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Advanced Online Publication ChinaXiv合作期刊 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.180302 New material of the Late Miocene Moschus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Huade, Nei Mongol, North China DONG Wei1,2 LIU Wen-Hui1,3 ZHANG Li-Min1 BAI Wei-Peng1,3 CAI Bao-Quan4 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 [email protected]) (2 Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100049) (3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049) (4 Department of History, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005) Abstract Moschus grandaevus was firstly uncovered from the Late Miocene deposits at Ertemte, AdvancedOlan Chorea, Harr Obo and onlineHua Ba in or around Huade County publication in the middle part of Nei Mongol and was described by Schlosser in 1924. The excavations by Sino-Soviet Joint Paleontological Team in 1959 and recent excavations since 2013 at Tuchengzi (Tuchetse), another locality at Huade, accumulated many specimens of the musk deer. The morphology and metric studies show that the musk deer specimens from Tuchengzi are the same as those described by Schlosser and can be included into the same species. M. grandaevus ranges from Siberia of Russia to North China, and likely to southern China, in the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The appearance of such folivorous musk deer in the Late Miocene deposits at Tuchengzi indicates that there were forests there during that period. The cladistic analyses show that the fossil species of Moschus are closely related to each other and can be grouped together as Moschini or Moschinae. Micromeryx is closer to Moschus and Cervidae, but the relationship between Micromeryx and Moschus is more complicated than previously considered; nonetheless Hispanomeryx is closer to Bovidae. Key words Tuchengzi, Huade, Nei Mongol; Late Miocene; Moschidae, Moschus Citation Dong W, Liu W H, Zhang L M et al., in press. New Material of the Late Miocene Moschus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Huade, Nei Mongol, North China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.180302 chinaXiv:201803.00011v1 1 Introduction Musk deer is well known for its musk gland which is very famous in Chinese medicine. The extant musk deer refer only to one genus Moschus. But for fossil musk deer, it is quite controversial both for their taxonomic composition and phylogenetic relationships (Viret, 1961; Morales et al., 1981; Moyà-Solà, 1986; Janis and Scott, 1987, 1988; Scott and Janis, 1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Gentry et al., 1999; Vislobokava and Lavrov, 2009; Sánchez et al., 2010, 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Aiglstorfer et al., 2017). A small and the first true musk deer, Moschus grandaevus, was reported by Schlosser in 1924. It is represented by some fragmental 国家自然科学基金(批准号：41372027)资助。 收稿日期：2017-11-26 ChinaXiv合作期刊 2 dentitions and a few limb bones from Ertemte, Olan Chorea, Harr Obo and Hua Ba in Huade County, a northeastern county of Ulanqab Municipality in middle Nei Mongol, North China. The area was firstly explored by Swedish geologist and paleontologist Johan Gunna Andersson and his Chinese collaborators in 1919 and 1920 (Andersson, 1923), then by Schlosser (1924), and later by a Sino-Soviet Joint Expedition Team in 1959 (Zhai, 1963; Qiu, 1979). Many specimens of M. grandaevus were collected from a locality at Tuchengzi (Tuchetse) in 1959’s excavation. Tuchengzi locality (Google map address: <https://goo.gl/maps/q4JfefaNs2H2>; Baidu map address: <http://j.map.baidu.com/k9M5N>) with Late Miocene deposits is about 16.3 km right south of Ertemte locality. The specimens of the musk deer collected in 1959 were identified but just briefly described (Qiu, 1979). The recent excavations since 2013 at AdvancedTuchengzi (Dong et al., 2014, online2016, 2018) enriched the publicationcollection of the musk deer. Here we systematically describe the new material of the musk deer collected from Tuchengzi in recent excavations, together with undescribed limb bones collected in 1959, and discuss the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of fossil musk deer with other related taxa. The dental terminology follows Dong (2004), upper teeth are abbreviated in upper case and the lower ones in lower case. The measurement methods follow Heintz (1970). The specimens described are housed at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. 2 Systematic paleontology Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 (Clade: Cetartiodactyla Montgelard et al., 1997) Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777 Pecora Flower, 1883 Cervoidea Simpson, 1931 chinaXiv:201803.00011v1 Moschidae Gray, 1821 Moschinae Zittel, 1893 Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 Moschus grandaevus Schlosser, 1924 1924 Moschus grandaevus, Schlosser, p. 89–91 1926 Moschus grandaevus, Teilhard de Chardin, p. 40–41 1932 Moschus grandaevus, Young, p. 22 1979 Moschus grandaevus, Qiu, p. 224–225 1993 Moschus grandaevus, Dong and Jiang, p. 119 2014 Moschus grandaevus, Dong, p. 24–25 Material Two left maxillary fragments with DP4–M3 (IVPP V 23514.1) and M1–3 (V 23514.2); two right maxillary fragments with M2–3 (V 23514.3) and M2–3 (V 23514.4); eight right mandibular fragments with p3–m3 (V 23515.1), with p3–m3 (V 23515.3), with broken p4 and complete m1–3 (V 23515.4), with complete m1–2 and broken m3 (V 23515.5), ChinaXiv合作期刊 Dong et al. - New material of the Late Miocene Moschus 3 with dp4–m1 (V 23515.7), with m2–3 (V 23515.9), with dp4 (V 23515.10) and with p2–m2 (V 23515.11); three left mandibular fragments with p3–m3 (V 23515.2), with dp4–m2 (V 23515.6) and with m2–3 (V 23515.8). A proximal fragment of right metacarpus (V 23516.3); two distal fragments of metacarpus (V 23516.1–2); two left astragalus (V 23516.4–5); two proximal middle phalanges (V 23516.6–7); three intermediate middle phalanges (V 23516.8– 10); a distal middle phalange (V 23516.11). Description The maxillary dentition available only ranges from DP4 to M3 (see Table 1 for measurements). The DP4 (5.78 mm×5.92 mm) is composed of four simple main cusps in two distinct lobes (Fig. 1A), the buccal main cusps are higher than the lingual ones. The entostyle is present and moderate, but other accessory elements such as precingulum, Advancedentocingulum, postcingulum, online spur, neocrista, etc. arepublication absent. The maxillary molars are morphologically similar to each other and relatively simple, the accessory elements such as precingulum, postcingulum, neocrista, entostyle (basal pillar), etc. are absent. But the molars are characterized by the presence of metaconule spur which is not evident on M1, slightly evident on M2 and very clear on M3. The evidence of the spur is probably related to the degree of wearing. It is very evident on the molars unworn or slightly worn (Fig. 1A, D), but might disappear on the crowns very worn, especially on M1. The entocingulum is also present on the molars but poorly developed. The mandibular dentition available ranges from the second premolar to the last molar, as well as a last deciduous tooth (Fig. 2). The measurements of lower teeth are listed in Table 2 and comparison in Table 3. Table 1 Measurements of upper cheek teeth of Moschus grandaevus and comparison (mm) V 23514.1 V 23514.2 V 23514.3 V 23514.4 A B C D E F G H P2 L 6.3 7 5.3 4.3–5.5 P2 W 4.5 4.5 4 2.1–3 P3 L 5.8 6.2 5–6.5 P3 W 5.3 6 4.1–5.3 chinaXiv:201803.00011v1 P4 L 5.8 5 6.1 5.1–5.9 P4 W 5.8 5 6 4.1–6.1 P2–4 L 15.6 16.1–18.5 M1 L 6.32 6.18 7 6.4 7 (8.8) 9.82 6.2–7.3 M1 W 6.26 6.42 7 7.2 5 (8.7) 7.84 5.1–7.8 M1 H 5.58 3.88 4.5 8.64 3.5–6.3 M2 L 6.82 6.68 6.88 7.06 7 7.5 7 (9.7) 6.1–9 M2 W 7.1 6.76 7.78 6.86 7 7.4 5 (8.6) 6.2–8.3 M2 H 6.46 5.42 7.72 4.34 4.5 4.3–7.2 M3 L 6.5 7.12 7.76 6.98 7 7.2 8 8.5–9.5 M3 W 7.02 6.78 7.82 7.28 7 7.2 7.5 6.1–8.3 M3 H 6.38 6.52 5.12 5.12 6 4.5 4.1–7.1 M1–3 L 20.62 20.72 20.2 26 23 21.5–24.7 P2–M3 L 35.5 44 43 41 Note: A. Moschus grandaevus from Huade (Schlosser, 1924; Teilhard de Chardin, 1926); B. M. grandaevus from Yushe (Vislobokova and Lavrov, 2009); C. M. primaevus (Teilhard de Chardin, 1926); D. M. moschiferus pekinensis (Young, 1932; values in brackets are measured on the plates); E. M. moschiferus plicodon (Colbert and Hooijer, 1953); F. M. chrysogaster sifanicus (Colbert and Hooijer, 1953); G. M. moschiferus moschiferus (Dong and Jiang, 1993); H. extant M. m. moschiferus, specimens from Asia and housed at Laboratoire d'Anatomie Comparé de Paris and measured by the first author. ChinaXiv合作期刊 4 Advanced online publication Fig. 1 Occlusal view of maxillary fragments with upper cheek teeth of Moschus grandaevus from Tuchengzi locality A. DP4–M3 (IVPP V 23514.1); B. M1–3 (V 23514.2); C. M2–3 (V 23514.3); D. M2–3 (V 23514.4) Table 2 Measurements of lower cheek teeth of Moschus grandaevus from Tuchengzi locality (mm) V 23515.1 -.2 -.3 -.4 -.5 -.6 -.7 -.8 -.9 -.10 -.11 p2 L 4.32 4.02 4.02 p2 W 2.36 2.32 2.38 p2 H 3.16 p3 L 5.46 6.68 5.96 5.02 p3 W 3.12 3.02 3.04 3.02 p3 H 3.9 3.96 3.02 3.66 p4 L 6.38 6.58 6.42 5.72 p4W 3.72 4.36 3.48 3.54 p4 H 5.02 3.86 2.86 3.68 dp4 L 8.12 8.22 8.92 chinaXiv:201803.00011v1 dp4 W 3.68 3.58 3.54 p2–4 L 15.32 15.86 15.02 m1 L 7.16 6.18 6.66 6.92 7.42 6.72 6.48 6.72 m1 W 4.48 4.76 4.22 4.28 4.8 4.32 4.22 4.72 m1 H 4.5 5.22 4.26 2.42 4.78 4.44 3.62 m2 L 6.78 7.52 7.62 6.64 7.46 7.26 7.44 7.56 7.12 m2 W 4.92 4.62 4.72 4.62 5.12 4.48 4.28 4.34 4.94 m2 H 5.62 5.02 2.88 5.22 2.76 4.78 4.12 4.32 3.62 m3 L 10.12 10.28 10.44 10.52 9.78 9.42 m3 W 4.78 4.74 5.02 4.52 4.12 4.32 m3 H 5.56 5.16 2.58 4.96 4.14 4.32 m1–3 L 24.92 23.06 22.64 22.82 p2–m3 L 39.34 37.76 Note: the measurments of p2 on IVPP V 23515.1 and V 23515.3 are based on the broken roots in mandibular fragments.
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