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LesPRÉSIDENTS de la Chambre des communes Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2 À propos de cette publication ....................................................................................... 8 Les présidents de la Chambre des communes James Cockburn ................................................................................................. 10 Timothy Warren Anglin .......................................................................................12 Joseph-Godric Blanchet ....................................................................................... 14 L’honorable sir George Airey Kirkpatrick ................................................................ 16 L’honorable Joseph-Aldric Ouimet ......................................................................... 18 L’honorable Peter White ......................................................................................20 L’honorable sir James David Edgar .........................................................................22 Thomas Bain .....................................................................................................24 L’honorable Louis-Philippe Brodeur .......................................................................26 L’honorable Napoléon Antoine Belcourt .................................................................28 L’honorable Robert Franklin Sutherland .................................................................30 L’honorable Charles Marcil ..................................................................................32 L’honorable Thomas Simpson Sproule ...................................................................34 L’honorable Albert Sévigny ...................................................................................36 L’honorable Edgar Nelson Rhodes .........................................................................38 L’honorable Rodolphe Lemieux ............................................................................40 L’honorable George Black ....................................................................................42 L’honorable James Langstaff Bowman .....................................................................44 L’honorable Pierre-François Casgrain ......................................................................46 L’honorable James Allison Glen ............................................................................48 L’honorable Gaspard Fauteux ...............................................................................50 L’honorable William Ross Macdonald ....................................................................52 L’honorable Louis-René Beaudoin .........................................................................54 Le très honorable Daniel Roland Michener .............................................................56 L’honorable Marcel Joseph Aimé Lambert ...............................................................58 L’honorable Alan Aylesworth Macnaughton. 60 L’honorable Lucien Lamoureux .............................................................................62 L’honorable James Alexander Jerome. 64 La très honorable Jeanne Sauvé .............................................................................66 L’honorable Cyril Lloyd Francis .............................................................................68 L’honorable John William Bosley ..........................................................................70 L’honorable John Allen Fraser ..............................................................................72 L’honorable Gilbert Parent ................................................................................... 74 Peter Andrew Stewart Milliken .............................................................................. 76 L’honorable Andrew Scheer ..................................................................................78 Autres ouvrages recommandés ....................................................................................80 1 IntroductionIntroduction © Library of Parliament The House of Commons Speaker’s parade 2 Les PRÉSIDENTS de la Chambre des communes © Bibliothèque du Parlement © Bibliothèque Le fauteuil du président de la Chambre des communes La présidence de la Chambre des communes du Canada Introduction a ses origines dans l’histoire parlementaire britannique des siècles passés, mais elle a évolué au cours des 140 dernières années pour devenir une institution spécifiquement canadienne. Le président joue un rôle crucial dans le bon fonctionnement de la Chambre des communes, qui est au cœur du système fédéral de gouvernement au Canada. Il exerce de nombreuses autres fonctions et occupe une place essentielle dans le régime parlementaire canadien. Origines de la présidence Les origines de la présidence remontent au moins à l’Angleterre du XIVe siècle. En 1376, sir Peter de la Mare fut choisi comme porte-parole par la Chambre des communes britannique, et en 1377 son successeur, sir Thomas Hungerford, fut le premier député sur plus de 150 à porter le titre de « Speaker » (président). À cette époque, les présidents, chargés de représenter les Communes auprès du roi, se trouvaient dans une position délicate : entre 1399 et 1535, sept présidents furent décapités, un autre fut tué pendant la guerre des Deux-Roses et un dernier, assassiné. Le rôle du président prit véritablement forme en 1642 : Charles Ier fit son entrée à la Chambre et ordonna d’être informé Qu’il plaise à Votre Majesté, je n’ai de l’endroit où se trouvaient cinq parlementaires d’yeux pour voir et de langue pour parler pour qu’ils se livrent à lui. Le président, William que selon le bon plaisir de la Chambre, Lenthall, refusa de lui donner l’information, dont je suis ici le serviteur; et j’implore prononçant des paroles historiques qui ont été humblement le pardon de Votre Majesté reprises occasionnellement à la Chambre du si je ne puis Lui fournir d’autre réponse Canada pour définir la relation entre celle-ci et à ce qu’Elle juge bon de me demander. la Couronne : 3 © Collection de la Chambre des communes, OttawaCollection de la Chambre L’urne pour l’élection du président de la Chambre des communes La présidence existait déjà dans les premières assemblées législatives coloniales du Canada. Le premier président a été Robert Sanderson, un marchand de Boston, choisi pour présider la première assemblée législative représentative de la Nouvelle-Écosse en 1758. Dans les années qui ont précédé la Confédération, les prési- dents des assemblées législatives de l’Amérique du Nord britannique consolidèrent l’indépendance, l’impartialité et la nature non partisane de leur fonction, en parallèle avec l’évolution de la présidence au Royaume-Uni. L’Acte de l’Amérique du Nord britannique de Une présidence spécifiquement canadienne 1867 – connu aujourd’hui sous le nom Voici certains traits distinctifs de la présidence canadienne : de Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 – créait le • Jusqu’au milieu des années 1980, le premier ministre proposait un candidat à la présidence Dominion du Canada « avec une constitution (en général après avoir consulté le chef de l’Opposition), et la Chambre approuvait la nomi- reposant sur les mêmes principes que celle nation. En 1985, la Chambre a adopté le mode d’élection par scrutin secret, mesure qui du Royaume-Uni ». Cette loi prévoit que assure l’indépendance du poste. la Chambre élit son propre président, qui préside à toutes ses séances, et qu’elle doit en • Normalement, le candidat proposé est membre du parti politique au pouvoir; à de rares élire un nouveau si la charge devient vacante occasions, toutefois, il est arrivé que le président issu du parti précédemment au pouvoir à titre permanent ou temporaire (disposition soit proposé par le nouveau parti qui formait le gouvernement. Depuis la Confédération, qui a été modifiée en 1885 par la création de 20 libéraux et 14 conservateurs ont occupé la présidence. la charge de vice-président). Le président ne • Au fil du temps, les présidents canadiens se sont éloignés de plus en plus de l’activité partisane. vote qu’en cas d’égalité des voix. Une grande Bien que choisi parmi les députés en exercice – et donc susceptible d’appartenir à un parti partie de ses fonctions doit toutefois ses politique –, le président est censé être rigoureusement non partisan. Il ne participe pas aux origines non pas à des documents constitu- réunions de caucus ni aux débats de la Chambre, malgré qu’il ne lui soit pas interdit de le faire. tionnels ou législatifs, mais plutôt à l’histoire, • Le caractère bilingue du Canada a fait apparaître la convention (pas toujours respectée) de aux usages et aux conventions. l’alternance entre les présidents de langue anglaise et ceux de langue française. En dépit des services d’interprétation simultanée offerts à la Chambre dans les dernières années, le bilin- guisme demeure un atout, sinon une exigence, pour la présidence. • Au Canada, les présidents de la Chambre des communes occupent leur charge moins long- temps en moyenne que leurs homologues au Royaume-Uni. • En 1965, une modification apportée au Règlement a renforcé l’autorité du président en éliminant la possibilité de faire appel de ses décisions devant la Chambre. Toutefois, la source véritable de son autorité est la confiance des députés. Le président est, comme l’a dit William Lenthall, le serviteur de la Chambre. Il peut donner le ton aux débats en veillant au maintien
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  • “Anglo-Conformity”: Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890S–1950S1

    “Anglo-Conformity”: Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890S–1950S1

    Jatinder Mann “Anglo-Conformity”: Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890s–1950s1 Abstract In the late nineteenth century Canada started to receive large waves of non- British migrants for the very first time in its history. These new settlers arrived in a country that saw itself very much as a British society. English-speaking Canadians considered themselves a core part of a worldwide British race. French Canadians, however, were obviously excluded from this ethnic identity. The maintenance of the country as a white society was also an integral part of English-speaking Canada’s national identity. Thus, white non-British migrants were required to assimilate into this English-speaking Canadian or Anglocen- tric society without delay. But in the early 1950s the British identity of English- speaking Canada began to decline ever so slowly. The first steps toward the gradual breakdown of the White Canada policy also occurred at this time. This had a corresponding weakening effect on the assimilation policy adopted toward non-British migrants, which was based on Anglo-conformity. Résumé À la fin du 19e siècle, pour la première fois de son histoire, le Canada commençait à accueillir des vagues importantes d’immigrants non britanni- ques. Ces nouveaux arrivants entraient dans un pays qui se percevait en grande partie comme une société britannique. Les anglophones canadiens se con- sidéraient en effet comme une composante centrale de la « race » britannique mondiale. Les francophones, en revanche, étaient de toute évidence exclus de cette identité ethnique. Par ailleurs, une autre composante essentielle de l’identité nationale canadienne anglophone était la pérennité du pays en tant que société blanche.