continuation of delineation is As soon as you feel that thanthatItArt is the studyisa subjectgratifyingsupervisors, is very that topossible will mostteachers, report parents. under andthe a teacheractivitiesgeneral who school of knowsa child management. hisin a manner business. theanall child artenjoyment lessons. is prepared reached. and anxious,It is not introduce necessary color. that children have a medium in 'heir hands for Col.,. and beauty may be talked of to the child, and The appreciation of the world beautiful shouldorthat girl a manual shouldbe suggestive traininghave three by product the factorsUseful, call thatof practicalutility; has industrial secondly, exercises benefit it possess should for educational boy value. in oi,f- nization: first, the thing I believe have children.andtraining the world in the beautified rural school is theKinds aregreatest established of Work aim in Possible the educationally art education of Introduction. that of it (For suggestive outline of work see Appendix.) Art and manual geometricofextentinconsister.:y thisits being, instance;only basis; that andof thirdly, purpose.the becomes product it should To pleasing is beautify brought be beautiful to refineddoes into harmonynotas tasteto mean proportion because to decorate ofand the it means to use art principles and agencies to the with the idea mayrequisites:ofaimsin eachemphasis,aid to in boyany the consistency and great all-roundI repeat girl. extent that developmentas in toall the use, problems elementary geometric of true,should school. basis,clean have andindividuality three an elementgeneral It should not be introduced with utilization For the sake schoolsskillinornamentation the displayed. work and publicexpressed, or finish. schools in theanywhere, form and is simpiyin the individualitycreative of the All art, especially as a medium of culture in rural The art of a product of work should be expression, of Communities.beauty. N. E. A. Committee on Industrial Education in Rural graphicdivisionand soul manner. ofexpression. expression that dealsFirst with in art materials work, Iand recommend mediums clay as a medium for Drawing is the delineative part of the general in a mayeralEducation statementsbe undertaken in Rural concerning Communities in rural theschools, lines makes ofwith the handwork followingall reasonable which gen- The N. E. A. Committee on Industrial expensive.grades.representationand method this and medium creative can expression, be easily especiallysupplied and in bethe primary This int Hum is possible of supplyMost in clays all localities arc self-disinfecting. and in- With careful thought successfully allowanceits location, depending environment, on character equipment, of the etc.:particular school, handledJusttimesas atto in this the teachersclasses. destructionpoint, unconsciously allow of me products to bringsuggest discouragement that care should to the This medium may be used again and again. before the little makers. child, andbe taken Many truthsembrace essential the acquiring as a basis of Generalfor a knowledgethe proper Statement. organization of scientific andprinciples administra- andDOMESTIC ART, ECONOMY, AND SCIENCE Within this field the scope of the work may suggest negative habits by destroying the work (..() t: , in the child's presence. tion of the activities of the household upon a scientific basis; of a 9 theknowledge246 proper exerciseof the facts of activitiesnon-scientific within in thecharacter, household but necessaryupon an eco- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL fot workingprise of building purposes. a small shop on the grounds MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM Under specially favorable circumstances and fitting it SCHOOLSup for 247 it nomic basis; practice in the application and use of this MANUAL TRAINING In the field of manual training considered knowledge. structionwillsewing not be ofof difficult farmleather buildings andto extend in the of splicingtheitWith to simpler the the of ropes, rightsort. kind of a teacher exercises may making of plans for the con- finding practical appli- be given in the apartuses,andfollowing frommoral as shall the endsactivities workenable are sought:inthrough the domesticGeneral boy theto Statement. useart, ofeconomy, tools and materials the training of physical, intellectual,do very many things in line of con- and science, the and their sitiescationand ofinopportunities the mendingfarm may areof require. harness,not lackingSome making p-actical for of lessons in painting and glazing may applying the knowledge thus halters, etc., as the neces- be given, structionotherwise and have repair to bework done necessary by Thehired One-room laborupon atthe considerable farm which expense. School and Manual Training. would gainedinperhaps mightthe on fields the securebe schooldoneof industrialtraining in or almost farm in education, some Inbuildings.every domestic lines country especially of thisart, school workwith moreteachers properly trained (and theyin maysewing), somethingwith the girls, pro- readily than forTheoutthese the general hopes gradedlarger for statements institutionsor a semigradedfinal solution above alone consolidated areof does the intended the committee schools. hold hand-craft problem. particularly In on.videdthe wisdomtestimony is used of manyin theWhen waysuccessful the we work know is that to these concessions can rural teachers who are organized and carried be added one-roomitIt getherargues,does not schools.too are believe limited. too few that and much facilities can be accomplishedfor such work in alto- the At theThe same well-equipped time the committee does teachers here, thisactuallycase class does teachingof not schools look manual so and who training are and bad after all. getting good results, thePerhaps it is only fair domestic art in concedein these that schools. some manual trainingThe school work carpentry may be should done keep even in view the tools, the boy will It says in part: bettertowriter addseveral since that thus scores conditionsthe has committee of before one-room have him (1905) schoolsat thiswrote which changed materially for the time the records of its report.have added the The ofmost school.articlesmay probably well which haveexpand can at be home, within put to and somea If yearmay In immediate theorwell two,school be directedso use thereas at to home toaretake the a orinnumbermaking inthe the enter- of large boys, the carpentry systemwork,make and if theya whose great could. mistaketeachersThe if would Great we neglect Mistakenot go the of means Waiting for Consolidation. back to the old which are We .1! ri 1 248 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL MANUAL TRAIMNG IN ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS 249 theconsolidation.at hand ills tofor which rural school our rural improvement, schools are while subject, waiting for Granted that this is the panacea for all it may becomeonmade a little the accustomed spiceshelf youcabinet. seeto the in the window.I began withWe the boys making their I do all the layinguse of off the for tools. them until they own bench. are at present workingLater I am going to After that we slowly,reachesneverthelessneglect ourvery to particular do beslowly, what a long, wesection perhaps: canlong toof time ameliorate theand country. before meanwhile conditions? consolidation shall we It will come Let forhaveboys the them winterare muchmake will pleasedone be along by themselves.withMr. the the Fortner's work and case, take much interest we rejoice to say, is not an isolated same line as I have described. The work I have planned in it. The inus schoolsschools. numberremember wherewhen that comparedmanual the consolidated training w:th the is whole notschools attempted number are ,.ery offor rural want For each such school there are hundreds of small few WeNebraska,Missone. read:Lulu quoted Wolford, in the in chapterDistrict No. Many others have done equally well; for instance, on agricultural education. 29, Pawnee county, makeandofanticipating proper their the encouragement.investigatingmost ideal of the conditions, opportunities committees much atwould ofhand, the be asembarrassment as they eager are toin If our educational associations weredistributed,articles,by which reported and they eachto at cultivatemight their girl experimentinglearnlittle certain informaltoAt cook intermission plants. and meetings, in her periods and whenthe teacher desired, and pupils Recipesto sew, were to sought make andvarious own home. talked over plans Results underpictureCounty, which of Indiana. awe one-room now haveCase school to oflabor in couldIndiana be whereeliminated. they did District The writerNo. 4,has Monroe in his possessionTownship, Howarda cultivatesamplesbread andwereflowers other submitted. and common vegetables. Resultsarticles of from diet, such Informal Work. In this way the girls learned to make to can fruit, to sew, and to The work in Fortner,notHe accomplishingwait began thefor without teacher,ideal conditions. vastlyany instructing equipment more hisfor whatsoever. boyshis boys in bench than arework. many In it appears Mr. Ord Yet hc is children,upisthese the adapted neglectedschools leading to theis worknecessarilythem needs toof of the the in home, individual thus broadening the a keener appreciation of home a high degree informal. pupils and takes It highlyhavetoequipped get at along their buildings. disposal.with little and make the most of what they paid manual He teaches trainingthem to be resourceful,He writes: teachers in elaborately boylifejoint,cabinet," andwho ishome is doing havingin interests.planing more actual to drawexperience home a perfect edge, in making a tightIt may be truly said that and school intoin closer building a " spice every 6 courserelations250 conceivable than is the boy in the plugging away at the best arranged THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL three R's. And this without andsteps most which discouraging. now have to be faced are the most difficult MANUAL TRAINING IN ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS But once they are taken, the 251 learnsconsultationinany their disrespect to place. prepare with for a theteachernew three dish, and to experimentationbake a loaf of good at bread,home Just as true is it that the girl who from R's, which are very excellent frombattleto constructbuild a is school half his won. theownboard very Thework of shop doubtingteacher bench, in which may asThomases; above; thehave work toor or wringheis may carried may toolshave have on! herthingtowhit make mother about as her much, homedoes own if notsunbonnetsanitation not know more, and andfor home ruralapron, upliftemergencies who than is whichthe girl such a girl is doing every learns some- selfyoungtendent at theman Bayliss, one-rcom won of a Illinois,glorious schoolHow tells tovictory of win: aCottage story afor Case of rural Hill,how to uplift annearthe aggressive Point. Spring-and for Ex-state Superin- whoasteacher wellhas clung shouldas on to the begin the teacher's traditional withHow will to sex Begin. dependcourse ofon study. local conditions, Just what line of manual work the and preparation. A man underofmanualfield, use Illinois. thefor training. thisbuilding purpose. if excavated! The teacher and older The teacher was determined toThe introduce schoolroom was too small to permit But there would be ample space Withteachercanwork thebe canoutlined done girls do more equallytheabove, forreverse from thewell boys theis true. thanpen ofcan Professor a woman Eastmond, teacher. by both. Very muchThe teacherof the may heroicsmanualtheboys basement with ? training their next own room. thehands furnace actually and removed here planned the earth their in A tumble-down, poorly supported school in And what came out of these a beLet withoutdustriously.at himthe endsend exprience of for this some chapter, in of such the work.books suggested in the list Legin with art work or the simplest forms rid have him study them in- Good and well. educationtionsixshort years, with time grew at Mr.gave an apace. Baylissannually way to hca increased modern modestly building. salary. says: The teacher was retained for In conversa- Interest in ofstudies, mechanism first it home and,If the when teacher well mastered,is the first at to introduce such work in a Let him study, and practice what he sqhool. bookthenothing school in itgrew, and wasand fallingI justWhen couldn't to pieces. I came keep into those this little di.trict fellows six yearsstudying ago, the schoolhouse had After the new house was built bareparticular hands, Ichool, for of heequipment will of course there haveis none. to begin with The first to.The older children just naturally "got busy" because they wantedall day, and so had to do something to keep them busy. 20' THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL MANUAL TRAINING IN ONEROOM SCHOOLS 253 whileis252 that waitingwe all do for what improved Inwe Conclusion. can conditions. for the one-room The sum and substance of our plea Let us remember school now, 9.8. WEAVER.Proceedings IndustrialCharles and Work Co., Chicago. in Rural Schools in New England, New Paper andof Scissorsthe N.E.A. in forthe 1907, Schoolroom. as follows: Thomas hundredthat rural one-room communities schools in for our every country consolidated support school, that the smaller school must con- several HAPGOOD. Manual Training in RuralJersey, Schools, Pennsylvania, and Rational and Art. New York. School Needlework. Ginn and Co., Chicago. tinuesogenuitymajority that for it many isand ofeasy ourenergy years to farm see withto youth.come as the rallying place which we are blessed, the small Unless we use all the in- for a 12. GILmAN AND, WILLIAMS. Suggestions and Exercisestendent, for tions.Manual Lansing, Training. Mich. The Macmillan Company, New York City, 1908. Seat Work and Industrial Occupa- State Superin- realizingdistrictAmericans" be school the aresplendid must hoping. continue rural uplift to languish. up and doing," there can be little hope of speedily for which all good Unless we 13. PARKS. The Macmillan Company, New York City, 1908. Educational Wood-working for Home and School. x. AAdvanced SELECTED Knife LIST Work. OF BOOKS,SPECIAL PAMPHLETS, ARTICLES ON MANUAL TRAINING B. F. Johnson and Co., Richmond, AND 3.2. KERN. Among Country Schools (especially chaptertraining).Va. Ginn and Co., 1905. of Industrial Education. on manual 6.5.4. TRYBON.KELLOGG.WHITE. How to make Baskets.Harrus. Mifflin Co., Boston, 1908. BeginningsCardboard Construction.Busy Work. E. L. Kellogg, New York City. Doubleday, PageBradley and and Co., Co., Chicago. Houghton, 7. Industrial Newof Winona,Committee,York City. Minn.) N.E.A., 19o5. Education in Schools for Rural Communities. (Send to cents to secretary, Report book will do more harm to the individual THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES and, if read by 255 Tim LIBRARY AND CHAPTER XIII RURAL COMMUNITIES many,thebethe counteracted good. toteacher's the To community implant most by the important a most taste potent for duties. good and country at large than can influence working for reading is one of ing.ana ever time when a General Statement : Librarieswidening and well-planned role in systematic library was looked on as a mere Intimate Relation of School education. reading courses play There wasrepositoryto Read- openchildhim. comesand receptive to school to Thefor the theTrue strange first Teacher time new with sees heart Education in its Hitherto his education has been limited to things in store forEntirety. and mindobserva- The foritBooks booksculatingis different. were to library,be stored andto be the many This is thehanded day downof the to open succeeding kept, not to be read. other modern accessories shelf, the cir-generations. But now tionthehorizonteacher of mysterious simple ot is the the phenomena homerealm arbiter circle,of of the hisfalling andprinted future. to occasional page. peeps Onwithin the teacherthe narrow will Hereafter the into of theEducationtinues important as doeslong movement notas endin school and out of life lasts. itto read thewith bcst the schoolin career. to educate by The school's main function encouraging all literature. It con- dependentered,powerthis inenslavery and great or lovenarrows measure of for books, thedown whether new which, in spirit,the hechild thinks,embittered grows is world upon which he has keeping him in mental against readingdependently;is toplementing start extending the tochild and inculcate far broadening aright; to aidbeyond the youth the covers to of in him a love forthe general notions text-books, sup- learning and containedthink in- fromknowledgesablelife. the to seefree education lifethat of the the schoolroom in out-of-doors! its entirety. is only A true a small part In the maturity of his own mind he knows that He knows and ac- teacher is the of in thedemocratic books. masses dependsPresident on Eliot once said thatGood " the books uplifting act as a leaven,the implanting at school of the narrowgirlproblems all covurs that isthey of not the requirefound in for books. life. text-book cannot teach the boy and It must come fromThe per- solution of life's ofquickening a andtaste attainment for good the rank ; and and reading." mind that word good,file of the nation to utmost 254 for an evil activity sonalflection.foster observation, a love for good from reading, individual which reasoning alone forms and an re-avenue But to attain these ends, the teacher must 256 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL schoolroom processes to the part of the school system. THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES Some educators even go so 257 onofandworld escapeto furnishwhat of from real is thebad livingthe power intoo thisthings. narrow world. to discern between what Such reading may be counted is good mainsoffar the as towhole that assert its school. valuethat the as libraryan educational is Let this be as the most important part may,factor the fact is hard re- to it Notions.mentalthan mere principles.Text-books, compendiums be Text-booksthey of factsever so andare Mere Compendiums of Facts So vast and varied is the mass of good, areoutlines little more of funda- And General in- overrate.willofhis dothe search for four the for walls child: knowledge of it the is certainschool; far beyond to inspire the narrow The following is a brief summary of what it becomes a life process him to extend confines beyondformationrialto compress necessary the along possibilities within to any give theone the ofcovers line astudent single of of human a abook. sufficiently single book all the mate- endeavor as to be It is impossible broad grasp andwithsincereal, breadthhim, throbbing he to is be tonow pursuedthe humanity; no school, longer throughout itbringing dependentbroadens life; it the on into touchit adds withchild's new lifeoutlook, the one-man oflandsgeography anythe one physical,and subject. peoples contain social, toonly furnishand just industrial enough a leading characteristicsmaterials Thus, for instance, our text-books on thread, and, per- bearing on of given itauthority fromanstrengthens independent which of the hisspring one judgment,thinker; teacherhis highest makingor the ideals one him oftext-book life, leading finally, it becomes the fountain resourceful and writer; him haps,phenomenafacts to intended create outlined a totaste create forin the lastingmore. texts mental must come The real broadening pictures of the from well- onbest toundertaking. the literature noblest within inEarly reach History of all the of thepeople Library. Such a movement requires liberal moneyed human endeavor. To bring the sanest and is no small chosenmustsomehave parallelhave aknowledge teacher access readings. who of to library lovesa economy,and knows books well-equipped library, and mustThat is to say, every school if the best educational and who has Theaid,century,system expertlibrary of when guidance,our did countryits not permanent become and, before in existence a thc factormeasure, middle inwas the of the nineteenthassured publicthrough control. educational resultscanthe no school.are longer to be be attained. consideredWhat the as Library will do for the Child. It must indeed be looked upon as an separate and distinct from The library integral directuppublic this taxes taxation. act, for in "1838, schoolNew withYork libraries State "enacted in 1834, a lawand provisions for annual state ap- 3U1 authorizing followed 258thepresentpropriations example day. toof suchthe Empire libraries, state which and continueplaced like even tax to laws the THE AMERICAN Twenty-oneRURAL SCHOOL other states have since followed schoolreferencethe school children andsections the of public urban and lending library.places, Thussectionsextending splendidly are to openthem equipped toevery the THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 259 realityonto their school a statute misnomer; use books. nor even forSchool thechosen libraries Libraries. with referencewere not tolimited school The term school libraries is in schoolassistancetheare youngerat library. their in supplementing disposal.children. the work of the more limited The best of the periodicals and magazines OftentimesSeparate rooms lectures are areset givenaside for needs.convenience.school,people. being administered through the school merely for They were Theyin fact answered open to the the free needs use of allboth the public and Such libraries became widely distributed adultsourthe main,rural and older boysbelong andchildren, tostory girls the hour."city as while well. children, the little must ones soon have be offtheir ertd Such wonderful privileges, which now, in andillegalmoneyseither worked outgrewends. voted much werethe good bounds diverted in theirof schoolfrom day. their administration intended uses or the to This brought about much confusion. But in time they About -about throughboardsof state was librarythe theestablishment boardsMassachusettsA or distinct commissions. in twenty-seven Free advance Public The in Librarythe statesfirst library of Com- these movement has come Townseparationthroughthis time libraries private some of the werecommunitiesmunificence. school officially library began recognized and to the establish publicin New librarieslibrary. Hamp- This resulted in a general havemission,trationTheir come activities andestablished into economy. existence involve in 1890. in every every phase section of oflibrary the country. adminis- What is of especial interest, their Since then similar boards thestates,shire establishment under all told, the have Actand passed maintenanceofLibrary 1849. permissive Advantages of pub.lic laws at providing libraries.the Disposal for of the City Child. Since then thirty-seven workoffarmin books reaches creatingfireside. and out newmoney beyond libraries, to the needy cities send communities. to out the travelingrural school libraries, and Frequently the library boards make gifts They aid Thisvillagesthe growth rapidlycause in of recent of schoolincreasing education. years and publicintimacyhas been libraries and a marked cooperation in our triumph cities between and for Most remarkable, perhaps, is waysmakemarizedin encouragetheloans following by of the pictures good New outline: reading. York and lanternState Education slides, and Department in other This usefulness is sum- 260 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 261 Direct Aid : InGifts some of bookscases toor new moneyon libraries basis from of only;state. circulation in other or cases approval yearly of grants books purchased. ClearingVisiting House and Organizing: for Exchanges and Duplicates:EducatingLibrary inspector, public sentiment visitor, organizer. in desire for library privileges. Traveling Libraries : StudySpecialGeneral club libraries,libraries libraries. inGerman, either fixed agricultural, or flexible etc. collections. EncouragingCompulsoryAidRegistration in creating reports traveling ofnew libraries. tolibraries. commission.library work. Other Loans: Lanterns.Pictures.Books for the blind. is, as maintained The Library and the Rural School. Now, if , one of our greatest educational influences, the library Instruction: SummerLibrarySlides. schools. courses. Reasonabletion,munities,it must must be the helped comeprogress homes in to of forhasflourish theirbeen madeeverywhere.share already in the libraryin this more than one half of our popula- Rural com- respectuplift. Book Selection : InspectionDistributionInstitutes. of ofbuying printed lists lists, sent both in for general approval. and special. State,arein some conditions which states; boasts altogether " that theresatisfactory. is probably in others it is wholly ignored. Even New Yorkno large system Nowhere Publications: TravelingBibliographiesBest book library lists. oncatalogues. current questions, etc. country"erenceof while schools libraries ineach thein thehascities as worldless oureach than New inhabitant one." York system,"has reports that so well provided with ready ref- two bool-s, in the Reference Work: Handbooks,LibraryStudy news club bulletins, listsand commissionand andquestions. information information. on library econonv. libraries.ries,disseminated (2) young in people's rural Thedistricts reading several circles, sources and through which good 1;terature are: (r) rural school libra- (3) traveling is Building Plans: LegislativeReference reference. collection ofbuildings. floor plans and photographs of library farmersrural district take shouldno interest ownRural in reading School Litmaies. a carefully selected library.It is self-evident that every or read only the light30`0 If THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 263 itnovels262 wiseis naturally trained.instead enoughof works because on agriculture they have and not THE AMERICAN RURALThey SCHOOL peruse the light stuff because farm economy, been other- in read- systemsubscriptionbrary,a district isa permissivevery in thesatisfactory district or conditional desiring in the law library. is not is wide-awake to the importance of actual practice. likely to do Neither theUnless li- ing,createeasiest as with inalong the everything theboys lines and of elsegirls least in a resistance.thistaste for that good,world, whole- the attack is Let the teacher oftenmuchsmallwe havenecessary good. tax had levy ato permissive mayhave recoursebe made to for compulsion. the In order to awaken the first interest it law for some time. A certain establishment and In Kansas is supportareCommission the of results such school fromis now the libraries.(1909) urging the state law that the Kansas Educational The commission woLld have Yet, so unsatisfactory legislature to librarythatmakewell a smallthe serveholds law levy asatcompulsory. least ashall model fifty beThe madefor volumes. Nebraska other from states. year library to year law is to the point and coulduntil each FIG. 17.- Map showing 448 library stations in Kansas. (1909) the number of stations has. increased to 550. which ennobles the heart and engages the At the present time ofaside annualten annually cents school for from every census, the pupil general whichThe enumerated schoolamountfunds ofboard shallthe in of be every public school dislrkl is theschool district district at the sumlastannually invested inIt reads: required to set somebadhands, literaturereading and he habits. will soon haveMany the states have permissive laws on countryside weaned of its their statute booksinfor which the other school a than free library. regular public text-books,library is maintained which books By vote of the school board of any district and to the support of isshall inoperative. be suitable booksandstates, tional theirproviding again, maintenancelaws forhave the enacted establishment through of laws which provide for public what we may call condi- direct taxation. such libraries assistance Other whichofequally well-chosen at least binding, S300 is books expendedand Wisconsin,as in a practicallyannually, result they Iowa,this every law and several other states bolst good libraries rural district. have laws conditioned on the raising of a () , given sum by private BESTWisconsin COPY has AVAILABIS an aggregate of more than r,000,000 books 264 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 265 endingbooks.in Iowasuch Junelibraries,has rr,00o30, 1906,purchased school gives libraries,by the a taxbooks of representing tenpurchased cents per that capita.goo,000 year The state superintendent's report for the year suchtrictappropriation libraries school libraries.since from the the revolutionary Newschool York fund is toanotherlibrary the support actstate of which 1892of dis- devotes So rapid has been the increase of a large annual conditionsmakesas 67,386, the at annualfor a cost receiving ofpurchase What$39,394.24. the Some of special library States state books are aid Accomplishing. one which of the is Minnesota otherlargeperwent equipment.cent intosum of effectof the $251,936.10 school that libraries districts was are in expended thenow state. established for books in and 86 The total number of books then on In 1906 the mandsdoingwhoappropriation sofurther made much declaresupon for has Minnesota it,lately thatreports been schools. the entirely state unequalsuperintendent, to the de- The large annual somanner:9173the and shelves school ioo 3390 books;aggregated districts had 1696less outside 2,499,328 than had 5o betweenof books;the volumes, cities ioo 2945 in anddivided the had 200 following between books; among notalreadyand simplycivic library libraries as so acquisition much have material been Theis makingso benefits gainpalpable itsfor.the accruingappeal that present, it to seems from the butthrifty thesafe as possession toanmind sayin- of these small rural soo611 andhad i000between books; zoo and andThese 244 soo arehad books; illustrations more 287 ti:an had mooof statesbetween books. wherein the laws are to anpenetratedTheestimably unexpe.cted remotest valuableby andanand interest mostgratifying mental unsettled in and theextent. movementmoral counties investment ofand the are state forresponding thehave future. been to Withouttheallin practicalonly its law, state a doubtbutpurposes in even the states list this compulsory. which isof of this a has decidedly class the conditionalhave compelling the best element nature.and Indeed, Minnesota is expendedthat not less annually than five for cents libraryMissouri per purposes. child enacted enumerated a library shalllaw inbe 1900 which provides At the time the oflargestMarylaild. the stateslibraries Northworking of any Carolina, inunder Statesthe country. andconditional working South Carolina under laws. Conditional Library Laws. are a few These, statelawdollarsin wentcities was had intoaboutand beeneffecttowns. St 18,000,expended the value and for of these alllibrary school were books, located libraries and mainly inchiefly the Six years later fully one half million ofenforced,while the statesless are satisfactory here vastly mentioned betterThe than than law report compulsory nois practicallysatisfactorylaws at lawsall. theprogress. honestly same in all of them. All three The in rural districts! , 3 0 reads:Maryland266 code may be taken as an THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL illustration of all. It rantMiller, the hope," " that within says State a very Superintendent few years a good Thomas library C. can THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 267 ofought annumthe toteacher be is establishedordered as librarian. Forto bein the eachpaid further schoolhouse encouragement of education, byFor the this Board purpose of County the sum School of $ro Com- per district, underdistrict the schoolcare libraries interestingbe reported material in every on school Thejust superintendent'show in th funds state." are raised biennial for thesereport contains some very amountasmissioners Districtlibrary annually. money, Schoolout of asthe Trustees long State as School and teacher Fund tofrom any a The books must be selected by the Board the people of the district raise the same listschoolhouse district to be approved of libraries.library:lookingparticular forWe interest ways ropeat andto belowthe means one-room such to secure paragraphs school-teacher books foras arehis who ownof is byries the Countycontaining School 90,215 Board. volumesNineteen and counties 14 in Maryland report 849 teachers' libraries school libra- newaidup libraries the in thislibrary workhave idea been theLibrary with state established enthusiasm, Day superintendent in Westand and many Virginia. through has others designated their enlarged. efforts the many first Teachers and pupils have taken To ofactwith thein 2698 North 96 volumes.counties Carolina of 355 the state. In one year after the passage of the libraries were established in 78 State Superintendent ThisprogrammeFridaymaterial is in Decemberthe and is shapeprepared suggestions of as a andL:1: neatly for distributed ary the printed Day, observance for eachpamphlet the year observanceof the bycontaining day,the department. and of whichliterarydirections a stateand0. lishedB. one "Martin, nearly inhalf places yearsof eight South where after hundred Carolina, none the enactmenthad existed before." libraries have been estab-declares that within two of the law in his theareoffor a theneedsnot country selectionsuggested of aschool. small and exclusively gradedpurchase school. ofbut books as a typesuitable of books for the best various adapted grades to The lists of books given in this programme stateSeveraltunately has nostates should legal which noprovisions preventStates are in having this itfor from category no fostering Library are accomplishing suchProvisions. library maintenance for- The fact that a libraries. state.mentfund.held onof this kind.occasionLibrary and toDay solicit is generally contributions observed to bythe the library schools AsItthroughout is much customary as the$py, to has charge been an realized admission from fee a singleto the entertainsexercises In some instances boards of education have areally stateinterestvoluntary praiseworthy which in the effortsis obligedmovement results. of toteachers, is so well pupils, sustained and patrons, " as to war- the depend for results solelyIn West on Virginia,the for instance, lentfromboardscarelibrary their of school arebooks fundassistance not funds oraccumulated. specifically by fortoproviding thisthis authorizedwork,purpose. neat either and by substantialbylaw contributing to appropriate cases to for money the the This is not often done, however, as For the most part the suc. cess268teachers of the andlibrary pupils movement themselves. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL has been due to the efforts Library Day programmes of the conditionsschoolwithout library libraries, in law.his county, and accordingly 56 districts inaugurated out of 118 what were he TfIE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES Mr. Kern was anxious to improve 269 suggested by Mr. Miller:Here follows one3.2.1. of ResponsiveSingingIntroductory the simple " Coronation."Scripture Reading.Remarks -- Principal or Teacher. cooperatedTeachers,callsalmost the Twentieth-century9000 pupils,to such volumes good effect were Forward thatadded between toLibrary the 1899 local Movement. and district 1905 li- parents, and county superintendent 4.6.5. Song: 8.7.RecitationRrcitation SoloRoll " GreetingCall " The Bridge." Each Pupil" The" God "to A Barefootgive Goodwill a sprinkLe Quotation.Motto." Boy." Sunshine." Song " School or Class. nettedsocialsbraries.used the forheld books,neat by sumteachers while of $4207.90,the and balance pupils some wasthroughout expendedpart of whichthe for county sundry was During the five years between 1901 and 1905 10.14.13.12. Reading SpecialEssayDonation9. 1.Recitation Address Singing on " The Valueof Books of "Books." Battleand collectjng Hymn" Bacon's of Money. the Essay on Reading." Books and Libraries. Republic." schoolby means paraphernalialibrary of canwhich arrange Almostand to equipment.net for anymany a socialteacher dollars and who for programme isthe ambitious library to increase his portedumes; 49,966 and in volumes; 190615.And inClosing 1905 here Exercises.are the concrete results: increased to 126,503 volumes. increased to 74,092 vol- in 1904 books re- Since fund.nitionPeople's as Readingan important Circle,First adjunct Young now soto People's rapidlyschool Readingeducation,gaining recog- Circle. was The Young then1Vinnebagobrary very largeMovement. increase. county, CountyThe Illinois, Winnebago has clearly County Twentieth-century Superintendent 0. J. Kern, of demonstrated what Forward Li- Circle.firstedgepossible suggested to teachers a more by ofthe gezr2ral limited success cultureopportunity. of the andTeachers' broader Reading knowl- The latter had already for some years made It occurred to nomay statemayincrease be accomplishedschool already and have.improve by the contents library law or where these are ambitious to Illinois is one of the states without a individuals in a state which has of such libraries as they hamperededucatorsplishedmeans of for bydoing the the teachers. forsame them lack precisely of opportunity what was might being beaccom- the that similar circles organized for children 270 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMM donetricts a worldand villages of good where forThe the opportunities first children circle livingwas for organized inreading rural in Indiana in 1887. It has good dis- thevolumes.members, libraries. with almost 8000 libraries During the year 91,968 volumes containing 861,292 UNITIES were added to 271 posedtheadoptedbooks circle areof by ablewasfew. other educators.supervised states south by and west, is briefly The plan, which has since then been This board decided, first ofa board of directors com- this: theingcourses state the makes booksof reading to the and circlesSome to making states arrangements limit their work no provision for how to secure the books at lowest prices. to outlining profitable Even wherefor supply- theall,andit workthemust pupils. relation ofnot the become theschool. work of the circle should Its purpose, then, should be to supply an additional burden on teachers It was clearly recognized that sustain to at districts.meansestthis rates work of is oforganizing in arranging itself of many greatfor the good small consequence, havingsupply been ofthe best books at low- libraries in rural totheannualsome the greatest needs books lists. savingof of children the in best of authors varying only were placed The subjects were of wide expense the best books adapted , ages. range, answer-Clean, whole- on the Perhapstoseveral be discussed agencies no other infor phase these theThe disseminationof Place library of the Traveling Library. pages is the traveling library. extension has been its of good literature The last of the Sometimeslettres.storiesing the of natural adventure the money demands and heroic from deeds, the fairy The books were procured in was taken from public funds, though to history anda number belles- of ways. story, through accomplishedbeenterestequal one in of books.stimulating uninterrupted wherever theit has growth. public received Its history from the everywhere to greater in- Its purpose has beenfair trial.very inception has And this becameaddedpupils,more often to andthe some nucleus itpatrons. was school raised of library through already the enterprise in of teachers, a new library. In every instance these books existence, or they were statestheasis ina Union, regulartruth where in butform hitherto it ofis penetratinglibrary library work privileges in almost many places, for not alone has it been adopted the remotest every state in corners of People'sanddiana. county Reading has CircleThe circlein the has been of almost inestimable Almost every school in city, village, some of the books. state numbered 25,086 In 1906 the Young value to In- township, thus:intounknown. existence (r) to furnish are briefly goodThe stated literatureobjects for which the traveling libraryby the Ohio state librarian to the public; (2) to were practically was called 3 ... 272 THE AMERICAN (3) to create anRURAL SCHOOL interest in the childrenfrom the became second to THE LIBRARY AND readers of the districtthe eighth inclusive RURAL COMMUNITIES had somethingschool library. adapted to it. Each grade 273 establishmentstrengthenfurnish good small of literature newlibraries;To to furnish Good Literature.libraries. the public The first object is being admirably to It wastheforlibraries, the teacher,immediately upper there the is a grades were always children, and the patronsfounddemand that books for more welcome in the homes. in simple,well-written dignified books. become interested language In theWhen in welltryboxed, done.alike findNoreap classestheir way are to the benefits offered. all kinds of organizationsneglected. The city The books, neatly and coun- seeking caseyear.the mentioned law at the time The board decided to the Board permitted. apply to the state i Education had spent No more could be traveling library for a all, and more thanspent that school box self-improvement,farmers'classes, alliances, and, in such some as states, workingmen's women's clubs, granges even penal clubs, Sunday-school and charitable and of willinglybooksreadbooks. well,for paid. each and Each There was something something for the oldest subdistrict. box contained from forThe the expressyoungest charges at thirty toat forty home. school who couldboth waysQuite were as many well-selected institutions.both circulating andTo strengthen Small school,Libraries. find --the A great many traveling library a villages where libraries, of hadthemappropriationsaid, closed, were "Let used all another were was made, in appropriationthe homes as be made nextpleased with the new and the new books were soon in the schools. libraries. year." The second When the yearin the schools. Everybody librarygreatto fall convenience support back on is meager the boxes of and aid. it is no small thingInreadingbooks towns which and at every come trip. to be ableregularly, The aCalls specialbooks were onrequest madeagricultural was madeManyalso were for the changed traveling subjects. that each box should The boxes were from one school to library boxes. contain tworetained or three for nearly Thisanother. time workdispensingmanner.giving of small thenew, ruralexperience wholesome This can be illustrated school libraries is of the schools in in no better way enhanced in a similar Springfield town- than by theEducation.volumes entirequired year. inby addition both parent toEach year the township A habit of reading and pupil.what had been has been able to use the best literature wasIt has been observed purchased by the Board about four hundred that inbeing ex- ac- of ship,ham, Clark who county, says in part : In Iwo the Board of Ohio, as told by Education of Springfield Professor A. B. Gra- township, Clark aminationsgivepurpose. evidence or in of ordinary the fact that the conversation the children books have been used to a of these schools good county,itsexaminingprepared twelve became schools list different was were purchased. books was interested in libraries. appropriated. the list Onlycompleted. after several Fifteen dollarsBut no for book each weeks spent in publisher's well as of anself-ivident interest as to needThe no third object in the establishment of the traveling discussion here. of new libraries library Once let the to create is so As soon as they were LiQ .../( placed in the schools, parents as BEST C 3 manentmunity,taste274 for library andgood they reading is willestablished. inget all a likelihoodhold upon notthe peoplerest before of a acom- per- THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL sentpurpose.the outstate a hasfew a librarie: collectionRapid as an Spread experiment of tl e inTraveling 1892. Now Libr-y. The libraries are sent out in fixed groups of n f 85,000 books available for this New York for25,highpassed, children.50, tideand and ofioo success.the volumes movement to grown in this people state andis entering of 25 volumes upon the The experimental stage has long ago been annual,ofLeague' the Union of Library in the Commissions,numberAccording of traveling to " Ohio libraries leads all issued states 1 the communities reached by this method of the year-book for 1907, issued by the bookentclubs,1906, distudy 187; clubs, to schools, 126; to526; religious to granges, organizations, hIo; to independ- 94; to i listributedbution. libraries as follows: For the year ending November 15, to women's libraries,Newtraveling Jersey 27; libraries. tois men'scirculating clubs,Progress an 26. increasingly by States large number of As an expression of its appreciation gleanedof from Reports of 1907. resolutionthis districtmorelibrary for that thaninfluence the the anypleasure, " travelinglaw a farmers' passed culture, library grangein and years." law welfare up-state has workedof passed the farming the a 3 erated by the commissionIndiana shows reports a thatremarkable " the traveling growth inlibrary system op- THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 275

One of the Dover TownshiplibrariesSuperintendent fromschools, the of Ohio Unionthese State County, Library. Ohio. schools, has for some time been using traveling J. B. Bark,

sion.(36,000 Theit3.The dotsvolumes) indicateabove were map points sent was in toprepared 1905. which 1,027by the free Ohio traveling State Library libraries Commis- In 1908, thc number of libraries Headquarters at Topeka from which many hundred traveling libraries arc circulation. issued was 1,031, aggregating 44,005 volumes. In 1901, 8o libraries were circulated from annually sent tu every county in Kansas. 3 ( this system;BEST COPY AVAILABLE in 1904, the number had grown to 258; 3 2 1 276during the last two years, 1132 traveling THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL libraries were or similar library helps, without which the value of much THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 277 lastbeendistributed." year inaugurated, reached 177 consisting differentNebraska now communities states of to6 that " a am system of traveling libraries librar'es, which had a has shouldodicalsof the indispensable havemust abe working lost. literatureA library.Summary ever appearing in the peri- By way of summary : every rural school If it is not secured under totaltheof circulationabove the movement. will ofsuffice 32,780 Fromto givevolumes." far an andidea near good reports are Indeed, I might add that at the time of the general spread flowing in. But ersmustsive,provisions of somehowthethis teacher,age of statemust provide togetherlaw, not aloneobligatory, the withways know the and conditional,how board means. to read; and The or they patrons, permis- teach- must ofprogress thisGulf writing 1 from Istates have touching before me two on oceans, my Canada.andtable reports the of knowloveThenship what withto they the to the mustread.children best be books able intrusted to and transmit tobe theirlovers this care, ofknowledge thesein order books. thatand They must have a large acquaintance- ruralIt Ais great evidentteacher variety should from of whathave schoolsRural somewe Teachers nowhave training offer said should in such understand courses. Library Economy. above thatlibrary every economy. Col- FIRSTthethese farm ennobling ONE home HUNDRED a influences place of BOOKS happiness may have FOR and their THE contentment. share CHILDREN'S in making enterprisinginterestedleges, normal in superintendents lendingschools, their and stateassistance. include library library associations instruction are In some sections all in (Prepared by Clara W. Hunt, Brooklyn Public Library) LIBRARY POETRY shouldthefication, work be of familiar whethertheir summer with their the institutes. particular Dewey system school of librarylibrary All teachers of to-day permits classi- INGPEN,STEVENSON.WHEELER. One Thousand Poems forMother Children. Goose's Child'sMelodies. Garden of Verses. Houghton.Rand, McNally. Jacobs. ofpreciate itsto usebe gleanedor the not. value from of thethe pages wonderful of the storedictionary of information They should be familiar with and ap- and the en- WIGGINREPPLIER. AND SMITH. Book of Famous Verse. Golden Numbers, BIBLE STORIES Houghton. McClure. cyclopedia.about the use of Poole's Index, the Annual Library Index, Finally, 3 0 , teachers should know something MOULTON.Bible for Children. Bible Stories: Old Testament. Century. 3 2 10 Macmillan, 278 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL HODGES.MOULTON. When the King Came. Bible Stories: New Testament. Houghton. Macmillan. BUNYAN. SOME LITERARYTHE CLASSICS LIBRARY ADAPTED AND TO RURAL CHILDREN COMMUNITIES 279 TAPPAN.GILLIE. The Christ Story. The Story of Stories. MYTHS, FAIRY TALES, ETC. Houghton. Black. CHAUCER.CERVANTES-SAAVEDRA. Parry. Pilgrim'sTales Progress, of Lane,the illustratedCanterbury by Pilgrims,Rhead. retold by Don Quixote of the Mancha, retold by Century. Darton. HAWTHORNE.KINGSLEY. The Wonder-book. Heroes; or, Greek Fairy Tales.. Houghton. Macmillan. FROISSART.DEFOE. Stokes. Robinson Crusoe, illustrated by Rhead. Russell. BROWN.LAMB.BALDWIN. Tanglewood Tales.Adventures of Ulysses.In the Days of Giants.Story of Siegfried. Houghton. Scribner. Houghton. PYLE.MALORY. Froissart Story of King Arthur. Boys' King Arthur Boys' Froissart Lanier.Newbolt. Macmillan. Scribner.Lanier. Scribner.Scribner. Stories from ASOP.SCUDDER.GRUMArabian Nights,Fairy Tales. ed. by Lang. Fables selected by Jacobs. Children's Book. Macmillan. Houghton.Longmans. Macmillan. SPENSER.ShakespeareSHAKESPEARE.. Merry Adventures Story Book of Robin Hood. Stories from the Faerie Queene Tales from Shakespeare Macleod. Gardner, Darton and Co. Lamb.Scribner. Macleod. Dutton. Gardner, ANDERSEN,KIPLING.DODGSON.HARRIS. Uncle Remus:Jungle his Book.SongsAlice's and Adventures hisFairy Sayings. Tales. in Wonderland. Century. Macmillan. Appleton. SWIFT. Darton and Co. Gulliver's Travels. STORIES FOR GIRLS Cranford ed. Macmillan. THACKERAY.RusiaN.MACDONALD. The At the Rose Back and of the the Ring. North Wind. King of the Golden River. Macmillan. Heath. Burt. EWING.BRowx.ALCOTT.JEWETT. Two College Girls. Six toLittle Sixteen. Women.Betty Leicester. Little.Little. Houghton. Houghton. HALLDODGE. Peterkin Papers. Baby Days. STORIES FOR THE YOUNGER CHILDREN Century. Houghton. SHAW.SMITH.KEARY. A York and a Lancaster Rose. CastleJolly Blair. Good Times Stories. Heath. 6 vols. Macmillan. Little. RANKIN.JACKSON.HOPKINS. The Sandman, his Farm Stories. DandelionNelly's Cottage. Silver Mine. Holt. Little. Page. .WIGGIN.VAILE.TAGGART. Sue ( The )rcutt. Orcutt Girls. Little Gray House. Wilde. \Vilde. McClure. SanwoomWHITE.SPYRI.Slum. WhenFairchild Molly Family. was Six. Heidi.Jolly Good Times. Ginn. Little. Stokes.Houghton. BROOKS.ALDRICH. B ,y Emigrants. Rebecca of StorySunnybrook of a Bad Farm. Boy. STORIES FOR BOYS Scribner. Houghton. Houghton. r) 17; A Q 4 t.) 1' BULLEN.280 Frank Brown, Sea Apprentice. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Dutton. HILL Fighting a Fire. THE LIBRARY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES Century. 281 HUNTINGTON.HUGHES.EGGLESTON. Tom Brown's School Days. Hoosier Schoolboy.His Majesty's Sloop Diamond Rock. Scribner. Cranford ed. Houghton. Macmillan WHEELER.INGERSOLL. WoodworkingBook forof theBeginners. Ocean. HISTORY Century. Putnam.' MORRISON.KING.PYLE.PENDLETON. Men of Iron. Cadet Days. Chilhowee Boys.King Tom and the Runaways. Harper.Harper. Crowell. Appleton. GRIFFIS.LARNED.YONGE. Book of GoldenBraveHistory Little Deeds, ofHolland. England. Houghton. Houghton.Macmillan. Waudtais.STEVENSON. Adventures of aTreasure Freshman. Island. STORIES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Scribner. Scribner. .COFFIN. BuildingDOLE. the Nation. The Young Citizen.Boys of '76. Harper. Harper.Heath. CLEMENS. The Prince and the Pauper. Harper. . TRAVEL EWING.DODGE.Dix. Merr-lijs. Jackanapes.Hans Brinker. Macmillan. Little. New Amsterdam ed. Little. Scribner. MILLER.Lirmils.HALE Switzerland. Family Flight throughLittleSome France, PeopleStrange Germany, of Corners Asia. Norway,of our Country. and Lothrop. Dunton. Century. . StoryWYSS.SEAWELL. of a Short Life. SwiSS Family Robinson. Little Jarvis. SCIENCE, NATURE Boolis Appletor. Dutton. SCHWATKA.M I rrox. Children's Book of London.Children of the Cold. BIOGRAPHY Ed. Pub. Co. Macmillan. BEARD.KINGSLEY.CLODD. Madam How and Lady Why. CuriousChildhood Homes of theand World. their Tenants. Kegan Paul, etc. Macmillan. Appleton. SCUDDER.PARTON.NICOLAY. Captains ofBoy's Industry.George Life Washington. of Abraham Lincoln. Houghton. Century. WOOD.PArrEitsoN.CRAGIN. A Natural History for Young People.and study Them. Our Insect Friends and Foes; how toThe collect, Sj)inner preserve, Family. Putnam. McClurg. Dutton. Houghton. .BEARD. Indoor and Outdoor Handicraft. Jack of All Trades. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION Scribner. Scribner. GOOD.DUNCAN. Magical Experiments. Mary's Garden3 2 and how it Grew. McKay. Century. r) p I two distinct ways, which may be spoken of as, first, the 1: iGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 283 HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL CHAPTER XIV EDUCATION betweenplace,individualhis fitness it thedwells good physicalat a; upongiven condition the time intimate for of school the relation individual work. which To child this exists phaseand second, the social good. In the first thebroaden Humanthe emphasis the Body. conception now Modernbeing of Conception of Education The marked tendency laidin our on the care of the human education is well illustrated emphasizes Care of day to body. in secondofintophysical the subjectconsideration place, condition theit manifests educator's theof theeffect itself wholework upon in ishuman an mostlymental effort race, limited.efficiency. to withoutimprove taking the In the This Enlightenedbeearlytions subjected ascetics in mankindorder tothat harsh that the no thebody longer mind discipline of all desires and is a thing of evil., which and soul mightholds to thus the befallacies set of the should affec- isphase conditionsCountrywell of illustrated the Life inwork rural Commission, inbelongs communities. the efforts to theworking of social President to philosopher, improve Roosevelt's sanitary and It is further illustrated, anyfreecenturynuns longerto attendsana are in inclinedupon cor the to doubts the truth of the pore sano. enlargehigher interests on Juvenal. of life. We If anything, we of the new old classic phrase, Nobody believe multiplyinginin the building cities, playgrounds,gymnasiums,in carefulDefectives medical etc.in constructing inspectionand Low Standardsathletic of schools, fields, of inSchool Work. Of bodyin the isdoctrine more than of a thesound home mind in a sound body. of the mind, is more than But the its . firstrelation importance of the child's to teachers physical is a condition clear understanding to school efficiency. of the " cottagetheindeed, mindsoil. of with in clay," the shelter body as and much the same way Let the soil be shallow and poor, the poet puts it. nourishment. and a stunted growth The mindas grows,aFor plant it providesin its eralIt theviciousnessis apathynow existence clearly and on of dullness, demonstrated thechionic pai t extremeof many that nervousness, childrenfailure in are studies, traceableand even gen- to or to minor defects of a results;bloom results. Twofold Emphasis of Modern let it be deep and rich, education becomes marked and a splendidPhysical burst of Education. in remediableweretheYork startling defective;City, nature. involvingfact ofthat 97,543 of 134,00o 37,190 unclassified first-yearschool children, pupils pupils 6669 disclosed per cent A recent medical examination in New This emphasis on physical 3 , L 282 284ailing.had defects; and of 169 average pupils In the school for backward children the perTHE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL 84 per cent were cent calthis inspectors, matter. but its board of education employs HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATIONNot alone does the city employ expert medi. a large 285 defectivechiefCommentingin this of wasthe particular clinic9c on this at field, stateColumbia says:of affairs, University Dr. and an and among the truants it reached 95. Linsly R. Williams, authority resultsofassignedcorps the of directorhave regularlyto specific already of examinedphysical districts, come from training.and working certifiedtheir underlabors. nurses, the direction who are Some remarkable solutelyandThe defectsmore prevent important of orthe militate heart of these or againstThere organs are seriousare its of numerousreceiving speech. congenital chronic mental ailments defects of childhood which There exist, also,anY instruction ab everandtious vigilant the diseases; general they wholesomeness look after the cleanlinessof the schoolroom; of the children they always on the watch for first signs of infec- They are nervousasthatmany squint, such minor twitchings, defects near-sightedness, defects, exist. and eradicable, so on adenoids, are notprovided often the parents are The existence of these minor defects such enlarged tonsils, bad teeth,discovered by the parents, informed throughtheinstructrelieve scope anxious ignoranta studyand value andof parents. the overwrought of figures the work below, teachers,of these which Bostonand represent assist and the One can get a good idea of nurses norschoolunder is their the children seriousness influence lies of realized school inThe this, untillife. greatthat the without childimportance it the defects of systematic would examination of has fur some time been concretebeen treated; results 6078 of eye their casesFourteen first and five hundred1131 months' cases ninety-two of work: defective cases vision of disease of the ear have notspecialphysical workbe discovered isattention conditionunquestionably untilis ofpaid thethey toof child. physicalhadthe highestseriously examination standard, impaired infectious school In communities where the everydiseases9144tioncorrected; case was dressings of being given thedisease mouth, cared for were of the thefor 1765 madecare nose,and of followedby 2602 the the patient. cases nurses; to theand home, 3120423 adenoids excludedwhere instruc- removed; pupils cases; throat, In addition to all this,1695; skin, 10,139; healthdiseasehappier, is is greatly reduced better improved,lives to a forminimum, it. and, withal, the general the children condition live of ofmumphysician,were advising periodcared 3202 orforof instructingabsence; at of these 7559 last parents returninghome concerning visits to wereschool madetheir cured children;for after the purpose their homes; 3293 were taken to their family a mini- 4772 laweyesight that all andschool hearing. childrenBoston shall School be examined Nurses. for defective Boston has gone still farther in Massachusetts requires by movalofandchildren these many of caseswerea deeds child istaken offromcarefully pure to one hospitalscharity districtdiagnosed were withto anotherscattered and the recorded consent does along of the the not interfere with so that the re- way. Each parents, rj S 331 286 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL HYGIENE ANL PHYSICAL EDUCATION 287 hisCharles medical R. treatment.Allen, in the May, 1908, issue ("Educational Progress knowof of the the interest School Review.) for 1907," 139 incomparatively their war with small Russia,"was loss not of lifeso muchon the duepart toof the Japanese,inaccurate marksmanship says Professor Harry M. Shafer, manifestedcal inspection in this is phase comingAll thinking people Moreover, specialrejoiceof education to in ourto the assistance schools are being ofcities. the schools Medi- ofinvestigation thehygiene Russians aswould it was reveal to the a rigid cause enforcement more remote of lawsin the in the Japanese army. . . . Perhaps an openedfromSuch coastIsland, in are to andcoast.the the several places for physically Fresh Air School,Groszmann at School for atypical children,Providence, Rhode deficient pupils. victory."nearlyizedlives service of 9000 these of specialists,people; medical it inspection might was showthe in real the that causeschools, the highly of employing Japanese organ- at Plainfield,marked progress Relationmade ofI repeat:General all thinking New Jersey. Intelligence to Physicalin physical men and women education. rejoice in Education. For it is this andrelationprehensive Mental to Health.school knowledge efficiency.The of Teacher's practical Responsibility hygiene and of for his Pupils' Physical Every teacher should have a com- He should be compelled by its establisheddisability,selves or suffering,on upon high that ignorance either upon the part of those andresponsible early deathauthority " that half of all human ofresults the sufferers from ignorance for their existence." them- Butsciencelaw, heif necessary, should, for the inprotection to turn, take haveevery of the theprecaution backingchildren known of under law to tohis medical oblige care. Allstress thesocial progressiveon strengthphysical of education. nations of thenations world appear in an The general intelligence have placed great almost wrect andalid ance.recalcitrantmentalbc held health responsible, school of his boards pupils. in a to lend him their To begin with, let the teacher realize that he must measure, for the physical andNor does this responsibility every assist- ratiophysical tointhey theirthis nature.rankfield, appreciation very and high. The Scandinavianin intelligence Germany pays of the laws of hygiene and social probity, too,countries are pioneers much attention to endbearbeyondlimits. with well the the in close threshold mind of that the of hisschool the is home.a dayprofession or at the of school service ground His responsibility may on occasion extend even For, let every teacher and physicalininfluence the lawsinspection arc of too well health. and training ofknown to need mention The results on children and teachers German life and here. " The to necessaryrender service to enter most the effectually homes of ispupils its aim. to convince antago- 3 3 If it becomes 288 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ornisticteacher to teachparents must the of not ignorantthe falter wisdomThe in the histeacher of simple duty. a certain should laws health beof ablehealth, regulation to recognize the the symptoms ofandtofever, diseases disinfect in measles,other common the whoopingschool to children, building cough, such and tonsilitis, all school and furniture, ways maintain proper sanitary conditions on as diphtheria, scarlet mumps; nervouschildren,inthe eyesight premises. irritability, and and read hearing, theunusual many nowadays fatigue,signs of andadenoidal other conditions,ailments He should be on the alert to discover defects so common in school layConversant.which down militate hard-and-fast against healthrulesSome by andSimple which to Rules recognize with in which Teachers should be It is difficult, we are told by physicians, to prolongation of life. every heunderSometimescase does the such not symptoms circumstancesalways" symptoms diagnose of even " thedeceive thethe teacher most the commonskillful diseases. case correctly. can be pardoned if physician;However, childdevelopmentwithbe led thehome toknowledge suspectfor of the certain familythe of naturea diseases,few physician simpleof the the tofacts teacher about the visible malady, and so send the pass upon the case. may at least weresimple prepared rules printed by L. M.inLet the Hyde, appendix M.D., offor this one book. of the health every teacher who reads these pages 33,1study well the They BEST COPY AVAILABLE 335 HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 289 bulletinssparingJ. W. Olsen, sent somebody out of to Minnesota, hisbothThe teachers suffering Teacher's and by andState Place Superintendent in the Struggle against may be the cause of sorrow. Disease. Thescarletpneumonia,which teacher are fever, knownshould typhoid chicken tomake be fever, causedpox, a careful laand bygrippe, smallpox.study cholera, of all He the erysipelas,should germs; viz, consumption, diseases not whichalonekeepingprecaution know are theabout the possible schoolroom danger us on to fromevery minimize well the hand, ventilatedmyriads thebut danger should of and harmful of take attack by germsevery dreadfulenemiesThenclean, he disinfecting must ofconsequences life, give and the floors,impress children of suchdesks, daily and lessons books upon them while young the scourges as the White on these dread scrupulously frequently. mayaboutPlague.Impress contain their upon drinking enough them waterthe typhoid extreme germs danger to threaten death. Teach them the necessity of being a glassful of impure water which comes from particular expectoratingconvenientaresumptive carried spits upon mouthon on floors, thethe or dust floor,throat sidewalks, particles the to find lodging in or lungs, there to abidesputum their dries, and the germs or streets. The con- some 3 '3 t, timeuponphysically, for the the system attack and sowhenby is the unable the industrious victim to resist the poison thrown chances enemy.to be run down 3 3 290 How Disease Germs are Transmitted. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Professor Wil. liam 0. Krohn, of Yale, gives the following summary 01\%%.%%1 fsvh %DI of A 1414Diphtheria. P. lid r%,Lfsis;iAsiatic 1F0ShCholera. liog Cholera. INAkVA.,VAS:4 how the most common contagiousFIG. 19. MicrwLopic diseases ofappearance children of some dreaded disease Erysipelas.germs. Pg5ki (AfterConsumption, Krohn.) 7.1= Pneumonia. spread:cups, and similar means.ChickenMeasles. Pox. By excretions from the nose; Indefinite; probably by the breath, drinking by the breath; by clothing.throat and lungs. WhoopingScarlet Cough. Fe-ver. By contact with cast-off particles of skinBy from the breath; by expectorations from the the patient; carried by clothing or by any article containing the 3 (2,, It./ a HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 291 smallpox,clothing;orpoison; disinfection. germbecause contagious; persistent of serious latest a long results;authoritiesLa time; Grippe. isolate By a germ conveyed by travel, baggage, can be destroyedin some only cases by fire even causes cases as rigidly as and in contributorydrainage,andinsanity. nose; bad germ causes sewerage, persistent; of diphtheria. and Diphtheria. By the breath; by excretions a wet cellarsimilar under to scarlet the house fever are often from the throat germ. Poor The above illustrationgeal ofshows cavityadenoids a oflarge the growing massthroat. in the naso-pharyn- fromthe subject emphasizingthe promiscuous of disease more byDrinking particularly Cups, the Pencils, Books, use of drinking cups, leadgerms pencils, the author cannot refrain etc. well-known danger Before leaving tainstheequippedbooks, drinking of running and city cupthe water,school bylike installing by but plant children has solved in not so the average village sanitary drinking foun- school. the problem of The well- or theavidualrural similarmouth, school. cups. danger.thereby making possible The promiscuousHere, the only solution lies Children are use ofprone lead pencils to put pencilsentails into the spread of in using indi- conta- Pneumonia germs from a public school Microphotograph of decayingTheman diametercells hu- on a of drinking the cup circulal atlonginggion. least once to the or twicedistrict a year. should be All much-handled books and A simple thoroughly disinfected paraphernaliaapparatus be- for this eters.drinking cup, magnified t000 diam. tuenthspot on of the an glassinch. was one-fif- teacher,bentpurpose of mind. canwe becannot devised doIn bybetter order almost than to bring this serious any one with a mechanicalto quotematter at lengthhome tofrom 311 every an292 article in the Technical W orld (Chicago, August, 1908), THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL The saliva by running down on HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL the inside of the glass had Here, however, they were less EDUCATION carried 293 "lege.contributed Death in School by Professor Drinking Alvin Cups," Davison, reads of in Lafayette part: Col- The article, which bears the startling heading cellsasthan tained seenand one bacteriaunder over third 20,000the as to abundant the human bottom. Byascells atcounting or the cells present on microscope, it was estimated that the brim.bitsfifty ofdifferent dead skin. areas on the glass the cup con-As many as Massachusettsdiphtheria,persons harbor and Association intonsilitis. their mouths ofIt the the Boards germs of of Health gripp. showed e, that isover an established fact that a considerable number of well Examination of 4250 persons by the pneumonia, Notgermsshowed15o germsless left lessthan therewere than 100,000 byseen ro germs. bacteria \sere the smears of saliva depositedclinging by to a single cell, and very Between the cells were thousands present on every square the drinkers. few cells inch of germs.onechildrennearly hundred 5 inper ofPhiladelphia. cent them of carried a large innumber their mouths of apparently virulent healthy diphtheria school Pennington in 1997 found virulent diphtheria badlli in In Minnesota true diphtheria germs theof determineuponthe mouth, glass. the bitsbut how someof much the were material each Nlost of these were of the harmless human body adhering to the cup. apparently the germs of decay feeding drinker is likely to leave on the kind abundant in In order to demonstrateexamined.weremouths found true The in that diphtheria theaverage nearly mouths results germs.z perof seventy centof a largeof wellpersons number persons in of every investigationscarry thousand in their In Boston 6o per cent of all cases cup,examination,Thesefiat I requestedglass glass in slips whichthe ten samethus showed soiled way an aswere average boys to apply the upper lip to pieces they touched the cup in drinking.properly stained for microscopic of about roo cells and 75,000 of clean, of minglethroat,Considerablecommon pneumonia,with catarrh the evidence wellexamined and and bronchitisis drink at showed Professorhand from are showingthe the present presence Davisonpublic that in cups.of themany grippegoes germs people onbacilli. of to sorewho tell of his own investiga- bacteriathoseexamination toof each consumption, slip. showed Andthat pneumonia, very of many greatest significance: diphtheria, etc. Professorof these germs were Davison's tionthemicroscopic in depositsa striking present examination, fashion on various thus: byDuring cultures, public the drinking pastand sixby guinea-pigvessels.months I have injections investigated by means of direct Cup No. 1, saidshould above be concerns as well versed allRural teachers inTeachers school their Own Medical alike. hygiene andInspectors. children's The rural teacher What is Itwhich humanexaminationwas hadbroken cells been scrapedwithinto in use a number microscopeninefrom days the of lips in piecesmagnifying a of school, the and drinkers was properly moo a clearwerediameters. staincd sothin numerous glass. for The diseasesschoolstherobust city. as areand city smaller,less teachers. exposed the air to is purer, At the same time the rural teacher It isdevitalizing true that in influences the country than in children are more does not have placedon the upperanywhere third without of the glass touching that the several head ofof thesea pin couldbits of not skin. be a physician ready at his elbow in case of emergency. 3 1 Or' He must294 on this account be his own medical inspector. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Every HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 295 to physician'sand,ruraldiscover actingteacher by care.upon theirshould thisoutward know knowledge, enoughsigns the placeabout common thechildren's patient contagions, diseases under He should be able to detect the minor a ruralThesedes of schools. wemanual may nowtraining, considerManual play, training, as we have seen in another chapter, so far as they relategymnastics, to the and athletics. can suchheenlargederadicable should ailments tonsils, feeldefects be strong given adenoids,in pupils enough immediate under and in incorrecthishis attention. dutycare, to vision. insist that all as, for example, Then icalhead,physicalbe made habits heart, educationan of important and hand; of the factor it farm fosters in boy the and girl. accuracy; it makes for dexterity and removal mental, moral, and phys-intellectual, moral, and It coordinates tionarefarm has heir. are disclosed largely exemptthat theSome from rural people the population ills hold to which the false city notion folks that children Quite the contrary is true. Careful investiga- as a whole on the limbs.talinstrumentalof patch, awkwardness. in all in digging strengthening and backs In all this outdoor work manual In the school garden, in the spading and planting, it is and straightening training makes experimen- diseaseshishealthdisplays special and holda sanitation.startlingmessage several degree onmillion country of country ignorance life, people" easily in preventable the slavery As President Roosevelt puts it in on subjects of schoolinthe so body work.doing a readieradds andFunction of Play. It protects the pupil froma hitherto the unknown dignity to labor. Playstronger has servant an important of the mind, place and enslavement in thedrainage,andof continuous causes pneumonia impure conspiring ill crave health."water, to many heapand victims these afflictions annually. Typhoid fever,poor malaria, ventilation ague, are some of on our farm Improper andorItof keepstoolabor. no continuous play his physical makes work. Jackself in health It keeps his individuality It ais dull indeed boy." true Human that " alloffspring and safe from too much strong and vigorous. work conditionshabits,dren'spopulation. health and will to in consult be school forthcoming. with and andto train advise them the in With a good teacher to look after the chil- parents, bettermore sanitary ofAndandsimply their play to interfere natural caimotinstinctively. getdevelopment.in theiralong play without is They do not need to be taught. to play.interfere with someThere law are times when Most animals play, education in our schoolsThe manifests Four Agencies itself through of Physical the Education. 3 Physical agen- tothanchildren relax they after play have strenuous because effort they haveand use for. At other times they play in ordcr morere-create stored-up exhausted vitality en-3 4 5 activitiesergy.296 to be entered upon later At all times play is a sort of THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL in life. preparation for the " Thus," says rationProfessor for laterHome, serious " youthful living. play . . The girl's doll and the boy's soldier The kitten's ball is the oldis nature's way of prepa- cat'sthisbinationseightand mouse. horsesend years play " of .arein life is thepremonitory." essential. certain child systemso-called must During the first seven or" neuro-muscular com- be developed. To muchandare an generallymore abundance fortunate cramped of thanRuralpure cityair. children children are blessed with and far removed from the invigorat- In these respects they are ample school grounds whose playgrounds ingthisencourage ozonedown wholesome ofall the theindoor open children outdoor mopingcountry. toenvironment. engageand insist Every rural teacher should in harmlessthat games every in child take He should frown sports,besomein as need exercisemuch both of fortheas in possibletherecreation the reason open a andthatparticipant fresh air. the teacherLastly, stands the teacher as much should air as do his pupils and in the children's moralbecausephysical conduct. of the exercise. influenceGymnastics. of his personality on Gymnastics is a man-madeIt lacks system much of of the spontaneity the children's of play,assertion. requiring a certain measure of mental 3 A 6 .tAs such it is not engaged in with the strain and will natural HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 297 tokeeptheabandon these body men in whichphysicalreceives from markbecoming attention.development, games warped and sports;because and distorted but every it is partsuperiorby their of Gymnastics is designed to ordinarytheoccupationsreach groups and activities and accordingly in combinationslife andas work, to leave train of play, unquickened. bodyand games, developmuscles etc., inwhich them cannot such all The aim is to andancients, ourapproximate ideals.war. with physicallythe one exception perfect of men Athens, and women.were strangers The Among modern nations the GermansThey trained have the youth merely for the games tionalandJahnproduced to trainingwas see the thatFather offirst with all toJahn physicalthe emphasize renewaland Spiesspowers ofthe hitherto importanceand of the their latent human successors. of or propor- bodydecay- suchwhiching powers varied in the comesactivities strong, a new-born asself-respectingWe patriotic must exhilaration, employardor, man civil in takesour amorality, new schools shape motif, etc. insome system of move- theotherwiseshouldersments use whichof andcounteractschool curvedshall desks. straighten andspines, remedy crooked and the strengthen evilslegs andoccasioned knees, stooped and by The difficulty is to discover a 3 constitutedpracticalindividual method orvariation developed of exercise for allalike purposes.which physically; shall allow therefore, of sufficient exer. No two children are otherschildrencise298 by again class are inmost islegs, not deficient and the so best on in tomethod arms, the end others to pursue. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL of the list. in shoulders, SomeEach verysimilarDanish salutary andmethods Swedish effect. in our rural country schools. would, no doubt, have a HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION The gymnastic exercises in these The introduction of 299 shouldourequippedSmaller cities have withhighplaces some theirschool andindividual rural and grammarcommunities attention. must get trained physical directors can supply. school gymnasium in This the well- along with thenicsapparatus,schoolssymmetry arefor aimingofthe body, whole at grace individual school, of movement, seeking perfection, etc.class precision, divided into informal work with and calis- simple lessneedwithout scientific gymnastics gymnastics methods; ? in some butGymnastics nowhere form or in other. Every Rural School. Our answer is that all children, no need we get alongDo rural children equippedframeor more of with sets heavy aof well-built horizontaltimbersTo begin atrack bars.least containing with, twenty the feet boys'a half-dozen high, side from of the playground is Back of this rises a exercises.matterlargelanes. where playgrounds, they live, and should healthful walks But their physical development doesFarm not children come one have the advantage of pure have the benefit of such along country air, whichofclimbing;and ropes hang and attwo-inch rings,one end the ropes, ofnearest the four frame approach or moreis suspended on in the number, grounds aseveral set smooth, rounded poles, all intended for whitwithoutandin the nearer awkward, cities. the the essential approximatevery often requisites unshapely, of human of harmony bespeaking perfection and Country children are inclined to be ungainly strengthbeauty. than toments, anvelopment apparatus when and judiciously for strengthThe girls'used,of trunk side add and of amazingly the limbs. grounds to hasthe its de- high and low swings, acrobatics. These simple instru- Thedevelopment.in altogetherruralshuffling school footsteps, to children hands and theis proof ungainlyfeet ofat disproportionatethe bearing, expense so of common other parts Some youngsters, literally speaking, run physical thorax.isintended horizontalalso provided to combine bars with play" chinning with exhilarating poles " exercise. The apparatus are used under the direction of for strengthening hands, arms, and a sort of high It ofremedy theirhas personally natural these conditions? mechanism. inspectedGymnastics the Now systems whatin European in can vogue we Rural Schools. 35() The author in man, do to theFor teachergirlsall practice times. are who to purposes,become gives formal proficient however, lessons in they their several may use. be times used a freelyweek. at It is interesting to see how eager both boys and 351 300 But the above is all incidental to the daily THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL drills in calis- HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 301 weatherthenics,groups permits.which are invariably held and go through a series of exercises bringing The boys and girls assemble in separate outdoors whenever the into naturalisOnemorbid encountemd of theinstinctsthoughts most in difficult throughcannotour efforts immoral to problemspay in muchschool attentionmanagement to study. prevent the perversion of suggestion. One or drillaseliminatesactivity immodest may every be such given importantwhere exercises with the or astwo without might sexes inbells, areany clubs, way muscle in the body. The manual concerned. be construedand wands. The this.twotimeperiod vicious is of the adolescence pupils pupil canso contaminateis Teachers who watch receptive to moral or mental filthvery as impressionable. closely the physical condition a whole school. At no other The danceIt bothdrillhas the isofin given thepureadvantage forenoon air.indoors, of and combiningfor thesome afternoon. fifteen system minutes at a time, When the weather is inclement the Under such cir-with an abun- Theestingingof their is secret so games pupils effective of andarea inplenty keeping of wholesome mind and teacher's successapt to in cope this withdomain such must difficulties. be body pure as inter-physical exercise. Noth- twocumstances ofstates exercises have instruments gone and haveso far are Similarplaced as never to prescribe thedrills used. same can ain be specific the used hands in course every rural school. ofOne their or andbymeasured engaging inability his inuncompromising to hisall detect inability wholesome to exercise; every symptom of child depravity, keep the pupils out ofseverity mischief in dealing with in his vigilance every teachers.difficulty.andstruct pupils the simple can readilyapparatus hit necessary. upon some way out School boards can generally be induced to con- If not, the teacher of the case infringing upon the laws of morality. beforeschool weto needclose discussionthis chapter.PhysicalAthletics in these Educationdoes pages. not play and enoughMorals. of a rine in the Waste in school should not One word more rural alwayshisVery moral often be chargedunfitness. it may beto accountedphysical A boy or girl whose mind is full of for by what we shallunfitness term of the pupil. :,) establishedLet it be kept by wellour forefathers inAim mind of that ourhad the Freefor free its Schools: purposeschool system to" Equalextend as Rights to All." CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 303 General Statement. CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS CHAPTER XV We have purposely left the dis- goodandWithequal outlying asthisopportunities the in villageview farm they district. schools,to allestablished members for they schoolsof were the commonwealth.large alike and in villagetaught The latter were virtually as ingcussionouragain chapter most ofin consolidation the vexingof theforegoing book. or pages centralization as the rural school problems. It has been alluded to time and solution of many of for the conclud-And, indeed, it bypurpose.changedof schoolmasters, free schools with time college-bredstands that itintact; no longer and trained. subserves its original In order to reestablish this educational equality but conditions have so The system parthasaim beenin of throughoutits it difficultanentirety, argument to to laying write emphasize thea for consolidation.special stress on the necessity to book without makingthe newa good educational trend It has been the offeringpreparationgirlsit becomes living city necessary in inchildren. theschool rural to for communitiesgive their the life twelve work just million as as we thorough boysare now and a Consolidation of rural schools is makethoughtwhilethat the waitingultimate most running of for solution the consolidationthrough new must the to come. education in thebe one-roomsought in consolidation.school entire discussion has been But the leading thehas ruralgoingpractical proved environment schools conclusively remedy, may as andbe in that made whereverthe just city. to as flourish good, given just in a thefairas thorough- beneficenttrial it thecontemplate?lish rural the schools ancient We onprinciple answer: aWhat, new of then, " is meant by foundationconsolidation which ? willIt reestab-equal rights to all." is a plan to reconstruct What does it It con- tionining really a illustration:reasonably contemplates Letwell-peopled Whatus may take, Consolidationbe say,made section. a congressionalclear byContemplates. the follow- township WhatWe consolida- find it sub- templatesscatteredmaintenance, the throughout abandonment instead, our at countrypoints of centrally located,the many of a smallfew schools communities and the dividedtype,houses dilapidated possibly two miles into andapart, nine unsightly; each school of thedistricts, well-known with school- box-car the lighting is faulty; is strong, well-graded 0 schools. 303 scientific ventilation is unknown; modem sanitation ,),;() 304endeavoringout" keepsof the "question. school her very for best a short to teach term the of wholemonths curriculum each year, THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Here a young, underpaid woman Finally,suitablePupils living consolidatedvehicles, at a avoidingdistance schools exposurewill can be offer conveyed to ampleinclement opportunities to school weather. in CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 305 tograded;terestfrom forty the poorlyclasses teachers A B sustained. C'seach tochange day. the high with school each subjects,term; and some with twenty every The work can scarcely beAttendance called is spasmodic; in- domesticelementaryfor thorough economy. agriculture, work in natureGreat as wellstudy, Waste as school manualin the gardening,Small training School. and The bane of die oldpoorworksuch to changeyoungstersof continue which the no children"in recordmark school timearehas or " been" putthey until backkept. drop " toout do from over sheeragain they either grow too In this way the .,nanyeffortandpresent consequence resultingsmall system classes fromis is what manythe amental fewteachers teachers waste endeavoring couldand scattering do forto do a few for of its great waste. Of first importance twentiethletlack it ofbe interest. understood century, consolidation that such andconditions or they no consolidation.are as veryhere commondescribed And right here, parenthetically speaking, are inexcusable in this We largeJ.maintainthe W. classes.many Robertson, small schoolsthe well-known are actually leader more of the expensive Macdonald to than Again, i. can be shownthe conclusively that graded consolidated school. Dr. tionschoolhave as emphasized cannotthe cure afford for elsewhere all to its wait ills; for inthe thethis school coming book must that of doconsolida- the its small own beforemovement a large in numberCanada, of made farmersSuppose this : youstatement start to ain creamery an address with too pounds of milk, and ninelevela modern one-roombest to schoolmeet schools present willTo rise,will revert:demands nearbe discontinued, the while center waiting. and instead consolidation will change all of the township, this. The And4555fall pounds still,per out cent ofby leak every the of out theway too onschool childrenthe way, children. in could the elementary you make yourschools, business 45 of pay?them in other words, the average attendance is but The consolidated schools in the whichhygienic,tionThe willfor course happyaffordand haveof everylife study modern on opportunity will the equipment befarm. graded, for practicaland recitation better prepara- teachers. periods The school will be everydomesticfive eastern day economy,and provinces, with no now additional with bringDr. their 97 expenseRobertson ofgardens, every to you.toomanual speaks children training, truly. to school and Here in the United States longer, interest well sustained, years in school longer. we have allowed such unwarranted leakav to go unheeded 3 ' 306entirely too long. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL It is high time to stop it. This con. 1 step by enacting another law providing CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS for the conveyance 307 manyoccupiedsolidation years. thewill attention do. ofEarly educators History in ofthe Consolidation. East for The notion held by some that this is a fad Consolidation has a good tralthementof schoolchildren twelve in the in schools at statethe public was of which in the town (township) course of the years 187o-1880.expense. were united in one strong cen- The first successful experi- of Concord, Since itwastheoristsbeing was introduced foisted the is ruralaltogether upon in schools' New a long-suffering without England only foundation. salvation. in thepublic early by '70's overzealous because ConsolidationOther states ana,Florida,lessthen Maine, extentconsolidation Georgia, Massachusetts,in thirty-two Illinois, has become Indiana, Michigan, states: operative to aCalifornia, greater Connecticut,Iowa, Kansas, Louisi- Minnesota, Mis- or Actoftherebywestward a ofcentury 1789 solving have "ago the wisely aHorace mostvery unfortunatefollowedserious Mann declaredproblem. New law England's on the common Massachusetts example, school Three quarters lina,Pennsylvania,Northsouri, Texas, Nebraska,Carolina, Utah, Rhode NorthNew Vermont, Island,Hampshire, Dakota, South Dakota,Wisconsin, South Ohio,and Caro- Wyoming. Oregon, Oklahoma,New Jersey, New York, heistrationrecalled,legislation was secretary insteadmade ever the enactedof ofthesmall the town in districtMassachusetts the (township) state." the unit as of Statehitherto. school Board admin- the This law, it will be While andDominionTo this parts list of ofwe the Canada AustralianPassing under of the "Little Red may add Hawaii, the five provinces of the commonwealth.Schoolhouse."the Macdonald movement,New Eng- Horacenotthegreat towncome educator Eaton, as until the of was afterunit Vermont, unceasing ofhis control, day. urging We in although his readthe efforts abandonment of final Superintendent to reestablish of the success did toresultsotherland the began sections,cities. of disintegration to abandon because itthe of ruralsmall The " little red schoolhouse was the first to feel the disastrous population andweak the exodusschools earlier than " of song and Superintendentweakdistrictsdanger schools ofin multiplyingthe as Calebtownship early Mills, as smallbe1846. limitedof Indiana,districts, to four." seeing " urged the that the Some ten years later great Alas,weaker,marchstory hasfor of more thebeenchange; sentiment weather-beatenyielding which for it has been growing a long time now tohas the so onward long hallowed the littleand less red than ever smaller and ever. in 1865, and four yearsMassachusetts later gave added passed efficiency a law authorizing consolidation tJ to this inold our New early England history school! in molding It piayed an important thc life of the nation. 3 5 part 308 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 309 schoolhousewithBut sentimenta sigh of " passingregret, must Consolidation therefore,yieldinto the before realm we economic beholdinof Massachusetts.sweet the memory. necessity" little rm. The first stage of ationofunitwere pupils. and for authorized conveyanceschool by of law children to spend All the towns which have adopted purposes (see Chapter III) find centraliz- a satisfactory solutionmoney of for conveyance the town Yet,andsoundMassachusetts' a once sentimentgrowth well under forconsolidation a higherway, it standardhas was had marked aof cumulative education by a slow created.growth, but while public opinion could be enlightened conveyed,ofBoardthe schools school of 1272; closedEducation problem. during The the last expenses, $21,739.83. (1903-1904) year, year reportedgives by the these State data: number114; number of pupils freestrengthwhichtermined conveyance, now and frompractically extent thetaken of following the embracesfrom movement a recent table the wholecanreportof expenditures readily state.of the be State de- for The strongthehas worknot schools. permitted of centralization topographicalNew and Hampshire, which truly sits in The work is making steady conveyance of childrendifficulties to to discourage nature's fastnesses, progress. Board of Education: YEAR EXPENDEDAMOUNT YEAR EXPENDEDAMOUNT betterThese supervision;are some of the results: greater regularity of attendance and economy; better teachers ; 28891888 . . 24,145.1222,118.38 18931897 . . $123,032.41 127,409.22 ofgreater the school; punctuality; better roads,better literaryeducational spirit organization, and local in and out 189118901892 . . . . 38,726.0730,648.6850,590.41 19011900.t 899 .to . 165,596.91151,773.47141,753.84 enterprises. In Maine 653 weak schools were abandoned between 189418931895 . 91,136.163,617MS76,608.29 :9021904:903 194,967.35178,297.6423,220.93 expense1890 and of 1905. $36,'Doo Vermont conveys 8000 childrenper term. Rhode Island is steadily at an :896 . . 103,317.13 1905 236,415.40 turesuniting at thecentrally small locatedschoolsThe places.Progressive and building Middle West. Consolidation is having substantial struc- wayEngland.Massachusetts in 1889. was soonElsewhere followed in byNew all England.the rest of ---New The example set by Connecticut began consolidation in a smallFour years later the towns of the state theoccasioninga remarkableIn youngest some it isthe states growthcaused abandonment where byin many the ofcityward states the farm in migrationthe for M" " a change in industrial conditions, the city; in is notWest. ! 361 310yet very apparent the cause is THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL traceable to the undue tively, 679, 830, and 1314; pupils transported during CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 311the multiplicationambitioustilcouraging small sickly turnpike; growthof schools schools because in where allcould the the they bestates country foundwere it isnot at population begins having an en-almost every needed un- sameofTen children years, counties 5356, with have excellent9424, tried andMichigan consolidation results. 16,034. reports and much progress in uniting weak transportation schools. educationtofrom realize which thatsuited thein to thisother the way agestates onlyOhio in drewwhich can may their they be considered in many respects their children get an inspiration. live. the model Here consolidationSuperintendentized schools in are all C. alreadysmall P.The Cary districts. Wisconsindoing : good State work. Department of Education is urging " There is no question but A number of central- Says State solidatedwhereconsolidationOhio it on began,schools. pages originated now 316 boasts and 317 twenty-one illustrates A glance at the consolidation maps of in 1892. Ashtabula county, thoroughlyhow the reform con- ablewhatto conditionsthe consolidation unceasing now is surroundingefforts theIllinois remedy of hasSuperintendent thefor drawn ruralmany schools."its of inspirationthe 0.unfavor- J. from Ohio. Thanks Kern Trumbull,hassolidatedLorain, spread and schoolsLake, and many Geauga,increased other counties. Portage,Lom 58 in Summit, 1904 to 157 is yet spreading outward, The number of con- embracing Medina,in 1907, schoolforwardandcounty, a few was at Kern'sothers dedicated ofown kindred county,in Seward enthusiasm, January township, 30, the 1904. work Winnebago is going a gratifying pace. The first consolidated Johnson anvery increaseto closesound ofschools legislation. nearly having aIn an Indiana average consolidation daily has been hastened by some hundredThe in law three of 1901years. permitted trustees attendance of less county,tendentshelpingern in southernand state Illinois, schools andare Kanevying county,with eachIllinois, other to followed Winnebago county's exampleto in start the movement. County in north-superin- abandonthanan1 122 attendance or pupils. all less, schools and of permits t5with or less.an the average daily attendance of Six years later it became obligatory to abandonmentThe ofresult: schools for thewith biennium reporttheseethis whichwork chapter.on the iscan beingJohn do the Swaney done most may forConsolidated thebe movement.appreciated School from the How well later in 418;ending schools 1907, abandonedgrowtl, in consolidatedin 1904, 1906, schools and 1908, from respec- 280 to solidated schools. In 1906 Iowa disorganized 76 schools to form 30 con- Minnesota is transporting children in 3 E; 312many ^.ounties. THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL North Dakota has consolidated schools declares that consolidation is rapidly driving the old log CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 313 insuchis satisfactory making school some in operation 1898 progress. in Green in 9 or 10 KansasGarden established township, Ellsworthits counties. Nebraska first schoolhouseandthan 49 one colored teacher. out schools of his having state.In more 1906 than there one were teacher. 950 white and 165 colored schools having more This was an increase during the year of 99 white He writes: The increase formedcounty.drenhad discontinued to in Up other 20 to counties; schools.1907, their 27 besides schools Even the new state of Oklahomaconsolidated schools had been and transportedwhich 130 their school chil- districts whichbranches.numberof schools gave of employingruralsome schoolssuch moreinstruction, giving than onesome being teacher instruction' an increase has also induring increasedhigh theschool year the In 1906 there were 968 white and 90 colored schools is manystatesplanning difficultiestake for to greatconsolidation. that thingsThe South. in It is gratifying to see how the this section has to contend with, Whenconsolidation. one considers the Southern of formerinstruction.36 white proves and 32 by colored actual schoolsSouth figures Carolinaattempting that the and somesystem Georgia high is schoolcheaper are making progress. The difficultiesschoolsexperienced for practically thein atwo less unknown races, marked a very indegree, the impoverished ruralscattered and, com-North, orsuch at least as separate population, findsschoolbettersto the progress taxpayers;year; enrollmt and rather enriches and slow, daily the but attendance;course has in of spite study. oflengthens this attained the that it raises the teachers' salaries; The latter thisparativelyhelping Dixonprogress tospeaking, line shape speaks Maryland the volumes New South. for the is carrying on an ictive cam- South of he Mason- educators who are consolidatedgood results. schools inFlorida, 17 out oftoo, 44 must counties, be reckoned and other with. Its record is thepaignschools,Baltimore children for consolidation,transportation bettercounty teaching among beingthe and otherssole in better five has aim being " to giveby wagon and oneschoolsix facilities." Consolidated ministration.undercounties State ready Superintendent and favorableLouisiana James to consolidation. has B. made Aswell's marked able advancead- in this respect Parish after parish has united its wards byincrease, railroad. being 130 inIn 1906State Virginia andSuperintendent the162 number of J. consolidatedY. Joyner, in of1907. North Carolina, schools is on the appreciableing the ourcost progressdistricts), of their in maintenance."" consolidation Thebuilding West. up largerof schools. schools The and reason diminish- The Western states have not yet made any 36b 314is munities,indeed,not far tostill seek:isolated a newly one from another THE AMERICANin the RURAL SCHOOL proces; settled peoplein many places, of settling; by stretch of waste small com- pointsthe grouping in the township, of two,Partial three, without Consolidation.or aimingmore schools at ultimate By at partial strategic centrali- consolidation is CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS meant 315 plainandurein orpopulation,upon impracticable. mountain the whole which ridge; a makesgeneral a newness consolidationgeneral want ofin goodsome roads;meas- and instability calzationthe center. size of all or the shape schools of the in townshipthe township or itsat thenatural geographi- contour This form of consolidation is practiced where numbers.here, but on a ratherUtahWyoming small reports employscentral schoolsconsolidation Consolidation is practiced in many scale. in in a very few districts; steadily increasing counties butsuccessful. so far as the work Oregon,has on the far-away Pacific, been carried it is reported is " meeting with very A .1ranfireitlf muchwillschools encouragement."appreciate is becoming that Fromthe national movement the foregoing to somewhat in significance. rambling report readers consolidate rural That it is FIG.makes 20. transportation of all pupils to Map illustrating growth of consolidation in Madison township, Lake county, Ohio. (See text.) one center impracti- tiN-1::14 sagl: noacknowledge. longerwrong,is not anbecause but because the principle experiment, even the most conservativeIf it has not alwaysmust proved it was not properly applied or local of consolidation in itself is successful, it Lakecable.way.1892. county, Ohio, where partial consolidation began in TheThe accompanyingAn township excellent whichmaps illustration tell borders the story in is Madison township, on Lake Erie is a graphic conditionsconsolidation. were not givenNow proper let us consider a In this connection it is well to particular cases of successful consideration. emphasize ofmilessevenis the too wide. townshipmiles far for on satisfactorytheto Madison west side, villagetransportation nine ison the east, of pupils. and five The distance by wagon from the extremes seven miles, which As centeredfour types in of village, consolidation (4) purely : 3ElL (1) partial, (2) complete, (3) rural. BEST COPY a consequence centralization here has been at three or AVAILABLE 36't four316 centers. THE AMERICAN RURAL TheSCHOOL first map shows the special districts consolidation between CONSOLIDATION OF 1892 and 1906, during salons 317 of Madison village and Unionville, together with eighteen g ten of the subdistricts were abandoned. whichFinally, period the O. 1 1110611111 "-- ttogarrogg....m It ...Too .1 Irirels 1. .2.--r-- 4 011woh 4.. A r4111008.W.SgP.{a Allte.14 .4. I le' 11422Sytali'. £ 9 ....,.... A411 mirri: :2 °a ....J .1, 1 ° ti._ erlAvIA 11214151 more t i ..' ts929 2t-2.----. ----2411 :o ems .. ...20229..J....g. 1:"A".2.,714: I' Ai. mosul, :ail - . 626/ t!:11.i SISSY r woos :..4" 8550251v 6., 521,166ea ka Timm.'i Alt. e 41. es P*140.1191 I. 41, 0.01 1------r 1111t224 1i wullOif 9 _,, elle ../ a v.' fre i 0 POIITAGtr - - NANOMIK ...A.. li h ...... ? la . .--,.., I. i IPIONAII g 0111120911..g...... ",..41....% re I- 6.tomil 41 *moose gil...... 14/111A111 ...... Sunni. ilvioo IP 21 2.1 1 I r!".9,1A ., 1 11119911 ... ath tz ..,-.1 1 &puss° 2.-I, At ''''' fj 1....rt.....- : was° tenaes0-..1-1 ' ::`""'"1 *tat r 6 I. I .i.,..g 14C2L11111.Alsi. 0.4." 0 a :. J 1' i - -. ..,,,,.. g rattail /1r.,...... q...,09It% "mast g .601.11112 40.,.... el J 1.1t411110Ltrg'.. I vas irsarl-0. if...... ,..,.:. r I .lit latt....4,110 AVG141111.1 1 :...... 552602 11.5 121.11 ,.. r, i I I 0 l I j...... i.. I .. 1. rue& AvoLuif lINC* s ..i... ,..1-.11.:Ateliprmocte :::".;?",::::::,,,..:1::::: 10 ...1.1.500 .re I : L-4I *WWI..... 1.5111"0" ''''' i 1,4.... t...4. , I j aso., i 29SM092911L. t., WA,ri.yseasav--.1 Iwamoto'.r....,..L soli C I ,1i; L....4:J , HIM I. 16611..A1r2 I, MILA2714-T.:1...... 11 ..... 11...... is h..... I 1.---.g al 111A111. : I ..,..,, ,....,.,. 02' 1.. t J .....; 6°1444?°:;f 4:"6"18"11 . ;toss . , r. cuAAcill.---,1 e. si , .mil...r...):111s11111t11111 9,..calso;IS t a "171" I ....0 ..---i .1, .... 1111159111 'I . i0/41111::-..ais." atm pli .. Is .... J 11) 8 t 511"" i I. it- ---ta, 'PltsliVgeousall...... 11J I moor. I saws /,.... -, q ,14111121,1.0 , 111,111111V, (.., 2/0111.11:13.;...1 haoaLt il1 tg Immo 21::::11:::11: ...... °20.:11:r2 .k.11,:::::" .... r"---,..tr....i ...... , i L.1 /lake/44 , j" 1. : L I ...... t.r8 21/211.9 Ig, ...... ItlItr011 j...... / ... '' 1. .,...,...i; I:pt....I,: is 415555 Jr g 42...VIVAIWO4T011 II 111.15 $em 11.1::::::.?:.:14:,:::::: ivitlittaigTPLIIT" , I ...... : .7.7.1,13,...:::I. 04011792 J.,, t..,,,,iN1 1 ;se. ... v.v.,: -1 Neat k vi .11...... : ,..111-541,r: 4 'IL a I l---r.1 .4,..,. a ; emt 1 2222"141 -1- I ...... mit 1 . war 1I sloop I "-'1'.-.. lio.us 1, ...... I 11!..::04."I 4:j..... N. 701 ?... i 1 :111111011,51 g -A, . , ottoloi-11:1141.02i ill, HallCestrallsed of ouldiaIrlet $chools oelloofe mute& .0 "--r-- . 1 , A 221 1 r .... ,---1, 22020"rig:1202 Couth1lrod ::::' 1. i achoohimatked.... 1,..,,Thei.I t- Ono of two &tools 22221+4- staspiroded.- ..... 1111 tAweloolf.pi OLIRalf of lobe:141Na echoers orouspoodod two wshoola ouWil....a . FM. at . -This map tells the first chapter of Ohio consohdation and is Centralized for 1905-1906. FIG. 22. - The second Centralized chapter of the . same t" story, covering 1906-1907. 402....-..-.Joi small subdistricts. HalfOne of subdistrictsOr 1210 schools suspended transferred to another Total This was before consolidation was . 329235Is third map gives the OneHalf ofor subdistrictstwo suspended schools transferredTotal to another . . . attempted. 3 6 The second map illustrates the first stages of BEST COPY VAILABLE special districts, two good centralized schools as they were in 1907:schools, two3 6 and'0 only two318 subdistricts THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL without the advantages of consolida. was used to maintain a high school. CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS So weak was this high school, 319 tion.commonly practiced;Complete but it is Consolidation.less satisfactory Partial consolidation is very than the districtsasurvive. term.unsupported by the grades, that it was a question whether it could 5At andIn one 1903 time the it wastrustee, wholly P. M.abandoned the 9. District 9 was within Tompson, abandoned school three quarters of greater part of offeringenoughso-calledcenters. number thoroughcomplete of consolidationsubdistrictshigh school coursesunless, ofat course, a large unite to establish schools indicated these several in the additionandwhichThea milethe pupils two-room now ofof twothe hadof roomstwo-room Districttwo building teachers. building, so no 5 were conveyedwas made to the to high the school building. building,was filled to overflowing.Other district schools were conveyance was needed. soon Inclosed, 1904 an Thisschoolname, insurcs contemplates within the the establishment township at of a high school depart- Complete consolidation, as the centralization of every small its geographical center. tenthsmentcentraldistrict of was the schoolschools stronglypatrons which have are opposed nowbeen pleased. abandoned to centralization, and the but supports four teachers. The township now has three rural pupils conveyed to the At firstnow the about senti- nine In all, seven theneeds.ment, rapid offering increase. just such This type of consolidation is common and is on It is well exemplified in Wea town- studies as are adapted to farm runningThereThedistrict other are schools, to nowtwo the gradedsix one of school.which will may sometime be conveyed to thewagons, central most school. of them the best that can be had, The results in this probably always be maintained. township show ship,tioned,here Tippecanoe is butnot conditionsso large county, as are many otherwise others so that near could to being be men- Indiana. The central school ideal andWhenwagonsconclusively there there there was werethat aremore the butto doublingthemore two central complete school, the centralization,the better the andsatisfaction. the or three wagons the routes were longer,on the track. Now the wagons go more Kirkpatrick,reportthat it will is fromansv,Tr who the writes: our pen purpose of illustration nicely. of Township Trustee Fairfax The hack.comfortable.shortermore distance.directly to the school and the majority of the One hundred are transported. Each driver is paid $2 a day and furnishesEach wagon is heated by a stc ,e and is made pupils ride a much his own Thisofits townshiptheborders. famed is Weil wholly Plains. rural,The there Wea being Consolidated no villages School, or towns Tippecanoe County, Indiana. It is iix miles square, and most of the land is a part The farms are large, making a small within largeschoolis heated enough pupils by a for whofurnace ten drive horses and to Theis school,and modern. central buggies. the school has a large well-shaded townshipFor the benefit has built of the a barn The centralground. school has The building high schoolbuildingindistrict five population. ofschools. wasthem built being 60. Many of these were very small,Sevenin the the years total center ago thisof the township township, maintained and one eleven room About twelve years ago a two-room brick enrollment employed,citya library:.s school. work of so moreand that this than in ateacher fiveshort hundred time does i'. all books.will the be music work of the One teacher who can do high 371 as well organized as the best The school is organizing grade music work is school. 320 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL ityestinA of littledrawing drawbackteachers further and whoto care penmanship, the can in advanced selecting do this or organizationspecial teachersa teacher work. will of of agriculture.give the the school school is the The great- a teacher scarce KansasPossibly is thethe Burns Burns Consolidated School, CONSOLIDATIONmost successful OF SCHOOLS school, centered in Marion County, Kansas.consolidated Burns, Marion school 321 in ponentstransportingsolidated who school toassert a resultsneighboring withVillage frommuch Type closingvillage force of Consolidation.that rural what :,c.hools is needed and A third type of con- This has its op- asbuttois good notvillage educational someas there and additional city, can facilities tobe educatefound convenience right in them the out city,away infor whichthe fromsending rural theshall train country,childrendistricts averagesuitvillagesfor the country farm, areAmerican notneeds; and inclined for norvillage the could farm to offersadapt thisonly. betheirtemptations expected. to the Moreover, the largercourse of study to Then the un- _oar- n Nazi n villagessomehimsophisticated the places worseattempts N.'.iere country me- have centralization youth,been made which tohas is study prettytaken agriculture place in large for having come to " town." sure to leave and In F-1 1 -4 Still,otherto smack subjectsin a majority of essentialthe city. of theseto the villagesfarm, and the On the other hand, if the village is not without success. course continues Ftn, 33. Plan of aabandoned section of schoo.s,640 acre& and Burns consolidated district, transportation routes. 0.m cAmnon. vest, 140004 privet Each square....asacriek representsgiving ea centralawn school,VTAWIMIll 4110 wellreasonso small as whyin that the consolidationit openhas none country. except cannot rural be interests, practiced there there is little A large number of strong as thereforepathies,county, aand be village consideredlife of of the placesome 450 people. are purely rural. The spirit, It may sym- consolidationschools are situated,is practiced. in such villages in i BEST COPY AVAILABLE every state where a place for the school as the countryalmost proper. as safe though 37:3 not so ideal Moreover, 322 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 323 ait carefulschoolis well studyextendsto consider of theto the AssistanttheBurns weak, added district isolated Stateopportunities in Superintendent 1908, village. reports which on suchC. his C. Starr, who made to Ithavemoreassociatethe is countrymore timeprogress, with, agreeableto schools. give theunderstand the larger to ride classes the their long lessons better, and proper amount of attention to each subject. are more interesting, theydistance make to school than to walk the teachers additionaloriginallyfindings formeddistrict in part madeout as ofThe applicationfollows: five Burns separate school for school admission was districts. consolidated to the consolidated in 1904. The district was In 1906 an thatconsolidatedwhat the their chances chances school are wouldhad that not they have been would Uponbeen formed, ofinquiry from the pupils who notattend have fromhad the the opportunity countryattendinga high very schoollarge majority if the stated as to moretheconsistsdistrict, area than and ofcomprised a what congress:unalit was were admitted, is originally so that six separatenow the consolidatedschool districts, district and forty-three square miles or considerablytownship. While the last district that school.themwouldto secure that have a they high been hadschool able intended toeducation. attend A few to try to send them awaya high to school, as their parents told stated that they thought they a high tothatthanjoined the thcis disadvantages theordinarily advantages consolidated advised of ot the thedistrict forconsolidated long such is distance fartherdistricts, school fromto that school. would thedistrict central be estimated superior school Experience istheofremote ordinarilythe trip pupils portionwas ten recommendedwhile of and the being district, transported. forAt with the close of school I selected one half miles athe view wagon of sharing that goes the to experience thea distance much greaterThe thandistance to the end of most hastheir demonstrated tuition. the truth ofAnother this.Before district, consolidation lying outside, the Burns is sending district seven employed pupils twoand payingteachers a littletheythe trip coldliked was sometimes to one ride hour and didand thirty a suggestionnot that get the tired. wagons should transportation. minutes. The pupils stated that Some said that they got The time to make be whichsix-rooma.ndand didnow '..tdmits not building.six have teachers to athe high Universityare school. employed. Theof Kansas. next year Two they high had school five teachers,teachers A four-year high school course is maintained The school occupies a modern fromanybeingheated dissatisfaction the entirely incountry the coldest satisfied with with weather.whom the with mode their of transportation, I conversedNeither expressed drivers themselveb norsystem pupils of transportation. and the people expressed as tionarepupils employed, of the attending remainder one theof of whomhigh the schoolconsolidated wasWhile added are the from r)opulation indistricts, 1907. the country. of Burns is about thc same as the popula- a majority of the The pupils dation,thanschools.who under would has thetaken be old will;ng a plan, long to andAfter extensive inquiry, There is a general belief that the go back to the old system ofno separate person couldsmall be found in thethat district the community, through schools are far better consoll. smallerin Thethetheir upperreasons rural school schook)grades the now 1,-;ils (who imanimously has gaverecall better for their preferredteachers, their experience preference the there consolidated school. 3'7 are more pupils to as pupils in theare as follows: Thisdated is school the ideal to call type. forThe consideration Purely Rural Type. step forward educationally.It contemplates the establishmoat The last type of consoli.37b is the purely rural. 324 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL Inwhereawayof such the the anfromschool chiid environment the canright attractions dwell in theestablish in closeheart and communion theofallurements the farm rural child's withcommunity, of school.nature,the city. experimentalAddtoolsBuild broadnecessary it good acres areas. andto thefor large; greatestbeautiful equip measure grounds it with of allandsuccessful the garden working work. and And surely the rural school problem ThisSwaneywill then school Consolidated be inwas a fair studied way School,An toby excellent solution. the in N.Putnam exampleE. A. county, Committee of the Illinois. purely rural type is the John on Con.olidated schooltat:,foreground.Ohio. at North Ohio.) Madison, Madison Township, Lake County, Eight eonvey,inces tillol with (Courtesy of A. B. G:aham, College of Agriculture, Colum- bildren may he seen lined up in the committeeandIndustrialConvention, the results Education " as1908. embodied-in affording in Schools the their best for report illustration Rural to theCommunities Cleveland of public It was selected for this purpose by the ; 0.solidatedbined,sentiment, J. Kern that district visaedprivate the committee thein liberality, the school United was and States."able reportedwise to organization find it for in anythe com- Superintendent com-con- Pgr mitteeroad,Magnolia oftwo which milestownship, hefrom isThe Putnamthea member.John small Swaneycounty, village ConsolidatedIllinois,of McNabb. beside The Country a buildingcountry School is located in He says in part: whoJohnfourstands believes acresSwaney, near ofthe intimber whonorthbetter is side pasturethings a farmer of afur beautiful countryof moderate campuschildren, circumstances, consisting of twenty. a man 371 This campus was donated by Mr. His was a worthy BEST The John Swaney School, District s3s,crloy McNabb, Illinois. %,AILARI5 den, Printipal. 3 7 Irwin A. Mad. andeed inspiration in behalf toof public-spirited a worthy farmers in other communities. CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS cause and should prove a suggestion and 325 spendforfact countryit that in a if better thechildren, country way. they people mustThe spendconsolidatedwant better school is There is no other way. an illustration of the fundamental more money for education and schools in the country It is comparatively aboveintellectualeasybettermorning for monetary equipmenta speaker after,assent proposition. and ofbeforeand getthe make theiraverage a farmers' financial farmer institute in the meeting to gain the But to go to the farmers consent to vote bonds for a community to the on the ingmust force, be isdone, quite and a different what has matter. been done in Magnolia SOME FINANCIAL DATA an increased tax levy for a better teach- And yet this actually is what township. duethree process ordinary under country the Illinois school schoolJohnUnit districts Swaneyof law. Organization. that Consolidated School, The consolidated district Putnam County, Illinois. were consolidated by comprises IllinoisrevenuefourteenLand Area revenue sectionslaw and is onelawValuation. of land, hundredthe assessed and theseventy-nine assessed valuation ($179) dollars. The consolidated district comprises valuation under the Illinoisis supposed to represent By the one$75pricecomprisethat fifth perall of oftaxes acre.timber threethe arefair fourthsland levied.cash which ofvalue. The the comprises districtselling is It is upon the assessed valuationprice of improved farmsthe whichremaining$rso per acre. one fourth is The selling securingofwas payingthe $2900 new bettertuition forbuilding, the teachers, at building present, and janitor$39cso fund bringingSchool to service, for Levy. in The school levy for the school pay bonds issued for the erection generalan annualeducation revenue purposes: of $375. etc. Twenty pupilsyeas areof 19o7-19o8 326raisedPractically by local all thetaxation. money raised for school purposes in Illinois is THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL dottedcountry with school. groups of the native forest trees. CONSOLIDATIONThe ;rounds, OF SCHOOLS twenty-four acres in extent, are 327 The school is housed in a $12,000 two and a half story brick THE BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT ofpreparedthe Agriculture. district by to the beautify Horticultural the grounds DepartmentThe stillTeachers' further of Home. the according Illinois Four toorCollege afive plan farmers, at their own expense, It is the purpose of room,auditorium,building,lighted a girls' withcontaining two playroom,gasoline library four gas and furnace recitation generated office room, rooms, rooms,by a plant, a two boys' the laboratories, manual reservoir training of large which and cloak room. All are thusfittedandcost solving up hireto onethe an the farmersofelderly theproblem abandoned womanwas of Ssoo. a forboarding schoolhouses housekeeper. place for for the a teachers' teachers. home, The teachers pay $g a month rent The teachers club to- The is Thefurnishedwithstored buildinggas outside from with andofthis running the equipment plant. building. water cost Thesupplied Si6,000.laboratories by an airare pressure also furnished system. The building is heated with steam and ofgroundsgether the grounds,for was the fitted living school up expenses forbuilding, a janitor'sJanitor's of and the stables.home. Home. An old tenant building located on the school The janitorHe has receives charge a salary of materialdenttrict andfaith gifts.community in the consolidation who are unselfish Donations.of schools enough to There aid and the arewho movement people have suffi- living by in this consolidated dis- As a consequence the beautiful campus of twenty- County Superin- for$30 schoola month work, and pays the S5 boys perIn thismonthand sylvangirls for hisof retreat,tMagnolia ome. fitted township with everything essential these,tendentfourInPerry allacres the aboutMills,G. John wasNV. $2000, W.Kay donatedHunt L. estate, Mills, besidesgave by NV. anda Mr. setthe G.Louis ofgrounds,John Griffith, manual Priebe Swaney. wereF. traininggave E. donatedSmith, neat tools. sums John to the of Wilson, money.school. Besides learnthey toto must know know live that nature and they die. areand indigenous to love it. to the soil; that here Give us many such schools, and Here they early isandchildren nine are miles,owned from twoand by theofnine thedistrict. and oldWagons onedistricts. half and miles Cost. for the other. Two teams are employed in bringing the Distance, round trip for one wagon, The wagons cost S175 each Drivers lackthe farm of space youth we is incannot no Highdanger give School ofthe leaving details Work the ofin farm!theall theJohn work Swaney School. -- For a of onthetheround thehigh wagons campus. schooltrips, are thus room. farmer making boys an living outlay in of the $T.82 community per day forwho each are wagon.in Each team costs $40 per month for twenty-twoThe horses are put in the school barn located ofbeloweachin careful tho theof Swan:). S6o traininghigh per School.school monthand experience,are for taught nine months. bywho normal receivP graduates a salary This much, however: the pupils The principal Asnine each cents, wagon about carries the cost twenty of two children,Grounds. street carthe fares cost inper the pupil city. daily is No finer environment,3 b perhaps, can be found for a perinis athe month.normal Illinois graduate, College of who Agriculture. has had additional training His assistant has had special preparat'in in 381 He receives Stoo 328 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 329 heredwelldomestic we with have science, much found satisfaction and one receivescountry on community $6o these statements; that demands per month. (We fot AgronomyChemistry.English III. II or Latin or House- THIRD YEAR AnimalChemistry.English HusbandryIII. or Latin ot boysation.)trained and teachers girls. While and the is Thecultureready high tostudies school pay course of study is planned for are not neglected,a fair remuner- country English History. hold Science. FOURTH YEAR English History. Household Science. completemanualfarm interests training, course are andof emphasized study: domestic science.in the study of Here follows the agriculture, HouseholdPhysics,English IV. Science or Agronomy Bookkeeping, to weeks. EnglishArithmetic,Physics. IV. 20 %WAS. English I. First Semester FIRST YEAR English I. Second Semester manualAmerican training, History. and agriculture.Excellent courses are offered in CiViCS. household science, HouseholdAgronomyAlgebra.Physiology. ScienceI or Latin. or Manual Training. Algebra.PhysicalHouseholdHorticulture Geography. &knee c, Latin. or Manual husbandry,the theory of and agriculture, horticulture. soil physics, soil krtility, animal The latter deals with SECOND YEAR Training. east.ofestablishedprovement these stations (1in itsthese is different now areas; beingIn in largeorder all installed theresoil that areas, arethe adjoining nowstate experiment twenty-three. may the learncampus stations the on needs arethe andThis methods station contains of im- a plot of ground consisting of six acrus One Zoology.Geometry,Algebra,EnglishAncient II. to H toweeks. istory. weeks. AncientBotany.Geometry.English history, II. to weeks. toprivilegeThisand the is is recordsdivided to of be observing con(luctedofinto rusults. four theseries by work thewith ofstate, five the breedingstation,but the andWiwi plats will inwill eachhave have series.access the Drawing. Music.Animal flusbandry or Iiousehold Science, to weeks. r) L 1 330 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS 331 A plan of the ground is given here: EXPERIMENT STATION SERIES I it.ofsolidation the system usually and take time to state the objections to summarize the advantages urged against 1 2 3 4 5 enoughvantagesin these from pages due the to with discussionccnsolidation. It is scarcely necessary to take up anyan further enumeration of the mcnifold The reader has gathered space ad- 1 SERIES II summariesadvantages he are may make very many and weighty. a study of the excellent books above to realize that Fo,: additional these and 2 SERIES III 3 4 5 toSome chapter.ccc,notuicpamphlets of these The necessity. on objections, the subjects are of a sentimental nature and Others which atalso, may enumeratedbe passed at the close of one time seemed over lightly.must yield the 1 2 SERIES IV 3 4 5 planmostencevalid isfrequently ofgreater. enoughyears of urgedhave successful is been proved fallacious that theconsolidation. cost under Theby the objection experi- the new Series I will be planted to cor; ; 1 2 3 Series II to oats and clmer; 4 5 tionasconsolidation theunder the old gross cost is undeniably may be carried on at just We havesystem. ample figures Under complete greater; but when as small an outlay to prove that consolida- we nowbeenSeries fertilized dweltIII to oats; at w some -IISeries rock lengthIV phosphate. toConsolidation: cowpeas, on four in 1907.consolidated Advaritages schools, and Objections. The others were not. Plats 2 and 4 have We have individualeconomy,matterconsider of costthe increaseand added is ultimate far and educational effectiveness of theless than under the regularity of attendance, effectiveness, the netnew schools in the passing regime. general nessgiverepresenting ofthe their reader workingas an many idea )lans. states.of their organization and effective- At this point writersEnough on con- has been told to lot acommon returna closing school word. systemA Closing Word. to that equality of The plea throughout This offerswas built. an opportunity opportunity on which This equality 3 8 5 the book has been no longer to speak our 332 THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS squareexists except in theory. deal. And the fundamental cause of it all is that The farm youth has not had a the 5.4. DAVENPORT, E. FAIRCHILD, E. T. Illinois, Urbana, Consolidation of ourConsolidation1904. Schools. of Rural Schools. University of 333 educationour$13.17money rural topopulationfor of thetheir education boys does and not of girls,spend his children nor enough does everymoney it spend on this the best advantage. To-day the farmer spends time the 6. FLETCHER, G. F. Education,veyance1908. of Boston.Children. pp. 48. The Consolidation of Schools pp. 25. Issued by the Massachusetts and the Con- Board ofTopeka, necessary?citytion dweller is spent spends to poor $33.01 advantage ! in feeble, poorly instructed And much of what is invested in rural educa- Can further argument be 7. FOWLER, WILLIAM K. struction,at izationPublic Expense.Lincoln,of Rural Schools, and 1903.the TransportationIssued of byConsolidation the Department of Districts, the of Public In- Central- Pupils solidated.schools which could justLet as every well one be abandonedwho reads orthese con- pages become a self- g KELLEY,& GRAHAM, PATRICK A. B. H. suedtural by College the Michigan Bulletin, No. Centralized Schools in Ohio. Consolidation of School Districts. Department of6, Columbus, 1907. Education, Lans- The Agricul-pp. 24. Is- favoringdoctrine;tion;appointed tobetter herald do everything schools to proclaim and in betterhis the power new teaching. rural to create school sentiment educa- to go into every countryside and preach the new Then shall to. KERN, 0. solidation.ing,Chicago, 1906. 1906. J. pp. 23. Among Country Schools.Price $1.25. Especially chapter on Con- Ginn and Co., comeA SELECTED a bright dawn REFERENCE for the youth LIST of the OF farm! BOOKS, PAM- 12.Ix. LONGSDORF, -- Annual H.Report, H. Harrisburg,Published1908. by 1901. the pp. 96. PennsylvaniaThe ConsolidationDepartmentWinnebago of of County Schools, Country Schools. Agriculture, Rockford, I. ASWELL,TIONPHLETS, JAMES AND B. The SPECIAL Consolidation ARTICLES of School ON Districts. CONSOLIDA-Issued by the state of Louisiana, Department of Educa- 13. Proceedings of the National Education following793-798; years: 1903, PP. 919-936;1901, pp. 804-81r; 1902, pp. 89. 19042 pp. 313-316; 19061 Association for the pp. 224-23r and PP. 2. Consolidation and Transportation, tion,Hampshire, Baton Rouge, Department 1906. of Education, Concord. Twenty-third Annual Report of the State pp. 77. Issued by the state of New pp. 12. 14. Report of the Committee of Twelve lished337,338;zo6o. by the 1907, University of Chicago, pp. 277-279; 1908, pp. 420-43r and on Rural Schools.1905. 1054-Pub- 3. CorroN, FASSETT A. dailySuperintendent chapter on of Consolidation. Public Instruction, Indianapolis. BEST COPY A Espe- 1LABLE is. Tenth Annual Report of the Illinois field, rgos. Especially pp. 208-213. Farmers' Institute, Spring. APPENDIX A. PERMANENT SCHOOL FUNDS& APPENDIX A STATE OR TERRITORY PERMANENT COM-FUNDS, STATEHON Sc nom PERMANENTTOTALAND FUNDS PRODUCTIVEVALUE 01 SouthNorth Atlantic Division United States 8218,973,736 AND23,356,319 LOCAL 4,661,103 LANDS WesternSouthNorth Central DivhdonAtlanticCentral Division DivisionDivision:Maine 112,900,35925,984,68452,071,271 445,716 tl1, MassachusettsNewRhodeVermont Hampshire Island (1905-1906) (1904-1905) (1904-1903) . 4,980,1111,120,218 157,414 59,470 $ 1,120,218 59,470 South Atlantic Division:PennsylvaniaNewConnecticut YorkJersey (1905-1906) (1904-1905)(r905-x906) . 4,436,4308,996,8633,060,097 8,996,863 VirginiaDistrictMarylandDelw/are of (1896-1897) Columbia I,000,0002,025,736 350,000 1,000,0002,025,736 35;000 NorthWestGeorgiaSouth Virginia Carolina Carolina (1903-1904) 2,085,367 200,000 200,000 does not take into account 'ThisunproductiveFlorida table, which(1905-1906) school I. compiled lands. from the U. S. School Commissioner's report for :pas 335 336 APPENDIX A APPENDIX A Continued APPENDIX B 337 South Central Division: STATE OR TERRITORY PERMANENT COM.FUNDS, MONSUIT ANDScsoor. LOCAL PERMANINTTOTALAND VALVSPRODUCTIVE OP LANDS F urrri Mr. S. J. Race, of Redwood APPENDIX B AlabamaTennesseeKentuckyMississippi (1902-1903) (1901-1902) (1905-1906) (1902-1903) . 3,466,6672,315,6272,135,3132,512,000 Journal,Heatingyears agowhich and wrote Vdescribes entilation an admirable how in article the American School Board Falls, Minnesota, on Rural School some IndianOklahomaArkansasTexasLouisiana (1904-1905) Territory 39,421,018 1,135,279 49,921,018 libertyheater intoto quote a ventilating himMr. S. J. Race on Rural School at length. stove so well thatHeating I take and the Ventilation.to transform an ordinary He says: There North Central Division:IllinoisIndianaOhio (1901-1902) (1905-1906) 17,656,923101845,3485,228,3332,315,627 shouldofadequateis pupil no not reason andsystem exceed teacher why of$5o. thewarming demands small and This allows for rebuilding the rural school cannot be provided it.ventilation. Health is wealth. The physical welfare The cost with an MissouriIowaMinnesotaWisconsinMichigan (1904-1905) 13,348,34810,000,0004,778,3696,214,623 19,000,0006,214,623 Thisinches.the will foundation. give We have tried double-flue a chimney with an outsideI measurementwould recommend of chimneys, with two flues, eacha single flue 12 x 16 inches. chimney from it, x 24 NebraskaSouthNorthKansas Dakota (1904-1905) (1905-1906) . 14,000,0006,949,4447,553,3304,850,014 30,850,01418,949,44422,000,0007,803,330 andflue8 x 12 upwardis andsomewhat 12 movement X 12 better. inches, of register, Therespectively. flue isthe warmer, foul They air and iswork better. hence well, but the outward a single Western Division: ColoradoWyomingMontana (1905-1906) 1,433,0591,120,439 191,973 26,015,4622,691,9734,120,439 theanyshould one in thego most intochimney out the of chimney thenear the ceiling).The iron way. Do not12 put X 16it in inches, the center for opening of thewithin 4 inches from the floor (do Place the stove in measurement, a corner, not put room UtahArizonaNewNevada Mexico 3,065,1671,913,850 24,791 2,185,907 883,117 longregister.where enough it would to reachbe in fromthe Cut a hole in the floor, Connect this opening with way. thero x register 14 inches, in the over floor which place a box ro x ro inches wide and to the outside of an iron CaliforniaOregonWashingtonIdaho 61492,0001,197,0125,314,0505432,343 16,146,9805,232,343 circulariron.keepthe foundation. outgalvanized-iron any animals. jacket Wood, I believe, is preferable. Co ve r t he end of the box with The box may be of wood 6 feet high and from Surround the stove with 391 a coarse wire screen to or of galvanized34 to go inches a Measure338in diameter. the diagonal base of the stove to determitte the diameter of The stove will determine the diameter of the jacket. APPENDIX C migrationsBegin seasonal of birds, observations, etc. chiefly ThirdAPPENDIX C on date of appearing of frogs, 339 maytothe it ashesjacket. thatbe easily theand door feeding removed. in the the jacket fire. is properly arranged so that the ashes Cut a door 2i feet by 4 feet in the jacket for removing Have the jacket strongly made. See harvesting,farmingonservations, blackboard. industries chieflywood hauling, ifon in trees, the fence fruit Fourth year: Continue country; times of plowing, tilling, trees,year: etc.; Thebegin calendar; a record, continue perhaps ob- observations, taking sowing, up the distributed?placedin the in stove the middle is forced of bythe the room, Iflow am will ofoften not askedthe heat by be school mote uniformlytrustees whether if the stove were I do not see how it can be. pure air from the outside through By this plan all the heat observationsroomwork windows.in the as to contour of 3. Scenery, or Conformation of Region. Second community. Third year: More detailed observations, classify- country, perhaps as seen from school-building, etc.; making a diary of year: General theonlyhouses floor.fresh-air escape the forbox, greatest it isdirectly through variation to thewithin foundfoul-air a few was register feet from in the the chimaey ceiling. nearThe The escape is by pressure. In a recent test of six3 school- degrees, when measured. onwork;lands,ing ainto particular etc.how swamps, the area, hills, one flats, farm, the school Fourth scenery can be improved. year: Describe the scenery in oral and written woodlands, river-beds, orchards, yard,Fifth the main road, etc.; year: Observations grazing APPENDIX C featureor makeother is chartsprominent near andthe natural4. Survey.feature of the Third drawings. schoolhouse; year: Begin a regular "survey" of a brook the first work will be region; it is better if the rounding(2) the naturalcountry; events of theThere year; are four leading categories in this (4) surveyI. EARTH of a brook AND or SKYother strong natural (3) the conformation of the sur- group: (z) the weather; mineetc.measurementsploration. the drainage of the basin brook, and width, Fifth year: Continue; describe Fourth year: Continue survey; how the brook affects its depth, length.the 'ributaries, brook; make pools, charts; deter- begin to take definite chiefly ex- andtellfeature what to knowof the the weather region.the "signs" is, and of should i.the weather. begin to learn to be weather-wiseThe Weather. --First year: The child should observe and Second year: Clouds, The purposes of the animal work are chiefly three: II. ANIMALS region.(i) to deter- year:sunshine,blackboardeffect Wind; of and wind making shadow, on andshape both flying of indoors trees; kites; begin weatherand outdoors; weather vanes; record, sundial.chimney hoods ; exercise. Fourth year: Temperature; begin perhaps as Third ther- particularanimalsmine the arc animals animal related or to their i. Population. First population of the region; (2) to discover groups of animals. year: How many kindsenvironment of mammals, (ecology); (3) to study how the positionyear:mometer Barometer; of readings;the sun weather at different maps,2. seasons; signals, and forecasts. Events of the Year. First continue record, perhaps in notebook. year: Note the change of seasons; holidays. Second year: Fifth vationwithinthebirds, lookout; insects,thefurther, train etc., with his does birds. the child scope of the observation. observation; always include the farm Third know? year: Second LetFurther the child with be mammals.year: Carry the obser-39S animalskept on 340Fourth year: Further with fish, frogs, salamanders, etc.; aquarium. APPENDIX C hawthorn;Fourth year: blackberries; Lilac; rose; raspberries;APPENDIX C elder; willows; currants and gooseberries; snowball; sumac; 341 Fifthyear:WhatFifth year: Samedo year: theyInsects; with Same eat? mammals.terrarium. nestingwith insects.2. habits; Relations. Second year: Where do the different birds live? Fourth year: Same with fish, etc. classify as to habitats. Third illus'rateoaks;virginia ashes; creeper; "why hickories and grape how vine.and the other workThe nut maycommittee trees; be taken fruit has trees.up." prepared a number of complete lessons to Fifth year: Evergreens; elms; maples; One of these PigeonRobin;caterpillar chicken;or dove; or cabbage houserabbit; orbutterfly. dog; English3. woolly Partkular sparrow; bear; Animals. goldfish. frog; turtle; cow; tent First year: Canary; cat. Fourth year: Bluebird; blackbird; Second year:Third year: whichweItnotin have costarural fail deals takentoonlycommunities, sendwith" ten the for cents. all libertya thecopy. is ofdifferent togreat reproduce value phases to below.ruralof industrial teachers, The pamphlet, education who should Get it from the secretary of the N.E.A. warblers,mothscricket.crow; and sparrows, butterflies; and sheep other and bird goats groups. ; pigs; woodpeckers, thrushes, toad; Fifth year: squirrel and chipmunk; Poultry; salamanders; horse and mule; fish; water insects; mouse; toward weather. Purpose of the Lesson. (r) To put the pupil in the right attitude TELL!) GRADE: A RAIN STORM (2) To interest the pupil in the changes to be tion(r) to (ecology); determine the plant populationThe purposes of theof plant region; work (2) are plant similar rela- to those of animal work: (3) particular plants and parts of plants. III. PLANTS seenprofitablyraphy in thelessons. out-of-doors in the first and after second a Thestorm; grades,Lesson. to lay the foundations best time for for continued geog- Although discussion of a rain storm may take place year:ThirdSecond Continueyear: year: Wild with flowers; bushes. preservation1. Populatior of the wild flowers. Observations with garden flowers and vegetables. First year: Fifth year: Continue withPlant trees. population, as for animals. Fourth definitereadyobservation to resultsdo some will of be independent the the storm. third Theyear observing, spring in school. shower and they comes can upseek suddeniy; certain the room darkens and the Then the pupils are wildincidentparticularly flowers in this withand and weeds.garden succeeding2. plants; years. Relations. Second year: Fourth year: Same with bushes. As withdistribution animals; of seeds will be an Third year: Continue, with habitats, etc., Fifth childrenrainallpart books thatbe cannot heard the aside, rainsee on to storm the wo-ek.clear roof? takes the desks, in their and lives. study the shower. HowThis is.cheery the time it sounds! to have them feel the It will be restful to lay With closed Can the etc.year:roots; Same with trees; plant population3. of hills, swamps, openParticular Plantsflowers; and Parts of Plants. Second year: Leaves; seeds; fruits; some common vegetable or grain; fields, flowers;againstuseyes go you to the to theknow thinkpanes windows. that what and the it rolldrops means down; are to coming theto seefields. itdown falling thick on and the fast.trees and It is interesting to watch the water dash How fast the streams Let orstrawberry. grass;other earlymorning spring glory; flowers; ferns; pussy sweet willow; pea; daisy; dandelion; asters; goldenrod. Third year: llepatica, trillium, spring391 beauty, arbutus, sod and timerillsflow and inrobin therivulets isgutters having arel and out ruts there in the in road!the rainl Why? Where are the birds? II" r,Why? How muddy the Do you suppose the What a good 342thesquirrel cows dislikes and horses the rain? in the fields in a hurry to seek shelter from APPENDIX DDo the wild animals run for cover? Are the BushBush Honeysuckles. Willows. APPENDIX D 343 storm?small?rain fall straight down or doesThe itnature come slanting?of thr rain itself should be noted: drops largeVery or numerous or relatively few on the pent? Does it strike hard? Does the DwarfDesmodiumsCotoneasters.Caryopteris, Sumac. blooming or Lespedezas, in August blooming and September. in fall. Rhus copallina. inglass.LetDoes the the itsame firstseem way.few to comedrops fromstrike a on great a clean height, piece or of are glass, the clouds then dry low? the Is the glass soiled? Why? Catch some of the last drops FloweringExochorda,Elders. Almond.Crabs. with profuse white bloom in spring. Native species are excellent. willbrief.class go outis large, with theshe childrencan limit toIt the seefrequently observations the results happens of to the one storm.that or twothe spring showersThey are cease heavy before and the close of school. The wise teacher definite If her Hawthorns,FringeForsythiasFlowering Tree Currants.or or Golden Chionanthus. Bells. andthings;afterthis carrying opportunity as,a shower for theinstance, wastethese for teaching thematerial;are flowing present some but of in ifofthe miniature there the water, land is time,making andand water sheare tiny maybest forms, take for valleystaught KerriaJapaneseIndianHydrangeas. orCurrant. Quince.Corchorus. Symphoricarpos vulgar*. afield.peoplewhatby means kinds enjoy of of sand athings particular and to clay seek quest. maps, before and leaving then the schoolhouse.children may If the class is large, preparation fur this lesson can be made Who will be the first to find an beYoung told OsiersNewMockLilacs. or Jersey Orange Dogwoods. Tea or orPhiladelphus. Ccanothus. island,formsrange? a made?peninsula, a lake, a mountain, a valley, a delta, a mountain Then will come the question, How are these land and water SmokeRoses.RosePrivet. Tree.Acacia. and Bailey's Practical TheGarden list Bookof shrubs and mayappended be suggestive. below are taken from Hunn APPENDIX D ViburnumsSpireasSnowberry.Snowballs. of many of many kinds. kinds. The SymphoricarposJapanese is preferable. racemosus. They are especially well adaptedBurningBox.Barberries. to BushNorthern or Euonymus. conditions: 9 t; XanthocerasWitchWhiteWeigelas. Alder.Hazel. sorbifolia. ClcihraBlooms alnifolia. on the eve of winter. APPENDIX F 344 APPENDIX EAPPENDIX F interested in the following state.thoroughgoinglooks for great thingssystem from of agricultural the inauguration education In a recent (1937) report to the General of the new Assembly in his 345 briefCommunities.committee outline ofon school Industrial gardenNo doubt teachers will be It is intended for the one-room Education in Schools for work from the report of the school: Rural touchingpart: the new agriculturalThe future ofhigh these schools, schools and their fate depends he said in upon your generalvation;(handicraft); divisions: (3) to (2)discover to learn what Thehow purposes plants grow of school garden (t) to make garden and acquire transpired in the garden. work may be thrown into three and behave under culti- skill with tools educationalbutschools,wisdom. these Weconstitute way have to classical thea business only schools,recognition in which technological three fourths schools of medicine, schools of law, schools of we have ever given in an schools, normal or four fifths science; Theraking,will garden come sowing work into seeds, thewill horizon 1.watering,naturally Handicraft. of the First year: continueshading, Simplestitself, andetc. garden newpupil problems asoperations, soon as he is ready for Subsequent years: as money.supporttion,of our must children themselves depend. will Ofinengage course, and ignorant But they can do these things only at the this way; they may even appear to make upon which we all, without excep- men may farm; they may them.fertilizingplantinggardens a willand bush comeplant or tree,boxesup as themay be a Such questions as staking, tying, distinguishing weeds, kinds of soil, work proceeds. regular part of the school garden thinning, transplanting, In all years window and shownappealerosionWe are forbyand now thesolution waste easilycensus will to in becomejustevery sight completed, ofintelligent a period when the a most vital problem, which shall many school citizen. expense ofprevention the soil. of soil Already, as is districts of work.Thirdcation year: of kinds Seed of testing; seeds; cuttings.layers;2. How Plants Grow. Second year: Germination; seed Fifth year:bulbs. How different Fourth year: Identifi- leaves. kinds muchThoughtlesscountiespopulation, of thein middle soiland for ofwasteful Georgiawhat was methods are losing of cultivationlarge have reasons which we need once the choicest part of the state not go far to percentages of their worn out find. of plantsworkerbe begun, grow in fourthandat first behave; year probably should 3as .have aRecord. a Third and subsequent years: A garden grafting; pruning. blackboard exercise. note-book. Each gardenrecord may is towillam'yet face freshhavesoon with leftwasteland thethe elsewhere. and greatestred exhaust hills problemsterile that likewise. and that gashed our people and scarred. Hence the exodus. Then we shall be face But ignorancemust face There Jere M. Pound, State School APPENDIX F Commissioner of Georgia, whosethetheseless, problem forestswasteful, things of have is replenishingwanton, not vanished pessimism. almost in by criminal artificial destruction. a generation orIt two through heed- is simple prudence. means a worn-out land To dwell upon Our own onJere the M.Future Pound, State ft:3 9 b of Agricultural Education School Commissioner of in his Staie. Georgia, conditionschildren now than in schoolwe shall will witness. live through harder and It is, therefore, our bounden (1 more artificial and346to manifestprepare thatduty portion to prepare of them them for APPENDIX G who through manual toil and labor their future, and particularly as to the soil distribution. Let the pupil classify the soils on his own farm and make a chart APPENDIX FI 347 formmust maketheir taskthe foodwith suppliesa minimum of . . for all the rest, so that they may per- discomfort and a maximum of rolling, cover-cropping, fertilizing,General and ways the like. in which the soil is improved as to plowing, tilling, profittheI looktheir effortand for aimless pleasure. tothe inaugurate redemption wanderings a thorough in greattoward part system unseen . To such schools [the new high of our common schools from ends.of agricultural education Indeed, I regard schools] Farm crops: the cropsSECOND or theirThe YEARproducts general : themselves layout of the to farm:be studied, rotation schemes and mapping. FARMING SCHEMES AND CROPS schoolsas themay kindest since helpfind theirsome inand the inception. best waydevelopment to support thing that has been done for the common of the commonI sincerely schoolsthese institutions trust, and intherefore, the liberdly, ed- that that you they maystudiedsometimes be anddone in "judged" withthe schoolroom. potatoes, as a part grains,The of thecrops and school tofruits. be exercises. studied as they are grown in the community ; Ears of corn, for example, may be The same ucation of our great rural population. APPENDIX G ownlet farm. each child report on theWhat cropsWhat animals and relation the are cropping these a part animals ofschemes the farm bear of enterprise, histo rotation and of why.crops or other THIRD YEAR : ANIMALS planRural for Communities years six,The seven, recommended Committee and eight: onthe Industrial Education in Schools for OF AGRICULTUREfollowing general raised.Relativefarming schemes. importance of differentSome kinds general of animals, studies and of the why different they are breeds of animals and also Relation they bear to the fertility of the land. FIRSTspendsWhat HALFthe his farmer's year. YEAR business : THE Theis; AFFAIRS what place he that does; the farm occupies as part of the communitywhat he sells; life.the how particular he region. Some"points"life observationsof of the specific farm may animalsmay bebe usedmadeandP. something goodwith on feeding profittext-book of toand the supplement treatingthejudging like. inof aanimals.the simple actual way the soil and the pla:t farmsroughrural free statisticsof the delivery; district from experiment theas to farmersWhat history,What isstations, of the outside sizethe nature neighborhood.of colleges; buildings, help or kind the markets. of farmeretc. agriculture has: goodof roads; Write up thetelephones, Gather studymay of well the bethings used themselves. in connectionSupplementary with this work. reading matter, treating country-life subjects, APPENDIX H beconditions gathered and and texture classified. of the Heresoil. may be introduced many experiments as to SECOND HALF YEAR: THE SOIL 4 Soils of the neighborhood must the physical theyMr. are Lyon. herewith repeated:The following are some of the problems made use of by As they are full of suggestions to the teacher, 4 0 1 348 APPENDIX II Osmosis: APPENDIX I 349 Seeds: TestsTest for for carbonicmoisture. ammonia acid (in gasschoolroom (limewater, and etc.).in cow stables). Fungicides: FormaldehydeUsing egg.bladder. for oats smut. Plants: MannerGermination.Water of taken growth from (monocotyledons, soil. dicotyledon.$). (Find per cent, etc.) (Use scales.) Chemical Action: Hot-waterBordeaux oats for smut. potatoComputations blight. in each case. (Use ferrocyanide test.) Soils: Transpiration.ExaminationSearchEffect of for nodules ofwater-table nodules on luxuriance on differeilt leguminous of gr:-...wm.places plants. and times. (Collect 1120.) Commercial Fertilizers: Caustic soda solution plus(CanEvaporate; muriatic teach chemicalfind acid. the salt.formula of this even at so or 12 years.) TestEffect Correctwith of litmus lime acidity oronpaper. ashes withclear lime onand clay oron ashes. muddysoil. water. (Result observed in growth Cows: DairyHandling type. and mixingdissolved rock. (Examine form, tank veins, hide, (Computations.) nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, and etc.) Milk: CapillarityBabcock undertest. different conditions. of clover.) PhysicalWeather Experiments Map: of various kinds Recei,cBeef type. daily maps and determine location taken from books on physics of storm center. Acid test. TestDrill Correctacid in withmaking measurements, acidometer. measurements, computations reading bottles,of acid. computations. Carden: A grass plot has been substituted farmMake grasses, suction fertilizers, pump with Lnd lamp seedlingsfor the schoolmay be garden, studied.chimney, where etc. MilkBottle at different and cork ages. tight;Under keep different warm; observe conditionssamples odor; of usecleanliness to differentcompare. and temperature. In almost all rural localities the following A PP ENDIX IART WORK lines of work may be Water: Test for organic matter.UseBottle potassium with a littlepermanganate. sugar; keep warm; observe color, etc. Primaryintroduced : with slight tuol equipment: PaperClay molding, cutting, design,with local representation, clay. free hand. 403 350 CharcoalBrush drawing, and chalk objective painting. and subjective. APPENDIX I DomesticGardening, art, primaryornamental agriculture. and APPENDIX J constructional. 351 Grammar Grades : ColorPaperDesign study. picture cutting. work. of the schools. The above is designatedCooking, primary domesticthe science. child, on small plot. to be correlative on all possible subjects Perhaps at first at home oi Free-handBrushClaySubjective molding, drawing, drawing.expression objective, line drawing. with subjective, geometric and motif. illustrative. erenceat one time.to possibilities. AsIt many is not phases the design of work that all the The work is selected by the as possible should be given the child course work mentioned be given district teacher with ref- Sketching.Design.PencilCharcoal painting. tone study, picture making. receivesduring the a broader,elementary school more sensitive training. APPENDIX J period, for by this means the hand Primary. : SimplePaper wood cutting, construction, folding, material.pasting. with prepared stock and nails, local MECHANISM throatSIMPLE is inflamed, RULES because BYDiphtheria. WHICH It is an TOMS OF SOME COMMON easy matter to ascertain whether TO RECOGNIZE SYMP DISEASES or not the PaperSpoolPasteboard construction. knitting, construction. braiding,children weaving have with collected. twine and string that the accompaniedsometimesthegenerally throat fail, showscomplain by yet a foulitpatches is that generallybreath, the is a child sufferingthroat isfrom sore. this true that a possiblechild with victim a of diphtheria, if While this sign sore throat,cause will may Grammar Grades: TextileConstructional art work, primary.needlework,furnished primary, by the withchild. material that is thetherefore,Diphtheria, casedisease until hasnecessary, however, appeared in a physician has passed upon it. may exist withoutcase this of suspectedcondition,on the tonsilssore and throat, or inelsewhere especiallythe back ofin the mouth.community, to isolate it is, if Three-sixteenthClayFret sawing. carving, stock wirework, whittling.fiber grass, basketry. husk, straw, willow, or othe: Design. Theusuallythroat throat associatedis generaily is bright with inflamed red. Scarlet Fever. The early manifestationsthroat symptoms, of headache,to a dark red. The diphtheric scarlet fever are and fever. sore BenchHeavy Sloyd.whittling.nife carving. 4 f' thethestrawberry face early and stages. the hue, although this appearance of red spotsOne on the of theneck, earliest manifestations The tongue is mostly symptomclean does not always 405 is thearms, flushing and body. of appearand in of a 352itWhen shouldrecognized a child not be factwho admitted that has thesuffered if scales its skin from carry is still the disease. scaling,disease asreturns it is a to generally school, APPENDM J thesymptomsrppearance case is, are asof aanot rule,dark usually tored be rashMeasles. sodiagnosed pronounced and by This bysore isthe as throatgenerally rash.in scarlet preceded fever, by fever, follcwed by the and eyes. The but A INDEX Austria, school gardensfor in,study az; ofschools agriculture in, 209. tonsilitishighdisease, fever, often yet and its remain enlargedspread inin atonsils.school schoolTansililis. duringcan often This the be entiredisease prevented progress is generallyby immediate of the accompanied by lassitude, While children suffering from Agriculture, courses in, ininterestelementary,schools, state206; normalobjectionsin 85-86; the z96-197; rural training tocommunity, educational the teachers domin%nt 205- trendin Backward children in schools,special 283-284; schools for, 286. ingdetection cough, and mumps, isolation. smallpox, Otheritch. common and important contagious diseases are: whoop- turalStateS,studypeantoward, collegesschools, of, 210-212;206; in Canada in study interest and of, theofin schools,agricul- United elementary,206-210; in Euro- spread of Barnard,Balcomb,Bailey, L. Henry, E. H., E., quoted firstpaper sChOOls,quotedteachersteachers' onby, trainingquoted, onin 212-213.institute agriculture,study 84;for of agriculture 217. in anglepressure, of the is jaw extremely and below painful. theMumps lower pointmay generallyof the ea.., be which, recognized upon by a srelling above the The sufferer should be sent home Agricultural in study219,234-235.217;212-213; booksof, inwhat one-roomand may other be school, accomplishedliterature 214- on, Association, See School gardens. Nebraska Belgium,BasketBasements suppers horticultureof schoolhouses, as a meansingheld study funds, by, 124--I of 76.compul- procur-148-15z. 25. ofschool,at once.the family and, as not in otheraffected cases by of Whoopingit contagiousshould be Cough keptdisease,the at home other as long members as it Patients should be at once isolated from the ArborAgricultural Day, an education, appropriatePound,Georgia,Boys', future celebration 229-23z. 344-346. of, as reported by Jere M. in Birds traininginsorypremises, in, in,183; 238. 170-17r. courses in agriculture schools and bird of, houses207-208; on manual school coughs,exists. followed by a long inhalationSmallpox and is hard a whoop. to recognize in its early stages, but mayThe generally disease manifests itself in a series of short, spasmodic Arkansas,ArchitectureArt, specimens supervision of school of, in of buildings,schoolrooms,of, schools 133.r74-177. in, 121- 58. 141- Blackboards,Bishop, E. C., location paperand by,andthe219; girls quoted, material object work in Nebraska, 218ofof, of, organizations in Nebraska, 231-232. 229;of boys on Pox.alwaysbe'eet. detected be insisted by patches uixm foron theschools palms in communitiesof the hands visitedand soles by small-of theIt also invades e mouth and throat. Vaccination should Aswell,Art programmes James B., for quoted, schools,351.of training,145;work 77-78; 148-151. in, for con- rural localities, 349- combination of, with manual 243-245; suggested lines Board of education, gooddependentfunctionunit,34-35;129-130. members 35-36; of on the, size for, of36-37; geographical possibili- organization and work of, difficulty in procuring armsthemitching and open. hands,causes especiallythe child affected betweenItch can to the ordinarily scratch fingers, the beand sores, detected the excessiveand by so thekeep teacher. The child should be sent from the school, and should It occuis on the Augusta, Ga., successfulin,county313.solidation operation 31-32. system of Louisianaof of school schools organization under, Books,Bohemia, on school agriculture, gardenstoryplishedties 219; in,in of theon 182-183. the,by, manualway 37-38;51-52. of work to be accom- origins and his- handledbe attended by the by patienta physician be used until by well. the other members of the family. 4 fi E; In no case should articles BEST COPY A ARABLE Australia, progress210; consolidation in agricultural of schools studies in, in, 307. school2A gardens in, 184; 353 training,fectionchildren's 252-253; of school books, 291; on con- 40'dlibrary, 277-28z;list of, for the disin- INDEX INDEX 355 354Boston school nurses,solidated 284-285.Libraries. schools, 333-333. See 307;South,inwhere the Middle 312-313;in New West, England, in Utah, 309-312; Wyoming, 308-309; in the in Massachusetts, 308; else. Diseases, marked ignorance289;teacherscommunities, of,simple in 288; rural rule 13;necessity :. byrecognition which of studyto recog-of, of,by Fortner,FlowersFlorida,Floor space consolidatedabout Ord, in schools, schoolhouses,success schools 169-170. of, in in, teaching 313. 21-123. Bowesville,Burns Consolidated Ont., school gardens,County,299. 198- Kansas, 321-323. School, Marion and321-323;Burnstype313-318; Oregon, of, Consolidated the314; purel: system School, of partial, Kansas, 320;complete, illustrated by the rural 328;type of, village DistrictDisinfection superintendents,system. of schoolphernalia,nize books 53. symptoms and 291. para- of common, 351-352. See School district France, school gardenselementarymanual207;248-249. in, manualtraining agriculture training in one-room inin, schools 238. school, of, 281-282; California,Canada,Calisthenics school in Europeangardensorganization in, schools, 184,190, 300. in,192- 31. county system of school 332-333.objections,ruralsolidated323-324; type, School 324-329;330-331; an example advantages of purely and the John Swaney Con- literature on, Dublin,DrinkingDomestic N. cups, H., dangers schoolbraskaunit of,statistics 290,of organization.Girls', 291-293. of, 229-231.45- Science Association, Ne- FurnitureGardens. of schoolrooms, 138-139. See School gardens. culturalgardening193;tion of studies schools in, 196; in, in, elementary 210;307. agri- C. trainir.- of teachers in school consolida- Corbett,Corn clubs, L. C., origin The School of, quoted,221-222;229-232.plan Garden of166-167. generalboys', by, 224-229 ; in Nebraska, Eastmond, Albert H.,46. ordinationquoted on ofco- art and manual train- Georgia,Germany, school gardensculturalofnormal schools in, schoolseducat.on180-281; in, 313; of, in, 83; 344-346. consolidation courses in futureagriculture of agri- in Cities,ChalkCary, rails movement for blackboards, ofsolidationTraining 130. School,of schools, 87; 32 quoted t. on con- P., quoted on Wisconsin population to, Cotton,County Fasset normal A., Stateent, Superintend-Michigan, report by, 88. quoted, 224-223. training classes in Ellsworth,Eliot, Charles N. W.,II., quoted,school45-46.ing, 243-245. statistics254. of, school in,elementary tention2og;286. manual paid agriculture to training physical in in,schools inspection 238; of, at- 4-5;vision,schoolproper a190-191; menace supervision equationso-51; to school countryof in,country vs.gardening rural and, super- in, importance of life, 6-7; manual 7-8; CountyCounty superintendents,supervision system of school Supervision.53.30-32; organization, satisfaction given by, after of schools. Sec England, in introduction238.ingardening schools, ia, 2og; of 184; agricultural manual backwardness training studies of,in, nature study and GroundsGraham, ofA. B., quotedtionlibraries on137, of,traveling 174,263 in Ohio, ff.;177-178. 272-273. schoolhoUses, literature on decora- 233, 136- Clubs,Cloak rooms in schoolhouses,trainingandcorn girls' to 123.dubs,children industrial, 224-229; in, 205. 221-222; boys' and boys' girls' agricultural, 220-221; boys' Cousins,County training Superintendent schoolsmattercertain85-87. inR. Wisconsin, B.,of taxation33 under, 47-48. necessary reforms, 32-33; Europe, teachersAmerica,tcachers18o-185; in, 93-96; x 15; school tenure gardens of ace in,of conditionsin,elementary agriculture in as compared surrounding with Gymnastics, function3oo. of,295, 296-298; in rural schools, 298- in schools, ColonialColorado, support school of publicgardensbooksassociations42. schools, on and industrial, study in 41- Nebraska, of 234-235. 229-232; Crosby,Cowley, Dick R. H., J., quoted, on influence trial201.198-199, clubs of indus- 200-on farming, 223. Evans, Lawton B., onofschoolsin, the esthetic importance of,of, 208-300.environmer206-210; manual t, 137. training 236-238; gymnastics in rural HallsHall,Harvest inG. schoolhouses, Stanley, Home Socialquoted training,123-124.procuring on 240. manual funds, 150-15x. suggested for CommissionCommunity on system rural life, oftion,agriculture schoolto. 33-34. organiza- in, 216. of School Davison, Alvin, article by,293. quoted, 292 - ExpenditureExcursions, educational, States,224, 228. per capita, 3o-41. on schools in United HealthHarvey, of L. pupils,D., quoted, 242.education.bility for, 287-288. teachers' See responsiPhysical Connecticut,Consolidation of schools,consolidationSupervision remedy Act offor school of 1903 in, 55-56; ills provisions in rural communitiesin, 308-309 DefectivesDenman,Denmark, in J. public S., elementary early schools, teachers'specialheld 283-284; provisionby, meeting 76. for, 286. agriculture in Farming, 186,many cases to school gardens, 183- success in, attributable in HedgesHeatingIlemenway, forof schoolhouses, inclosing H. D., llow school338. 125-127,337- to167-168, make grounds, School existingfor,foundhistory247-248; in, 22-23; mistake of waiting for rural school improvement, of, aim of, 306-307; 40b303-305; progress early in, Desks,Dexter, location Professor, and kind schoolsquoted,rooms, of, of,in26-27. 138-139;208-209. teachers', 139. school. Fitch,Feminization Laura, ofa superintendentthe schools,foran advocateschools, zo7-10o. who 321. of is elementary agriculture 409 Hodge,High-school Dr. Cliftontraining classes,F.,andGardens Naiurc Life 88-90. by, by, Study 198. quoted, 136,172. INDEX INDEX Home,Holland,356 Professor, study of agriculture on of,the 208; true in manualfunction schools training in, 238. Kern,Kelley, 0. Patrick H.,tendent, quoted, 88. J., State schoolStateSuperintendent, Superin-mainte- Mann, Horace, quoted,146;School 26; consolidation Improvement of Leagueschools in, teachers'of, x45- 309. Nature study in schools, 154 357 ff.; Hygiene in schools, 282of ff.play, 296- schoolnance,quotedsystem,school officers,106; on waste of money by gardeningon188-189; rural 140; ininauguration of on value ofcity school Manual training, vitalearlycity inteiestchusetts,institutes 76. popularized by, in Massa- children,history of, 205; in Europe and defined, of, for 236; dealinglabusof,cal,economic, to religious, the with, rural esthetic, and child, educational social x56-161; and value ethi- of, 161-162; 177-178; list outline of books syl- IncomesIllinois,nes, of teachers,Canada, and311. adjustment 19o. George, on school gardensconsolidation of schools in, in Kirkpatrick, School,onMovementTwentieth-century the John324-327. by, Swaney 268-269; Forward Consolidated report Library by, Fairfax, report by, on and,nities,240-24r;concerning,America, 243-245; 241-243; aims 239-240;extract of, combinationin rural from philosophy 000111111- N.E.A. of artof, 36-238; growth of ideas Nebraska, teaching gardens.of schoolnormalcourseagriculture training in dasses in, in, slools 338-342. of, 83-84; See go; boys' School high Indiana, minimum salarytravelingof,solidation to law ezpenses, in,libraries 113;of schools92-103. in, 275-276; in, 310. con- Kirksville, Mo., Statemodel320.the NormalWea school, Consolidated rural 8z, 82. School, 318- pash3y;sicaltoschoolreport begin, on,and, 250-251; 245-246; 246-252; literature advice the one-room a factor in on, 252-on how Nebraska Junior Normallibraries Schools,schooland girls' in, library 276. associations law in, 263; in, traveling229-232; 77. IndustrialIndustria/ clubs education, for boysteewith, 222; andN.E.A.on, 234-235. girls,in rural commit- 221- communities, 245- selected list of books dealing LandKrohn, grants William in aid 0., of schools.summary291.methods 42-43. by, of spreadingof diseases, 290- Maryland,Martin, 0. minimum B., on school salaryconditionalSouth librarieslawCarolina, in, library in266. laws in, impOttcaltiltiCo, enof2,as 265-266. z x3; NewNevada, Hampshire, school supervision changeorganizationtrictattorneys from to bytownship in,district in, 58. 27; system of school union district dis- Iowa, school libraries in,solidatedrural246; 263-264; communiCes,plan schools of studies in, 346-347. 3 for tl. schools in con- LawsLavatoriesLibraries, in inschoolhouses,schoolhouses, 130-131. 118-120. for construction schoolhouses, :23; of sanitary fur- Massachusetts, district306-307,and53-55;districtorganization district unit 308. unitof supervision school in (x882), of schools consolidation of schools in, in, 26; 27; townshipabolition in, of New Jersey, superintendents62.electionSIChOOlssupervision of 111,county 309. in, 57;superintendents consolidation of in, 6z;in, Japan,Jamaica,Jacket-ventilating schools school in, gardens stoves,for teaching in, 126-127. 184. of agri- tionaltraveling,earlyruralnishings of, 139; historycommunities,laws 260, concerning,of advantages271-276;school, of, in 234-257, in 257-258; condi- some26t; Michigan,Massachusetts Supervisionclasses5.3-54. Law of 1888, in, county 88; normalconsolidation training of New York City, State, statistics trainingrieshighschool of in, classesschools defective children inof, in, 88-9o; 283-284. school libra- 265; travt 'Mg libraries in, Jewell,John J.Swaney R., Agricultural Consolidatedquoted,ofculture, Education hygiene School, 189-190,209; in by, armythe, 191, of, 287.192, 210. enforcement of laws LibraryLiterature,Lighting Day of in schoolrooms,on West school-ground Virginia,states,tion, 128-129.265-266. 174;267-268. decora- on agriculture, 219; on Miller, Susie,Thomas letter C., by,quoted onDaystudy,schools agricultural on in 2:7-218.LibraryWest in, 3t1. Virginia, 267-268. NormalNormal training classes88.schools. in274. schools. See State Michigan, normal Jones, Frank 0., on ConnecticutMassachusetts327-32o.324-327;supervision, and 56-57. high school work in the, systcms of school elementaryconsolidatedthetraining,trial children's 252-253; agriculture schoo,,, library, 232-233. and 277-281; indus- on clubs, 234-235; list of books for on manual Minnesota, assistantdustrialtrainingoftendents county superintendent contest classessuperin-advocated for in, in, boys go; in,64; 61; andhigh position girls school in, annual in- North Carolina,Dakota, conditionalsuperintendents library in, laws 63; operationin, of superintendents'selection of county 265-266. as- Joyner, schools in North Carolina, 312 313. J. Y., on consolidation of Lyon,Louisiana, H. H., consolidated success of, schoolspupils in interesting in in, agricultural 313. studies, 217. Missouri, organizationIn,consolidated232-233; 264. in, schools 3i; in, county school system libraries school libraries 311-312. of in, school 264; Nurses for schools in Boston,in,sistants 113; consolidatedin, 6z; minimum schools salary in, law 0 284-286. 312. Kansas, superintendentsconsolidatedmatterhigh-school in, 61, of school65-66; trainingschools libraries classesin, 3x2. in, in, 9o; 263; Maine,Macomb, union district supervisionrural school, in, 82, 57: 83. Ill., State Normal model Munsterberg,Model schoolrural schools, buildings, Hugo, 80-83. onwomen influence teachers of on male youth, 120-133. log. Ohio, union411 district schoolsolidationtravelingin, 57; supervision minimum librariesof schools salary in, in, 272-273; law in, con- vo. 1:3; 358 INDEX INDEX 359 Oregon,Outhouses for rural schoolConanliation132-232,163. buildings, in, 3t. county system of school Reading circles,courses, benefits evermanaged, widening254.played from 78-79,by,rightly in 269-270.systematic education, rôle Salaries of teachers, 92driveeffect93-06;and ff.; American ofmen of law European prevailing to of other regulation teachers callings, low contrasted,of,average, 107-108; :06 207; to Shaw,Shafer,Shaeffer, Dr., Harry State School M., Superintendent quoted,Hygiene127-128.sylvania, 287. by, in quoted, Penn-quoted, 123. Page, Walter H., rural life, quoted, 11-12. commissioner on RestRhode rooms Island, for teachers, union 123. districtschoolssupervision in,school 309. in, 57; consolidation of SchoolSanitary board. appliances forurged,enactment130 se ff.113.Jolhouses, of minimum salary laws See Board of education. SloydSiteShrubbery of schools,schoolhouses, origin 220, of,268-169, 162-163.237. 342-343. for school grounds, in Sweden, 165, Pencils,Parker,Pennsylvania, Francis danger W.,in election promiscuous onof rational work of292. county in courses userural super- of, schools, :A. Roosevelt,Robertson, J. W., quoteddationcountrymessage on of cunsoli-schools, life, 305. Theodore,on needs xviii; cited, 8;of Congressisnal American corn . School buildings, tilation,ments,site, 121-125; 120, 162-163; 125-128, 116 heating and ven-337-338;indoor arrange-ff.; choice of light- SouthSocial recognitionCarolina, operationof teachers,solidatedtional of 111-112.library condi- schools laws in, in, 313. 265-266; con- Permanent schoolintendents funds,of43-43;law statistics in, creation 113.fnadeclossY in, ess;of, of, 335-336. of, 43-45; minimum salary table Rural schools, presentmissionArborletter 1-4;conditions onto Day, problem Amsricanrural 17o-r77. life in, of,appointed school children by, ro; on economic and so- School district, outpliances,ing,162-167; in, blackboards, 238 228-233; ff. and sanitary ap- indoor unit of organization, furnishingsexterior of, 233, and StateStarr, normal lawsC. C., for reportschools, construction by,schoolhouses,solidated 79; on readiness Burns of sanitarydistrict, con- 228-220. of, 322-323. Physical education inthroughrelation xhools,286-287; of general intelligence the manifested agencies inof manual282schools ff.; ath- to, ciationboysprimaryciologicalideal and of twentieth-century,duty asgirlscountry well of, to as to athings, educational,loveeducate and 13-14; 24-15; country appre- 9-2o; the ne- ationsuperiorspectsspread25; under, inof, to,which at 47-48.29-30; an townshipearly question date, system 27; of tax- is objections to, 26-27; great re- SummerStoves, jacket schools, ventilating,to 83;tions,adapt agriculture 126-127. 8o;themselves rural model in, 83-85.to schoolsnew condi- in, 80- advantage of, to Pictures,Plainfield, choice N.J., of, for Groszman listletics,training,schools,atypical of suitable,294-295. 141-243;Schoolplay, children gymnastics,144-145. for at, 286. and visionadministration,cessity50-68;39-49; of fundsthe teaching for16-20, msintenance problem, 24 ff.; 69-91; of, of better organizationmatter and of bl pervision pro- of, School funds.gardens, funds.advantagesin of, shown by immigrants European See Permanent originsschoolcountries, of, 280-28s;179-180; Superintendent, functiongineducationbraskarural of ofschool the,Junior board and 52-52; teachers, Normal workof of Schools, 75-76;the, 35; 77. county, parish, ori-Ne- PlanningPlanting and of platting trees and schoolappropriategrounds,164. shrubs grounds, in time for, 174-177. 265 ff.; Arbor Day an school maintenancegroundstion,253;:16-133; 106; buildings of,indoor by ncreased furnishing and equipment, taxa- of, 134- nature of, 163-177; study in, benefits 154-162; of ticalinfrom192-195;290; valueEurope, advantages of, steps i85-286;in city preparatoryof, forschools, rural schools, to288- mak-United States, 286-188; history of, prac- electionremovingcounty53;and union system, from district party58-60; or politics, township, 61-62; 52- conditions and compensation prevailing necessity of of, under in PlasterPlay, casts function in schoolrooms, of, in school296. 143-145. work, 295- f Or schools, 263, 265; industrialofschool elementary gardens clubs agriculture for,in, 221-233;191-195; in, 205manual ff.; 236-251; libraries study in, committee204;203;ing, 197-202;outline on of arrangementIndustrial work from Education reportof. 201- of selected list of books on, 203- Carolina,62-63;New Jersey appointment of, in North63; planand of election PennsylvarnA, in PlaygroundsPolitics and schoolIn&equipment61-68. 299. of, for gymnastic superintendents, train- trainingtheir258-269solidation294; own in, gymnastics (see medical of, Libraries); 302-332. inspectors, in, 298-300; teachers 293- in, con- School grounds, 133, 236-137,books344.in Schools dealing163 for with, Rural 174, Communities, 177-178. ; tunitytionsarademicMinnesota,side essential of ands :hools,64; professional Kansas plan, qualifica- 65-66; of, for promoting esthetic for, 52- 53; campaign 66-67; oppor- Pound.Providence, Jere M., Fresh State Air Schoolcationsioner, School Commis- in on at,Georgia, future 286. of 344-346. agricultural edu- Russia,Rural teachers. school gardensschools. in,training 182; manualin, 238. See Teachers of rural Sculpture,School Improvementlibraries and League public258-261.1,85-146. of Maine, specimens of, in libraries, school- Supervisicn, of rural ofschools,vs.273-174.school rural, so; gtounds so-51; to be conducted by, edua tion in history of, improvement31-32; city of Rare, S. I , on rural schoolventilation, heating 337-338. and St. Louis, first manualat, training 238. school SewerageSeeley, Dr. system Leir, quoted,for ruralMOM%133. 73. schools, 143-145 232- tem53-57;andthe unitConnecticutin Newsuccess of, England53-53; of actsunion andpertaining district Ohio, sys-53- to, 413 Massachusetts 360 INDEX INDEX 361 57;6o;conditions57-58; politics in Arkansas under in, 61-62; county and get Nevada, system, eral con- 58;58- progress under county system, Teachers'Teachers' institutes, journals, 76. benefitsinspectors,288; rural from, tochers293-294. 78. their own medical Victoria, N.S.W., natureteachingschoolsclassesvision studyin, in, of 57:309. agriculture and in, 210. in, 90; high school training consolidation of Wisconsin, schoolcounty284.and lowlibraries training standards schools of schoolin, work, superintendents in, 263-264; in, 85-87; Con- 6x; Sweden,Switzerland, school schoolgardensvelopmentdition gardenstraining in, of, for (Sloydin, rural schools) schools, in, 57-68. 23, . of systematic i It; ...tanual 182; de- Teachers'TerreTenure of meetings,office of teachers,necessityers'model attends. 24-1of rural teach- 25. school, 82,83. Haute, Ind., at, 78. State Normal Virginia,Vines,Village usetype oi, of onconsolidated schoolschoolsorganization premises, school, in, 312. ,320.169. county in, system 31; consolidated of school Wolford, Lulu, school,onelementarysolidation industrial 249. of agriculture, schools training in, in32 219; one-roomr. quoted successful teacher of Syllabus of nature studyschoolscommitteesog; prepared manual in, for of by study trainingN.E.A., of in,161-162,agriculture, 238. ToadsTexas, andcounty toad system aquariatemganization grounds,of of school onschool school 171-173.in, organization or-31; in, 33-34. community sys- Walls of schoolrooms, 138. Women,Woodward, percentage Dr. Calvin of,St.ers ro8;A., ofLouis malefounder question manual youth, of of xo8-rog. trainingeffect of, school, as teach- as teachers, Taxation, found in, 44-45; the state the log- chief support of state sys- schools TownshipToilet rooms superintendents, system in schoolhouses, of schoolfromtion, 53. organiza- townshipt3o-23r. system of local gov- 27-29; to be distinguished WestWeaWaste Consolidated Virginia,in the small minimum School,school,sionsin, 223-114; 305.the, salary 318-320. scale in, 266-267; lack of library provi- observance of Woodwork of schoolrooms,238. 138. on46-47;temical trict,township,percentage taxingof, table 48;for unit,schoolsrationalshowing 47-48; basis, 45-46; notscaling 47;state increasing,county and up local, of, and and decline of dis- Training classes, periorernment,Michigan,taxation 28; under 88; the, 47-48. to district respects in which su-in countyNew York normal, high system, 29-30; in Williams, Dr. Linsly R.,Library on defectives Day in, 267-268. Young People'story Reading and valte Circles, of, 269-270.his Teachers rateincrear-qualifies"born" of, Isneeded, necessary, 48-49; 71-7,ural low'made," 2 schools;; rural 70-71; 699 natural aca- ff.; TravelingTraining schools libraries, in 260,Wisconsin,states,sas,schools, 271-276. Minnesota, go. 85-87.88-9o; Vermont, and other in Nebraska, Kan- training,demicteachers'summerlifeto make ont the schools, themeetings, farm, school teachers'74-75; etc.,an expression 75; institutes, instruc- of ;3; must come prepared72-73; professionalaids to, in Twentieth-centuryTrees in school grounds, Movement,167. 268-260. Forward Library schools,Michigan85-87;consintionlaw in ofagriculturecounty 88-9o; salary and trainingregulationin Newfor, 83-84;schools York as applied Wis-high for, to, training salaries of, 02 ff.; classes for, in UnionUtah,Units district countyof school supervision system organization, of53-57;in school Massachusetts of schools, organiza-25-34. and Connecticut, in other states, 57. women,1o6--ro7;tionsindividualadvocated andro8; improvementfor, efforts in school of resthetic decora- statistics of men and of long tenuret 4-of r office 15; opening for Vacation schools. tion in, 31. V See Summer schools, inenvironment, elementaryphysical277;training of, and 146-151; inagriculture, librarymental economy, health, 196-197; 287- 276- responsibility of, trainingfor of, pupils' 414 Vermont,Ventilation union of schoolhouses, districtTeachers'337-338.meetings. school 125-128, institutes,super. and Teachers' Printed in the United States of America. 6 1 5 ARNOLD,A LIST FELIX. A Text.bookOF BOOKSPractice. of School and Class Management, FOR TEACHERS Theory and BAGLEY, WILLIAM CHANDLER. ment,Technique.Attention State Normal and Interest. School, Oswego, N.Y. By William Chandler Bagley, ClothClassroom ClothManagement larno xxii+ 4ogiviii + pages 272 pages Index Index P.25- Superintendent of the Training Depart- : Its Principles and 12M0 $1.00, BROWN, JOHN FRANKLIN. The UniversityPh.D.,The formerly Educative of Iowa. Professor Process. in Education and AmericanInspector of High High School. Schools By John Clot/s ClothCloth xii + 498 Pages 12010 .t2010 .xvii + 352 pagesxix +358 $ 1.25 paps $1.25 Franklinsamo Brown,14.25 for the State COLLAR,CIIUBB, GEORGE, PERCIVAL ANL) TheCROOK, Teaching of Instruction.High School Department, Ethical By George Collar and Charles CHARLES W. School ManagementCultureof English. School, New York. Cloth W. Crook,12010 London. xvu+4nôageaBy Percival $1.00, Chubb, Principrl of and Methods CRONSON, BERNARD. CityCronsan, of New A.B., York. Ph.D., Principal of Methods in Elementary School Public School No. 3, Borough of Cloth 12mo Clods 12010 viii + 536 pages $1.00 Studies. By BernardManhattan, CUBBERLEY. Syllabus of Lectures Pupil Self-government. on the History of Education. Cloth 12010 ix + 107 Pages Coo gel pages $1 .25 . DE GARMO, CHARI.ES. tion,Bibliographies revised and and enlarged. Suggested Part I, v + 129 pages, $1.5o Interest and Education. By In two parts. Readings. By Ellwood P. net ; Part II, xv+ di pages, $.t.5o Complete in one volume, $2.60 Charles De Garmo, Professor Cubberley. With Selected Second Edi- Theof Principles the Science of and Secondary Art of Vol. 11, Processes cyf Instruction1 'al. I, StudiesEducation in Cornell University. Education. ClothCloth lama 12010 xii +2QQ pages $1.25 xi + 200 pages $1.00 + 230 pages Vox) DUTTONDUTTON, SAMUEL& SNEDDEN. T. The By Samuel T. Dutton, Social Phases Superintendentof Education of the Horace Mann l'ol. III, Processes of Cloth 12010 in the School and the Schools, New+ 25QYork.Instruction Pages $1.25 In press Home. Furcu, SIR JOSHUA. SirIntroductionStates. Joshua Fitch, by late Nicholas hcr Murray By Samuel Train Dutton, Cloth Educational Aims and Methods. viii +595Majesty's pages Baliography Inspector of TrainingAdministration of Public Education Butler, Ph.D., LL,D. A.M., and David Snedden, Lectures and AddressesIndex by Ph.D.lanto in the MIRA $1.75With an GRAVES, FRANK P. A History l'ierrepontLectures on Graves, Teaching. Ohio State University.of Education before the Cloth sao gages B4liografiltyClothCloth xiii + 3123xii+ Pages44.3 Page: 12010 Middle Ages.Colleges. 1bOto By Frank$1.00$1.d5 , BEST COPY AVAIL.ABLE HALLECK, Rtturto.N PosT. Halleck,Study M.A.tsf Foundations, (Yale), especially of Sensory and Mutor The Education of the Cloth 12010 Central Nervous System. 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