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Insurgency in the North-East Nigeria: the Implication of Cross Border Pastoral Migration Eneasato Benjamin Onyekachi

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Insurgency in the North-East Nigeria: the Implication of Cross Border Pastoral Migration Eneasato Benjamin Onyekachi www.idosr.org Eneasato ©IDOSR PUBLICATIONS International Digital Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2550-794X IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 3(2) 34-55, 2018. Insurgency in The North-East Nigeria: The Implication of Cross Border Pastoral Migration Eneasato Benjamin Onyekachi Department of Political Science Enugu State University of Science and Technology ABSTRACT This study examines the link between insurgency and trans-border pastoral migration and extremist radicalization in North-East Nigeria. Thus the major problem that elicit the desire for this work is if poor management of pastoral trans-border migration is implicated in the insurgency in North-East Nigeria. The migrant control propositions extracted from migration theory will be used as our frame work of analysis. Our data analysis will be sourced from the secondary source of data findings includes that many of pastoral migrants are not keeping to the laws within the ECWAS agreement on cross border pastoral migration and that of Lake Chad Basic Commission (LCBC). Also the incessant conflict between farmers and herders is as a result of scarcity of resources, increase in herds, and human population. Therefore it is recommended that strict compliance to the multi-lateral agreements be carried out. Again, Ranchers should be established in line with global practises to reduce the clashes between farmers and herders. Keywords: Insurgency, North East, Pastoral Migration INTRODUCTION Trans-border migration refers to the The magnitude and dimensions of trans- movement of people across national border movements in sub-Saharan Africa, boundaries. It involves crossing from one the growing proliferation of Small Arms country into another for varying durations and Light Weapons (SALW); the growth of of time, for the purpose of taking radical anti-state ideologies and advantage of economic, political or social movements, and the increasingly opportunity or for the perpetration of aggressive activities of migrant pastoralists crime [1]; [2] & [3]. The past two decades has led to growing concerns over the have witnessed a steady rise in trans- various effects of these phenomena, border migration worldwide, with the particularly as it affects the national number of international migrants security of sovereign states in the sub- worldwide rising by over 77 million or by region (especially Nigeria which is the 50 per cent. Much of this growth occurred economic and demographic superpower of between 2000 and 2010, with Africa, the region). particularly sub-Saharan Africa, recording the highest annual average growth rate in Nigeria occupies a territory covering 923, migration with 2.8 percent (UNDESA, 2013). 768 square kilometers and shares land Census-based estimates by the United borders of 770 kilometers with Benin to the Nations Population Division suggest that west, 90 kilometers with Chad to the West Africa has the largest absolute northeast, 1,500 kilometers with Niger to international immigrant stock in Africa. It the north and 1,700 kilometers with is also the only part of sub-Saharan Africa Cameroon to the east [5]. Geopolitically, where migration, relative to the total northeast Nigeria spans an area of 275,667 population, has been increasing over the square kilometers and comprises the states past few decades [4]. of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe which host an estimated combined population of 19.5 million 34 IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 3(2) 34-55, 2018. www.idosr.org Eneasato people. The region is predominantly Nigerian policy makers appear not to have peopled by the Balewa, Babur, Fulani, anticipated the large flow of trans-border Mumuye, Tangalawaja, Tiv and Kanuri migration that was likely to occur as well as ethnic groups, with the Fulani and Kanuri the national security implications of such a in particular extending beyond Nigeria’s flow once the country signed and ratified borders into Niger, Chad and Cameroun [5]. the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Thus, migrant flows occur frequently and People in 1979. Within three years, there easily across the borders with these was a wave of migrants from ECOWAS contiguous countries of Niger, Chad and member states, many of whom did not Cameroon, and are perceived by the local obtain ECOWAS travel documents or arrive populations as being within the same through official designated points of entry. socio-cultural space rather than between Consequently, thousands of migrants, different nations [6]. including a large wave of migrants from Niger and Chad [8], began to pour into The fact that there are over 1,499 illegal Nigeria. None-the-less, the Chadian war and 84 officially identified entry routes accounted for the greatest movement of into Nigeria, confirms the very porous migrants into Maiduguri in northeastern nature of the country’s borders [4], and Nigeria, and it was the economic makes the task of securing and monitoring opportunities available to the immigrants migrant flows across them very difficult. in Nigeria that provided the sustenance The porosity of Nigeria’s borders is due to that kept them even longer than before [9]. the way the colonialists delineated them as However, the securitization of migration well as to the management and control of remains a political necessity, given that the these borders by the Nigerian state. The border is the first line of defense against original objective of the colonial powers in terrorism and the last line of a nation’s the geopolitical division of the African territorial integrity [10], and has become an continent was not to create logical imperative objective in most countries boundaries, but to create spheres of [11].From 2009, Nigeria began to influence driven by political and economic experience new security challenges in the motivations. These boundaries, defined in form of terrorist attacks against terms of latitudes, longitudes, geometric government institutions, public circles and straight lines, split several infrastructure, and individuals. Given the ethnic and cultural communities [7], activities of criminal organizations that Consequently, most African governments traffic in SALW and persons, as well as have found it difficult to administer terrorist groups like Al Qaeda in the Islamic borders that slice through ethnic and Maghreb (AQIM) in the Sahel region and the cultural groups, and to rationalize borders rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria’s northeast, that were not created by them. Thus the national and international concern has geopolitical incongruities of the post- increased with respect to the flow of illegal colonial African states provide a context movements across Nigeria’s northern for understanding the challenges of border borders and the security implications control and illegal migration into Nigeria. inherent therein. Statement of the Problem Since 2009, the rise in acts of terrorism kidnapping and armed robbery [4]. The committed by the militant Islamist group group’s modus operandi often involves Jama’atu Ahlissunnah Lidda’awati wal brutal attacks within Nigeria, and hasty Jihad (People Committed to the Propagation retreats to safe havens in the neighboring of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad), also countries of Niger, Chad and Cameroun. known as Boko Haram, has created an The incidence of trans-border related atmosphere of fear and insecurity in insecurity in northeastern Nigeria has northeastern Nigeria in particular, and the persisted despite the massive budgetary entire country in general. The insurgence allocations to the security sector, as well as of this group has resulted in the loss of the establishment of a Multinational Joint thousands of lives and millions of naira Task Force (MNJTF) in partnership with worth of property, eclipsing Nigeria’s Nigeria’s immediate neighbors. The longstanding security threats such as existence of other trans-border cooperation piracy, militancy in the Niger delta, arrangements such as bilateral Joint 35 IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 3(2) 34-55, 2018. www.idosr.org Eneasato Commissions aimed at strengthening percent of all migration worldwide. The border security and combating argument that undocumented migration is transnational threats have met with little a very serious security problem in Nigeria success in controlling illegal migration in [18], is weakened by the view of [19] and northeastern Nigeria. [20]who argue otherwise, positing that illegal migration need not be considered a Given the historical experience of migrant- security problem if it is properly handled. related violence in northern Nigeria, whereby in the early 1980’s, religious Similarly, the seasonal trans-border disturbances with links to migrant settlers migratory trends of nomadic pastoralists began to manifest in parts of northern from Niger and Chad have led to several Nigeria, particularly in Kano state, the role bloody conflicts with farmers in of immigrants in these disturbances northeastern Nigeria, resulting in hundreds became apparent given that the Maitatsine of deaths and forcing the government to disturbances of the early 1980’s was expel hundreds of these pastoralists from spearheaded by a radical preacher from Demboa Local government Area of Borno northern Cameroun [12]Also, the mass State in 2009 [21]It is also estimated that exodus of almajiri into Kano from Niger over 20,000 pastoralists have been expelled was identified to be critical in their from northern Nigeria since 2009 [22]. In involvement in the Maitatsine crisis of 2012 and 2013, bloody clashes between 1981, where it was observed that about 85 herdsmen and farmers left several people per cent of the 187 aliens that were dead in Adamawa state, and 43 dead in arrested during the disturbance came from Taraba. The seasonal cross-border Niger Republic [13], and many others from migration of nomadic pastoralists from Chad [14]. Niger and Chad has been well noted by The arguments by scholars that illegal scholars who have mainly attributed this migrants and asylum-seekers provide trend to various reasons such as the growth channels for potential terrorists [15]; also of herds, search for grazing lands and that irregular migrants participate in climatic changes [1];[2] [3].
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