Etude Comparative Des Discours De Guerre De David Lloyd George Et Winston Churchill Alma-Pierre Bonnet

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Etude Comparative Des Discours De Guerre De David Lloyd George Et Winston Churchill Alma-Pierre Bonnet Etude comparative des discours de guerre de David Lloyd George et Winston Churchill Alma-Pierre Bonnet To cite this version: Alma-Pierre Bonnet. Etude comparative des discours de guerre de David Lloyd George et Win- ston Churchill. Littératures. Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018UBFCH008. tel-02023193 HAL Id: tel-02023193 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02023193 Submitted on 18 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’ETABLISSEMENT UNIVERSITE BOURGOGNE FRANCHE-COMTE PREPAREE A L’UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE Ecole doctorale n°592 Ecole doctorale LECLA Doctorat de Langues, Littératures et Civilisation des pays de langues européennes, mention Langues, littératures et civilisations anglaises et anglo-saxonnes Par Monsieur Alma-Pierre BONNET Etude comparative des discours de guerre de David Lloyd George et Winston Churchill Thèse présentée et soutenue à Dijon, le 12 juillet 2018 Composition du Jury : Mme Pauline Schnapper Professeure, Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 Présidente M Richard Davis Professeur, Bordeaux Montaigne Rapporteur M Luc Benoît à la Guillaume Professeur, Rouen Normandie Rapporteur M Laurent Gautier Professeur, Bourgogne - Franche-Comté Examinateur Mme Agnès Alexandre-Collier Professeure, Bourgogne - Franche-Comté Directrice de thèse Remerciements Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement ma directrice de thèse, Madame le Professeur Agnès Alexandre-Collier, pour son expertise, sa pédagogie et son amabilité. Sa grande disponibilité m’a permis de concilier mon travail de recherche et mon activité professionnnelle à l’IEP de Lyon. Je tiens également à souligner la liberté dont j’ai pu bénéficier dans mon travail, tout en sachant que je n’étais pas seul. Quel soulagement d’avoir la certitude que j’aurais une réponse à mes questions dans la journée (souvent même dans l’heure) ! Merci enfin pour les conseils et les heures de relectures. Merci au comité de suivi de thèse de l’Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté dont les conseils et les remarques ont été utiles et très constructifs. Merci à Madame Bénédicte Coste pour sa gentillesse et sa bienveillance et merci à Monsieur Laurent Gautier pour certaines pistes de recherches qui se sont avérées essentielles. Un grand merci aux membres du jury, Madame Pauline Schnapper, Madame Agnès Alexandre-Collier, Monsieur Richard Davis, Monsieur Luc Benoît à la Guillaume et Monsieur Laurent Gautier. Merci de prendre le temps de lire ma thèse et de venir en parler, au milieu de l’été. Sur un plan plus personnel, il me tient à cœur de remercier mon parrain, Claude, pour ses conseils et sa relecture minutieuse. S’il reste des erreurs, c’est entièrement de ma faute. Merci de m’avoir toujours soutenu et d’avoir été un modèle (nous faisons après tout le même métier). Un grand merci à mes parents. Merci pour votre exemple, votre soutien sans faille et surtout votre patience à toute épreuve. D’un naturel peu bavard et peu expansif lorsqu’il s’agit de mes émotions et de mes sentiments, je profite de cet espace pour vous dire que les mots ne sauraient transmettre tout l’amour que je vous porte. Cette thèse vous est dédiée. Un dernier mot enfin à celle qui partage ma vie, Valentine. Merci pour ton amour, ton soutien et ta patience, tout cela m’est très précieux. Merci surtout pour ce bonheur à trois que nous allons bientôt partager… Titre : Etude comparative des discours de guerre de David Lloyd George et Winston Churchill Mots clés : Etude, comparative, discours, Lloyd George, Churchill, Résumé : Objets de communication, voire de propagande, les discours de guerre ont pris une place prépondérante au cours du 20ème siècle grâce aux valeurs idéologiques qu’ils véhiculent et à leur portée, à l’heure de la communication de masse. Art millénaire, la prise de parole en public obéit à des codes, la rhétorique, afin de transmettre au mieux un message qui, en temps de guerre, peut s’avérer décisif. Le siècle dernier a été le théâtre de deux conflits mondiaux qui ont vu les puissances démocratiques s’opposer à des régimes autoritaires. Si les démocraties ont triomphé au final, le système politique de ces pays a toutefois dû évoluer, temporairement, avec l’émergence de leaders charismatiques. Cette thèse vise à étudier les discours de guerre de deux de ces leaders, David Lloyd George et Winston Churchill, Premiers ministres du seul pays qui, tout au long des deux guerres mondiales, est resté ferme face à la menace militaire. Ils ont tous deux apporté une vision nouvelle où ils ont tenté de dépasser l’approche politique traditionnelle britannique en centralisant le pouvoir et en essayant d’incarner leur pays. Deux guerres mondiales ont produit deux Premiers ministres britanniques aux pouvoirs accrus, à la personnalité très forte et au talent oratoire inégalé. Cependant, le destin politique et la mémoire collective des deux hommes, malgré leur victoire, sont diamétralement opposés. Lloyd George est devenu Premier ministre lorsque sa coalition a remporté les élections de 1918 et s’est maintenu aux rênes du pouvoir jusqu’en 1922. Churchill, lui, a subi une cuisante défaite en 1945 et a dû attendre 1951 pour redevenir Premier ministre, de façon démocratique cette fois-ci. Sur le long terme, la situation s’inverse. Lloyd George est presque sorti de la mémoire collective alors que Churchill reste une figure héroïque en Grande-Bretagne, et dans le monde anglo-saxon en général. Notre étude cherche à comprendre si ces destins en miroir peuvent être expliqués par les discours que les deux hommes ont prononcés durant leur mandat en temps de guerre. La comparaison entre leurs discours nous permettra de mieux comprendre leur leadership respectif ainsi que les mythes politiques qu’ils ont développés. C’est dans ces mythes, totalement différents, que nous trouverons la réponse à nos interrogations. Title : Comparative study of David Lloyd George’s and Winston Churchill’s war speeches Keywords : comparative, study, speeches, Lloyd George, Churchill Abstract : As objects of communication, even of propaganda, war speeches acquired a leading role in the 20th century thanks to the ideological values they carry and the impact they have, at the time of mass communication. As an ancient art, public speaking obeys the rules of rhetoric, so as to best convey a message, which, in wartime, might prove decisive. Two worldwide conflicts in which democratic powers faced authoritarian regimes occurred last century. If democracies eventually won, their political systems had to evolve, temporarily, thanks to the emergence of charismatic leaders. This thesis aims to study the war speeches of two of these leaders, David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, the Prime Ministers of the only country which, throughout the two wars, stood firm against the military threat. They both came up with a new vision in which they tried to go beyond the traditional British political approach by centralizing power and embodying their nation. Two world wars produced two British Prime Ministers with augmented powers, strong personalities and unrivalled oratory talent. However, their political destinies and the different ways they are remembered, in spite of their victories, are completely different. Lloyd George became Prime Minister when his coalition won the 1918 general election and he managed to wield power until 1922. Churchill, on the other hand, suffered a terrible defeat in 1945 and he had to wait until 1951 to be Prime Minister once again, this time democratically. In the long run, the opposite is true. Lloyd George is almost wiped off from collective memory whereas Churchill has remained a heroic figure in Great Britain, and in the Anglo-Saxon world at large. Our study seeks to understand if these mirror destinies can be accounted for by the speeches the two men delivered during their wartime premierships. Comparing their speeches will help us better understand their respective leaderships and the political myth each of them developed. In both myths, which are totally different, we will find the answers to our questions. Table des matières 1. INTRODUCTION GENERALE 9 1.1. Organisation du travail de recherche 9 1.2. Notices biographiques des deux Premiers ministres 11 1.2.1. David Lloyd George 11 1.2.2. Winston Churchill 14 1.3. Explication de la recherche 16 1.3.1. Qu’est-ce qu’une étude comparative ? 17 1.3.2. Pourquoi comparer Lloyd George et Churchill ? 18 1.3.3. Pourquoi se concentrer sur leurs discours de guerre ? 22 1.4. Etat de l’art 24 1.4.1. Historiographie, état de l’art – David Lloyd George 24 1.4.2. Historiographie, état de l’art – Winston Churchill 26 1.4.3. Historiographie, état de l’art – David Lloyd George et Winston Churchill 28 1.4.4. Etat de l’art – leadership 28 1.4.5. Etat de l’art – Rhétorique et étude des discours 30 1.5. Méthodologie 32 1.5.1. Rappel sur la rhétorique 32 1.5.2. Elaboration du corpus 34 1.5.3. Méthodologie condensée 35 1.6. Intérêts et buts de la recherche 39 1.6.1. Intérêt récent : un courant actuel de la recherche universitaire 39 1.6.2. Objectifs : dichotomie de destins croisés 41 1.7. Annonce du plan 41 2. PREMIERE PARTIE 43 2.1. Les discours de guerre à travers l’histoire britannique 43 2.1.1. Tradition oratoire britannique 43 2.1.2.
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