Program for 2009 SSA Annual Meeting
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The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake: a Supershear Rupture Event Constrained by Insar and Broadband Regional Seismograms
remote sensing Article The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake: A Supershear Rupture Event Constrained by InSAR and Broadband Regional Seismograms Jin Fang 1, Caijun Xu 1,2,3,* , Yangmao Wen 1,2,3 , Shuai Wang 1, Guangyu Xu 1, Yingwen Zhao 1 and Lei Yi 4,5 1 School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (J.F.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (G.X.); [email protected] (Y.Z.) 2 Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China 4 Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; [email protected] 5 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-6877-8805 Received: 4 April 2019; Accepted: 29 May 2019; Published: 3 June 2019 Abstract: The 28 September 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred at a triple junction zone where the Philippine Sea, Australian, and Sunda plates are convergent. Here, we utilized Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data together with broadband regional seismograms to investigate the source geometry and rupture kinematics of this earthquake. Results showed that the 2018 Palu earthquake ruptured a fault plane with a relatively steep dip angle of ~85◦. -
Notice This Manuscript Is a Non-Peer Reviewed Preprint Submitted To
Notice This manuscript is a non-peer reviewed preprint submitted to EarthArXiv. It has been submitted for publication to GRL on 01/10/2019 with reference number #2019GL085649. Newer versions may be moderately different with slight variations in content. Manuscript details Title: Does a damaged-fault zone mitigate the near-field impact of supershear earthquakes?—Application to the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake Authors: Elif Oral, Huihui Weng and Jean-Paul Ampuero Contact: [email protected] manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters 1 Does a damaged-fault zone mitigate the near-field 2 impact of supershear earthquakes?—Application to the 3 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake 1 1 1,2 4 Elif Oral , Huihui Weng , and Jean Paul Ampuero 1 5 Universit´eCˆote d’Azur, IRD, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cˆote d’Azur, G´eoazur, France 2 6 California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA 7 Key Points: 8 • The unexpectedly low rupture speed of the 2018 Palu supershear earthquake can 9 be explained by a fault damage zone. 10 • The reduction of rupture speed by a fault damage zone mitigates the near-field 11 ground motion and landslide hazard. 12 • Fault zone waves amplify ground motions, but not enough to compensate for the 13 mitigation e↵ect of rupture speed. Corresponding author: Elif Oral, [email protected] –1– manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters 14 Abstract 15 The impact of earthquakes can be severely aggravated by cascading secondary hazards. 16 The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquake led to devastating tsunamis and landslides, 17 while triggered submarine landslides possibly contributed substantially to generate the 18 tsunami. -
Internal Deformation of the Southern Sierra Nevada Microplate Associated with Foundering Lower Lithosphere, California
Geodynamics and Consequences of Lithospheric Removal in the Sierra Nevada, California themed issue Internal deformation of the southern Sierra Nevada microplate associated with foundering lower lithosphere, California Jeffrey Unruh1, Egill Hauksson2, and Craig H. Jones3 1Lettis Consultants International, Inc., 1981 North Broadway, Suite 330, Walnut Creek, California 94596, USA 2Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 3Department of Geological Sciences and CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences), CB 399, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0399, USA ABSTRACT here represents westward encroachment of Sierra Nevada east of the Isabella anomaly. The dextral shear into the microplate from the seismicity represents internal deformation of the Quaternary faulting and background eastern California shear zone and southern Sierra Nevada microplate, a large area of central seismicity in the southern Sierra Nevada Walker Lane belt. The strain rotation may and northern California that moves ~13 mm/yr microplate are concentrated east and south refl ect the presence of local stresses associated to the northwest relative to stable North Amer- of the Isabella anomaly, a high-velocity body with relaxation of subsidence in the vicinity ica as an independent and nominally rigid block in the upper mantle interpreted to be lower of the Isabella anomaly. Westward propaga- (Argus and Gordon, 1991, 2001). At the latitude Sierra lithosphere that is foundering into the tion of foundering lithosphere, with spatially of the Isabella anomaly, the majority of micro- astheno sphere. We analyzed seismicity in this associated patterns of upper crustal deforma- plate translation is accommodated by mixed region to evaluate patterns of upper crustal tion similar to those documented herein, can strike-slip and normal faulting in the southern deformation above and adjacent to the Isa- account for observed late Cenozoic time- and Walker Lane belt (Fig. -
Coherence of Mach Fronts During Heterogeneous Supershear Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Simulations and Comparison with Observations A
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115, B08301, doi:10.1029/2009JB006819, 2010 Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations A. Bizzarri,1 Eric M. Dunham,2,3 and P. Spudich4 Received 24 July 2009; revised 18 February 2010; accepted 25 February 2010; published 3 August 2010. [1] We study how heterogeneous rupture propagation affects the coherence of shear and Rayleigh Mach wavefronts radiated by supershear earthquakes. We address this question using numerical simulations of ruptures on a planar, vertical strike‐slip fault embedded in a three‐dimensional, homogeneous, linear elastic half‐space. Ruptures propagate spontaneously in accordance with a linear slip‐weakening friction law through both homogeneous and heterogeneous initial shear stress fields. In the 3‐D homogeneous case, rupture fronts are curved owing to interactions with the free surface and the finite fault width; however, this curvature does not greatly diminish the coherence of Mach fronts relative to cases in which the rupture front is constrained to be straight, as studied by Dunham and Bhat (2008a). Introducing heterogeneity in the initial shear stress distribution causes ruptures to propagate at speeds that locally fluctuate above and below the shear wave speed. Calculations of the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground velocity time histories corroborate the kinematic results of Bizzarri and Spudich (2008a): (1) The ground motion of a supershear rupture is richer in high frequency with respect to a subshear one. (2) When a Mach pulse is present, its high frequency content overwhelms that arising from stress heterogeneity. Present numerical experiments indicate that a Mach pulse causes approximately an w−1.7 high frequency falloff in the FAS of ground displacement. -
Laboratory Earthquakes
International Journal of Fracture (2006) 138:211–218 DOI 10.1007/s10704-006-0030-6 © Springer 2006 Laboratory earthquakes ARES J. ROSAKIS1,∗, HIROO KANAMORI2 and KAIWEN XIA3 1Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 2Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 3Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada ∗Author for correspondence (E-mail: [email protected]) Received 1 March 2005; accepted 1 December 2005 Abstract. We report on the experimental observation of the phenomenon of, spontaneously nucleated, supershear rupture and on the visualization of the mechanism of subRayleigh to supershear rupture transition in frictionally-held interfaces. The laboratory experiments mimic natural earthquakes. The results suggest that under certain conditions supershear rupture propagation can be facilitated during large earthquakes. Key words: Earthquake rupture, supershear, subRayleigh, transition. 1. Introduction Vertically dipping crustal faults are long pre-existing weak planes that extend tens of kilometers perpendicularly to the earth’s surface and often host catastrophic earth- quake rupture events. The geometry (planarity and length) of such faults is often sim- ple enough to apply appropriately modified concepts of dynamic fracture mechanics to the study of the physics underlying their rupture process. Due to the nature of earthquakes however, direct full field and real time observations of the rupture pro- cess are prohibited while even strong motion data have limitations of spatial resolu- tion. As a result, most efforts to date have focused on complicated analytical studies and on extensive numerical modeling of dynamic rupture processes using finite ele- ment, finite difference, and boundary element methods. -
Marilyn P. Maccabe, Editor U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM PROJECT SUMMARIES - 1979-80 Marilyn P. MacCabe, Editor U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Open-File Report 81-41 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS CONTENTS Introduction ........................... 1 Highlights of Major Accomplishments .................. 2 Earthquake Hazards ....................... 2 Earthquake Prediction ...................... 5 Global Seismology ........................ 7 Induced Seismicity ........................ 9 Project Summaries .......................... 10 Earthquake Hazards Studies .................... 10 Earthquake potential ..................... 10 Tectonic framework, Quaternary geology, and active faults . 10 California ...................... 10 Western U.S. (excluding California) ........... 21 Eastern U.S. ..................... 31 National ...................... 34 Earthquake recurrence and age dating .............. 35 Earthquake effects ...................... 41 Ground Motion .............. ....... 41 Ground failure ...................... 51 Surface faulting ..................... 54 Post-earthquake studies .................. 55 Earthquake losses ...................... 55 Transfer of Research Findings ................. 56 Earthquake Prediction Studies ................... 57 Location of areas where large earthquake are most likely to occur . 57 Syntheses of seismicity, -
Geomorphic Constraints on the Evolution of the Kern Gorge, Southern Sierra Nevada
Geomorphic constraints on the evolution of the Kern Gorge, southern Sierra Nevada, California By Blake C. Foreshee A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Geology Summer 2017 Copyright By Blake C. Foreshee 2017 Geom(Jrpbh; Con:!tlrainls on lb t- E,·ulut1oo or4.1 1¢ F<c1·n Go•·ge, Southern Sien-a Nevada, Caljfornia By Blake Foreshee Thi10 thesis has bt!eo a&<:ept.ed uo behalf or UlC Dcp;:u·tmcnl of Geological Sciences by their supervisor}' t:OII'imi u;ee: ~v~---- Dr. W1lh<~m C. Krugh A sst~ Ian t. Prn rr.s ~or of Gr.ology, Cfl lit"orn [a St>lt e lJ n i \' er~ity, Haker;;fie:u Commi:tcc Chclir' Pmfc.<Sod :~.:' Univmity, lli<ke,ftdd Ur. Acl<~m ~ u :\ s ~ i st<mt l'rofessor of Geology, Cal ifumla SWt.tl Un iVCl'Si t~r. Ra l<ersfi el d ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank, first and foremost, my advisor and committee chair Dr. William C. Krugh for guiding and mentoring me through this thesis project. Thank you for leading me through an intriguing investigation of the Sierra Nevada and for expressing passion and enthusiasm throughout the duration of this work. I am grateful for my committee members Dr. Adam Guo and Dr. Anthony Rathburnfor providing constructive support and feedback during this project. Thank you Dr. Greg Wilkerson for taking time out of your schedule to go into the field and show me around the lower Kern River. -
Air Photo Lineaments, Southern Sierra Nevada, California
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Air photo lineaments, southern Sierra Nevada, California by Donald C. Ross1 Open-File Report 89-365 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. 'Menlo Park, California 1989 CONTENTS Page Introduction .................................................................................................................................... i Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 2 Air photo lineaments along known faults.............................................................................. 2 San Andreas and Garlock faults................................................................................. 2 Kern Canyon-Breckenridge-White Wolf fault zone.................................................. 2 Durmc>c>d fault?.........7...:............... 2 Pinyon Peak fault....................................................................................................... 4 Jawbone fault............................................................................................................. 4 Sierra Nevada fault.................................................................................................... 4 Kern River fault........................................................................................................ -
21St Century Dam Design — Advances and Adaptations
United States Society on Dams 21st Century Dam Design — Advances and Adaptations 31st Annual USSD Conference San Diego, California, April 11-15, 2011 CONTENTS Plenary Session Managing Multiple Priorities: Raising a Dam, Operating a Reservoir, and Coordinating a System of Projects ............................1 Kelly Rodgers and Gerald E. Reed III, San Diego County Water Authority; Rosalva Morales and Yana Balotsky, City of San Diego; Thomas O. Keller, GEI Consultants, Inc.; and Kevin N. Davis, Black & Veatch Corporation Partnering with Project Stakeholders at the San Vicente Dam Raise...........3 Thomas C. Haid, Parsons/Black & Veatch JV; Gerald E. Reed III, Vic Bianes and Kelly Rodgers, San Diego County Water Authority; and William A. Corn, Shimmick Construction Company Managing Unexpected Endangered Species Issues on Bid-Ready Projects........5 Anita M. Hayworth, Dudek; Mary Putnam, San Diego County Water Authority; and Douglas Gettinger, Jeffrey D. Priest and Paul M. Lemons, Dudek Planning and Cost Reduction Considerations for RCC Dam Construction........7 Adam Zagorski, Shimmick/Obayashi JV; and Mike Pauletto, M. Pauletto and Associates Ten Years After the World Commission on Dams Report: Where Are We?........9 Manoshree Sundaram, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Australian Risk Approach for Assessment of Dams ...................11 M. Barker, GHD The Relative Health of the Dams and Reservoirs Market ................13 Del A. Shannon, ASI Constructors, Inc. Design of the Dams of the Panama Canal Expansion ..................15 Lelio Mejia, John Roadifer and Mike Forrest, URS Corporation; and Antonio Abrego and Maximiliano De Puy, Autoridad del Canal de Panama Concrete Dams: Advances in Analysis Myponga Dam Stability Evaluation: Modeling Stress Relaxation for Arch Dams Using Linear Finite Element Analysis ..........................17 Scott L. -
Late Cenozoic Structure and Tectonics of the Southern Sierra Nevada–San Joaquin Basin Transition, California
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Late Cenozoic structure and tectonics of the southern Sierra Nevada–San Joaquin Basin transition, California GEOSPHERE, v. 15, no. 4 Jason Saleeby and Zorka Saleeby Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02052.1 ■ ABSTRACT the San Joaquin Basin is widely known for its Neogene deep-marine condi- 17 figures; 3 tables; 1 set of supplemental files tions that produced prolific hydrocarbon reserves (Hoots et al., 1954). Rarely This paper presents a new synthesis for the late Cenozoic tectonic, paleogeo- in the literature are the late Cenozoic geologic features of these two adjacent CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] graphic, and geomorphologic evolution of the southern Sierra Nevada and adja- regions discussed in any depth together. The late Cenozoic features of these cent eastern San Joaquin Basin. The southern Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Ba- two regions speak to a number of significant issues in tectonics and geomor- CITATION: Saleeby, J., and Saleeby, Z., 2019, Late Cenozoic structure and tectonics of the southern Si- sin contrast sharply, with the former constituting high-relief basement exposures phology. These include: (1) the Earth’s surface responses to geologically rapid erra Nevada–San Joaquin Basin transition, Califor- and the latter constituting a Neogene marine basin with superposed low-relief changes in the distribution of mantle lithosphere loads; (2) the stability of nia: Geosphere, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1164–1205, https:// uplifts actively forming along its margins. Nevertheless, we show that Neogene cover strata–basement transition zones and the time scales over which pro- doi .org /10.1130 /GES02052.1. -
4.6 Geologic and Seismic Hazards
METROPOLITAN BAKERSFIELD METROPOLITAN BAKERSFIELD GENERAL PLAN UPDATE EIR 4.6 GEOLOGIC AND SEISMIC HAZARDS The purpose of this Section is to describe the geologic and seismic setting of the Bakersfield Metropolitan area, identify potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update, reference General Plan goals, policies, and standards, and, where necessary, recommends mitigation measures to reduce the significance of impacts. The issues addressed in this section include risks associated with: faults, strong seismic ground shaking, seismic related ground failure such as liquefaction, landslides, and unstable geologic units and/or soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING GEOLOGY Geologic Structure The Metropolitan Bakersfield area is a part of the Great Valley Geomorphic Province of California which is an alluvial plain, about 50 miles wide and 400 miles long, between the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. The Great Valley is drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which join and enter San Francisco Bay. The southern part of the Great Valley is the San Joaquin Valley. The Valley is a northwesterly trending trough (geocycline) filled with immense thickness of sediments (estimated at 40,000 feet at the axis) deposited from surrounding mountains. Streams flowing westerly from the Sierra Nevada have eroded and deposited materials into the trough, forming alluvial fans at the surface. The largest of these in the Plan area is the Kern River fan, covering about 300 square miles of the valley and made up of sand, silt and clay deposits. The Kern River flood plain is incised into the upper part of the fan, north of downtown Bakersfield, and spread out across the broad, flat lower fan to the southwest. -
2011 SCEC Report Implementing a Statewide Community Fault Model in Coordination with UCERF3 and the USGS/CGS Q-Fault Database
2011 SCEC Report Implementing a Statewide Community Fault Model in coordination with UCERF3 and the USGS/CGS Q-fault database Principal Investigator: John H. Shaw Professor of Structural & Economic Geology Harvard University Dept. of Earth & Planetary Sciences 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] //(617) 495-8008 co-Investigator: Andreas Plesch (Harvard) Proposal Categories: A: Data gathering and products Primary Focus Area: USR Primary Discipline Group: Geology Science Objectives: C, A4, A3 Summary In the past year, we developed new, substantially enhanced versions of the SCEC Community Fault (CFM) and Statewide Community Fault (SCFM) Models in collaboration with Craig Nicholson (UCSB). The models were improved by updating fault representations using more precise fault traces and relocated seismicity, with an emphasis on refining fault geometry and segmentation along the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault systems. We also developed more than 70 new fault representations in northern California. These new models are currently being evaluated by the SCEC community and will serve as a basis for the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF 3) working group efforts. Finally, we developed a new nomenclature system for the CFM that is more informative and consistent with the USGS Qfault database, enabling users to access and combine fault information more readily. Updates to the SCEC CFM (southern California) The SCEC Community Fault Model (CFM 4.0) includes more than 150 fault representations in southern California that are based on surface exposures, seismicity, seismic reflection profiles, well data, and other types of information. At the outset of the effort to develop the CFM, the fault trace map of Jennings (1994) was chosen as the primary database for defining surface fault traces, due to its widespread use in hazard assessment efforts.