YOUR TIMBERLANDS ARE VALUABLE! SERVICES OFFERED BY FORECON, INC. • Timber Management Plans • Timber Appraisals • Timber Inventory • Timber Marking • Timber Marketing and Sales • Silvicultural Recommendations • Timber Stand Improvement • Tree Planting • Christmas Tree Management • Forest Engineering • Timber Trespass Appraisals • Estate Appraisals of Timberland • Boundary Maintenance/Posting • Timber Tax Planning Assistance • Section 480-A Planning (NY only) • Clean & Green (PA only) • Economic Studies • Environmental Impact Studies • Oil & Gas Wel] Drilling Consulting • Mining & Reclamation Planning • Forest Recreation Development • Urban Forestry

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MANAGE THEM! Call us for further information Contact the FORECON Office Nearest You 5 Genesee Street 229 State Street MAIN OFFICE Avon, NY 14414 Lowville, NY 13367 Crown Building (716) 226-8330 (315) 376-7758 100 E. Second Street Room 311 P.O. Box 48 Jamestown, NY 14701 Cortland Savings Bank 8 Bridge Street (716) 664-5602 Cortland, NY 13045 Towanda, PA 18848 (607) 753-3113 (717) 265-7055

Circle No. 1 on Service coupon fures er OPEN LAND OPTIONS Dutch company. He found as MARKET REPORTS What if you own open land much sap ended up on the ground The PA Marketing Bulletin is that is not near an operating farm as got to the foot of the hill as the published by the Division ofFor- [and you want to keep it open]? men tried to carry it down. est Advisory Services, Depart- In some towns there may be only His next effort was to make ment of Environmental Re- a few, if any, operating farms left. troughs and tubes in wood in sources, Post Office Box 1467, If that is the case, more than like- hopes he could run it down the Harrisburg, PA 17120. It con- ly the farmer already has more hill. His employers decided he tains long lists of timber and than enough land for crop pro- was crazy and relieved him of his equipment for sale from all over duction. He also has the oppor- duties. He was 200 years ahead of PA. tunity to use the best land closest his time. -Jane Bresee to him at a low price. He went to the area of Boon- Ulster, PA You do have some choices, ville where he settled and for which the community is named. though, if you want to keep it SELLER LISTING open. The easiest and cheapest is -Neil Wright Weare again releasing our to hire someone to cut it for you. rnmden.NY "Choose and Cut and Roadside Another option is to use it as pas- Markets" Christmas Tree Bro- ture, either for your own live- chure. This has been an extreme- stock or rented to farmers. How- ly successful marketing aid in the ever, this requires fences or time past and at absolutely no cost to and money to put them up. A participants. If you have a choose third option is to purchase a trac- and cut or roadside market oper- tor and equipment to cut the hay ation and wish to be listed, con- yourself. You could be talking tact me. $10,000 or more for new equip- -Robert E. Davis ment. Div. of Mktg. - William Snow NY Dept. of Ag. and Mkts., Agricultural Agent 1 Winners Circle, Orange County VT Albany, NY 12235

CHEWED TUBING STORY IDEAS Vermont's commercial maple Could you publish articles on syrup producers using tubing in these topics: sugar bush planta- their operations may collectively tions, using low value land for suffer as much as $175,000 to THANKS FOR IDEAS trash wood-chip production, and $225,000 worth of damage an- using white oak for wine barrels? I enjoy the magazine. Keep it nually. Squirrels, chipmunks, and -EmilRau up. Could you do an article on: porcupines were most often iden- -the Pennsylvania State Mar- Stewart Manor, NY tified as responsible for the dam- keting Newsletter on new ideas in Editor's note: We're always glad age. They seem to indiscriminate- marketing? For example, I un- to have readers make suggestions ly gnaw on spouts, tees, and derstand there is a new veneer like this. Thanks for the ideas! laterals regardless of the color of plant in Bradford County, Penn- the tubing. Damage was greater sylvania, that sells all the way BACK ISSUES? in sugarbushes where the owner down to the Carolinas, I just got my first issue of had made timber stand improve- -new ideas in value added Forest Owner. I really enjoyed it. ment within the past five years. products? I am a dairy farmer in Steuben -Lisa Halvorsen -Albert Maseui. County and have always enjoyed University of Vermont Ridgewood, NJ working, hunting, and just being in the woods. FIRST TUBING If there were issues before A recent Forest Owner article Marchi April, would you please referred to the use of galvanized send them to me? pipe in the 1930s for collecting -John Leonard, Jr. sap. I would like to call your at- Troupsburg, NY tention to an article in the book Editor's note: We still have a lim- Talks of the Adirondack Foot- ited number of some issues asfar use return. back as spring, 1986. I suggest hills. Garrett Boone came to the are available. Deadli Barneveld area (Oneida County) sion is 60 days prior t you callfor particulars and, ifyou in the late 1700s. He was sent Published January, like, we'll send some to you for a here to produce maple sugar for a July, September, and dollar apiece.

July/August 1987 3 ERBICIDES have proven to be H indispensable tools to most grow- FOR Site conditions, conifer species, and ers of Christmas trees in the East. With- the associated weed complexes largely out question, properly applied herbicides CHRISTMAS dictate the types of herbicides used. The have shortened the time required to pro- most effective programs may involve at duce a marketable Christmas tree and TREE least two applications a season: the first in have fostered the production of higher early spring and the second in the fall to quality trees. Although many weeds con- PRODUCIION control perennials and brush. Special tinue to present serious problems for weed problems may also require spot or growers, the industry is fortunate to have broadcast applications in mid-season. a number of effective herbicides to assist by John Ahrens in controlling competing weeds and Early season applications brush. On tilled sites and sites where Round- Product labels should be consulted for up was applied in the fall to control per- rates to apply under specific conditions. ennial weeds, it is best to apply pre-emer- gence herbicides in late winter after frost SITE PREPARATION is out, in early spring before weed growth Many growers use herbicides to pre- starts, or immediately after planting. Fail- pare a site for planting five to six months ure to apply a pre-emergence herbicide in before actually planting. This is essential the spring usually results in severe com- in fields to be planted to seedbeds or petition from germinating annual and transplant beds, and is also important for perennial weeds. Combinations of a grass plantations. Roundup controls a broad herbicide such as Surflan (oryzalin) at spectrum of perennial weeds and brush. three to four pounds active ingredient per Garlon controls many brush and broad- acre or Devrinol at four to five pounds leaf species including legumes, but does active ingredient per acre plus a broad- not control grasses. Several other herbi- leaf herbicide such as Princep or Goal are cides and combinations are used for most common. In northern New Eng- brush control the season before planting. land, where grasses are less of a problem However, persistent soil-applied herbi- than farther south, Princep alone at two cides such as Hyvar (bromacil) and Spike or more pounds active ingredient per (tebuthiuron) could seriously injure coni- acre has been a satisfactory postplanting fers planted the following spring. The treatment. If seedling weeds are present newer non-selective herbicides such as at the time of aoplication, it can be ad- Arsenal (imazapyr) and Oust (sulfome- vantageous to add Goal at one quart per turon) have not been tested widely acre to the pre-emergence herbicides. Al- enough to establish safe uses for site though early spring applications of Prin- preparation. cep at two pounds active ingredient per

4 Forest Owner acre often control many emerged winter annuals before their growth starts, the addition of Goal improves control of Herbicides Used in Christmas Tree Production other weeds such as common dandelion with state-by-state restrictions on use and field pansy that are resistant to Chemical name Manufacturer Restricted NE states* Princep. Amizine Union Carbide/Rhone Poulenc none When planting into sodded sites (hay Asulox Union Carbide/Rhone Poulenc none or pasture land), the options vary with Atrazine Ciba-Geigy none the species grown and the locale. Scotch Devrinol StaufferChemical none and Austrian pines tolerate Vel par, Enide Upjohn/Tuco Div. none which can provide broad spectrum weed Garlon Dow Chemical Co. none and brush control. In northern areas, es- Goal Rohm& Haas none pecially on heavier soils, where balsam Fusilade ICI Americas,Inc. none and Fraser fir are grown, combinations of Gramoxone Super ICI Americas,Inc. al! AAtrex (atrazine) with Princep at two to Kerb SOW Rohm& Haas all two-and-a-half pounds active ingredient Poast BASF Wyandotte none per acre of each are commonly used and Princep Ciba-Geigy none effectively control many perennial grasses Roundup Monsanto CT,NH and broadleaf weeds when applied as Surflan Elanco none early as possible in the spring. Other op- Velpar DuPont none tions include Princep plus Poast or Fusi- VelparL DuPont CT lade applied when perennial grasses are six to ten inches tall. For example, these *Northeastern states in which use is restricted to certified applicators treatments would find favor in newly planted white pine and white spruce, mid-season are about half the dosages Unfortunately, perennial weeds often which are susceptible to AAtrex. Dos- tolerated by fully mature conifers in the grow in the grass strips and send their rhi- ages ofPoast or Fusilade required to con- fall. Directed (shielded) sprays of Round- zomes into the treated bands, resulting in trol perennial grasses are at least double up at one-and-one-third to two ounces perennial weed problems in the rows by those required to control annual grasses. per gallon of water are also effective on a mid-season. Vetch and bindweed are two For example, at least one and a third broad range of weeds and can be safely such examples and if left alone will de- quarts per acre of Poast are necessary for used in any conifer plantings. form trees. Goal or Roundup applica- quackgrass suppression when combined Most growers prefer band treatments tions can provide some control for these with Princep at three pounds active in- of herbicide down the row and a mowed and certain other weeds in the row, but gredient per acre. grass strip between rows. This system re- not in the grass strip. In current research, duces herbicide costs and soil erosion. Garlon 4E at one pint per acre also ap- Mid-season applications pears feasible as a semi-directed spray. Regardless of which herbicides you Since Garlon is non-injurious to grasses, use in the spring, some perennial weeds, a low broadcast spray could be used to brush species, and even some annual kill broadleafed weeds, including vetch weeds may not be controlled. Heavy and poison ivy, in the grass strip as well as rainfall can leach herbicides and shorten in the row. Hardened growth of true firs their persistence. Grasses can be con- and spruces appears to be tolerant of Gar- trolled at any time with Poast or Fusi- lon, but non-hardened or active growth is lade, applied over any conifer, provided very susceptible to contact injury from it. adequate soil moisture and active grass Garlon sprays on lower foliage of white growth occurs. If broadleaf weeds are al- pine and Fraser fir caused very little in- so a problem, many can be controlled jury in mid-August tests, but moderate to with Goal at one to two quarts per acre. severe injury in June or mid-July. Dam- While not always giving root kill, Goal age to conifers can be minimized in larger sprays in mid-season burn back many trees where sprays with wide angle or off- troublesome perennials such as vetch and center nozzles contact only the lower foot bindweed, as well as pigweed, groundsel, of conifer growth. purslane, ragweed, and others. Woody weeds beyond the seedling stage are rare- Late season applications ly controlled by Goal. Roundup and Garlon are effective in Roundup at one to one-and-a-half conifers late in the season for brush and/ pints per acre (without added surfactant) or perennial weed control. Neither pro- can be useful in mid-season on spruces vides residual control of weeds emerging and true firs [which Douglas fir are not1 from seeds later in the fall or in the spring. for broad spectrum control of annuals The proper use of Roundup can be and suppression of perennials. The dos- credited with the great strides that ages of Roundup tolerated by conifers in (Continued on page 6)

July! August 1987 5 .•. HERBICIDES ... than spruces, most true firs, and Scotch increases the potential injury to conifers. ~ (Continued from page 5) pine. Fraser fir and some varieties of con- A surfactant can improve control with color fir harden later than balsam fir. At minor hazard to trees where the target is Christmas tree growers have made in re- an effective time for both weed and brush primarily annual or winter annual weeds, cent years in controlling brush and per- control in early fall, spruces, most true the conifers are fully dormant spruces or ennial weeds. However, new information firs, and Scotch pine are tolerant of true firs, and semi-directed sprays of about Roundup selectivity in conifers Roundup sprays, whereas white pine and Roundup are applied at dosages not ex- continues to be developed. Timing, dos- Douglas fir, in particular, are very sus- ceeding one to two pints per acre. age, spray volumes, surfactants, and ceptible, especially when their terminal spray techniques all affect selectivity and leaders are sprayed. Since heavy rainfall SPRAY TECHNIQUES results. within two to six hours after Roundup Since white pine and Douglas fir are Roundup sprays applied before frost application reduces its effectiveness, it is especially sensitive to Roundup, one- and in early fall can kill brush species and wise to spray on days when rain is not two-year old trees of these species should leave conifers little affected. Perennial expected. The presence of heavy dew on be protected with a shielded spray. Older, grasses and brambles are controlled by weeds may also reduce the effectiveness taller trees can tolerate Roundup where Roundup well after early frosts, but of Roundup. only the base of the tree is hit. Evenly- many woody plants shed leaves and are The recommended dosage for Round- applied over-the-top sprays of Roundup not controlled after frost. The most effec- up is one-and-one-third to one-and-one- on dormant spruces, dormant true firs tive time, therefore, is when conifer half quarts per acre. Even the most toler- [not Douglas], and dormant Scotch pine growth is hardened but brush and weeds ant conifers (spruce) may have their. have been successful. In the case of fan- still have green leaves and soil moisture is growth suppressed by rates higher than type and even-spray nozzles, this means adequate to allow translocation into root two quarts per acre. The addition of a raising the boom so that it is held at least zones. surfactant, such as Frigate at 0.5% by vol- 20 inches above the tallest conifer. Noz- Hardening varies somewhat with the ume (2 quarts per 100 gallons) can im- zles held too close to terminal leaders can conifer species and locale. Douglas fir prove control with Roundup on some cause growth suppression even at proper and white pine mature later in the season weeds, but our research shows that it also (Continued on page 8) CALIBRATING YOUR BACKPACK SPRAYER DDISON County (VT) forester uid will be sprayed over the 200 square A Tom Bahre and county agricultural by Katy Kruesi foot test area. Measure the collected agent Jeff Carter offer Christmas tree water in ounces. This is your volume. growers a simple method of calibrating You can now calculate the spray ap- backpack sprayers. Calibration is impor- two-foot wide band. You now need to plication rate for your walking pace in tant to ensure that you are applying the figure out what consistent walking pace gallons per acre. First, divide 43,560 (the exact recommended volume of chemical will be comfortable for walking through number of square feet in an acre) by the over a given area. Too much or too little your plantations, up and down hills. This number of square feet in your test, in this is wasteful or inadequate, expensive, and will be your speed. example 200 square feet. That yields the potentially damaging. Ask a helper to collect the spray water number 217.8, which you then multiply Bahre and Carter suggest setting two in a bucket as you both walk the course, times the number of ounces you sprayed stakes 100 feet apart. This is your spray- maintaining a constant speed and a con- into your helper's test bucket, let's say 20 ing course. Fill your sprayer with clean stant tank pressure. (Be sure your spra yer ounces. That gives us 4,356. Now divide water. Find a patch of dry soil, pavement, has a pressure gauge!) Your speed, tank that by 128 (ounces per gallon), and we sidewalk, or gravel, and practice spraying pressure, and nozzle size are the three end up with 34 gallons per acre. a 24-inch wide strip, the customary main variables that affect how much liq- This is your spray rate with the nozzle width for spraying herbicides among head you are using. You should repeat young Christmas trees. Notice how the this test with each nozzle head that you distance between the nozzle and the plan to use, since each differs and affects ground affects band width. You will be how much liquid comes out of the surprised to find that it is very difficult to sprayer. maintain a uniform band width. The If you want to apply a chemical at a nozzle moves imperceptibly with each rate of two pints to the acre and you have walking stride. one acre to spray, you need to take your Nozzle height from the ground also af- rate of 34 gallons per acre and substitute fects spray coverage. If the nozzle is held two pints of herbicide for two pints of the high, the spray pattern will show individ- 34 gallons of water, or, in other words, ual droplets, not complete coverage. If mix two pints of herbicide with 333;4 gal- held lower, the ground will be evenly lons of water. As you spray at your rate of wetted, important when using herbicides. 34 gallons per acre that you have tested, You are ready to walk the calibration based on your walking pace and 24 inch course, spraying a 100 foot by two foot spray band width, you can be sure that band or an area of 200 square feet after First, spray water on dirt or concrete to es- you will be applying two pints of chemi- having practiced making a fairly uniform tablish the width of your spray swath. cal per acre. •

6 Forest Owner IN FORESTRY WHOEVER OWNS THE MOST MAKES ~ THE MOST. RIGHT? WRONG. Use, not ownership, creates profit. ownership without tying up your working capital You don't need to be an accountant to know in large, initial down payments. that owning assets does not create profit ... 100%tax deductibility-In most cases, Agri- using them may. Lease payments are fully tax-deductible busi- In fact, your ac- ness operating countant might tell you r,------,Iwant to know more about the expenses. that leasing may be Flexible Financing Alternatives, Bank/credit lines the most cost-efficient remain open-By financing source __ Equipment __ Buildings using Agri-Lease to available today. __ Vehicles __ Machinery obtain what your So if you're inter- Name _ business needs, you ested in a financing Address _ can keep your ex- alternative that may isting credit lines in- provide you with tax City State .Zip _ tact ... and readily advantages and that Phone _ available. may improve your Ifyou want to cash flow, consider Mail to: Note: Telmark leases are know more about these additional Telmark Inc. available throughout the financial benefits benefits of Agri- P.O.Box 4943 the Northeast, KY,MI, of Agri-Lease by Leases by Telmarke: Syracuse, NY 13221 OH,VAandWV Telmark ... and how No down pay- Minimum lease: $5,000 they may apply to ment-Enjoy most of your business ... mail the advantages of L A~-Lease®_~~~ the coupon today. ~Y(L\1ARK®

Circle No.2 on Service coupon fi!mDI WA~ING IPOSTEDII¥!E1 ~~:I~l~ ~ ;?!~~mJ:ss.c ::;:~€::!5;;': .•. HERBICIDES ... CHOICE SEEDLINGS ~ (Continued from page 6) WRITE FOR PRICE LIST Permanent ALUMINUM & PLASTIC Signs per-acre rates, Property, Boundary & Custom Signs Eccles NurserIeS Send for Free sample & catalog When spraying Roundup in the fall, JOHNVOSS RIMERSBURG, PA 16248.814/473-6265 Dept. NYF, Box 553, Manlius,NY 13104 some growers find it advantageous to add DrawerY Department 10 37·12 orPhone(31S)682-6418 a low rate of Princep (one-and-one-half Circle No.3 on Service coupon Circle No.4 on Service coupon pounds active ingredient per acre) to con- trol winter annual weeds until spring. However, in most cases pre-emergence herbicides applied with Roundup in the Wood Gliri By Qi) ESHLAND fall will not provide satisfactory control of annual weeds for all of the following SOLID FUEL SYSTEMS INC. season, and high rates of pre-emergence (518) 623-2212 herbicides also can reduce activity of Roundup in tank mixes. In many experiments over several Burns: I years we have found that Garlon can be Greenwood without an effective late season herbicide for Christmas tree growers. Garlon 4E at one creosote to two quarts per acre is effective primar- ily in controlling brush, brambles, and 84 % Efficiency certain broadleafed perennials, but not grasses. Conifer tolerance to these dos- ages is similar to that of Roundup and the Residential & Commercial same timing and techniques of applica- tion apply. Semi-directed broadcast sprays of Garlon can be especially useful ••• No Creosote Build-up! in banded tree culture where center grass Circle No.5 on Service coupon strips are desirable. It is important to avoid mowing for two to three weeks be- fore and at least one week after Garlon NOKKA treatment so that broadleafed weeds have adequate foliage to absorb the herbicide and time to move it to the root zone. All Season Farm loaders Tank mixes of Garlon and Roundup can injure Christmas trees more than either from logging ... to Ditching herbicide alone, but reduced rates (one pint of each per acre) can provide im- proved control of weeds such as vetch over Roundup alone. Asulox (asulam) can be useful in late season primarily to control bracken fern. At two to four quarts per acre in August, Asulox has been safe on balsam fir and white pine in New England, but spruces at any stage and actively growing firs are injured. Kerb SOW (pronamide) is a late sea- son or very early season herbicide used in some areas primarily to control perennial grasses and annual mustards. At one to two pounds active ingredient per acre, Whether you're loading logs or hay bales or handling lime, gravel, fertil- applied from late fall to very early spring, izer, digging trenches or moving dirt, NOKKA manufactures four differ- preferably just before rain or snow, Kerb ent models of versatile, hardworking, all-season farm implements, All fit is especially useful in conifers that are on a 3-point hitch and require 35 PTO HP and up. susceptible to Roundup, such as Douglas U,S. Sales Distributor: fir and white pine. To provide season- long control of annual weeds, however, NOKKA Manufactured. bYIlIIIt'11' Quontus Sales, Inc. Kerb must be combined with or followed Nokka- Kaneet PO Box 5462 by spring applications of other pre-emer- 40950 Muurame, Finland Rome, Georgia 30162 gence herbicides such as Princep or Prin- 402/235-0255 cep plus Surflan. - Circle No. 6 on Service coupon

8 Forest Owner MARKET PRICES

Note: These prices, paid toforest owners the $5.14 million value for 1986. produced in 1986. The season average in mid-May, 1987, should be viewed as The maple season in New York was price for retail and wholesale sales com- general guidelines. Prices vary by region, 27 days long, two days longer than the bined for all grades is $29.20 per gallon from buyer to buyer and especially by 1986 season, but five days shorter than for the region, compared with the aver- quality and location. Information was the average of 32 days for the last 10 age of $23.60 received a year ago. Value gathered by editors and correspondents in years. The average opening date for the of production, at $16.9 million, is up 3% a telephone and field survey. sugaring season was March 9. Sap was of from last year. medium sweetness, requiring an average Production in each of the New Eng- TIMBER of 40 gallons to make one gallon of syrup. land States was down from a year ago. Unless noted, prices are quotedfor stand- Color was mostly medium to light. Vermont produced 275,000 gallons, ing timber, board feet per thousand. Production for New York and New down 19%. New Hampshire production Check with buyer to determine log rule England combined totaled 580,000, was down 22% and Massachusetts pro- before agreeing to sell. down 17% from the 696,000 gallons duction fell by 7%. • Hardwoods- The big news in hard- wood markets is the incredible demand for red oak. Bids received in mid-May for a western New York stand of oak ap- praised by the forester at $72,000 ran all the way up to $121,000. In fact, in value We build the appraisal was near the bottom of 11 bids. our stoves "It's crazy!" lamented one western New York buyer, "but I don't see any without change coming." He said the diving U.S. • dollar, when coupled with a healthy compromise housing and office construction industry, This season, Consolidated plus a new and reportedly gigantic veneer Dutchwest introduces its all mill in Taiwan is fueling the bidding new line of re-engineered stoves. spree. Most models already meet "One manufacturer of oak computer Oregon and Colorado en- furniture simply can't buy enough oak," vironmental standards, plus the said one hardwood dealer. That $121 ,000 new federal (EPA) standards for bid was comprised of the following prices 1988 and 1990. The Large per thousand board feet, in Doyle rule: Federal Convection, our most popular model, produces less red oak: $590; white oak: $180; ash: than half the smoke emissions $260; hard maple: $140; good cherry: permitted under the strict 1990 $400. federal standard, while achieving Softwoods-No significant change an overall efficiency rating of since January. Hemlock: $40-50 for 78.8%! cabin beams, as high as $145 delivered to Durable, Easy to Use Write or Call Today mill elsewhere. White pine: $160-$175, for your free information package! Spruce: $125. and Beautiful Each stove is built entirely from 1-800-225-8277 solid, durable cast iron. Standard (in Massachusetts 617-747-1964) features on most models include an ashbin with slide-out drawer for MAPLE OUTPUT V ,Send me my free information! I easy cleaning, front and side doors, I ~esIncluding the 68-page color Stove DOWN 17% wood and coal burning grates, Catalogue,"The Stove Buyer's Guide," Installa- I New York's 1987 maple syrup pro- three air sources, glassviewingwin- Ition Planner and complete pricing information. I plan on purchasing a stove within: I duction is estimated at 225,000 gallons, dows, firescreen,cook top, Io 30 days 0 the next 6 months equalling the record low set in 1973, ac- temperature gauge, and solid brass 0 the next year 0 more than 1year I ID uncertain cording to the New York Agricultural trim. Convection heaters include an internal circulatingsystem with op- Name Statistics Service. I tional fan, and can be installed IAddress _ Although the number of taps increased freestandingor as fireplaceinserts. by 20,000 to 1,550,000, the yield per tap A Corning Catalytic Combustor, ICity/State/Zip was the lowest in more than 20 years. free with each stove, keeps efficien- IConsolidated Dutchwest: Box 1019, Dept. 7F07, I The value of this year's production, at cy high and creosote low. •. P.!l;:o~~O~ •• $5.15 million, was up fractionally from

July/ August 1987 9 FDeanFrost walks his woodlot to- day, he'll pay with pain tomorrow. That's the way it is, says Frost. Pain Iis the price for wandering through hardwoods talking veneer. If you wander with him, recalling his active association with the New York Forest Owners Association (NYFOA) over the past five years, you won't know he's hurting. You'll see an energetic man who plants trees, raises bees, and watches over some 550 acres in northern Broome County. You'll chat with a six-year vet- eran of the state Forest Practice Board, a man whose efforts last year helped cre- ated NYFOA's second local chapter, the Southern Tier chapter. You'll get your ear talked off about forest owners' rights and how taking them away kills incentive. You'll get all this from the outside Dean Frost; the one he wants you to know. The inside Frost is smashed up, the victim of accidents he's sure will shorten his days. "Have a cookie. They're chocolate chip. My daughter-in-law made them." by Rick Marsi The outside Frost sits in his pickup, munching baked goods on a sunlit winter loading dock, another driver's tanker afternoon. He's about to ride through backed into him, pinning him against a fields and walk through woods talking concrete wall. trees. It's just about his favorite thing. "The back of my skull was crushed," Come with him. You'lliearn how he says Frost. "I was smashed from one end feels about hemlocks and splinters, ve- to the other, more dead than alive." neer logs and weed trees, red pines and Doctors told Frost's family he might the CCc. If you press him, you'll also not survive. If he did, they said, he would learn about the inside Frost, about the have certain brain damage. After a peri- milk tanker that changed his life. od of unconsciousness-"ten weeks I Growing up as a Broome County farm don't remember," he says-came a one- kid, Frost, 52, was one of that dying year stay in the hospital. breed of children who got up to milk at 4 Finally, Dean Frost went home. "I a.m., hauled cans to the road, and then was told I would never make it to a went to school. Farming in summer, wheelchair," he said. "They told me, working the woods in winter, he quit 'Don't do anything; it will kill you.''' school at 16 to run his family's farm near If his injuries hadn't killed him, doing Whitney Point. His father had rheuma- nothing certainly would. Frost stayed in tism. Bills were larger than the milk bed about ten minutes, then set about check. "It was 'Do it or lose the farm,'" recovering. Six months later, he was said Frost. hunting woodchucks from a wheelchair. Dean Frost on his farm near Whitney Since then, he's either been farming or Then came an interest in real estate. He Point, New York. The red pines he envi- been between farming. If times were began renting and leasing properties in sions as being harvested soon for Adiron- dack shelters. Photo: Rick Marsi good, the farm was enough. If they the nearby village of Greene. weren't, Dean would sell insurance, run a He was back on track. He couldn't was killed instantly. Frost's son, Randy, back hoe, or drive a milk tanker. In 1964, skid logs, but he was back. was seriously injured. Frost, himself, suf- in a near-fatal accident at the age of 29, In 1977, on a darkened Route 12 out- fered a shattered leg-"totally pulver- one such tanker got him. side Binghamton, Dean Frost's car was ized"-and a foot broken 150 times. Frost was driving bulk tankers for a hit head-on by a car traveling in the This same fellow now guides you milk cooperative then. As he stood by a wrong lane. The driver of the other car through the woods, walking energeti- ...... ,.....lwas gonnaytree farm and have a good ti•• e!'0'

10 Forest Owner cally, urging you around just one more says Frost. "I say ninety percent of us bend in a logging road. If you hadn't know. Heck, even you would know." asked about the accidents, he wouldn't Frost has other fears about mandatory have told you. forest plans. Most relate to timber sales. "After two years in traction, and a mil- "If you open the door to these mandatory lion pins, screws, and tubes in my leg, I plans, you're going to have foresters say- just decided I was gonna tree farm and ing you have to cut your trees at a certain have a good time," says Frost. The results size, whether they're fully mature or not. are what you're looking at this cold, They're going to look at this oak and say, . bright afternoon. 'It's eighteen inches thick. That's ideal. It's a hilltop farm, about 65% in hard- You should cut it.' I say hogwash to that. woods, hemlocks, and a red pine stand or This tree may be growing faster than two. The rest is in pastureland, which ever. It could become a great veneer tree won't stay open for long. Evergreen seed- if I let it grow." lings sprout from every open field. Blue Frost has nothing against foresters, he spruce, white spruce, balsam fir-name says. In fact, he's worked extensively an evergreen, it's growing here. Frost's with Jim Roberts of Forecon, Inc. on an tree farm master plan calls for annual impending sale that will focus on oak, sales of lO-to 15,000 Christmas trees a ash, and cherry veneer logs. What he year. He had his first "U-Cut" sale this doesn't like, he says, are zoning laws tell- year and sold 300 trees, an encouraging ing him he has to work with a forester, start. and then telling him which foresters are Christmas trees are just part of a plan acceptable and which aren't. Frost sees as utilizing the farm's every Frost thinks local NYFOA chapters forest resource. Firewood sales are con- are a vital lobbying force against restric- tracted out, mostly "on shares," with tive zoning. "The state NYFOA can rep- Frost being given a percentage of the resent our concerns in Albany," he says, harvest-cut, split, and stacked, of Frost. "That's forestry; that's what hap- "but local people should be knocking on course. Frost, himself, marks the trees to pens when you care." doors in the towns and villages." be cut, ones bent, crowded, injured and Which brings Dean Frost to the sub- Local chapters also can offer hands-on unfit for timber sales. By thinning poorer ject of giving a damn. To care about your forestry instruction for landowners-in- trees from his hardwood stands, he nur- woodlot, he insists, you must control it struction that focuses on the topographi- tures the timber-sale candidates that re- yourself. If you lose control-if others, cal and economic problems of specific main. Frost has had three timber sales on through the passage of laws, dictate regions. "We have to educate within our the farm since 1960. Another's about to which trees you can cut and which you own ranks," says Frost. "We have to in- take place. They've paid his taxes, he can't-you will lose incentive. It takes sist our members follow established tim- says. incentive to produce quality veneer. It ber harvesting guidelines. If they don't His Depression-era red pine stands, takes someone willing to thin and prune, know about skidding across a hill instead planted by the Civilian Conservation to nurture. of going straight down, it's us who should Corps, are at near-harvest size. The plan "Who's going to bother thinning out be telling them." calls for their conversion into logs for weed trees if he needs a special permit to "Us" to Dean Frost is NYFOA's Adirondack shelters. Hemlocks on the sell them for firewood?" asks Frost. Southern Tier chapter. "That's where land will be used for in-house projects, "That's what's happening in forestry to- NYFOA's future growth lies: in its local such as the construction of his son, day. It bothers me to see it." chapters," he says. "This organization has Randy's new home on a nearby hillside. Zoning is Frost's biggest fear. It's what to grow from the grass roots up, from you "Randy is my back now," says Frost, stirred him up to work toward forming and me to the top." whose hard labor is limited to tree prun- NYFOA's Southern Tier chapter. He's He's been standing by his beloved ve- ing and an occasional burst with the watched as municipalities throughout the neer tree during this entire address. Af- chain saw. "We'd like to set up our own state have adopted new zoning laws re- ternoon light is failing. His breath bil- mill next year, maybe mill these hem- quiring landowners to submit a profes- lows; it's getting downright cold. The locks ourselves," he says. "Most folks sional forestry plan before selling their man isn't finished quite yet. think hemlocks are too slivery, but they trees. Frost says he and the vast majority "You look a little chilly," he says, "but make one fine floor joist." of other forest owners statewide don't I want you to see one more thing. You And then there's veneer. Frost grows need such restrictions to do a cutting job remember my saying I love just about reverent when he talks of veneer. "It's the right. every kind of tree? Well, I've got this log of the future," he says, standing beside "Supporters of mandatory forest plans black cherry. You'll drool when you see a two-foot thick limb."There are two defend them by saying landowners don't it. It's just down the road. If we move 16-foot veneer logs in this baby," says know junk wood from the good stuff," right along ... " •

July/ August 1987 11 ••••••••••••q, nr. (1t)7 <1 , \fVOO\4 simpler subject, a stone wall. Unlike the whitetail buck, stone walls and sunrises don't vanish quickly. A photographer has several hours of good light to shoot a stone wall. Sunrise and sunset shots are available, even though the sky is steadily changing then. There is ample time for the beginner to make a spectacular shot. Waiting for the ideal, picturesque sunset or an interesting snow pattern on the stone wall will re- quire some good timing and patience. Always look for repeating patterns even in the simplest of subjects. An ash leaf stem with morning dew is a good example. When starting with simple subjects like these, take the opportunity to learn the intricacies of your camera equipment. In the case of the stone wall, metering bare, dark stone and then the snow will show two different exposures in the same photo. The camera's manual will explain that this is normal in trying to capture what we see, by mechanical means, on film. If you split the difference of the two readings, and then expose for that setting, an acceptable photo will result. Experi- ment with different exposure settings and compare the final photos. Always keep in mind the main subject of your photo. In a sunset photo, usually the sun is small. Proper exposure for the sun would make the remainder of the photo black. By taking an exposure read- Getting great NATURI ing adjacent to the sun, in.that area neu- UST two more steps and that tral to the brights and darks of the scene, white-tail buck will be in the clear for a good shot. Suddenly better results will be achieved. Some- he stops. His muscles tighten. His times a sunset or sunrise shot is enhanced J by including some object in the fore- tail flicks twice, and before you can say ground. By doing so, two basic principles "Where's my camera?" are displayed in one photo: composition he bounds away. and depth of field. What went wrong? How can you get a Composition must be considered in clear shot next time? Will an opportunity every photo taken. A simplified defini- for a shot like that ever come again? tion of composition is positioning the A good photo of a large whitetail buck elements of a photo in a pleasing way. has eluded many a photographer. More Browsing through any photography pub- than one thing can go wrong, so, for the lication will show you that positioning sake of instruction, let's concentrate on a for every subject has been carefully

12 Forest Owner • •••••C),o(' unl'" I •\ofvno\t•• •• • planned. In the case of our sunset, if we does all of this boil down to? Experience head shot of any reptile at eye level can were to locate an object in the fore- has shown that slow shutter speeds man- be dynamic. ground, the picture now might have a date the use of a tripod or some type of Many people concentrate on birds' sense of balance which it could have stabilizing set up. That's all well and good nests. They do provide some excellent lacked before. This type of photo also for camera movement, but what about photographic possibilities. I must caution lends itself to experimentation with depth the subject? that you have certain responsibilities of field. Flowers are generally fragile and sus- when working with this particular sub- Depth of field is related to the aperture ceptible to a breeze that can ruin any ject. The safety of the young birds must setting used. Any photographic manual well-planned effort. It can be a long wait always come first. If you want shots of will say that depth of field is "that part in for a windless day. The solution is to be the adult feeding the young, a blind will focus." An aperture setting, or f-stop, of set up on that flower just after daybreak, be needed. Any attempt at bird construc- 2.8 gives a shallow distance in focus, in before any wind begins. Shooting in the tion must be done after the birds hatch, comparison to I-stop 32, which focuses early morning can be very rewarding otherwise the adults may abandon the almost everything. with a variety of subjects. Check the edge site. Many bird species will only tolerate All these techniques will come into use of a pond for dragonflies and other in- a blind built in stages. Probably the in every photo you take. By experiment- sects. They will have morning dew on best method is to set up a blind some dis- ing and learning them with less difficult them and be lethargic, making them eas- tance away. Then, each day, move the subjects, the basics will come under con- ier to approach. Song birds may be found blind closer until you reach the desired trol and other subjects can be taken on at a spring seep for their day's first drink. range. Once again, early morning will with confidence. Chipmunks and squirrels feed heavily in provide some of the best photography these first hours of daybreak. Some nuts possibilities. Bait for animals or seeds placed on a stump will put these Ground-nesting birds are particularly Let's go back to the stone wall for a critters where we want them. vulnerable to predation. Predation in this moment. Two days ago, you baited the If reptiles are your pleasure, check a case is usually carried out by raccoons, wall with some liver. From your hidden log in the pond for a turtle basking in the opossums, and domestic cats. The real position, you see a small animal ap- sun. This may require setting up a blind, culprit for this action is man. These pre- proaching the bait. No time to experi- though, and waiting for the turtle to dators follow our scent, and by doing so, ment with basics now. Injust two and a emerge and rest on the log. Stalking a tur- almost always find something to eat. Un- half minutes you will have five good tle has a low rate of success. They are like birds that nest in trees, ground nesters shots of a weasel. That makes the home- very shy and know that water is their can only rely on their camouflage for work on the basics worth it! only true friend. protection. Waiting for a good subject can be sea- Snakes will bask in early morning try- Moth balls scattered around a blind sonal, too. Take the case of wild flowers. ing to raise their body temperature. If it's will help decoy, or negate, human scent. The month of May produces many of the too hot, they lay in shade. Before they Once this is done, there should be no species we all know so well. Many fine warm up, their usual quickness is slowed. more approaches to the nest site. photos of them would be done with flash. Reptiles are usually shot between a 45° One of my specialties is photograph- To achieve a photo of similar quality angle and eye level. A tightly-framed ing predatory birds at their nest sites. The with natural light can be difficult. Macro Camouflage works for wildlife, too, not same rule of bird safety applies, but in lenses are well suited to flower subjects. just wildlife photographers. (Continued on page 14) • SHOTS Their ability to focus at close range, coupled with the small aperture settings available, offer the opportunity for frame-filling and wide depth-of-field photos. Inherent with any lens is the simple "give and take rule." Any lens, when at its minimum focus distance, is also going to have a narrow depth of field. By using small apertures, 22 or 32, maximum depth of field is obtained. This setting is directly proportional to the shutter speed setting. Through experimenting, you will have learned more depth of field (small aperture), means less shutter speed. What

July/ August 1987 13 •• •••<'t j'< "I'~ III '4VnO'lof• ASK A NATURE• SHOTS• ... •••• (Continuedfrom page 13) addition, consideration for your own safety must be considered. Hawks and owls nest quite high in a tree. By position- ing yourself anywhere from 20 to 60 feet in a tree, on a 1\6 by 2\6 foot plywood HARD AND SOFT OF IT portable tree stand, you are taking a After reading "Firewood=-Hards vs. deadly risk. But it also makes for some Softs" (JanlFeb issue), I take exception very rewarding photographs. I recom- to your veryfirst sentence. According to mend this type of photography only for your definition of hard and soft woods be- those who know the species well and ing either deciduous or conifers, then that who feel comfortable high off the ground. makes basswood a "hardwood" and southern yellow pine a "softwood" [au- thor's note: theformer is much softer than the latter]. I have never seen a balsa tree, but if it is deciduous then the softest wood in the world is a "hardwood." Take it from one who has been working with all kinds of woods for more than 60 years, there is only one way to classify hard and soft wood, and that is by its density. You can forget everything else. I can agree with everything else you had to say about the burning characteristics of various woods, but there is oneyou didn't mention and that is willow. In my opinion for both firewood and lumber the willow tree de- serves a lot more attention and credit than Photographers willing to perch 20 to 60 it gets. What isyour opinion of willow as byWes Suhr feet above the ground have a chance to cap- ture a Broadwing Hawk family on film. firewood? -John Moody By now you're ready to go after that Tully, NY rather high shrinkage value, and must be big whitetail buck again. Deer have an carefully dried for eventual use as struc- unfortunate habit of moving only when Since I have not used willow for fire- turallumber. Although it has been manu- light conditions are poor for photogra- wood, I can only answer your question factured as charcoal, it has a low specific phers.Set your camera at the largest ap- based on information in the Wood Hand- gravity (.39) and therefore its heat value erture and fastest shutter speed for avail- book, U.S. Forest Service Agricultural or yield is comparatively low. You prob- able light conditions. Use a blind dug in Handbook No. 72. I suppose you are ably know, too, that black willow has the ground or a portable tree stand to de- talking about black willow (Salix nigra), moderately soft wood, that it's a decidu- crease human scent. You can also use a which can grow to sawtimber size and is ous tree-and that makes it a hardwood. product called Scent Shield to reduce the most important commercial willow Now, Don, don't get excited. I don't human odor when you are at ground lev- in the United States. As you probably like this situation any more than you. el. A deer's sense of smell is highly under- know, it commonly grows on very moist Please understand that this very loose estimated and accounts for many missed sites such as along stream banks through- grouping of hardwoods and softwoods photo encounters.Several good deer out New York, but is most heavily pro- (deciduous or "broadlea ves" and coni- lures are on the market. A small portion nounced in the Mississippi River Valley fers) did not originate with me. It got of such liquids on a cotton ball may help States. There are many people who do started a long time ago, probably in some draw the deer where you desire. not know that it is cut mainly for lumber regional market where most commercial Just because a deer's active hours and used primarily for boxes, pallets, conifers had soft wood as compared to aren't usually the best for photography crates, caskets, and interior furniture the harder wood that was sold from work, don't give up. Many outstanding parts. Smaller amounts have been used broadleaf trees. This grouping was ex- photos of deer are done in silhouette, or for structural lumber (framing), veneer tended and has been retained, at least in maybe with a beautiful sunset in the (subflooring), pulpwood, and fenceposts. the U.S., in commerce as well as in pro- background. So, you're right, it deserves more credit fessional forestry. The call of the out-of-doors appeals to than it usually gets. But let's look at some Yes, it can be very disconcerting when practically all forest owners. To be able other properties of this wood which may there are many softwoods that apparent- to bring a part of the woodlot home with make it unsuitable for other uses. It has ly have much harder wood than many us is truly a prize of the time we spend very low strength and should not be used so-called hardwoods. For example, com- there. • as a bearing beam or post. It also has a monly used wood such as longleaf pine

14 Forest Owner Radio Horse (your example of southern yellow pine) 59" (4.9'), height 81" (6 3/4'), length and Douglas-fir produce much harder without loader 11'2" and 13'3" with wood than basswood and aspen which loader, clearance 14" (12" with belly Thin stands with almost are generally grouped as "hardwoods." pan). Richard reports that it is very versa- no damage! And, yes, it is true that your example of tile, using it for mowing, splitting, and balsa, which produces the lightest lumber log-loading as well as skidding. It does Harvest trees in wet areas! in the world, is a "hardwood" by this not tear up the woods and yet has good Harvest trees on steep slopes! loose grouping. It belongs to the family pulling power. Maintenance is reportedly Economically log small woodlots! Bombacaceae, a family of deciduous difficult, especially greasing the articulat- trees found chiefly in the American ed parts, and the belly pan must be pulled tropics. to change the oil filter. On steep hillsides, Regardless of what you and I think it is a little unstable. about this classification scheme, we have John Irwin, a consulting forester (Ir- Timber Harvesting to live with it. Most foresters think about win Forestry) of Lyndon Center, Ver- it as a general species separation, rather mont, used to sell the Holder. John says than any characteristic of wood. A soft- there was demand for the skidder with wood is a conifer. A hardwood is a the price around $32,000, but most po- The rugged construction, massive drive-train, tough housing, specially designed drum, specially designed broadleaf tree, and nothing more. Why, tential users lost interest when it hit radio system and reliable diesel engine all take part in even the Wood Handbook breaks all U.S. $40,000. John reports that on fairly level making the Radio Horse a lOp quality machine. species down into two broad groups, terrain it will skid about a cord of soft- With the Radio Horse you'll see how a small, easy- to-use machine can increase efficiency, reduce total softwoods (conifers) and hardwoods wood or V

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SUSQUEHANNA, PA annoy owners of smaller woodlots, say, tensive acreage in Susquehanna County. 50 to 250 acres, too. Vassey says officers Gary Green, spokesman for the Energy GROUP GROWING of SWOAM were busy this past spring Group, stated that the group was success- More than 100 forest owners are now developing a SWOAM position on the ful in 1984 with influencing MarK Re- enrolled as members of the Susquehanna controversy and testifying before legisla- sources, Inc., a leasing company in cen- County (PA) Forestland Owners' Asso- tive committees. tral Bradford County, to offer $5.00 per ciation. Bill Chell, a founding member of Another proposal would deny eligibil- acre rental for a five year lease with an the group, says about 50 members came ity for the Maine "tree growth law" (a addendum of improved terms. to his horse logging demonstration and special tax rate for forest land) to those To contact Bradford County Forestland 45 attended a meeting that featured a vi- landowners who post their land. Owner Association, circle number 83 on deo tape of the fascinating Radio Horse "SWOAM is trying to keep it from the reader service coupon. remote-controlled logging winch. becoming such an emotional issue," says Chell also reports that the group visit- Vassey. "Emotions run pretty high on NORTH COUNTRY ed a veneer mill near Williamsport, PA, this sort of thing. and is planning a bus excursion to the "We take the position that the legisla- BOOSTS Woodsmen's Field Days at Boonville, ture shouldn't penalize those who do post MARKET EFFORT New York in mid-August. their land, but, rather, should develop in- Forest owners and agency officials in A Christmas tree-growing seminar and centives to encourage landowners to northern New York have joined forces to a class on field dressing of deer are open their lands for recreation." boost the market penetration of their planned for late 1987. She says a big incentive would be to forest products. At THRIFT's April The Susquehanna group has voted to absolve such public-minded landowners meeting, Tony Esser, from the federally begin receiving Forest Owner as a benefit from accident liability. funded Black River-St. Lawrence Re- of membership. Maine Farm Bureau lobbyist John Ol- source Conservation and Development Tom Curley of Lawton, PA, is presi- son reports that the first proposal, the one (RC&D) office, discussed the many new dent of the Association. that would have prohibited hunting on developments in forest-product market- To contact the Susquehanna County one's own posted land, was defeated in ing in the region and beyond. Forestland Owners Association, circle early May. The second proposal is still in "We have an image problem," said number 81 on the reader service coupon. committee, but lacks much support, says Olson. Liv Lansing, publisher of the Boonville Herald and member of THRIFT (Tug To contact SWOAM, circle number 82 SWOAM LEADERS Hill Resources, Investment for Tomor- on the reader service coupon. PONDER row). "We need to promote the New York label on our products." ACCESS IDEAS BRADFORD COUNTY Esser told the group that home-builders If SAM (Sportsmen's Alliance of and do-it-yourselfers should be encour- Maine) had its way, some Maine forest ENERGY GROUP aged to use locally-produced lumber owners wouldn't be able to hunt on their Landowners met recently at the War- straight from the sawmill "without pay- own property. According to Elinor Vas- ren Center Community Building to learn ing the inflated prices of building supply sey, executive secretary of SWOAM about land leasing for natural gas explo- stores." Esser's office is compiling a direc- (Small Woodland Owners of Maine), a ration. Featured speaker at the Bradford tory of area wood producers which will bill had been introduced to the Maine County Energy Group meeting was Cur- be distributed to all Ft. Drum contractors state legislature that would have changed tis Bauer, president of Forecon, Inc., a and sub-contractors and to the general the rules governing the posting of private Jamestown, New York firm specializing public. Area sawmillers are being sur- land. The proposed law would have in land management. veyed on their willingness to participate prohibited anyone from hunting even on Drawing on 15 years experience as a in an advertising/ education program. An his own parcel of land if these three con- consultant in Chataugua County, Bauer advertising consultant from Syracuse has ditions were met: 40 acres or more in size, illustrated his talk with slides of soil ero- been contacted to work with them. not resided upon by the owner, and post- sion, water contamination, loss of valu- Last year the RC&D group hired a ed against hunting by others. able forest, and other pitfalls of drilling. wood products marketing coordinator. Vassey says this was an attempt by He also pointed out that gas drilling He was charged with developing a local sportsmen's groups to fight back at tim- companies can do a very good job of site forest industry association, designing a ber companies, which own vast tracts of restoration when the landowner is pro- green-lumber usage brochure, conduct- Maine forestland, that are increasing tected with a lease requiring just that. ing business management seminars, ex- their posting as a means of preventing Also present at the meeting were two ploring industrial development possibili- vandalism, fires, and littering. The com- employees of Ohio Leasing Company. ties, increasing public awareness, pro- panies typically are posting land and then They have been offering $1.00 per acre moting the use of wood for fuel, and requiring the sportsman to purchase a per year with a typical 10 year lease for market development. The coordinator's permit in order to gain access. properties in the Litchfield Township services have proved so valuable that the Such a law, if enacted, would clearly area of Bradford County and also for ex- (Continued on page 22)

July/August 1987 17 WOODLOT

NEW JONSERED CP BACKPACK SPRAYER CHAIN SAW YANMAR MOWER Cooper Pegler may be a new name in backpack sprayers to Christmas tree Swedish chainsaw manufacturer Yanmar Company is offering a diesel farmers, but Coastal Chemical may not Jonsered Motor AB has come up with mower with a 48-inch-wide mowing be. Coastal, with a known name in another new model, the 670, said to be deck. It should be very useful in the swimming pool chemicals, has taken on a extraordinarily light (13.5 pounds) in re- Christmas tree plantation. It features a line of small sprayers called CP (Cooper lation to its power (4.6 D.I.N. horse- 14 hp liquid-cooled engine and provides Pegler). TheCP15 holds four gallons; the power). High chain speed is also designed for on-the-go gear shifting ... even into CP3 holds 5.3 gallons. into the saw, as is a unique choke/throt- reverse. Circle number 65 on the Reader Both sprayers feature a pump handle tle combination for easier starting. Circle Service Coupon. that can be switched to right-hand or left- number on the Reader Service 68 hand and a pressure control regulator. Coupon. Both are offered with a full line of multi- nozzle booms, spray shields, tree guards, and variable-spray nozzles. Sprayers of this type are now widely recognized as an economical means to employ herbicides and insecticides in the Christmas tree plantation. Circle number 61 on the Reader Service Coupon.

ECONOMY -MODEL RADIO HORSE Now there is a lower cost model Radio Horse for forest owners and part-time us- ers. The Radio Horse Model 31°features the same made-to-be-rugged drive train and radio control systems and your MOELVEN LOG CLEAVER choice of a 14 hp Lombardini diesel en- gine or a Honda 11 hp gasoline engine. "The Moelven Log Cleaver is an inge- HOLDER FARM- The Radio Horse has become well nious device," writes Syracuse Forestry FORESTRY TRACTOR known as a low-impact tree harvesting School researcher Doug Monteith. "With The design of the German-built Holder machine. Circle number 60 on the Read- only two moving parts (the hydraulic pis- tractor makes it well-suited for farm- er Service Coupon. ton that drives the cleaver and the valve forestry work. With its four large wheels, for controlling the hydraulics), it appears it even looks like a miniature log skidder. to be a highly reliable and effective ma- The Catskill Forestry Association owns chine. It employs an innovative design one for its thinning work and is well that combines a sharpened cutting blade pleased with it. The Holder features ar- to which are attached to wedges ... so ticulated steering and a roll-bar that is that the firewood chunk is split as it is easily converted to a closed cab. The severed. A Catskill Forestry Association model shown here is a Cultitrac A60, member who owns one says he can pro- with 56 hp and water-cooled three-cy- cess three face cords in an hour single- linder, four-stroke diesel engine. Circle handedly!" Circle Number 62 on the number 64 on the Reader Service Reader Service Coupon. Coupon.

18 Forest Owner EQUIPMENT WOODLOT TIMBER/LOGS For Sale: Maple Sugarmakers- Wanted: slicer grade veneer logs: check our low prices on major white oak, red oak, white ash. brands of equipment. Complete, Trucks available. Prompt pay- personalized set-up advice free. ment. Contact Randy Oste, In- Danforth's Sugarhouse, U.S. ternational Veneer Co., PO Box. Route 2,East Montpelier, VT. SHOP 15, Bemus Point, NY 14712. Tel. 8021229-9536. 716/386-6288. For Sale: Gafner Iron Mule 4WD Classified advertisements WANTED skidder with knockleboom and trailer. Rich Peters, Box AA, Paw- Wanted: Growing Christmas trees 3 feet-10 feet pruned or nat- ling, NY 12564. 914/855-1531. TIMBER/LOGS TIMBER/LOGS ural, Central-Western NY area. Breeze wood bandmill. The mod- Wanted: Standing timber, top For Sale: four black walnut trees 315/524-7827. ern, easy way to saw lumber. Ac- prices paid. 30 years experience DBH of 23",26",29", 31" and Wanted:Attendees at Forestry curate, efficient, portable. Hy- cutting timber for farmers. Good heights to first limb about 10'. seminar to be held 7:45 Friday draulic carriage feed and cut reputation. Fully insured. Call Contact Paul Balcom, 34 Ply- evening, August 14, during 40th sizing. See it at Van Etten Com- 315/429-8010 or 315/429- mouth PI., Williamsville, NY NYS Woodsmen's Field Days in munity Festival 9/13/87 or 9826. Arnold Moore, Box 157, 14221. 716/633-1634. Boonville, New York.Topics: write Bill Smyth, Box 11, Van Et- Salisbury Center, NY 13454. ten, NY 14889. Wanted: veneer quality red oak, How the Forest Industry Affects Wanted: quality sawlogs and white oak and white ash year- You; What a Forester Can do for Wanted: Maple syrup evaporator hardwood veneer in the NY, PA, round. Field inspection can be ar- You; and Tug Hill; Deep Forests, pan of the smaller size. Will take and NJ areas. They must be ranged by contacting David Me- Strong People. Call Woodsmen's delivery after the 1987 season. available for field inspection and Cracken, P.O. Box 921, Waynes- office 315/942-4593 for infor- Contact: Daniel Cassens, Dept. will be paid for at the landing. burg, PA 15370.412/627-3279. mation. of Forestry, Purdue Univ., W. Price lists can be sent upon re- David R. Webb Co., Inc., 206 S. Wanted: export and domestic Lafayette, IN 47907. 317/494- quest. Contact Kenneth Westfall, Holland Street, P.O. Box 8, Edin- quality cherry, w. oak and w. ash 3644. Westfall Lumber, PO Box 208, burgh, IN 46124. veneer logs or standing timber- Harpursville, NY 13787. 607/ Wanted: Heavy-duty wood split- Wanted: cherry veneer logs, 12" lands. Also require grades of saw- 693-3196. ter with minimum 4-way split, diameter and up, 8' minimum logs and panel cherry. Cash paid. good condition. Contact: Dan For Sale: white pine logs, 200,000 lengths; indicate quantities you Horizon Wood Products, Ridge- Flynn, 280 Clark Road,Ganse- B.F.Doyle Rule. Also mill res- can deliver per month on long- way, PA 15853. Phone: 814/ voort, NY 12831. 518/793-6813 idues. Contact Woodpecker Saw- term contract. Contact Edward 772-4566. after 7 p.m. mill, RD 3, Oxford, NY 13830. Mitchell, 5712 Empire State 607/843-8113. Bldg., New York, NY 10118. Moving ... Iet us know! NURSERY STOCK ------For Sale: Excellent quality plant- Figure one word for initial or group of ing stock, i.e., for reforestation I CWSIFIEDORDERFORM numerals. Example: J.s. Forest, 100 Wood needs, our container grown seed- I Forest Owner, Classified Dept. Road, Anywhere, NY 14850. 6071273-3507, lings can 1) improve growth and I 710 W. Clinton Street, Ithaca, NY 14850 counts as 10 words. 25¢ a word. survival rates; 2) extend your I planting season; and 3) reduce I Please publish my word ad for times starting with the issue. your planting costs in compari- I son to more traditional bare-root I enclose $ (Check must accompany order). seedling stock. Write for free I wholesale trade list. Western I Maine Nurseries, Inc., Box FO, I I One Evergreen Drive, Fryeburg, Minimum $2.50 11-$2.75 12-$3.00 ME 04037. I I 13-$3.25 14-$3.50 15-$3.75 16-$4.00 17-$4.25 18-$4.50 REAL ESTATE I I Martinsburg-Lewis County, I 19-$4.75 20-$5.00 21-$5.25 22-$5.50 23-$5.75 24-$6.00 4,000 acres, rolling hills, 25 acre I lake, streams, ~ hour south of I 25-$6.25 26-$6.50 27-$6.75 28-$7.00 29-$7.25 30-$7.50 new $600 million Camp Drum I Deadlines for ads: 2 months preceding month of issue. (Example: November/December issue closes September 10) const., Watertown, Lake Onta- I Please print or type copy - for added words, attach sheet. rio, $490,000 firm. Call owner I Name - Date ----- 2011944-3322 weekdays. I 150 acres timberland, 2,000 ft. I Address State Zip I paved road frontage, Great Val- ley, New York, near Ellicottville I NEW! Now you can place your classified advertisement by telephone any time, night or day. Just call II ski area, spring fed stream, $350/ I the Forest Owner at 6071273-3509 and dicate your advertisement, leaving your Mastercard or Visa acre. 313/646-3193 evenings. I account number. Daytimes, one of our advertising staff will handle your order. Nighttimes and week- I I ends, our answering machine will record your advertisement. I L...- ---'- L _

July / August 1987 19 Streamlined Sugaring

HEN John J. McKelvey planned to nearly double house evaporator. To date, 11 to 12 cords of firewood have been the number of taps in his sugar bush, he might nor- obtained from the weed species annually. The McKelveys fa- mally have had to double his evaporator size and maybe vored valuable tree species of ash, basswood, and cherry to be arge the sugar house to fit it in. He installed a reverse eventually felled and used for lumber. osmosis machine instead. The district forester also assisted the McKelveys in locating a McKelvey, a retired associate director for the Rockefeller group of lumbermen who could cut the weed species and also Foundation, purchased his 170-acre Richfield Hill Farm in Mad- clean up the sugar bush, making it viable for maple syrup ison County in 1973. It consisted of a number of handkerchief production. sized fields, run-down, abandoned, and geared to horse drawn By the close of 1974, all the ground work had been completed equipment. John and his wife decided to and the McKelveys were on their own. "soup up the farm," making it to produce By deciding initially to go with tubing, what it was capable of producing. the McKelveys have never used so much For optimum land usage, the McKel- as a single bucket on the farm. By using veys decided the farm land would ac- tubing, the labor required to collect the commodate four types of farm enter- sap would be lessened, they believed. In prises, including maple sugar bush, field addition, the tubing lent itself to the natu- crop production, pasture land, and an ral gravity flow of the hillside sugar bush. apiary. The McKelvey's next step was to re- The farm-on rolling, country hill- model and enlarge what had been a milk sides-straddles the boundary between house and install an evaporator within it. Otsego and Herkimer Counties in the Three years later, they replaced the origi- central part of the state. At from 1,450 to nal evaporator with a larger one. Even 1,580 feet above sea level, the land drains more recently, in a further step to moder- southwest through the Unadilla River in- to the Susquehanna River to the Chesa- harles Coons examines the holding tank at the foot of the south slope. peake Bay. To the north lies the Mohawk C Valley, with the Adirondack Mountains nize, the McKelveys have installed a re- rising beyond the valley. To the south- by Joseph Albino verse osmosis machine, more simply west of the farm are the Catskill called an R.o. machine. Mountains. According to John, "The reverse os- To make their 50 acre woodlot pro- mosis machine is a system of molecular ductive for a sugar bush, the McKelveys John J. Mckelvey's membranes which take sap from the field arranged for Dick Weir,"district forester Richfield Hill Farm at a certain concentration-normally of the New York State Department of two to three percent-and expresses the Environmental Conservation, to survey combines smart water from the sap to a point where sap the land. They also arranged with him, land-use planning can be run into the evaporator at a con- on a cost share basis, to layout a modern centration between eight and twelve per- gravity-flow sap collection tubing system with modem cent sugar. This is a tremendous advan- on both the north and south slopes of the equipment like the tage when you realize that by going from farm's Richfield Hill. The hill is the basic two percent to eight percent, fifty to sev- topographical element on the farm, ac- reverse osmosis enty-five percent of the water is re- cording to the U.S. Geographical Survey moved," he adds. map. machine for optimum Of course, with less water to evapo- To favor a maple stand, they decided woodlot production. rate, less boiling is needed in the evapora- the weed species of trees, including beech tor. For example, 2% sap requires 40 gal- and elm, would be marked to be cut and lons of sap to make a gallon of syrup, but used as a firewood supply for the sap 4%sap requires 20 gallons of sap to make

20 Forest Owner pumped to a similar tank at the sugar house. It then passes by an ultraviolet light that sterilizes it, lessening the bacte- rial action. Because bacteria changes the sucrose to invert sugars, and invert sugars are darker than the sucrose, a darker syr- up results without use of the ultraviolet light. A lighter syrup is more desirable and brings a better price at the retail counter. After passing the ultraviolet light, the sap flows into a 660 gallon holding tank. A high pressure pump pumps the sap into the R.O. machine. The clear water-called permeate- passes into a tank above the evaporator. At the close of each day, the permeate- which is absolutely sterile-is used to flush the filters and membranes of the R.O. machine to keep them clean for the next flow. The concentrated sap passes into a holding tank, later to pass by another ul- traviolet light to further sterilize the sap before it flows into the evaporator. When the reverse osmosis machine was first hooked up, the controls were accidentally reversed. Pure water flowed into the evaporator. There was a prob- lem, the McKelveys concluded, because it was taking a long, long time for the sap to boil down! The final product is sold in 12 ounce jars, one-half pints, and one-gallon cans. Most of it is sold to retail customers in the nearby community of Richfield Springs. In addition, a certain amount is sold by mail order to friends and relatives a gallon of syrup. Thus, instead of boiling throughout the country. for 14 hours, the operator may only have ohn McKelvey checks the controls on As of this writing, the McKelveys have j the reverse osmosis machine. to boil for 7 hours. accomplished the goals they established Take, for example, the fact that a 3xlO ing the labor force. Also, by using a re- in 1973, as follows: evaporator is rated to handle 1,000 taps. verse osmosis machine, the McKelveys 1. Twenty-four acres of woodlot are With a reverse osmosis machine in the find they can use half as much fuel wood under intensive maple sugar production system, an operator can double his taps in the evaporator as before. with 650 taps on 500 trees yielding 130 and continue to use the same size evapor- In more recent years, the McKelveys gallons of maple syrup each year. Even- ator. Otherwise, the operator, without a have also retained the services of Charles tually, 900 trees will be tapped on 50 reverse osmosis machine, would have to Coons, on a part-time basis, from the acres. install a 4x14 evaporator to handle 2,000 nearby community of Richfield Springs, 2. Thirty acres of pasture support 20 taps. to manage the woods and expand the head of cattle. This pasture land occupies John also points out towards the end sugar bush. 30 acres of land which was too rocky, of the season when the sap concentrate Though originally the tubing was tak- hilly, or swampy for crop production. gets down to 1\6%,an operator will often en down at the end of each season, Coons Work included tearing out old fencing, stop boiling because it doesn't seem advised the McKelveys to leave the tub- building new fencing, installing solar worthwhile. However, with the reverse ing in place year-round as a labor savings. powered electric fencing to divide the osmosis machine, the sap can be concen- Coons also points out that taking the tub- pasture for rotational grazing, liming and trated to a point where it becomes eco- ing down and putting it back up tends to fertilizing the pasture, developing the nomically feasible to boil it. stretch the lines. natural springs and water courses, and in- Installation of the reverse osmosis ma- The plastic tubing runs from tree to stalling the tile drainage. chine enabled the McKelveys to handle tree and drains into a 600 gallon tank at 3. Development of 75 acres of crop the extra volume of sap without installing the foot of each hill, on the north and land, 60 acres of which yield about a larger evaporator and without increas- south slopes. From these tanks, the sap is (Continued on page 22)

July/August 1987 21 IT IS NOT REGIONAL REPORTS (Continued from page 17) ery tailored to farm-tractor operation. ENOUGH Adirondack North Country Association The equipment shown included the (ANCA) is underwriting his employ- Farmi winch, the Valby chipper, and a TO OWN ment by the RC&D for another year. knuckleboom which can be operated as a This past winter, some of the RC&D claw for lifting logs or, as the group saw . A FOREST staff attended the Northeast Wood Prod- it, a giant scissor that snips four-inch- ucts Exposition in Boston. They took a diameter trees in brush-clearing opera- sample of Black River-St.Lawrence tions. Company owner Rainer Langstedt wood products, "but we were embar- says a smaller, lower-cost chipper, some- rassed at how little we had," said Mr. where on the order of $2,400, is being Esser. Other marketing groups were there developed that should have wider appeal with massive displays and promotional to those who would make only occasion- materials. "You have to get your name in al use of a chipper. All of Northeast Im- front of people," adds Esser, "if you want plement's equipment is manufactured by to move your products." Finnish companies. RC&D and the St. Lawrence Housing Mr. and Mrs. Langstedt also provided The challenge is to nurture it, to ful- Council jointly produced plans for a some great homemade brownies and hot fill a destiny of beauty, productivity, 24x32, two-bedroom "Northlander" post coffee for a chilly evening! and family pride . . . while turning and beam house that could be built by A late June twilight meeting featured enough dollars over to hang on to it. do-it-yourselfers for about $22,000, in- a visit to NYFOA member Jonathan But how? cluding plumbing fixtures, cabinets, but Fyock, whose property near the Penn- There are no easy answers, only excluding the cost of the site and its prep- sylvania border has recently been the site ideas to ponder by the woodstove. aration. of successful gas-well drilling. Mr. Fyock That's what NYFOA is all about: To obtain a set of plans, circle number 99 shared his observations and experiences ideas, family pride in forest manage- on the reader service coupon. with the the drilling companies. More ment, and sharing of dreams. wells are expected to be drilled in the Through regular issues of Forest NE IMPLEMENT Tioga County area in coming months, so magazine, frequent seminars Owner Mr. Fyock's advice was most welcome. and woods walks in one another's HOSTS After the meeting at the gas well, the woodlots, and extended tours to ex- TIOGA OWNERS group reconvened at a nearby meeting tend the fellowship and learning in Nearly 40 forest owners were treated hall for a business meeting. It was an- foreign lands, members of the New to farm-forestry equipment demonstra- nounced that Todd Trammell of Lisle, York Forest Owners Association are tions at Northeast Implement Corpora- NY, had agreed to become chapter treas- growing as surely as the trees in their tion in late April. The twilight meeting urer, and plans were laid for future chap- woodlots. was arranged by the Tioga Chapter of the ter activities. New York Forest Owners Association. To contact the Tioga Chapter of the NY- ·, Northeast Implement has grown as a bus- FOA, circle number 88 on the reader ser- J010. ------iness by specializing in forestry machin- vice coupon. - Check your preferred membership option: helped with the fence row removal and o Regular - $10 0 Family - $15 SUGARING ... (Continued from page 21) o Contributing - $16-$99 layout for strip cropping the hillside o Supporting - over $100 10,000 bales of high quality alfalfa hay, fields. This federal agency also assisted in and 15 acres of which yield about 200 the establishment of a sod waterway, Send checks payable to: tons of silage. Additional fence row re- diversion ditch, and the development of New York Forest Owners Association moval and bush clearance will bring spring water to provide a steady source of P.O. Box 123 more acres into production in future ye- water for the cattle on pasture. Boonville, NY 13309 ars. John notes the elevation of the farm Although an active and involved forest Yes, I'd like to join the New York lends itself to a short growing season and owner, John McKelvey maintains fasci- Forest Owners Association and get limits farming to field crops in support of nating outside interests. He is Chairman more out of my woodlands. a local prosperous dairy industry. of the Board of Trustees of the Interna- 4. Three-hundred pounds of honey are tional Institute for Tropical Agriculture .Name derived from seven hives. Honey produc- in Nigeria and is on assignment for them. tion may be increased in the next decade. In addition, he is Deputy Chairman of Address It should also be noted the Agricul- the International Trypano Tolerance City tural Stabilization and Conservation Center in Africa. This work deals with Service not only helped finance the initial the development of resistance in cattle to State/Zip elimination of weed trees in the sugar the same sort of disease that causes sleep-

County Phone 7/87 bush, but the Soil Conservation Service ing sickness in human beings. _

22 Forest Owner WOODCU'fS LOGGING, ZONING loggers and bring requests of the loggers Boards that look the other way. AND FOREST OWNERS to the proper agency. It must listen to The most important item in this spec- town planners and make its presence trum of options from free ownership to Questions have been raised about known at town meetings. It must know complete government control is the land- town zoning and logging ordinances. forestry from the ground up and be will- owner. If you hired a carpenter and told Cornell Cooperative Extension has pub- ing to go the extra mile for the industry, him to work in one room and you found lished a Conservation Circular (Vol. 20, even if it means stepping on some of its one of his workers wrecking the whole No.3) that offers a discussion of the issues own. Once this clearing-house has estab- house, you would not delay in firing him. involved. On the pro side it offers: the en- lished itself, the cry for forestry laws and Yet people do not fire people sitting on a couragement oflogging practices; protec- ordinances will die down. skidder or operating a chainsaw. If you tion of property boundaries, streams, soil, Who are these supermen for such an don't want regional government or town and roads; and the keeping track of agency and where are they? How do we zoning, you're going to have to start firing logging. find such a group? In New York, at least, those loggers and foresters who don't re- The con side offers: enforcement that they are here and in place; they are spect your property. lacks expertise; burdening of foresters; known as the Forest Practice Board. =Robert 0. Richter extra cost to landowners; and confu- We the people of the forestry com- Southern Tier Chapter sion caused by lack of uniformity in munity ... landowners, loggers, foresters, NY Forest Owners Association regulations. What is lacking in this publication is and civil servants ... must support them, Woodcuts is a page of editorial and make their presence known to the town reader opinion. Short essays on topics of the fact that these laws are building boards, planning groups, and offenders. interest toforestland owners may be sub- blocks for future legal issues, and also They can't do the job alone. Report of- mitted to Forest Owner, 710 West Clin- that the costs of zoning and ordinances fenders and report local Forest Practice ton Ithaca, NY 14850. • are borne not only by the landowners Street, and logger, but by all the taxpayers of the ~------town. The public is not interested in the stew- : FREE READER SERVICE COUPON I ardship of the land, only in stopping what I PLEASE SEND ME MORE INFORMATION ON THESE PRODUCTS: I offends the majority. The rules estab- (Please circle your choices) I lished in the majority of logging ordi- 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I nances or town zoning are a result of a 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 I hasty act to quiet the angry mob. And if 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 the agency that oversees the law is too tough, lawsuits are brought to deregulate, 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 abolish, or reduce the power of the agen- 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 cy. When these laws become so oppres- sive they cause a problem for the citizen lam a: to make a living, he or she can sue the Name age a. D Christmas tree grower agency. There are now "right to work" b. D Firewood producer laws and "right to farm" laws on the Address books. c. D Firewood user How do we go about keeping forestry d. D Maple syrup producer City State Zip separated from this town board zoning? e. D Timber producer This is a hard question, but we know that f. D Country-home owner hasty zoning is a poor form and regional telephone occupation g. D Hunter or fisherman government (the Adirondack Park h. D Nature enthusiast Agency) has more problems than it can acres in use mailing label number i. D Gardener properly handle. OPTIONAL: Family income j. D Amateur photographer There must be a clearing-house type o less than $20,000 0 $20,000-$39,999 k. D ATV/ snowmobile user agency that will work with all concerned. 0$40,000-$99,999 0 $100,000 or more l. D X-country skier It must be willing to look at what the bi- Gross sales from forest activities $ _ ologist, forester, and economist have to offer. It must be willing to find the quan- Others to whom Forest Owner should be sent: Name I tity and quality of raw materials needed I by industry in-state and out-of-state. It Address City State Zip I would have to oversee the actions of the Mail to: Forest Owner, 710 West Clinton St., Ithaca, NY 14850 7/87 I ~ I J

July/ August1987 23 BULK RATE U.S. Postage Paid furestOwner Ft. Atkinson, WI 53538 710 WEST CLINTON STREET, ITHACA, NY 14850 Permit No. 125 Address Correction Requested

VALBY WOODCHIPPER SMALL KNUCKLEBOOM

In a crowded field of woodchippers, the Valby chippers stand The Farmi HK 1800 is the loader that firewood and pulp pro- out by producing exceptionally uniform chips. In addition to ducers have been waiting for. The loader is affordable and big traditional uses of chips, one can use Valby chips in gasifiers enough to get the job done. The loader can be mounted directly and chip stokers which demand high uniformity. The uniform on most Farmi winches. The loader can also be mounted on chips enable inexpensive chip transport methods such as grain pulp trucks and trailers. It can be used as a stationary unit to augers to be used. The chip size is continuously adjustable be- feed firewood processors or woodchippers such as the Valby tween '/4" and 1". This covers all traditional uses of woodchips Chipper. The winch and loader combination is a universal ma- from animal bedding and energy chips to pulp chips and land- chine which can be used for a multitude of jobs. Prebunching, scaping chips. Maximum slab size is 10" wide or 9" in diameter forwarding, loading of pulpwood can all be performed with for roundwood. Three knives on a 41" disk do the cutting. The this machine combination. Valby chippers can be supplied with V-belt pulleys for electric Life cap. at 6 ft. reach 21601bs. motor hookup or with a PTO hookup for farm tractors. The Max. boom reach...... 13 ft. 3 in. chippers are available with direct feed from knives or with hy- Boom swing. 2000 draulic fee'd rollers. Grapple rotation ...... 3000 Max. grapple opening

Send us your name and address. We will send you the FARMI TREE HARVESTING METHOD booklet and the name of your nearest Farmi dealer. NORTHEAST IMPLEMENT CORPORATION P.O. Box 402, Spencer, NY 14883 Tel: (607) 589-6160

Circle No. lOon Service coupon