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Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) As Carriers of Fungi in Hospital Environments: an Emphasis on the Genera Tapinoma and Pheidole Author(S): L.D.M

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Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) As Carriers of Fungi in Hospital Environments: an Emphasis on the Genera Tapinoma and Pheidole Author(S): L.D.M Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as Carriers of Fungi in Hospital Environments: An Emphasis on the Genera Tapinoma and Pheidole Author(s): L.D.M. Pantoja, R. E. Moreira Filho, E.H.S. Brito, T. B. Aragão, R.S.N. Brilhante, R. A. Cordeiro, M.F.G. Rocha, A. J. Monteiro, Y. P. Quinet, and J.J.C. Sidrim Source: Journal of Medical Entomology, 46(4):895-899. 2009. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0423 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/033.046.0423 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES,SURVEILLANCE,PREVENTION Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as Carriers of Fungi in Hospital Environments: An Emphasis on the Genera Tapinoma and Pheidole L.D.M. PANTOJA,1,2,3 R. E. MOREIRA FILHO,1,2 E.H.S. BRITO,1,4 T. B. ARAGA˜ O,5,6 R.S.N. BRILHANTE,1,2,7 R. A. CORDEIRO,1,2,5 M.F.G. ROCHA,1,2,4 A. J. MONTEIRO,8 5,6 1,2 Y. P. QUINET, AND J.J.C. SIDRIM J. Med. Entomol. 46(4): 895Ð899 (2009) ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Þlamentous fungi and yeasts on the external surface of ants at hospitals. From March 2007 to February 2008, 2,899 ants were evaluated in two public hospitals in the city of Fortaleza, Ceara´, in northeastern Brazil. The ants were attracted by nontoxic baits, distributed within critical and semicritical hospital areas. The fungi were identiÞed through macro- and micromorphological analysis, biochemical proÞle, and growth in chromogenic medium. From this study, 5 genera and 13 species of ants were identiÞed, from critical (8% of the collected ants) and semicritical (92%) areas, during the daytime (48%) and nighttime (52%) periods. In the mycological analysis, 75% of the ants were fungi carriers, with the species Tapinoma melanocephalum and species from the genus Pheidole having the most potential as carriers of airborne fungi (75 and 18%, respectively) and yeasts (6 and 1%, respectively). In summary, ants act as carriers of airborne fungi and yeasts, including some pathogenic species. KEY WORDS ants, Tapinoma, Pheidole, fungi, hospital environment Arthropods correspond to 75% of the earthÕs animals, serious problems to humans, and some are considered and 89% of them are insects (Brusca and Brusca 2003). urban pests. Great efforts have been made to control They are the group with the greatest number of spe- ants, but most of the results have only temporary cies distributed in temperate and particularly tropical effects (Bueno and Campos-Farinha 1999). countries (Chaco´n de Ulloa 2003). Since the Þrst reports of the African species Mono- Because of the close association of insects with hu- morium pharaonis in European hospitals (Beatson mans, their role as potential mechanical carriers of patho- 1972), the possible effects on human health of ants in genic microorganisms has been studied. Some authors hospitals roused interest because of the great adapt- have reported adult insects and nymphs carrying viruses, ability and the free contact of these insects with hos- bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, as well as serving as inter- pital material, wastes, and patients themselves, and mediate hosts of helminthes (Robinson 1996, Mariconi their consequent capacity to transmit pathogenic mi- 1999), thus posing a potential danger to public health. croorganisms. Therefore, ants can act as an important This risk can be associated with different insects, source of hospital bacterial infection (Zarzuela et al. with emphasis on the following orders: Diptera (ßies 2002, Chaco´n de Ulloa 2003). and mosquitoes) (Fotedar 2001, Graczyk et al. 2003), Ant monitoring in hospital environments is still rare Blattodea (cockroaches) (Imamura et al. 2003, Lemos and unevenly distributed (Chaco´n de Ulloa 2003). et al. 2006), and Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants). Hospitals in tropical countries have classiÞed environ- Because of their dominant behavior, ants can cause ments according to the risk of hospital infection into critical and semicritical areas. Critical areas offer po- tential risk of infection, characterized by closed en- 1 Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of vironments with air conditioning or other climate con- Ceara´, Ceara´, Brazil. 2 Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal Univer- trol, although semicritical areas are occupied by sity of Ceara´, Ceara´, Brazil. patients who do not need intensive care or isolation 3 Corresponding author: Rua Ota´vio Costa 28, Edson Queiroz, CEP and are generally open environments without climate 60812-410, Fortaleza CE, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]). control (Brasil 1985). 4 Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceara´, Ceara´, Brazil. Some studies have shown that ants can carry bac- 5 Department of Biological Science, State University of Ceara´, teria such as Acinetobacter spp., Corynebacterium spp., Ceara´, Brazil. Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., 6 Laboratory of Entomology, State University of Ceara´, Ceara´, Brazil. Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp., and Staphylococcus 7 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. 8 Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Federal Uni- spp. (Lise et al. 2006, Rodovalho et al. 2007). Con- versity of Ceara´, Ceara´, Brazil. cerning fungi, there are reports of the presence of 0022-2585/09/0895Ð0899$04.00/0 ᭧ 2009 Entomological Society of America 896 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 46, no. 4 Table 1. Number of ants captured per species in the various sectors of two hospitals in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, from Mar. 2007 to Feb. 2008 Hospital environment Critical areas Semicritical areas Ant species Hospital A Hospital B Hospital B IF (n) Hospital A IF (n) IF (n) IF (n) ICU SC ICU ICUneoIa ICUneoIIa PW HW TW SW GW Tapinoma melanocephalum 13 13 Ϫ 78 91 260 260 247 299 312 Paratrechina longicornis ϪϪϪ 26 Ϫ 52 52 78 130 130 Pheidole impressa ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ 65 13 ϪϪϪ Pheidole radoszkowskii ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ 26 ϪϪϪϪ Pheidole sp. diligens group ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪ 78 Pheidole sp. fallax group ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ 169 ϪϪϪϪ Solenopsis globularia ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ 52 Ϫ 13 26 39 Solenopsis saevissima ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ 13 13 ϪϪϪ Solenopsis sp. ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪ 13 Camponotus arboreus ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ104 ϪϪϪ Camponotus melanoticus ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ13 13 ϪϪ Camponotus renggeri ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪ 13 Camponotus vittatus ϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ91 104 ϪϪ Total 13 13 Ϫ 104 91 637 546 455 455 585 a Two neonatal ICUs at the same hospital, but in different buildings. Ϫ, absence; n, no. of ants captured; ICU, adult intensive care unit; SC, surgery center; ICUneoI, neonatal intensive care unit I; ICUneoII, neonatal intensive care unit II; PW, pediatrics ward; HW, hematology ward; TW, transplant ward; SW, surgery ward; GW, gynecology ward. airborne fungi such as Aspergillus spp., Penicillium with 10 ants for mycological analysis (total of 2,230 spp., and Cladosporium spp. (Barros et al. 2006), as ants) (Moreira et al. 2005). well as yeasts, especially from the genus Candida spp. The ants were mounted with entomological pins (Barros et al. 2006). and examined under a stereoscopic microscope for The increase of opportunistic fungal infections has identiÞcation using identiÞcation keys (Bolton 1994). led to a search for the sources of contamination inside To isolate the Þlamentous fungi and yeasts, in each hospital environment (Perdelli et al. 2006). However, sample with 10 ants, 1.0 ml of saline solution was added few studies are available on the real involvement of to each sample of 10 ants. Aliquots were distributed on ants as fungus carriers. The aim of this study was to the surface of the following culture media: Sabouraud evaluate the presence of Þlamentous fungi and yeasts agar medium (SanoÞ, Paris, France) supplemented on the external surface of ants at public hospitals in with vancomycin (0.1 g/liter) and polymyxin B northeastern Brazil. (0.0075 g/liter), caffeic acid agar medium, and Niger agar medium. These last two media were used to assist in the presumptive identiÞcation of the genus Cryp- Materials and Methods tococcus (Vidotto et al. 2004, Pedroso et al. 2007). The The study was conducted in two public hospitals culture media were incubated for 15 d at 26Ð28ЊC and (hospital A and hospital B), which act in tertiary care, examined on a daily basis. education, and research and are both located in the Filamentous fungi were identiÞed by macroscopic and city of Fortaleza, Ceara´. In each hospital, Þve sectors microscopic examination of the characteristics of fungal were analyzed, grouped according to the risk of hos- colonies with the aid of identiÞcation keys (Hoog et al. pital infection (Brasil 1985): critical areas (intensive 2000). For identiÞcation of yeast, the following tests care unit [ICU] and surgical ward) and semicritical were conducted: germinative tube, microculture in areas (inÞrmaries). This study was submitted to anal- cornmeal agar with Tween 80 (Difco, Detroit, MI), ysis of the research ethics committees of the two growth in CHROMagar (Candida, Paris, France), aux- institutions and obtained consent in February 2007.
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