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Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint Focus on Product Environmental Information Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint Focus on Product Environmental Information Johanna Suikkanen, Ari Nissinen and Marianne Wesnæs TemaNord 2019:544 Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint Focus on Product Environmental Information Johanna Suikkanen, Ari Nissinen and Marianne Wesnæs ISBN 978-92-893-6260-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-6261-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2019-544 TemaNord 2019:544 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2019 This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations Cover photo: Luis Villasmil, Unsplash.com Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not pro- duced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot, therefore, guarantee that the reuse of third-party content does not in- fringe the copyright of the third party. If you wish to reuse any third-party content, you bear the risks associ- ated with any such rights violations. You are responsible for determining whether there is a need to obtain per- mission for the use of third-party content, and if so, for obtaining the relevant permission from the copyright holder. Examples of third-party content may include, but are not limited to, tables, figures or images. Photo rights (further permission required for reuse): Any queries regarding rights and licences should be addressed to: Nordic Council of Ministers/Publication Unit Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen Denmark [email protected] Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, economics and culture and plays an important role in European and international forums. The Nordic community strives for a strong Nordic Region in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation promotes regional interests and values in a global world. The values shared by the Nordic countries help make the region one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. The Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen [email protected] Download and order Nordic publications from www.norden.org/nordpub Contents Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 7 Definitions ................................................................................................................................ 9 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 13 Foreword ................................................................................................................................. 15 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 17 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 19 1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 20 1.3 Methods and materials ........................................................................................... 21 2. Basic Information on the Swan and PEF schemes .............................................................. 25 2.1 The Nordic Swan Ecolabelling scheme ................................................................... 25 2.2 Nordic Swan Ecolabel product environmental criteria ............................................ 28 2.3 Participating in the Nordic Swan Ecolabelling scheme ............................................. 33 2.4 Product Environmental Footprint ............................................................................34 2.5 Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) .................................... 36 2.6 Participating in the PEF scheme ..............................................................................43 3. Comparison of the Nordic Swan Ecolabel and the PEF ....................................................... 47 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 47 3.2 Goals and objectives ............................................................................................... 47 3.3 Overall methodological approach .......................................................................... 49 3.4 Definition of product categories ............................................................................. 50 3.5 Functional units and alternative approaches ........................................................... 56 3.6 Significant environmental aspects .......................................................................... 65 3.7 Data quality and verification ................................................................................... 87 3.8 Establishing credibility and verification .................................................................. 95 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 99 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 99 4.2 Hypothetical future situation ................................................................................ 100 4.3 Opportunities and challenges ................................................................................ 101 4.4 How the PEF could be used by the Nordic Swan Ecolabel ...................................... 103 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................ 105 Sammanfattning ................................................................................................................... 109 References ............................................................................................................................ 111 Annex I: Workshop Questions ................................................................................................ 117 Annex II: Workshop Report .................................................................................................... 119 Workshop Report of the Nordic workshop on Product Environmental Footprint and the Nordic Swan Ecolabel – Focus on product environmental information ................... 119 Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint 5 6 Nordic Swan Ecolabel and Product Environmental Footprint Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1 Report development Figure 2 Organisation chart for the Nordic Swan Ecolabel Figure 3 Project flow for criteria development for the Nordic Swan Ecolabel Figure 4 Steps to be followed for the development of PEFCRs Figure 5 Phases of a Product Environmental Footprint study Figure 6 Metal content of batteries Figure 7 Bill of materials of a representative product T-shirts Figure 8 A hypothetical situation where a better-than average – PEF value is a prerequisite for ecolabel applicants List of Tables Table 1 Basis for comparing Swan and PEF Table 2 Swan Ecolabel criteria documents and PEF category rules with similar product groups Table 3 MECO chart Table 4 Data detail in the MECO analysis according to the MECO Guide Table 5 Comparison of objectives Table 6 Relation to ISO Standards Table 7 Product category definitions – Rechargeable batteries Table 8 Product category definitions – Paper products Table 9 Product category definitions – Textiles, hides/skin and leather Table 10 Product categories definitions – Indoor and outdoor paint Table 11 Functional units – and other units used as
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